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Unit 2Unit 2

• Name several ways geography affected Name several ways geography affected GreeceGreece

• Mountains – kept them isolated into Mountains – kept them isolated into independent city states; made travel and independent city states; made travel and transportation difficulttransportation difficult

• Poor farmland – had to trade for food, Poor farmland – had to trade for food, limited the populationlimited the population

• Surrounded by sea – travel, transportation, Surrounded by sea – travel, transportation, tradetrade

• Moderate climate – outdoor life – politics, Moderate climate – outdoor life – politics, sports, civic dutysports, civic duty

• What early group built fortified walls on What early group built fortified walls on the hills of Greece?the hills of Greece?

• MycenaeansMycenaeans• What war was fought by the Mycenaeans What war was fought by the Mycenaeans

over the kidnapping of the King’s wife?over the kidnapping of the King’s wife?• Trojan WarTrojan War• Who wrote about this war?Who wrote about this war?• HomerHomer• What were his stories entitled?What were his stories entitled?• The Iliad and The OdysseyThe Iliad and The Odyssey

• What are these long tales of heroic deeds What are these long tales of heroic deeds called?called?

• EpicsEpics

• What group ruled Greece from What group ruled Greece from approximately 1200 BCE to 800 BCE and approximately 1200 BCE to 800 BCE and failed to advance?failed to advance?

• DoriansDorians

• What do we call this period?What do we call this period?

• The Dark AgesThe Dark Ages

• Traditional stories about the gods were Traditional stories about the gods were called what?called what?

• MythsMyths• What does the word polis mean?What does the word polis mean?• City StateCity State• What is a city state?What is a city state?• Independent city with own govt, customs, Independent city with own govt, customs,

etc. Not part of a unified nationetc. Not part of a unified nation• Government run by a king is calledGovernment run by a king is called• MonarchyMonarchy

• A fortified hilltop was calledA fortified hilltop was called• AcropolisAcropolis• What happened at these places?What happened at these places?• Meetings, government, discussions, Meetings, government, discussions,

templestemples• A government ruled by a small group of A government ruled by a small group of

wealthy individualswealthy individuals• AristocracyAristocracy• Government by the fewGovernment by the few• OligarchyOligarchy

• Government by the peopleGovernment by the people• DemocracyDemocracy• What kind of democracy did the Greeks What kind of democracy did the Greeks

have?have?• DirectDirect• What kind of government do we have?What kind of government do we have?• RepresentativeRepresentative• Leaders who took over aristocratic leaders Leaders who took over aristocratic leaders

with the support of the people werewith the support of the people were• TyrantsTyrants

• Who developed a harsh code of Greek law?Who developed a harsh code of Greek law?

• DracoDraco

• Who outlawed debt slavery and Who outlawed debt slavery and imprisonment?imprisonment?

• SolonSolon

• Who increased the number of people who Who increased the number of people who could participate in government?could participate in government?

• CleisthenesCleisthenes

• What was the role of Athenian women?What was the role of Athenian women?• Raise family, tend to the home, etc.Raise family, tend to the home, etc.• Peasants who were forced into slavery by the Peasants who were forced into slavery by the

Spartans were calledSpartans were called• HelotsHelots• Spartan boys left home for military training at Spartan boys left home for military training at

ageage• 77• At what age did they become official At what age did they become official

soldiers?soldiers?• 2020

• At what age did Spartan soldiers retire?At what age did Spartan soldiers retire?• 6060• What was the role of Spartan women?What was the role of Spartan women?• Strong, physically fit to bear children Strong, physically fit to bear children

and defend Spartaand defend Sparta• What was in Spartan soup?What was in Spartan soup?• Pork boiled in animal blood, vinegar, Pork boiled in animal blood, vinegar,

salt salt

• Greek foot soldiers were calledGreek foot soldiers were called• HoplitesHoplites• A powerful infantry formation where A powerful infantry formation where

soldiers stood shoulder to shoulder was soldiers stood shoulder to shoulder was thethe

• PhalanxPhalanx• The first battle of the Persian war was atThe first battle of the Persian war was at• MarathonMarathon• Who won this battle?Who won this battle?• GreeksGreeks

