rice for the future (super jasmine rice)

7/31/2019 Rice for the Future (Super Jasmine Rice)

1/12

High Nutrition Rice

In the new generation, people who lives in therapid industrialization and growing urbanization

around the world have faced with newemerging, non-infectious diseases. In the newgeneration, people who lives in the rapidindustrialization and growing urbanizationaround the world have faced with newemerging, non-infectious diseases. More thantwo billion people has suffered with anemia,while one billion people become obese with200 million people now developing type IIdiabetes.

Rice for Nutrition

Vol.01 No.04 July 2007

Reports also shown that 1.5 billion people willface the risk of high blood pressure in 2025which may kill more than 17 million peopleyearly. One of the main cause is theimbalance nutrition in their diet combined withnew lifestyle. In the rice consuming world, aspeople normally taking up to 250 gm ofpolished rice daily, nutritious rice grains canbecome a main ingredient in designer foodsthat tailer-made for the future world. http://www.irri.org

Integrated Biotechnologyin Developing Rice Strains for

High Value-added and Nutritional Enrichment

Complex carbohydrateHigh insoluble fiber,

High amyloseHigh protein,

Resistant starch

Low Glycemic Index

High phytoferritinFe, High Foliated,

High B-carotene,

Low phytate,

Low tannin

High Fe Bioavailability

Omega-3, r-oryzanol, Vitamin E- butyraldehyde(GABA), ZnSelenium, Folate, Flavoniod,Polyphenol, Carotenoid,

Tannin

High Antioxidant

Collaboration Research center, Hospital Ramathibodi, mahidol UniversityInstitute of Nutrition, Mahidol University

This project founding by National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT)

Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital,Mahidol University.


2/12

High Iron Rice

Compared to other cereal, iron density in ricegrains is considered low. The recommendeddaily allowance (RDA) of iron for Thais isapproximately 15 mg. At the 200-250 gm ofpolished rice consumed daily, it is estimated thatthe optimum iron density in the whole rice grainsshould be close to 5 mg/100 g in order to supplyone third of the RDA.

This number seems to be unreachable ascompared to 1.3-1.5 mg/100 gm among popularrice cultivars. To step up the breeding activities,the extensive survey of iron density among

landraces identified potential donors of high irondensity. The majority of these high iron rice linesbelongs to the black purple rice. The majorlimitation to using these rice germplasm is highpolyphenol and phytic acid contents in the ricebran. Because white color rice is low inpolyphenol and phytic acid, attempts were madeto hybridize white x purple rice parents totransmit high iron density to a normal white rice.

The first successful white rice contains 2.1 mg /100 g as the whole grain. This advanced linecoded as 313-19-1-1 is aromatic withintermediate amylose content. From crossesbetween upland rice, Kum Doi Chang (KDC) andHom Pamah, we successfully identified whitecolor rice with 2.8 mg/100 g of grain iron. Thehighest iron density lines were identified asprogenies from the hybridization between a wildrice, O. nivaraand a high iron rice Jao Hom Nin(JHN). One of the highest iron dense ricecontained up to 5 mg/100 g. Our emphasis isnow directed to improving iron bioavailability.

The most difficult task in improving iron densityin cereal grains is how to enhance itsbioavailability. Iron bioavailability is wellconnected to the molecular forms of iron,inhibitors to iron absorption, and booster to ironabsorption. When iron is best absorbed as ferricion or chelated to ferritin or frataxin. Therefore,the density of ferritin or frataxin certainly affectediron density and absorption. For the naturalinhibitors to iron absorption, polyphenol,condensed tannin and phytic acid are the mostpotent inhibitors to iron absorption. Reduction ofthese natural inhibitors was the primary objectivein cross-breed new strains of while color rice.Understanding on enhancers to iron absorptionis not totally clear. Well known enhancers to ironabsorption are vitamin C, amino acid methionine,cysteine, short oligosaccharide such as inulin,etc. Strong attention has now been paid topolysaccharide fraction as potential enhancers toiron absorption in polished rice.

