russia in the 1800s: reform and industrialization
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Russia in the 1800s: Reform and Industrialization. Russia In the Early 1800s Before the Reforms. The Romanov Dynasty (1613 – 1917). Mikhail Romanov 1613-1645 Alexei Romanov 1645-1676 Peter I the Great 1682-1721 Catherine II (Catherine the Great) 1762-1796 Alexander I 1801-1825 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Russia in the 1800s: Reform and
Industrialization
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Russia In the Early 1800s Before the
Reforms
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The Romanov Dynasty (1613 – 1917)
Mikhail Romanov 1613-1645
Alexei Romanov 1645-1676
Peter I the Great 1682-1721
Catherine II (Catherine the Great) 1762-1796
Alexander I 1801-1825
Nicholas I 1825-1855
Alexander II 1855-1881
Alexander III 1881-1894
Nicholas II 1894-1917
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The Holy Alliance
• Formed at the Congress of Vienna in 1815
• Conservative alliance of Russia, Prussia, and Austria
• United in the defense of religion and the established order (keeping things status quo)
• But, Russian intellectuals wanted to Westernize Russia (political freedom, educational, etc.)
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Decembrist Uprising (1825)• Russia’s ruling elites (tsar, nobles) were conservatives and were against
liberal reforms
• They censored the intellectuals (college students, etc) in favor of liberal reforms
• Army officers who wanted to Westernize revolted (Decembrist Uprising)
• Revolt was stopped, and Tsar Nicholas I
• As result, Tsar repressed liberal reformers even more
• As a result of the repression, Russia avoided the revolutions that swept across Europe in 1848
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Russian Expansion
• Maintained control over Poland (dated back to Partition of Poland, 1772)
• Defeated Ottomans and gained territory in Eastern Europe in 1830s
• Russia helped groups such as Greece and Serbia gain independence from Ottomans
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Economic and Social Problems: The Peasant
Question
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Russia Fails To Industrialize
• Western Europe experiencing Industrial Revolution, but not Russia
• Russia still had serfdom
• To keep pace with West, landlords demanded more labor from serfs
• Russia remained a largely peasant society with an agrarian economy
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Crimean War (1854-1856)
• Russia fought Ottomans, claimed to be protecting rights of Christians in Ottoman owned lands
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Crimean War (1854-1856)
• Britain and France helped the Ottomans, and Russia lost
• Loss showed how far Russia was behind the West industrially and technologically
• Russia realized it needed to reform, and over next 20 years, series of reforms took place (1860s and 1870s)
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The Reform Era and Early Industrialization
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Emancipation of the Serfs
• Russia ended serfdom in 1861
• Serfs were given land when freed
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• Landlords (nobles) close allies to tsars
• The landlords had long controlled peasants for tsars
• Even though serfs freed, Russia made sure to preserve power of aristocratic class (nobles)
• Redemption Payments = Serfs got land, but had to pay for land (couldn’t leave village until paid for)
• Serfs angered over redemption payments, many rose up
Emancipation of the Serfs
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End of Serfdom = Large Labor Source
• In order to industrialize, a country need to have a large labor source, Russia now had it
• However, industrialization still didn’t take place right away (still took more time)
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Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881)
• Passed many reforms after loss in Crimean War (emancipating serfs just one of them)
• Zemstvoes = created these local councils that could build roads, schools, and provide medical service
• Only wealthy could elect members of the zemstvoes
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Trans-Siberian Railway
• Russia started building huge rail system in 1870s
• Trans-Siberian Railroad = connected European Russia (west) with the Pacific (east)
• Iron, coal, and grain industries grew as result of railroads
• Siberia became more developed, and Russia’s presence in Asia expanded
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Russia Finally Has Industrial Revolution
• Railroads played big role
• Western business were encouraged to build factories in Russia
• By 1900 half of Russian industry was foreign owned
• Russia became leaders in steel, petroleum, and textile output
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Industrialization Still Way Behind West
• Lots of big factories in Russia
• But didn’t have best technology in those factories
• Agricultural technology was way behind the times
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Mostly, Reforms Failed
• Army tried to modernize, but military discipline and efficiently were poor
• Russia lacked strong middle class of artisans and professionals like the West had
• Intellectuals who wanted change felt there was not enough
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Protest and Revolution in Russia
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Social Problems
• Frequent famines led to peasant uprisings
• Peasants also revolted against redemption payments they still had to pay
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• Intelligentsia = radical intellectuals that were very aggressive and demanded liberal reforms
• Many devoted their life to revolution
Social Problems
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Social Problems
• Anarchists = people who want to end all forms of government
• Russian radicals turned to anarchism as a means to oppose the tsarist regime
• When anarchists failed to recruit many peasants to their cause, they turned to terrorism
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Alexander II Ends Reforms• Alexander II stopped his reforms in late 1870s
• He felt they were creating problems (ex: more freedoms allowed for the rise of anarchist movement)
• Censorship increased and political agitators sent to prison camps in Siberia
• Alexander II assassinated in 1881 by anarchist bomb
• Successors further stopped any reforms and political freedoms
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Minority Nationalities Targeted
• Government repression often aimed at minority nationalities living in the Russian empire (Poles, Ukrainians, and Jews)
• Pogroms = Mass executions that were ordered against Jews
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Marxist Reaches Russia (1890s)• Marxism promoted idea of a proletariat
(working class) revolution
• Vladimir Ilyich Lenin = Marxist leader who led movements to overthrow the tsar
• Bolsheviks = Marxist political party in Russia
• Workers formed unions and went on strike (which was illegal in Russia)
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Revolution Inevitable
• Peasants upset over power of landlords
• Urban working-class upset about lack of freedoms
• Intellectuals (intelligentsia) demanded liberal reforms
• Instead of compromise, tsar repressed freedoms even more
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Military Successes = Problems?
• Beat the Ottomans in 1870s
• Helped create new Slavic states in Balkans (ex: Serbia) which Russians vowed to protect
• Increased influence in Middle East and central Asia
• But, Russia expanded too far, and the military was stretched too thin
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Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)• Japan angry about Russia
expansion into east Asia (China, Korea) so fought Russia
• Japan won a shocking victory
• Resulted in the people of Russia revolted against the tsar
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Russian Revolution of 1905
• In response to the massive protests after loss in Russo-Japanese War, Tsar Nicholas II agreed to pass liberal reforms
• Duma = A national parliament that was created to make Russia a parliamentary monarchy
• Kulaks = Peasants given more rights, and some, called kulaks, got wealthy enough to own land
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Nicholas II Backtracks• Nicholas II comes from a long line of autocratic
tsars, and soon went back on these reforms
• He stripped the Duma of its power
• He once again began policy of political repression
• This led to even more Russians opposing the regime, and a bigger revolution would soon occur that would end the tsarist regime in Russia forever
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The Rest of Eastern Europe
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New Nations• Many countries were newly independent in Eastern Europe (had
broken from Ottoman Empire or Austria-Hungary)
• These new nations turned to Russia for help, guidance, and ideas
• Many copied Russia
• Most had autocratic kings (like tsars) that ruled with unlimited power
• Landlords had huge power
• Most began to industrialize, though even less than Russia did
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Culture Thrives in Eastern Europe
• While there were many political and economic problems, cultural output thrived
• National dictionaries, folk tales, and music were created which enhanced senses of heritage
• Scientific advancements occurred (such as Gregor Mendel’s research on genetics)
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Literature
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Music
Chopin Liszt
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Science
Gregor Mendel Ivan Pavlov