risk assessment for offender applying ls/cmi in hong kong sracp experience by c.f. li (sracp)
TRANSCRIPT
Risk Assessment for Offender
Applying LS/CMI in Hong Kong
SRACP experience
by C.F. Li (SRACP)
Overview
1. Introduction of Service / Case Management Inventory
RNR principles General Risk / Need Factors (Central Eight Criminogenic
Needs ) Specific Risk / Need Factors Other Client Issues (Social, Health & Mental Health) Special Responsivity Considerations
2. SRACP Experiences
Applying LS/CMI to Offender Rehabilitation Services
- Training
- Preparations
- ImplementationPreliminary findings of 1000 + assessmentsFeedback from Users
Introduction to LS/CMI
History of Offender Risk Assessment
1st generation : Clinical Assessment
2nd generation : Static Risk Assessment
3rd generation : Integrated Risk and Need
4th generation : Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI) by Andrews, Bonta, & Wormith (2004)
Some Features of LS/CMI :
1. Easy to complete and score
2. Can be used in all forensic settings (e.g. prisons, probation, aftercare rehabilitation)
3. Can be used in different disciplines and officials, (e.g. correctional officers, probation offers, psychologists, social workers, psychiatrist, criminologists, etc.)
4. Has a complete case management system
5. Has a very large normative sample (Over 130,000 of adult offenders from North America)
6. Excellent reliability and validity
RNR Principles
RiskNeedResponsivity
Risk Principle
The level of service should vary with level of risk High risk cases have high probability for recidivism, and
vice versa Over treatment may actually increase risk of recidivism (e.g.
through increased association with high risk offenders) Match level of treatment to level of risk i.e. Devote time, energy and resources to risky cases Higher risk level, more services with higher intensity
Need Principle
Target treatment interventions toward reducing major dynamic risk factors and/or enhancing major protective / strength factors
i.e. Match service interventions to criminogenic needs Beginning with higher risk / need factors Stress on more intrinsic risk / needs
Responsivity Principle
Match treatment mode to offender characteristics
2 types of Responsivity General Responsivity – refer to general approaches, e.g.
Behavioural model, Cognitive Behavioural techniques
Specific Responsivity – refers to personal characteristics, e.g. personality, ability, motivation, age, gender, race, language, various barriers, etc
Tailor treatment to the individual abilities, style, culture and personality
Section 1 : General Risk / Need Factors
Central Eight 43 items for 8 subcomponents Score and Profile Total score indicate probability of recidivism from Very Low
Risk to Very High Risk Provide direction and priority of intervention Strength / Protective factors of the Offender
Score and Profile
Central Eight – criminogenic needs
1. Criminal History
2. Education / Employment
3. Family / Marital
4. Leisure / recreation
5. Companions
6. Alcohol / Drug Problem
7. Pro criminal Attitude / Orientation
8. Antisocial Pattern
Section 1.1 - Criminal History
The best predictor of future behaviour is past behaviour Includes:
- Frequency of behaviour
- Onset under 16 years old at first arrest or charge
- Seriousness – any incarceration
- Behaviour during treatment
Section 1.2 - Education / Employment
Involvement and commitment to the social institutions of education and employment
Frequent job changes Never employed for over 12 months continuously Achievement in school Suspension or expulsion
Section 1.3 - Family / Marital
As interpersonal sources of reward for prosocial behavior and costs for criminal behavior
Models, supports Satisfaction, rewarding familial / marital relationships
Section 1.4 - Leisure / Recreation
Substantial free time outside of work and school How does individual occupy his/her free time? Organized, structured activities Good use of time? Prosocial activities
Section 1.5 - Companions
Friends – spends time with, opinions valued, provide help when needed, etc
Acquaintance – not close friends Influence attitude, behaviour Models of behaviour One of single best predictors of criminal behaviour
Section 1.6 - Alcohol / Drug Problem
One of the most common criminogenic need areas targeted by treatment programs
Interferes with prosocial behaviour and interactions, relationships with others
Focus on the abuse (rather than substance related offences) Focus on current use (Status)
Section 1.7 - Procriminal Attitude / Orientation
What and how a person thinks and feels about violating laws or alternatives
Attitudes supportive of crime (e.g. usefulness of crime) Negative attitudes towards convention (alternatives to crime) Attitude towards sentence / offence Attitude towards supervision / treatment
Section 1.8 - Antisocial Pattern
General personality and behavioural patterns Diversity and early onset of antisocial behaviour Assaultative or violent behaviour Escapes, breach of probation / release conditions Pattern of generalize trouble