In vitro digestion Caco-2 cell is the preliminarytest for Fe bioavailability in rice. This techniquecan screen many rice varieties before the clinicaltest in human subjects. Results from Caco-2 cellfound that the highest Fe bioavailability rice fromcross-breeding line containing 9 ng feritin/mg cellprotein. Furthermore, low phytic acid mutant lineand Fe transporter mutant from TILLING projectshowed higher Fe bioavailability than wide type.

The first Fe absorption test in human subjectswas conducted by using 50 male volunteers.Among three rice varieties in this experiment,new cross-breeding line 313-19-1-1 wasshowed the highest Fe absorption (9.82%) byhuman. Interestingly, polished rice contain lowiron density, but the Fe absorption was higherthan brown rice at 3 times.

Improvement of iron density

in rice grains Iron Bioavailability

Fe Absorption in Human

First Laboratory for Iron

Bioavailability in Thailand

http://www.irri.org





Collaboration Research center, Hospital Ramathibodi, mahidol UniversityInstitute of Nutrition, Mahidol University



3/12

Control Diabetes by Rice

Rice is important carbohydrate source that maybe the cause of diabetic and obesity. We focuson high iron rice with low glycemic index (GI).Two high iron rice lines were used to determine

GI using 14 volunteers. The results show that,brown rice of no. 313 and no. 1000 haveintermediate GI (53-58) and reduce LDL andtriglyceride accumulation in blood. According tostudy effect of black rice bran capsule in order tomaximize the benefit of rice bran from the blackrice no. 1000. The result is significantly differentfrom polished rice with glucose. This suggestthat complex carbohydrate of black rice andblack-rice bran is slow down monosaccharideabsorption that to be bad for diabetes.

Rice for diabetesconcerning patient

http://www.okmd.or.th


Diabetes is a disease in which the body does notproduce or properly use insulin. Insulin is ahormone that is needed to convert sugar,starches and other food into energy needed fordaily life. The cause of diabetes continues to bea mystery, although both genetics andenvironmental factors such as obesity and lackof exercise appear to play roles.There are 20.8 million children and adults in theUnited States, or 7% of the population, who havediabetes. While an estimated 14.6 million havebeen diagnosed with diabetes, unfortunately, 6.2

million people (or nearly one-third) are unawarethat they have the disease.In order to determine whether or not a patienthas pre-diabetes or diabetes, health careproviders conduct a Fasting Plasma GlucoseTest (FPG) or an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test(OGTT). Either test can be used to diagnose pre-diabetes or diabetes. The American DiabetesAssociation recommends the FPG because it iseasier, faster, and less expensive to perform.With the FPG test, a fasting blood glucose levelbetween 100 and 125 mg/dl signals pre-diabetes. A person with a fasting blood glucoselevel of 126 mg/dl or higher has diabetes.In the OGTT test, a person's blood glucose levelis measured after a fast and two hours afterdrinking a glucose-rich beverage. If the two-hourblood glucose level is between 140 and 199mg/dl, the person tested has pre-diabetes. If thetwo-hour blood glucose level is at 200 mg/dl orhigher, the person tested has diabetes.

What about diabetes

There are 20.8 million children and adults in theUnited States, or 7% of the population, who havediabetes. While an estimated 14.6 million havebeen diagnosed, unfortunately, 6.2 millionpeople (or nearly one-third) are unaware thatthey have the disease.With so many people affected by diabetes, theAmerican Diabetes Association has compileddiabetes statistics on the impact of the diseaseand its complications

Diabetes Statistics

American Diabetes Associationhttp://www.diabetes.org

American Diabetes Associationhttp://www.diabetes.org


Collaboration



Research center, Hospital Ramathibodi, mahidol University

Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University



4/12

Rice for Industry

Thailand as the number one rice exporter, only asmall proportion was used as raw materials foradvance food industry. Although rice flour hasseveral favorable nutritious qualities especiallynon-allergic properties, it is not breed specificallyfor industrial needs. The socio-economic return ofutilizing rice for industry was clearly addressed. Itwas predicted that for the economic return ofeffective utilization of the whole 16-20 million tonsof paddy in industries could be around 770 billionTHB.

