rna and protein synthesis mr. cobb gca fall 2011
TRANSCRIPT
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RNA and Protein Synthesis
Mr. CobbGCA Fall 2011
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Review DNAWhat is a nucleotide?
What shape does DNA have?
What are the nitrogen bases in DNA?
Where do you find DNA?
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Review DNAWhat is a nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate, and base
What shape does DNA have?Double Helix
What are the nitrogen bases in DNA?ADENINE, THYMINE, GUANINE AND CYTOSINE
Where do you find DNA?NUCLEUS
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BASE PAIRING• ADENINE – THYMINE (URACIL IN RNA)
• GUANINE – CYTOSINE
• A – T
• G – C
ALWAYS!!
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Complete the DNA strand:
A - ___
G - ___
C - ___
C - ___
T - ___
G - ___
T - ___
G - ___
C – ___
G - ___
A - ___
A - ___
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RNARibonucleic Acid
Contains Ribose as its 5-carbon sugar
Single strand-not double helix
Nitrogen Bases are A, C, G, and U (Uracil)
NO Thymine in RNA!!!!!
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If you are looking at:A strand of bases and you are told to identify them as DNA or RNA,
IF you see Uracil, you will KNOW that it is RNA!!!
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WHY TALK ABOUT PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• CELL FUNCTIONS DEPEND ON ENZYMES (BIOLOGICAL CATALYST), WHICH ARE PROTEINS!
• MOST SUBSTANCES MADE BY CELLS CONTAIN A PROTEIN.
• UNDERSTANDING THIS PROCESS, SCIENTISTS CAN MAKE CHANGES TO WHAT PROTEINS ARE PRODUCED (ANTIBIOTICS)
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PROTEIN REVIEW
• POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS (AA)
• 21 AMINO ACIDS
• 2 THINGS MUST BE CORRECT FOR PROTEIN TO BE FUNCTIONAL
• 1. SEQUENCE OF AA
• 2. SHAPE
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
THE CELL CAN MAKE THOUSANDS OF DIFFERENT PROTEINS
OR
THE CELL CAN MAKE THOUSANDS OF THE SAME PROTEIN.
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS STEPS
• 2 STEPS to making Proteins:
• STEP 1 TRANSCRIPTION: Getting the information from the DNA copied onto a mRNA strand.
• STEP 2 TRANSLATION: The mRNA strand goes out to a ribosome and builds a AA strand with the help of tRNA.
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Protein Synthesis in a nutshell
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Here’s a better look:
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THE CODE OF LIFE
• COMPARE TO ALPHABET
• DNA’S CODE IS THE 4 NUCLEOTIDE BASES OF ADENINE, GUANINE, CYTOSINE, AND THYMINE
• THREE OF THESE BASES COME TOGETHER TO MAKE A CODE FOR AN AMINO ACID.
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THE CODE OF LIFE
• THREE BASES MAKE A CODON.
• (THINK OF IT AS A 3 LETTER WORD MEANING A SPECIFIC AMINO ACID)
• A CODON CODES FOR A SPECIFIC AA.
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THE CODE OF LIFE
• COMPARE TO THE ALPHABET CODE WE DISCUSSED.
• EX. THE DOG CAN RUN
• EACH LETTER IS A NUCLEOTIDE BASE.
• EACH THREE LETTER WORD IS A CODON THAT CODES FOR A SPECIFIC AMINO ACID.
• A STRING OF AMINO ACIDS MAKE A FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN, JUST LIKE A STRING OF WORDS MAKE A SENTENCE.
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THE CODE OF LIFE• LETS SEE WHY THE SEQUENCE IS
IMPORTANT!
• THE RUN CAN DOG
• ONE AMINO ACID CHANGE CAN CHANGE THE PROTEIN, JUST LIKE ONE WORD CAN CHANGE THE SENTENCE.
• THE CAT CAN RUN
• THE DOG CAN SIT
• THE DOG CAN HOP
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Amino Acid Chart
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Amino AcidsThere are 21 Amino Acids, but as you
can see 64 combinations.
So, there are multiple codons per amino acid.
Also “stop” and “start” codons.
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3 kinds of RNA:
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) –makes up ribosomes
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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Why do we need RNA?
RNA is the key mechanism behind:
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Your characteristics are determined largely by the kinds of proteins your cells make out of amino acids.
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Where are proteins made? What organelle?
Where are ribosomes located?
Where are the directions for making proteins found?
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OK, if the directions are in the nucleus, but the ribosomes
are in the cytoplasm or on the E.R.,
How do the directions get to the ribosomes????
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That’s why we needmessenger RNA
(mRNA)mRNA is made in a process called TRANSCRIPTION
• Transcription is “the process of copying the DNA code onto a strand of mRNA”
“-scribe” means “write” so the code is copied or written onto mRNA during transcription
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mRNA
Is made from a DNA strand pattern.
DNA “unzips” just the section that codes the directions for the needed protein.
RNA nucleotides come in and bind with the DNA nitrogen bases
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So, transcription is
“Writing” the mRNA code from a strand of DNA
Occurs in the nucleus so the message can be sent from DNA to the ribosomes
DNA never leaves nucleus!
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Cool facts about mRNA
• mRNA has a “cap” on one end and a Poly A tail on the other end.
• There are parts that are not used caused “introns” that are edited out before the mRNA gets to the ribosomes.
• The “exons” are the parts that are not edited out and thus used to make the protein.
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Here’s a better look:
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Now that we have our message,
The mRNA can move through the nuclear pores to go to ribosomes
Ribosomes will “read” the mRNA to build a protein
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mRNA moves to ribosome
mRNA is read 3 letters at a time—codons
So, in our example, the first codon would be GUA
Codons become important in the next step
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When mRNA gets to the ribosome:
The third kind of RNA comes into play.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Notice the 3-letter anticodon & amino acid
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TRANSLATION
mRNA is read in codons (3 letters at a time)
A tRNA anticodon matches up with the mRNA codon
tRNA has an amino acid attached at the top
See your amino acid chart
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Translation is:
The process of synthesizing amino acids into proteins with the aid of RNA
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Protein Synthesis in a nutshell
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Translation(this is not in the
notes)• The mRNA brings the DNA blueprints
(plans) to the cytoplasm.
• The rRNA (ribosomes) bind to the mRNA. This is the construction site, where we build the protein.
• The tRNA brings the materials (Amino Acids) to the construction site (ribosomes).
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Metabolism
• Metabolism is the sum of all of life’s processes of an organism. For example: You take energy in and you expend energy by life’s activities.
• Young people have higher metabolism than adults because of the processes of growing.
• Plants use less energy during the night because they are not doing photosynthesis. So, a plant’s metabolism is higher during the day.
• Which one has higher metabolism?
Athlete versus video gamer
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Anabolism
• Anabolism is the building of molecules and storing energy. What is one example of this?
• Catabolism is processes that break molecules down to release energy. What is one example of this?
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We are finished!!!!
• Test is on Monday!!!!