s от systems analysis and design - gbv
TRANSCRIPT
s от Systems Analysis and Design lOURiH EDITION
Joseph S. Valacich Washington State University
Joey F. George Florida State University
Jeffrey A. Hoffer University of Dayton
Pearson Education International
Contents Preface 17
PARTI FOUNDATIONS FOR SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT 28
Chapter 1 The Systems Development Environment 28
What Is Information Systems Analysis and Design? 30 Systems Analysis and Design: Core Concepts 30 Systems 32
Definition of a System and Its Parts 32
Important System Concepts 33 A Modern Approach to Systems Analysis and Design 36
Your Role in Systems Development 37 Types of Information Systems and Systems Development 38
Transaction Processing Systems 39 Management Information Systems 39
Decision Support Systems 40
Information Systems: An Overview 40 Developing Information Systems and the Systems
Development Life Cycle 41 Phase 1: Systems Planning and Selection 43 Phase 2: Systems Analysis 43 Phase 3: Systems Design 44 Phase 4: Systems Implementation and Operation 44
Approaches to Development 46 Prototyping 47 Computer-Assisted Software Engineering (CASE) Tools 47 Joint Application Design 48 Rapid Application Development 48 Participatory Design 49 Agile Methodologies 50 Key Points Review 50
Key Terms Checkpoint 51
Review Questions 52
Problems and Exercises 53
Discussion Questions 53
Case Problems 53
Chapter 2 The Sources of Software 56
Introduction 57
Systems Acquisition 58
Outsourcing 58 Sources of Software 59 Choosing Off-the-Shelf Software 63
Reuse 67
10 Contents
Key Points Review 70
Key Terms Checkpoint 70
Review Questions 71
Problems and Exercises 71
Field Exercises 71
Chapter 3 Managing the Information Systems Project 72
IUI Pine Valley Furniture Company Background 74
Managing the Information Systems Project 75
Initiating the Project 79
Planning the Project 83
Executing the Project 90
Closing Down the Project 93
Representing and Scheduling Project Plans 94
Representing Project Plans 96
Calculating Expected Time Durations Using PERT 96
|||^ Constructing a Gantt Chart and Network Diagram at
Pine Valley Furniture 97
Using Project Management Software 100
Establishing a Project Starting Date 101
Entering Tasks and Assigning Task Relationships 101 Selecting a Scheduling Method to Review
Project Reports 102
Key Points Review 103
Key Terms Checkpoint 104
Review Questions 105
Problems and Exercises 105
Discussion Questions 107
Case Problems 108
Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Company Background 110
PART I! SYSTEMS PLANNING AND SELECTION 118
Chapter 4 Systems Planning and Selection 118
Identifying and Selecting Projects 120
The Process of Identifying and Selecting Information Systems Development Projects 120
Deliverables and Outcomes 123
Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects 124
The Process of Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects 124
Deliverables and Outcomes 125
Assessing Project Feasibility 126
Assessing Economic Feasibility 128
Contents 11
Assessing Other Feasibility Concerns 134
Building the Baseline Project Plan 135
Reviewing the Baseline Project Plan 141
PVF WebStore: Systems Planning and Selection 144
Internet Basics 144
Pine Valley Furniture WebStore 146
Key Points Review 149
Key Terms Checkpoint 150
Review Questions 151
Problems and Exercises 152
Discussion Questions 153
Case Problems 153
Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Initiating and Planning a Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System 155
PART III SYSTEMS ANALYSIS 160
Chapters Determining System Requirements 160
Performing Requirements Determination 162
The Process of Determining Requirements 162
Deliverables and Outcomes 163
Requirements Structuring 164
Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements 164
Interviewing and Listening 164
Directly Observing Users 169
Analyzing Procedures and Other Documents 170
Modern Methods for Determining System Requirements 173
Joint Application Design 174
Using Prototyping During Requirements Determination 177
Radical Methods for Determining System Requirements 178
Identifying Processes to Reengineer 179
Disruptive Technologies 180
W PVF WebStore: Determining System Requirements 181
System Layout and Navigation Characteristics 181
WebStore and Site Management System Capabilities 182
Customer and Inventory Information 183
System Prototype Evolution 183
Key Points Review 184
Key Terms Checkpoint 185
Review Questions 186
Problems and Exercises 186
Discussion Questions 186
12 Contents
Case Problems 187
Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Determining Requirements for the Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System 188
Chapter 6 Structuring System Requirements: Process Modeling 192
Process Modeling 194
Modeling a System's Process 194
Deliverables and Outcomes 194
Data-Flow Diagramming Mechanics 195
Definitions and Symbols 196
Developing DFDs: An Example 198
Data-Flow Diagramming Rules 201
Decomposition of DFDs 202
Balancing DFDs 204
Using Data-Flow Diagramming in the Analysis Process 206
Guidelines for Drawing DFDs 206
Using DFDs as Analysis Tools 208
Using DFDs in Business Process Reengineering 209
Logic Modeling 211
Modeling Logic with Decision Tables 212
<f PVF WebStore: Process Modeling 215
Process Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 215
Key Points Review 217
Key Terms Checkpoint 218
Review Questions 219
Problems and Exercises 219
Discussion Questions 224
Case Problems 224
Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Process Modeling for the Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System 226
Chapter 7 Structuring System Requirements: Conceptual Data Modeling 230
Conceptual Data Modeling 232
The Process of Conceptual Data Modeling 233
Deliverables and Outcomes 233
Gathering Information for Conceptual Data Modeling 237
Introduction to Entity-Relationship Modeling 239
Entities 239
Attributes 241