More specifically, starch-based industries is nowlooking for specific qualities of amylose and

amylopectin. In particular, the emerging market forlow glycemic index food products to catchfunctional food markets. On cooking oil, rice branknown as important source for cooking oil in thepast can be improved to fit new industrial needs.For examples, the need for very high stable, highunsaturated fatty acid cooking oil for deep friedindustries or high omega-3 for healthy salad oil.However, the most urgently need in order to boostthe industrial utilization of rice bran for oil is toprevent raw rice oil from oxidation.

The accomplishment so far from this project showthat it is possible to tailor-made rice for specificneutraceutical properties and industrialneeds. Instead of breeding one rice for all cure,rice strains should be developed specifically forhigh Fe bioavailability, high antioxidant activities,high quality oil and low glycemic index. Thesenew rice strains has become the key ingredient fornutritional researches and designer products thatcould place new position for Thai rice in the worldmarket.

Rice for Industry


Starch is a polymer of two types of glucan, theamylose (AM) and amylopectin (AP). Starchgranule consists of different ratio of the two typesof glucan and seed storage proteins specific to

rice. Amylose is a linear polymer of millions ofglucose molecule linked together with alpha-1,4glycosidic bond. On the other hand, amylopectin,is a branch chain polymer with both the linearalpha -1,4 and the the branching alpha-1,6glycosidic bonds. Rice varieties have amylosecontent ranging from 0-40%. Sticky rice, popularamong people from the North, Northeast andLaos, contains less than 10% of the amylosecontent in the rice endosperm.

Eating qualities are determined by mainly the ratio

of AM to AP. Hard cooked rice comes from highamylose rice while soft-fluppy rice can be found inintermediate amylose rice (14-18%). So as tostarch properties, AM/AP affects physicochemicalproperties of its rice flour. Making rice noodles,high amylose rice is the most suitable qualitymanufacturers need. Similar qualities of rice flouris preferred in making rice spaghetti, rice crispyand rice capsule. For making Japanese crackers(arare and sanbe), bakery products,and brewery,low amylose is preferred.

Structure of Rice Starch

Industrial Application of Rice Starch

Depends on Amylose / Amylopectin Ratio

Flour consists of carbohydrate and proteins.Starch is a purified carbohydrate fraction producedfrom the flour. Because of its purity, starch can beapplied to various food industries nowadays. Oneof the most important application is to makingresistance starch. Resistance starch is acarbohydrate fraction that escape human digestivetract. The left-over fraction become a pre-bioticsource for fermentation by several lactic acidbacteria in large intestine where gases likecarbondioxide, hydrogen, acetylene, methane,short-fatty acid chain like acetate, propionate andbutyrate are produced. These short-chain fattyacids act like a pro-biotic compound enhance

blood circulation and reducing risk of cancer inlarge intestine. Additional benefits of resistancestarch includes low glycemix index for diabetesand reducing obesity. Because of enormousbenefits to human heath, attempts to incorporateresistance starch into food products will becomefood for nexus.

This project founding by National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand (BIOTEC)

Collaboration National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand (BIOTEC)Rice Gene Discovery Unit, Kasetsart University kamphaung Saen campus

Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University


5/12

Rice Bran Oil

Rice bran is a useful sources of rice bran oilrich in antioxidants such as vitamin E,tocotrienol and especially, gamma oryzanol.Specific to rice, -oryzanol and tocotrienol aretwo important compounds reducing cholesterollevels and lowering the risk of coronary heartdisease. These properties make rice bran oilideal as a health-promoting product. Moreover,industries use rice bran oil in animal feeds,glycerin, soap, wax and cosmetics.

