right to food - achievements, barriers & policy proposals
TRANSCRIPT
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The Right to FoodAchievements, barriers & policy proposals by a non-legal
activist with field experience
The Hague DialogueRight to Food and the CitiesThursday 24 September 2015 – Milan
JOSE LUIS VIVERO POL PhD Research Fellow in Food Governance
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Achievements
Challenges
BarriersProposals
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Legal Common SenseAssociated to right to life, right to be, right to thrive, freedom from want
Immediate dimension: free of hunger
Progressive: Access to adequate food
Understood as commons sense in most cultures & groups (Hossain et al., 2015)
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• Pasamos de la “Seguridad Alimentaria existe cuando…” a “la realización de un derecho…”,
Leyes de SAN de Guatemala y Brasil (2005 y 2006)
• De “situación” a “derecho”, que se ha de garantizar (por el Estado) y se puede exigir (por los ciudadanos)
• El DA está desarrollándose desde hace 20 años (PIDESC), luego su reconocimiento en los países y ahora con la justiciabilidad.
Same LEGAL CONSIDERATION &
LEVEL OF PROTECTION than Right not to be tortured or freedom of
speechFoto
: San
deep
Th
ukal
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Latin America is leading
• Awareness, protection and justiciability (Vivero, 2010)
• 15 Parliamentary Fronts Against Hunger
• Regional Framework Law (Parlatino,2012)
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Legal FrameworksFNS Framework Laws (12) Armenia (2002), Argentina (2003), Guatemala (2005), Brazil (2006), Venezuela (2008), Ecuador (2009), Mexico DF (2009), Nicaragua (2009), Honduras (2011), Zanzibar (2011), Indonesia (2012), India (2013)
FNS draft laws in Parliaments (13)Bolivia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Haiti, Malawi, Mexico, Mozambique, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Uganda
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LAC (13% of world´s countries)
• 65% (15 out of 23 countries) explicit RtF in Constitution (Knuth & Vidar, 2011)
• 66% (8 out of 12) FNS Laws including RtF
• 70% FNS law drafts in Parliaments
• 28% signatories of OP ICESCR (2015)
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Food Security Laws (Vivero, 2010; 2011)
• Although not main driving forces, anchor institutional set up and keep momentum in transitions between governments
• Create national FNS systems• Process as important as results: Enable
civil society to participate, implement & monitor (accountability)
• Necessary but not sufficient
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Justiciability• Jurisprudence is mounting: More 60
RTF cases (IDLO, 2015)
• LAC leading: Honduras (2007), Guatemala (2006), Argentina (2007), Paraguay (2002, 2006) (Vivero, 2011)
• Judges/lawyers become more aware of possibilities (Vidar et al., 2014)
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Main actors supporting the Right to
Food
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Countries supporting RtF
Few countries investing in the Right to Food
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Lessons learned for RTF achievements to date
• Useful Policy Guide to question balance of power in food systems (De Schutter, 2013)
• Subversive analysis of root causes (Lambek, 2015)
(avoiding the “we have a situation”)• Glue of diverse constituencies (Claeys, 2015; Callenius et al.,
2014)
• Aspirational driver, becoming object of social struggles (Hossain et al., 2015)
• Mutually reinforcing food sovereignty (De Schutter, 2014; Lambek, 2014)
• Process as important as output (Vivero, 2010)
• Opening up spaces for civil society participation and monitoring (Lambek, 2015; Vivero, 2011)
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Political challenges• Excessive emphasis on State obligations
(Claeys, 2015)
• Clash of roles: State as violator and guarantor at same time (Lambek, 2015)
• Neglecting responsibility of consumers, TNCs, non-state actors (Foundations, NGOs) (Narula, 2015)
• Lack of constituency & representativeness because failed to capture imagination of hungry communities (Claeys, 2015).
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Paradigm Barriers• Food as a human right (moral) collides
with food as a commodity (amoral)
• Food not considered a public good (Vivero, 2015)
• Other ESCR (health, education, water) are considered public goods & they have progressed as enforceable rights
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Normative Barriers
• RtF not justiciable as Civil & Political Rights (Chilton, 2009) because is feared (Vivero, 2011)
• Not in America (San Salvador Protocol) or in Africa (CHPR), yes in OP ICESCR
• RtF actively rejected by US (Messer & Cohen, 2009) & Canada (Margulis, 2015) + Int. Org. (G8, G20, WEF, WTO, WB, IMF) & Corporations (Lambek, 2014)
• Rationale: RtF is imprecise, subject to available resources and progressive realization (Vidar et al., 2014)
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Operational Barriers• A law that citizens and judges are
unaware of is not applied (Vivero, 2011)
• How the hungry are reaching the judge? • Lack of pro-bono lawyers (who
contracts the defenders?)• No financial support by development
agencies, UN or private foundations• Meagre budgetary obligations to
progressively fulfill it
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Legal technicalities that hamper justiciability
• Diffuse responsibility: what ministry is responsible of anyone’s hunger?
• Lack of classification of crimes, offenses & punishment on RtF violations
• Hunger is not legally a cause of death in most countries (forensic certificates)
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EUROPA leaving many behind
because food is not a right
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• 123 M poor EU people (1/4) (Oxfam, 2015)
• 50 M severe material deprivation: food, water…(EUROSTAT, 2015)
• 2009-15, + 7.5 M poor
• 30-40% children (6 EU members) below poverty line (UNICEF, 2014)
• Increasing children at school with no breakfast (UK, Netherlands, Spain)
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No RtF in EU: How is that possible?• NOT in European Social Charter• NOT in any EU constitution• NOT in MDGs & SDGs narrative
• Proposal in Belgium: National Food Policy Council including whole food chain (Eggen, 2014)
• Proposal in Spain: RtF in Constitution• European Citizen´s Initiative + EP:
water as human right + commons • Universal Food Coverage (non-existing)
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Proposals for International Actors
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Pro-Bono Public Interest Litigation for Jurisprudence (collective & individual cases)
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Time for binding treaties
Global Convention on Health (Goslin, 2011)
Food Treaty (Macmillan & Vivero, 2011; Vivero,
2014)
Human rights & transnational corporations
http://www.treatymovement.com/
Tackle poor diets and fight obesity
http://www.consumersinternational.org/news-and-media/news/2014/11/open-letter-global-convention/
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Proposals for urban areas
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To guarantee school meals for all
students in public schools
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To support local purchase (small farming, agro-ecology & cooperatives) to satisfy food needs of municipal premises 26
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Stricter & innovative rules to avoid food waste
To recycle all expired food (i.e. France)
Supporting citizens´ collective
actions to reduced waste, promote food sharing
and co-producing27
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Shifting from charitable food (Food Banks) to food as right (Universal Food Coverage)
A food bank network that is universal, accountable, compulsory and not voluntary, random, targeted
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Compulsory rooftop greening for every new building (with edibles, non-edibles)
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Establishing bakeries where every citizen can get access to a bread loaf every day (if needed or willing to)
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Encourage Food Policy Councils (open
membership to citizens) through participatory
democracies, financial seed capital and enabling
laws31
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Set target for food provisioning in 2030 (Food Council)
• 60% private sector• 25% self-production (collective
actions) • 15% state-provisioning (public
buildings, destitute people, unemployed families) through Universal Food Coverage
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33
I am eager to exchange on right to food, hunger
eradication & food as a commons
@joselviveropol
joseluisviveropol
http://hambreyderechoshumanos.blogspot.com
http://hungerpolitics.wordpress.com
Jose Luis Vivero [email protected]
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