• Who was Pheidippedes?Who was Pheidippedes?• Runner who ran 26 miles to tell Athens Runner who ran 26 miles to tell Athens

of the victoryof the victory• Who was the Persian leader at this Who was the Persian leader at this

battle?battle?• DariusDarius• Who was his son who sought revenge on Who was his son who sought revenge on

the Greeks at Thermopylae?the Greeks at Thermopylae?• XerxesXerxes

• What happened at Thermopylae?What happened at Thermopylae?• Mountain pass defended by 6,000 Greeks Mountain pass defended by 6,000 Greeks

(300 Spartans); Greeks betrayed, Persians (300 Spartans); Greeks betrayed, Persians won, all Spartans died; Athens burnedwon, all Spartans died; Athens burned

• At what naval battle did the Greeks defeat At what naval battle did the Greeks defeat the Persians?the Persians?

• SalamisSalamis• What was the final battle of the Persian What was the final battle of the Persian

War?War?• PlataeaPlataea

• What defensive league was formed by the What defensive league was formed by the Greek city states following the Persian War?Greek city states following the Persian War?

• DelianDelian

• Who dominated this league?Who dominated this league?

• AthensAthens

• What period of history was ushered in What period of history was ushered in following the defeat of Persia?following the defeat of Persia?

• Golden AgeGolden Age

• Who was the Greek leader during the Who was the Greek leader during the Golden Age?Golden Age?

• PericlesPericles• What did Pericles do for Athens?What did Pericles do for Athens?• Strengthened democracy, improved the Strengthened democracy, improved the

navy, allowed more people to participate navy, allowed more people to participate in governmentin government

• What was the Assembly?What was the Assembly?• Voting Greek citizens (adult, male)Voting Greek citizens (adult, male)

• What were some notable Greek accomplishments What were some notable Greek accomplishments during the Golden Age?during the Golden Age?

• Philosophy, Art, Theatre, Sculpture, Science, Philosophy, Art, Theatre, Sculpture, Science, Math, ArchitectureMath, Architecture

• What philosopher was convicted of corrupting the What philosopher was convicted of corrupting the minds of youth?minds of youth?

• SocratesSocrates• Who was his most famous student?Who was his most famous student?• PlatoPlato• What school did he establish?What school did he establish?• The AcademyThe Academy

• Where were Greek plays performed?Where were Greek plays performed?• AmphitheatresAmphitheatres• What were the two types of Greek plays?What were the two types of Greek plays?• Tragedy and ComedyTragedy and Comedy• What do we call this period of World history?What do we call this period of World history?• ClassicalClassical• Who was the father of history?Who was the father of history?• HerodotusHerodotus• What historian based his writings on factual What historian based his writings on factual

information?information?• ThucydidesThucydides

• What war occurred between Sparta What war occurred between Sparta and Athens?and Athens?

• PeloponnesianPeloponnesian• What disaster struck Athens during What disaster struck Athens during

this war?this war?• PlaguePlague• What does philosophy mean?What does philosophy mean?• Love of wisdomLove of wisdom

• What philosopher was the tutor of What philosopher was the tutor of Alexander the Great?Alexander the Great?

• AristotleAristotle• Why were these philosophers ahead of their Why were these philosophers ahead of their

time?time?• Promoted free thought, higher level Promoted free thought, higher level

thinking, examining oneself, questioning the thinking, examining oneself, questioning the worldworld

• What was the Socratic method?What was the Socratic method?• Teaching by asking questionsTeaching by asking questions

• What famous temple housed the ancient What famous temple housed the ancient statue of Athena?statue of Athena?

• ParthenonParthenon• What kingdom to the north of Greece What kingdom to the north of Greece

eventually conquered it?eventually conquered it?• MacedoniaMacedonia• Who was the leader who took over most of Who was the leader who took over most of

Greece?Greece?• Phillip IIPhillip II

• Who was Phillip’s famous son?Who was Phillip’s famous son?

• Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great

• What great empire did Alexander defeat?What great empire did Alexander defeat?