Candidate Keys and Identifiers 241
Multivalued Attributes 242
Relationships 243
Contents 13
Conceptual Data Modeling and the E-R Model 243
Degree of a Relationship 244
Cardinalities in Relationships 245 An Example of Conceptual Data Modeling at Hoosier Burger 248
PVF WebStore: Conceptual Data Modeling 251
Conceptual Data Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 251
Selecting the Best Alternative Design Strategy 255
The Process of Selecting the Best Alternative Design Strategy 255
Generating Alternative Design Strategies 256
Developing Design Strategies for Hoosier Burger's New Inventory Control System 258
Selecting the Most Likely Alternative 260
Key Points Review 262
Key Terms Checkpoint 263
Review Questions 264
Problems and Exercises 264
Discussion Questions 267
Case Problems 267
Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Conceptual Data Modeling for the Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System 271
PART IV SYSTEMS DESIGN 274
r 8 Desiqninq the Human Interface 274 Designing Forms and Reports 276
The Process of Designing Forms and Reports 276
Deliverables and Outcomes 279
Formatting Forms and Reports 280
Designing Interfaces and Dialogues 288
The Process of Designing Interfaces and Dialogues 288
Deliverables and Outcomes 288
Designing Interfaces 289
Designing Dialogues 299 (f' PVF WebStore: Designing the Human Interface 303
General Guidelines for Designing Web Interfaces 303
General Guidelines for Web Layouts 304
Designing the Human Interface at Pine Valley Furniture 305
Menu-Driven Navigation with Cookie Crumbs 306
Lightweight Graphics 306
Forms and Data Integrity 307
Template-Based HTML 307
14 Contents
Key Points Review 307
Key Terms Checkpoint 308
Review Questions 309
Problems and Exercises 309
Discussion Questions 310
Case Problems 310
Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Designing the Human Interface for the Customer Relationship Management System 312
Chapter 9 Designing Databases 316
Database Design 318
The Process of Database Design 318
Deliverables and Outcomes 320
Relational Database Model 323
Well-Structured Relations 324
Normalization 325
Rules of Normalization 325
Functional Dependence and Primary Keys 326
Second Normal Form 326
Third Normal Form 327
Transforming E-R Diagrams into Relations 328
Represent Entities 329
Represent Relationships 330
Summary of Transforming E-R Diagrams to Relations 332
Merging Relations 333
An Example of Merging Relations 333
View Integration Problems 334
Logical Database Design for Hoosier Burger 335
Physical File and Database Design 337
Designing Fields 338
Choosing Data Types 338
Controlling Data Integrity 340
Designing Physical Tables 341
Arranging Table Rows 343
Designing Controls for Files 347
Physical Database Design for Hoosier Burger 349
PVF WebStore: Designing Databases 351
Designing Databases for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 351
Key Points Review 353
Key Terms Checkpoint 355
Review Questions 356
Problems and Exercises 357
Discussion Questions 358
Contents 15
Case Problems 359
Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Designing the Relational Database for the Customer Relationship Management System 360
PARTV SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION 362
rfer 10 Systems Implementation and Operation 362
Systems Implementation and Operation 364
The Processes of Coding, Testing, and Installation 365
Deliverables and Outcomes from Coding, Testing, and Installation 365
The Processes of Documenting the System, Training Users, and Supporting Users 366
Deliverables and Outcomes from Documenting the System, Training Users, and Supporting Users 366
The Process of Maintaining Information Systems 367
Deliverables and Outcomes from Maintaining Information Systems 368
Software Application Testing 369
Seven Different Types of Tests 369
The Testing Process 371
Acceptance Testing by Users 373
Installation 374
Planning Installation 374
Documenting the System 377
User Documentation 378
Preparing User Documentation 380
Training and Supporting Users 380
Training Information System Users 380
Supporting Information System Users 382
Support Issues for the Analyst to Consider 384
Why Implementation Sometimes Fails 385
Project Closedown 386
Conducting Systems Maintenance 387
Types of Maintenance 387
The Cost of Maintenance 388
Measuring Maintenance Effectiveness 389
Controlling Maintenance Requests 390
Configuration Management 391
Role of Automated Development Tools in Maintenance 392
_ Web Site Maintenance 392
Maintaining an Information System at Pine Valley Furniture 393
PVF WebStore: Systems Implementation and Operation 395
Systems Implementation and Operation for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 395
16 Contents
Key Points Review 397 Key Terms Checkpoint 399 Review Questions 400 Problems and Exercises 401 Discussion Questions 401 Case Problems 402 Case: Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc. Designing a Testing Plan for the Customer Relationship Management System 403
Appendix A Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 406 The Object-Oriented Modeling Approach 406 Use-Case Modeling 407 Object Modeling: Class Diagrams 410
Representing Associations 411 Representing Generalization 413 Representing Aggregation 415 Dynamic Modeling: State Diagrams 416 Dynamic Modeling: Sequence Diagrams 417 Designing a Use Case with a Sequence Diagram 419 Moving to Design 420
Key Points Review 421 Key Terms Checkpoint 422 Review Questions 423 Problems and Exercises 423
Appendix В Agile Methodologies 425 The Trend to Agile Methodologies 425 Agile Methodologies 426 extreme Programming 428 The Heart of the Systems Development Process 429
Requirements Determination 430 Design Specifications 433 Implementation 435 Key Points Review 435 Key Terms Checkpoint 436 Review Questions 436 Problems and Exercises 436
References 437 Glossary of Acronyms 442 Glossary of Terms 444 Index 449 Photo Credits 459