Section 2 – 5
Section 2 : Specific Risk / Needs
Section 3 : Prison Experience – Institutional Factors
Section 4 : Other Client Issues
Section 5 : Special Responsivity Considerations
No score is assigned to these sections Used in case management planning and in consideration
of override decisions
Section 2 : Specific Risk / Need Factors
2.1 : Personal Problems with Criminogenic Potential
- Diagnosis of psychopathy or other personality disorder
- Emotion (Anger) management deficits
- Problem solving / self management skill deficits
- Poor social skills
2.2 : History of Perpetration
- History of sexual / physical assault
- Other violence
- Other antisocial behaviour
Section 3 : Prison Experience – Institutional Factors
Items mainly for Corrections officials
3.1 : History of Incarceration
- previous classification, current security needs, misconducts
3.2 : Barriers to release
- notoriety of offence, lack of community support
Section 4 : Other Client Issues
Social, Health & Mental Health
Noncriminogenic needs
- Physical disability, learning disability, homeless, financial problem, mental disorder, depression, suicide attempts, victim of family violence, etc
Factors contribute to overall well being of offender May not reduce risk level
Section 5 : Special Responsivity Considerations
Responsivity factors reflect differences in learning styles and /
or personal interests Factors are not to be interpreted as risk, need, or problematic
characteristics
- Cultural issues, gender- specific issues, ethnicity issues, low intelligence, communication barriers, mental disorder, antisocial personality, etc
The best treatment program may be completely ineffective if it is delivered in wrong style / direction
Section 6 : Risk Summary and Override
Examples of override Low score in section 1, but crime was a serious one, may
increase risk level High score in section 1, but has many strengths, may decrease
risk level
Policy based decision
- some jurisdictions / criminal justice agencies may have internal policies that certain types of offenders must be declared a particular risk level, e.g. sexual offenders
Section 7 : Risk / Need Profile
Section 8 : Program / Placement Decision
Institutional Offenders Community Offenders Aftercare / Rehabilitation recommendation Presentence Report
Section 9 - 11 : Case Management Protocol
Built-in case management protocol to the assessment Intervention and goals are based on result of sections 1-5
Section 9 : Identify program targets and develop of case plan Section 10 : Monitor intervention and record progress Section 11 : Summarize results, Discharge summary
Section 9 : Case Management Plan
9.2.1 Criminogennic Needs
CriminogenicNeeds
Goal Intervention Time Frame
1. Alcohol abuse Abstinence of alcohol
Attend alcoholic treatment program
12 months
2. Leisure / Recreation
Participate in structured activities
Join a football team
6 months
3.
4.
Section 9 : Case Management Plan
9.2.2. Other client Non-Criminogennic Needs Requiring Attention
Other Needs Goal Intervention Time Frame
1. Victim of family violence
Accept personal history
Victim counselling 12 months
2.
3.
Section 9 : Case Management Plan
9.2.3. Special Responsivity Considerations
Responsivity Issue Proposed Approach to Address Issue
1. Lack of Motivation Motivational interviewing
2. Denial / minimization Challenge client by reviewing history on many fronts (drinking, relationships, family, marital)
Section 10 : Progress Record
10.1. Criminogenic Needs
Section 10 : Progress Record
10.2. Other Client Non-Criminogenic Needs
Section 11 : Discharge Summary
Applying LS/CMI
SRACP Experience
Training
Social workers attended training conducted by Professor Stephen Wormith in November 2009
10 social workers qualified as trainers and 27 as qualified users
Second batch training in March, 2010 by SRACP trainer 15 more social workers (and 1 CP) qualified as users
Preparation and Implementation
Working group formed Test run in April – June 2010 Quality Assurance Exercise Revision of current Workflow and Procedure Full implementation in July 2010 Evaluate and collect feedback from LS/CMI users in March,
2011
Observation / Preliminary Findings
Until March 31, 2011, 1092 assessments conducted successfully
Scored from 2 to 37 Average score = 22.58 (High Risk)
Overall Risk / Need Level
Nearly 60% of cases are High risk or above
Very Low Risk Low Medium High Very High
Less than 1 % 5% 27% 49% 18%
Most Concerned Criminogenic factors
(High risk / need level or above)
1. Leisure and Recreation (82.5%)
2. Employment and Education (77.7%)
3. Companions (59.5%)
4. Alcohol / Drug Problem (36.9%)
Feedbacks from Social Worker
Helps to understand needs of client Helps to prioritize client’s needs Helps to formulate intervention plan Helps to Evaluate client’s rehabilitation progress Common language to communicate with colleagues
Future Works
ValidationTranslation of Chinese VersionTreatment program development
~ The End ~
Thank You