Polysaturated fatty acids increase the risk ofcardiovascular diseases compared to themonounsaturated and polyunsaturated fattyacids (PUFA). As one of the most promisingunsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid is beneficial tohealth with reducing power against undesirableLDL cholesterol in blood plasma. Because of itshigh oxidative stability, cereal oils with highlevels of monounsaturated oleic acid (18:1) isof interest for more stable cooking oil for deep-frying. In addition, within the polyunsaturatedfat class are the n-3 and n-6 fatty acids.Humans are unable to insert a double bond atthe n-3 or n-6 position, therefore n-6 and n-3

PUFA have to be obtained from diet and arethus considered essential nutrients. Linoleicacid (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA) can beconverted in human cells to form arachidonicacid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),respectively.

Both AA and EPA are precursors ofeicosanoids, including the prostaglandins,thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, which haveimportant effects on may physiologicalprocesses. Modifying lipid composition ofdietary oil for better nutrition value will thenrequires elevation in LNA content and reductionin LA content, on top of decreasing saturatedfatty acid level.

Triacylglycerol(TAG)

C16:0-ACPPalmitoyl-ACP

C18:0-ACPStearoyl-ACP

C18:0-ACPOleic acid

FATBC16:0-ACP

C16:14 - ACP

C18:1 4 - ACP

Stearoyl-ACP

desaturase

KAS IIPalmitoyl-ACP

4desaturase

Triacylglycerol(TAG)

C16:0-ACPPalmitoyl-ACP

C18:0-ACPStearoyl-ACP

C18:0-ACPOleic acid

FATBC16:0-ACP

C16:14 - ACP

C18:1 4 - ACP

Stearoyl-ACP

desaturase

KAS IIPalmitoyl-ACP

4desaturase

Rice Bran Oil for Health

Rice Bran Oil






6/12

Gene, the blueprint of life, is the most preciouspropriety in biotechnology and agriculture.Thailand have joined International Rice

Genome Sequencing Program (IRGSP) whichhave released high quality draft sequence ofthe whole rice genome in the year 2002. Thishave made rice the largest plant genome to becompletely sequenced.

There are at least three compelling reasons forobtaining finished quality sequence for the

complete rice genome:

I. The ability to determine gene function ishighly dependent on having accurate sequences.II. As a model plant for the cereal grasses,having complete rice sequence will directly affectwhat can be accomplished with the other cerealgrasses.III. Agronomic traits of economic importancerequire precise map-based genomic sequence.

Rice Genome Annotation

Thailand must strengthening their bioinformatics

capacity in the next two years to facilitate rice gene

discovery and diversity in the post-genomic era

Genetic studies of many traits in rice havegenerated data suggesting that specific regions ofrice chromosomes contain sites that influenceexpressions of quantitative traits or quantitativetrait loci (QTL). The goal of QTL mapping is todetermine the number, location, regulation andthe interaction of these loci that are responsiblefor variation in quantitative traits.

When a full-genome sequence is available,studying the annotation can often suggestgenes in the QTL interval for further analysis.Predicted gene functions often help to guidethe selection of candidate genes. The processof selecting candidate genes relies on thewealth of information gained through traditionalgenetics and molecular approaches. Many ofthese data such as the pseudo-molecule, riceannotation project, RAP1 (the international ricegenome annotation project), protein-proteininteraction studies, and microarray analysisproduce heterogeneous data stored in publicdatabases.

The integration of all genomic data andbioinformatics analysis will essentiallyprovide detailed information of many possibleloci that influence the target traits andtherefore aids researchers and rice breeders

to discover and design the candidate genesfor further improvement of rice cultivars.