• PersianPersian

• How far east did Alexander’s empire extend?How far east did Alexander’s empire extend?

• Indus ValleyIndus Valley

• How long did Alexander remain in power?How long did Alexander remain in power?

• 12 years (age 20 - 32)12 years (age 20 - 32)

• The blending of Greek and Middle Eastern The blending of Greek and Middle Eastern culture was calledculture was called

• HellenisticHellenistic• Blending of cultures is calledBlending of cultures is called• Cultural diffusionCultural diffusion• What achievements were made during this What achievements were made during this

period?period?• Literature, architecture, art, science, math, Literature, architecture, art, science, math,

astronomy, physics, philosophyastronomy, physics, philosophy

• What was the most important Hellenistic What was the most important Hellenistic city?city?

• Alexandria, EgyptAlexandria, Egypt

• Whose work is the basis of modern Whose work is the basis of modern geometry?geometry?

• EuclidEuclid

• Who developed the idea of pi and worked Who developed the idea of pi and worked with levers and pulleys?with levers and pulleys?

• ArchimedesArchimedes

• Who wrote Greek comedies?Who wrote Greek comedies?• AristophanesAristophanes• What philosophy believed in the pursuit of What philosophy believed in the pursuit of

pleasure and happiness in life?pleasure and happiness in life?• EpicureanismEpicureanism• What philosophy focused on bearing the What philosophy focused on bearing the

burdens of life with strength?burdens of life with strength?• StoicismStoicism• When were the first Olympics held?When were the first Olympics held?• 776 BCE776 BCE

ROMEROME

• Who were the legendary founders of Rome?Who were the legendary founders of Rome?

• Romulus and RemusRomulus and Remus

• Who raised them?Who raised them?

• A wolfA wolf

• When was Rome founded?When was Rome founded?

• 753 BC753 BC

• On what river was Rome built?On what river was Rome built?

• TiberTiber

• What mountain range runs down the What mountain range runs down the center of Italy?center of Italy?

• ApennineApennine• What type of government was What type of government was

established in Rome?established in Rome?• RepublicRepublic• Italy is what type of land mass?Italy is what type of land mass?• PeninsulaPeninsula

• What were the wealthy members of What were the wealthy members of Rome called?Rome called?

• PatriciansPatricians• What were the lower class members What were the lower class members

called?called?• PlebeiansPlebeians• What group controlled northern Italy?What group controlled northern Italy?• EtruscansEtruscans

• When was the Roman Republic founded?When was the Roman Republic founded?• 509 BCE509 BCE• What is a Republic?What is a Republic?• Government run by elected officialsGovernment run by elected officials• What were the 300 members of What were the 300 members of

government who made laws called?government who made laws called?• SenatorsSenators• What were the 2 rulers of Rome called?What were the 2 rulers of Rome called?• ConsulsConsuls

• How long did consuls serve in office?How long did consuls serve in office?• 1 year1 year• What government body was created to What government body was created to

represent the plebeians?represent the plebeians?• Council of PlebesCouncil of Plebes• What was the name of the written code What was the name of the written code

of law developed by the plebeians?of law developed by the plebeians?• Twelve Tables, 451 BCETwelve Tables, 451 BCE

• What was the Roman army called?What was the Roman army called?

• Roman Legion (Legionnaires)Roman Legion (Legionnaires)

• Who would rule Rome during times of war?Who would rule Rome during times of war?

• A dictatorA dictator

• What series of wars began in 264 BCE?What series of wars began in 264 BCE?

• Punic WarsPunic Wars

• These were wars between Rome andThese were wars between Rome and

• Carthage (Phoenician colony in N. Africa)Carthage (Phoenician colony in N. Africa)

• How many wars were fought?How many wars were fought?

• 33

• Who led an army with elephants through Spain Who led an army with elephants through Spain through Europe to try to conquer Italy?through Europe to try to conquer Italy?

• HannibalHannibal

• What resulted from this?What resulted from this?

