s concepts of integrated pest management leonard coop assistant research professor oregon state...
TRANSCRIPT
SConcepts of Integrated Pest
Management
Leonard CoopAssistant Research Professor
Oregon State UniversityIntegrated Plant Protection Center
2040 Cordley HallCorvallis, Oregon
541.737.5523 [email protected]
Evaluation
Losses Due to Pests
● Worldwide losses due to insects, weeds, and plant diseases amount to $230 billion annually (1995)
● In the US, losses amount to $19.4 billion annually:● Insects: $5.8 billion● Plant Diseases: $6.6 billion● Weeds: $7.0 billion
● The world pesticide industry is around $34 bill/yr, US alone is around $11 bill/yr (1999)
1)1) Pest resistance to pesticides (insects, weeds, Pest resistance to pesticides (insects, weeds, plant diseases)plant diseases)
2)2) Emergence of secondary pests when pesticides Emergence of secondary pests when pesticides disrupt beneficial organisms aka “secondary pest disrupt beneficial organisms aka “secondary pest outbreaks”outbreaks”
3)3) Impact of pesticides on beneficial organisms and Impact of pesticides on beneficial organisms and nontarget species, pest resurgencenontarget species, pest resurgence
4)4) Environmental concerns stemming from misuse Environmental concerns stemming from misuse of pesticidesof pesticides
5)5) Economic incentives (improve yields, lower pest Economic incentives (improve yields, lower pest control costs)control costs)
Why IPM (why no silver bullet)?Why IPM (why no silver bullet)?
Evaluation
Philosophy of Integrated Pest Management
● Multidisciplinary science, practiced in context with other crop production techniques, like soil fertility and irrigation management
● A holistic (systems) approach to pest management● Preventive strategies over prescriptive tactics● Long term management over short term control● Target key pests with non-disruptive solutions and thus
avoid secondary pest outbreaks● Monitoring, decision making, control tactics, and
evaluation are also components to IPM
Control
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTINTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTComponentsComponents
Prevention• These components are all required for IPM • Feedback allows continuous improvements to all components
Evaluation
Decision MakingMonitoring
Evaluation
– IPM consultants & Extension have focus on Efficacy and Economics.
– NRCS has focus on Environmental risks and appropriate mitigation strategies.
– But all three of these must be integrated into final pest management decisions.
– Together, we must deliver an integrated message and provide appropriate incentives for implementing reduced risk alternatives.
NRCS IPM Cost Share & Incentives
Control
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTINTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTComponentsComponents
Prevention• Field layout/timing• Resistant/non-susceptible cultivars • Certified seed• Conservation biological control• Eliminate alternate host plants• Field/equipment sanitation• Cultural practices
Evaluation
Decision MakingMonitoring
Evaluation
Conservation Biological Control e. g. border Conservation Biological Control e. g. border plantings, cover crops, careful weed managementplantings, cover crops, careful weed management
Evaluation
Control
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTINTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTComponentsComponents
Prevention • Regular field inspections/mapping• Weather data• Meaningful IDs of pests and beneficials• Sampling technologies• Record keeping• Sharing data with neighbors/regionally
Evaluation
Decision MakingMonitoring
Sampling pattern
Sample a) randomly vs. b) stratifieda) every unit w/same chance of inspectionb) focus on efficiency with known biases
Spread-out samples across entire fieldinsects seldom occur evenly across fields
Examine every fieldinfestation levels can vary w/in 1 field, let alone among several different fields
HIGH precision
HIGH accuracy
{random
unbiasedefficient
IDEALIZED SAMPLE
LOW precision HIGH precisionLOW accuracy LOW accuracy
-random-unbiased
-less efficient
REAL WORLD SAMPLES
-nonrandom-biased-more
efficient
Control
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTINTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTComponentsComponents
Prevention • Use Economic Injury Levels and action thresholds• Know potential crop losses (risks)• Know the control option costs and efficacies• Compute benefit /cost ratio of control
Evaluation
Decision MakingMonitoring
economic injury level economic injury level EILEIL- - pest densitypest density where where
cost of pest controlcost of pest control == benefits of pest control benefits of pest control= value of damage prevented = value of damage prevented
- - break-even decision rulebreak-even decision rule
economic threshold economic threshold ETET-- timetime to take control action to prevent pest population to take control action to prevent pest population
from increasing above EILfrom increasing above EIL
= “action threshold”= “action threshold”
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTINTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
JuneMay
Infe
stat
ion
Lev
el
August
spray S
PR
AY
withcontrol
DO
NO
T S
PR
AY
EILEIL
ETET
withoutcontrol
July
ECONOMIC THRESHOLDSwww.ag.uidaho.edu/pmc/main.htm
Control
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTINTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTComponentsComponents
Prevention • Cultural• Biological• Biorational, Soft• Conventional,
Broad spectrum• Spray timing, phenology models, other weather effects e.g. drift
Evaluation
Decision MakingMonitoring
Control
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTINTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTComponentsComponents
Prevention • Record Keeping• Post-control
Sampling• On-farm Scientific
Research•-2 or more treatments•-replicated sampling
• Fine-tuning• Sharing results
Evaluation
Decision MakingMonitoring
BiologicalBiologicalCultural / Cultural / Host PlantHost PlantResistanceResistance
PesticidesPesticides
enhanceenhance
reduce needreduce needforfor
least-toxicleast-toxic
Sampling & ThresholdsSampling & Thresholds
determine determine need forneed for
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTINTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
• These IPM components and principles together These IPM components and principles together change the way we view pest control; from short change the way we view pest control; from short term term controlcontrol with pesticides to long term with pesticides to long term managementmanagement strategies involving multiple strategies involving multiple approaches that introduce more permanent approaches that introduce more permanent solutions for pest suppressionssolutions for pest suppressions
Implementation of IPM PhilosophyImplementation of IPM Philosophy