The objective of developing RiceGeneThresher is to provide rice researchers aswell as breeders an expert and databasemanagement system for gene discovery byproviding full access to integratedmultiplatform relational database ofheterogeneous rice genome and proteomedata for decision making and candidate geneselection

QTL mapping

Generate physical map

Fine-scale mapping

Consider candidate genes

Final identification of mutation

Conventional method Post genomic

-Whole Genome Annotations

-Metabolic Pathways-Signaling Pathways

-Transcriptome

-Proteome

-Interactome

-Literatures

Biological data integrationsystem and biological datamining techniques

QTL mapping

Generate physical map

Fine-scale mapping

Consider candidate genes

Final identification of mutation

Conventional method Post genomic

-Whole Genome Annotations

-Metabolic Pathways-Signaling Pathways

-Transcriptome

-Proteome

-Interactome

-Literatures



Rice Genome ProjectR I c e G e n e T h r e s h e r


RiceGeneThresher http://rice.kps.ku.ac.th





7/12

The most effective way to improve Jasminerice is to minimize risks from biotic or abioticstresses and maintaining its supior cookingqualities. The advantage of such defensivebreeding scheme is to transform conventionalrice production into pure organic practices thateventually benefit life quality andenvironments.

In the near future, farmers will grow Jasminerice that withstand flash flooding, bacterial leafblight and brown planthopper. In addition, RiceGene Discovery (RGD) has targeted into moreresistance to leaf and neck blast, salinity anddrought. Resistance to all of these stresseswill allow sustainable production of theJasmine rice on the lowland rainfed area inThailand. Such technology has beentransferred to RD6 or Jasmine sticky ricewhich is very popular in Thailand and Laos.The hope of superior resistance in Jasminerice is a crucial step to maintaincompetitiveness in the world market.

Molecular markers has been arisen aspowerful tools for simultaneously advancingour understanding of plant genomeorganization and its relation to function whichincreasing efficiency of plant breeding. Itoffers great opportunity for improvedefficiency and effectiveness in selection ofplant genotypes with desired combinations ofthe traits. Backcross breeding has been usedwildly to transfer a specific gene intodesirable genetic background. Maker-assisted selection (MAS) can accelerate

genetic progress by increasing accuracy ofselection, reducing generation interval,minimizing linkage drag, eliminatingexpensive, slow and difficult trait assays andallowing gene pyramid. We are implementingthese two strategies called marker-assistedbackcrossing in our breeding program toaccelerate gene introgression. We arecarrying out marker-assisted backcrossing forintrogression of submergence tolerance,drought tolerance, brown planthopperresistance, salt tolerance, blast and bacterial

leaf blight resistance into KDML105 and RD6.

As a trait was added one by one into Jasmine ricebackground while maintaining the Jasmine ricebackground, the concept called gene pyramidingaims to generate super rice.

How to improve jasmine riceSuper jasmine rice

Super Jasmine RiceVol.01 No.14 July 2007





8/12

Brown planthopper resistance in KDML105

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugensStl, is one of the most serious insect pests ofrice. BPH not only feed on rice plant directly butthey also transmit viruses which cause severediseases of rice. The utilization of BPH resistancegenes have been recognized as the mosteconomic, effective measure for BPHmanagement and environment friendly. Untilrecently, up to 20 resistance genes and severalquantitative

trait loci (QTL) associate with BPH resistancehave been reported and reviewed. Amongthem, Bph1, bph2, Bph3and bph4have beenused extensively in Thai breeding programs.Improved rice cultivars carrying Bph1, bph2and bph4, however, have lost their abilityagainst the BPH in most of rice growing areasin Thailand.

Recently, we improved 123 lines of BPHresistance KDML105 (Plus I QTLBph)that it carrying QTLbphchr6 andQTLbphchr12regions from resistanceABHAYA donor parent line.