• Scipio attacked Carthage (Zama) and Hannibal Scipio attacked Carthage (Zama) and Hannibal was forced to return (and retreat from Italy)was forced to return (and retreat from Italy)

• When Carthage was finally defeated in When Carthage was finally defeated in the 3the 3rdrd war, what happened to its war, what happened to its inhabitants?inhabitants?

• All 50,000 sold into slaveryAll 50,000 sold into slavery

• What was the importance of the Punic What was the importance of the Punic Wars?Wars?

• Greatly increased the size of the Roman Greatly increased the size of the Roman Republic – dominant in the MediterraneanRepublic – dominant in the Mediterranean

• Which brothers tried to make reforms in Rome Which brothers tried to make reforms in Rome and were both murdered?and were both murdered?

• GracchusGracchus• Caesar, Pompey and Crassus formed an alliance Caesar, Pompey and Crassus formed an alliance

called thecalled the• First TriumvirateFirst Triumvirate• What reforms did Caesar institute?What reforms did Caesar institute?• Granted citizenship to many people in provinces, Granted citizenship to many people in provinces,

expanded the Senate, helped create jobs through expanded the Senate, helped create jobs through new public works projects, increased pay for new public works projects, increased pay for soldierssoldiers

• The first Roman Emperor wasThe first Roman Emperor was• Augustus (Octavian)Augustus (Octavian)• The 200 year period of peace in Rome The 200 year period of peace in Rome

was called thewas called the• Pax RomanaPax Romana• What VALUES did the Romans possess?What VALUES did the Romans possess?• Loyalty, duty, discipline, usefulness, Loyalty, duty, discipline, usefulness,

practicality, strengthpracticality, strength

• Roman gladiator fights occurred at theRoman gladiator fights occurred at the• ColosseumColosseum• What new religion developed during the days of What new religion developed during the days of

the early Roman empire?the early Roman empire?• ChristianityChristianity• What ideas did Jesus emphasize in his teachings?What ideas did Jesus emphasize in his teachings?• Forgiveness, love, charity, kindness, love of god, Forgiveness, love, charity, kindness, love of god,

neighbors, etc.neighbors, etc.• Why was Jesus crucified?Why was Jesus crucified?• Roman leaders concerned that he posed a threat, Roman leaders concerned that he posed a threat,

wouldn’t pray to Roman leaders, upset Jewish wouldn’t pray to Roman leaders, upset Jewish leaders leaders

• What were some reasons why Christianity What were some reasons why Christianity became more popular?became more popular?

• Offered salvation, hope, based on love, Offered salvation, hope, based on love, kindness, all could be members, just needed kindness, all could be members, just needed faith, rich and poor alike welcomed, eternal faith, rich and poor alike welcomed, eternal lifelife

• Who was the first Christian Roman emperor?Who was the first Christian Roman emperor?• ConstantineConstantine• Who split the Roman empire?Who split the Roman empire?• DiocletianDiocletian

• What were some of the “barbaric” tribes What were some of the “barbaric” tribes that invaded Rome?that invaded Rome?

• Huns, Goths, Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, Huns, Goths, Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, OstragothsOstragoths

• When did the Roman empire officially fall?When did the Roman empire officially fall?• 476 AD476 AD• What was the capital of the eastern part of What was the capital of the eastern part of

the empire that lived on?the empire that lived on?• Constantinople (Asia Minor)Constantinople (Asia Minor)

EVERYONEEVERYONE

• Name several reasons for the decline of Name several reasons for the decline of RomeRome

• Inflation, loss of loyalty, mercenaries, lack of Inflation, loss of loyalty, mercenaries, lack of gold and silver, land depleted – affected gold and silver, land depleted – affected harvests, unemployment, decline of harvests, unemployment, decline of discipline and morale, empire too large, gap discipline and morale, empire too large, gap between rich and poor, inflation, loss of between rich and poor, inflation, loss of patriotism, invasions, disruption of trade, patriotism, invasions, disruption of trade, tax burden, little money for defense, moving tax burden, little money for defense, moving capital to Byzantium (Constantinople), capital to Byzantium (Constantinople), division of empire, civil war and unrest division of empire, civil war and unrest