Industrialization of Russia and Japan

Chapter 27

I. IntroductionRussia and Japan lagged behind most of Europe

Russia gained ground due to large populationJapan gained ground due to ability to imitate while maintaining identity

II. RussiaBecame concerned with lack of industrialization

Napoleon’s invasionWealth of other nations

Reforms, Revolts and IndustrializationRussian serfs complain about inequality

Full freedom or “freedom” while keeping traditions?Decembrist Uprising

Army officers Nicholas I becomes more repressive

II. RussiaCrimean War 1854-1856

Wanted to expanded into Poland and Ottoman EmpireBritish and France were concerned with Russia becoming too powerful

Help Ottoman Empire to defeat RussiaBritish concerned with losing trade advantage in India

Russia was at a large industrial disadvantageEncouraged Alexander II that the military needed reforms

II. RussiaReforms

Emancipation of the SerfsSerfs got most of the land (best for aristocracy)Tied to villages until redemption payments made

Kept them poor and repressedCreated larger urban labor forcePeasant uprisings

Political changesZemstvoes- local rulers: roads, schools and local issuesMilitary- merit not birth

SocialIncreased literacy, more lenient social standards

II. RussiaIndustrialization

Guided by the stateTrans-Siberian Railroad-

Stimulated coal and iron productionUsed to export grain

Count Sergei WitteFinance ministerHigh tariffsImproved bankingForeign investors to boost production- ½ of industry foreign owned

Russia became greatly indebted to British, German and French

II. RussiaIndustrialization continued

Top 5 in Steel, oil and textiles due to sizeIlliterate peasants did not improve agricultureNo middle class

All state sponsored and regulatedCan’t make money (and people don’t like that!)

II. RussiaRevolutions and Uprisings

Initially, mostly peasantsRedemption pay and famines

IntelligentsiaRadical intellectualsTerroristAnarchistIndustrialize without materialism

Alexander II assassinatedCensorship and resistance to reformMinorities repressed

Jewish pogroms

II. RussiaVladimir Ilyich Ulyanov

AKA Vladimir LeninModified Marxism for Russia

Didn’t need middle-classFormed the Bolsheviks

Majority that wasn’t a majorityEncouraged revolt of working class

Poor working conditions

II. RussiaRevolution of 1905

Expansion rather than fixing problemsHelped create Slavic Nations

Serbia and BulgariaPromised to protect them (WWI)

Result of Russo-Japanese WarFought over KoreaJapan attacked without declaring

warRussia had a hard time mobilizing

II. RussiaRevolution of 1905 Results

Peasants revoltedWorkers went on strikePolice repressionTo help stop revolt, the Duma was formed

A national parliamentStolypin Reforms

Peasants gained freedom from redemption paymentsFreedom to buy/sell landKulaks – rich land owners that improved agriculture ($$$)

Eventually government represses the people again

III. JapanJapan became more nationalistic

Terakoya schoolsConfucianism, reading and Japanese cultureFor commoners

Dutch StudiesFocus on Dutch language (trade in Nagasaki)Studies Dutch medicine once foreign literature ban was lifted

III. JapanCommodore Matthew Perry (1853)

Took a number of American steamships to Edo Bay to force the Japanese to open for trade with US1854 2nd visit to Japan to force them to allow a US consul in its borders.Kept Americans under American law and not Japanese Forced Japan out of isolationism

Emperor no longer isolatedSamurai retaliate by attacking foreigners

Ended with Meiji movement that put Emperor

Mutsuhito on the throne- promoted reforms

III. JapanMeiji Reforms

Abolished feudalism and SamuraiBecame poor and revolted in 1877

Emperor used conscripted troops with European weapons

Influenced “Last Samurai”Expanded bureaucracy with Civil Service ExamsFormed Diet as a form of parliament

Passed laws and budgets5% of men could vote

Emperor controlled military

III. JapanJapanese Industrialization

Had to import raw materials Education based to train loyal workers

Government controlled and censoredWesternization

Styles and medicineYet kept Shintoism and did not convert to ChristianityFamily values

Militarization 1st Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895

Result of need for resourcesRusso-Japanese War

IV. ConclusionYellow Peril

Asian colonizationRussia’s influence in Eastern Europe influences WWI