S

R

S

Brown planthopper

resistant in KDML105Vol.01 No.15 July 2007





9/12

Bacterial leaf blight is one of the mostdevastating diseases in rice. This disease isusually outbreak in irrigated and rainfedlowland ecologies throughout Asia andworldwide. BB was caused by bacterium,Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae. It occurs atall stages of the rice crop and shows eitherKresek or leaf blight symptoms. The highfertilizer input conditions that are conductiveto disease development. If disease damage at

seedling stage resulting in wilting or death ofeffected tillers and reduces grain yield tovarying levels. If plant produces panicles, thesterility percentage and number of immaturegrains increase. Grains from diseased plantswere easily broken during milling. The yieldcan losses range from 20 to 80% dependingon the rice growth stage the geographiclocation and seasonal conditions

Pyramiding BLB resistance gene in KDML105

Large-scale and long-term cultivation ofvarieties carrying a single gene resistance,while the pathogen race frequencybreakdown of resistance in these cultivars.The Chemical control is not has the specificeffective chemical product. To fight thisproblem, one strategy to prolong the usefullife of major gene resistance is to pyramidingmore major genes in a single cultivars. Thegenes pyramiding to provide a broad-spectrum of resistance are helpful methodand using resistant cultivars is economical

and the best approach for bacterial blightmanagement.

BLB Resistant gene

in KDML105Vol.01 No.16 July 2007




But using conventional breeding methodbased on phenotype alone cannot beselected because the presence of one majorgene obscures the effects of the other gene.Therefore, molecular breeding is advantageand easy to help breeder decrease the timeand ensure to selected target genes fordevelop resistance cultivars. Hence, Genespyramiding is the most effectively method.


10/12

Development Drought Tolerance Trait in Rice Introgression

into KDML105 by Marker-Assisted Selection

Rainfed lowland rice ecosystem in North-east Thailand is classified as shallow,drought prone II type. It is characterized bylong, erratic and bimodal rainy period and itusually begins in May and ends aroundNovember. Drought stress may occur at anytime in the growing season. There may beno appropriate standing water duringtransplanting of seedling and affects thegrowth of direct seeded rice. At the end ofthe rainy season, late-season drought

develops just before crop maturation.

The cultivar KDML105 is characterized by

having superior eating quality that is highlypreferred by the market. Despite of this goodquality, this cultivar lacks yield potential andis susceptible to drought. Improving thiscultivar, will require extensive search for anappropriate donor of the three componentsof yield under drought such as yieldpotential, appropriate phenology and droughttolerance, without disturbing the originalquality characters of this popular cultivar.

Flowering had a great effect on grain yieldas KDML105 and introgression lines withchromosome 3 and 9 combination with shortflowering days had higher grain yield thanthe rest. Severe drought caused more than50% reduction in yield for almost all linestested. It was identified that under stress,biological yield, number of sterile seeds andharvest index contributed to grain yieldunder stress. Marker-assisted selection hasbeen proven effective but for trait like

drought, phenotypic evaluation coupled withMAS technique will be more effective inimproving grain yield and stability in a giventarget environment.

Chr1

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ME2_112.10

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ME6_40.50

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WG1100.30

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RM1288.00

R2417

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RM21211.40

C8132.70

RM1022.40

ME4_181.80

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ME10_143.30

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RM14

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RM2203.90

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ME2_122.30

RG5323.30

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R2630

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RZ4440.30

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ME6_40.50

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RM246

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RM1288.00

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RM21211.40

C8132.70

RM1022.40

ME4_181.80

EM11_113.60

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RM1045.30

RM1650.00

RM3153.90

ME10_143.30

CDO3454.40

RZ909

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RM14

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0.40

RG10280.90

ME7_41.70

RM2203.90

RG4000.30

R19440.70

EM15_81.90

G3591.50

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ME2_122.30

RG5323.30

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R2630

25.70

RZ4440.30

EM15_20.00

C450.00

EM18_101.70

ME6_40.50

L1087

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ME9_90.00

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RG34522.70

RM246

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RG95710.80

RM1288.00

R2417

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RM21211.40

C8132.70

RM1022.40

ME4_181.80

EM11_113.60

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Dehydration Tolerance :allows the plant tomaintain important physiological functionsand growth while plant water potential isreduced. Dehydration tolerance reduces theeffects of the stress experienced by the planttissue.

Drought Tolerant RiceVol.01 No.17 July 2007





11/12

Flash flooding is a common phenomenal

during a monsoon season for rice farming inrainfed lowland of North and NortheastThailand. Flash flooding occurs at variousstage of growth. Most rice varieties areintolerance to flash flooding but somevarieties have ability to survive after theoccurrence of flash flooding. Submergencetolerance is genetically determined traits withrelatively high heritability. The major effect ofgenes determining submergence tolerancewas located on chromosome 9. Markerassisted selection (MAS) and backcross

breeding were used to breed Thai jasminerice Kao Dawk Mali 105 for submergencetolerance. The breeding effort was successfuland new Thai jasmine rice varieties werereleased for on farm trail in 2000.

Rice plant under submergenceOxygen is required for production of theenergy necessary for growth andmaintenance processes. Carbon dioxide isthe substrate for photosynthesis. The levelof both gasses is changed duringsubmergence; O2 increase during the dayand CO2 increase at night as consequences

of photosynthesis and respiration.

1. Deep water flooding - Fast stem elongation2. Flash flooding less leaf sheath elongation

and senescence

Types of flooding andtolerance mechanism

- Plant height 130-170 cm- Photosensitive- Harvesting period; November-Seed dormancy 7 9 weeks-Grain size= 2.1-2.2 x 7.5 - 7.9 x 2.0 mm- Head rice 58 - 62 %- Amylose content 13 - 17 %Yield potential: 650 800 Kg/rai

Variety names KPSKD5, KPSKD6, KPSKD7KPSKD8 KPSKD9 KPSKD15 KPSKD16KPSKD17 KPSKD18 KPSKD19 KPSKD20

Type aromatic non-glutinous

Submergence tolerant

jasmine rice varieties

Agronomic characteristics

105

Submergence Tolerant Rice

The Rockefeller Foundation



Collaboration

National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand (BIOTEC)

Rice Gene Discovery Unit, Kasetsart University kamphaung Saen campus


12/12

Rice aroma is the most attractivecharacter of rice to consumers. Because of its

softeness, fluffy and sweet aromatic cookedrice, Thai Jasmine rice has become morepopular globally. Though rice aromacombined more than 200 volatile compounds, acompound named 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) isthe main constituent. The aromatic 2AP hasalso been found in other cereals, pandan,breadflower, fungi and bacteria. It isinteresting to understand the role of 2AP inplant metabolism. From nutritional point ofview, 2AP is a powerful food stimulant. This

amazing compound has a simple chemicalstructure. The biosynthesis of 2AP is notknown. In August 2004, a group of Thai scientist

has identified the DNA sequence responsiblefor aroma biosynthesis.

The Natural Fragrance

The rice world market ranks aromatic rice atthe top. For the 4 5 million Ton of aromaticrice worth 2-2.5 billion US Dollar, Thai Jasminerice shares almost half-half with Basmati rice

from India and Pakistan with small playerslike USA, Vietnam, and recently Cambodia.

The lucrativemarket will become more competitive in nearfuture from new players like USA, Australia

and Vietnam that has launched new planttype that combines high grain yield witharomatic quality.

At theWorld Market

Rice grain aroma is heritable from generationto generation. Its genetic code called geneis not as expressive as the non-aromatic

counterpart and the outbreed betweenaromatic and non-aromatic ricevarieties is always non-aromatic. Scientistsfrom USA, France, the Philippines and

Thailand independently identified a smallregion on chromosome 8 where the aromatic

gene is potentially located. Because of thelack of high-throughput sensory evaluation, noone has reached the gene. Until recently, The

group of Thai Scientists successfullydeveloped isogenic line similar to anidentical twin carrying different allelic copiesof the aromatic gene and this finding later ledto the discovery of the coding sequence andfunction of the aromatic gene from Jasminerice for the first time.

Deciphering Aromatic Gene in Rice

Aromatic Gene in RiceVol.01 No.19 July 2007

http://www.irri.org




rice for the future (super jasmine rice)

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