����� ����� �� ��������� � ����� ����� � �"!#%$'&)(+*-,.&0/21435,.*7698:$;*=<>*-?>*A@CB:6:@EDA?F*7$;*7&HGI/KJ0J0*A6:L:B:6NMO,0*PBN6O,0*7&Q8N*7RST$;6NUVB:W�*A$'6:*A&)?F*7143:JX*7Y'JX*7$Z,.$'@2*76[\*765,0&./2Y;M�&0/K]^,`_a#%$'&T(b*7DA*7$'143N6:*76cRc$Z,TdfegB:6:8hdjik8:$'*lGI/KJ0J0*A6m8:*A&k(+*A$'8:*A6nGI/KJ0J0*A6:L:B:6NMO,0*oRh$;,T8:*A6p &X,0JXqC*AM5,.rC&X*76%st eoB:6N8�st iA_mSTJu$'Jv,w/K(+*A&uBN6:@yxB:6:Jv,.$'@NzaRh$;,o8:*76{J0*7143NJ�M|/2&X,0*7J0$;J0143:*A6�}�rCRhL+r26:*765,.*A68:*A&h(b*7$;8:*76 p &X,0JXq2*7M5,.rC&X*76~D7B~/2&0(b*7$Z,.*76\_�#%$'&�?F*7&X8:*76~JX,4/|,0,.8N*7J0JX*76~6:*7B:*f}�r�rC&08:$;6V/K,0*76�J0BN143:*76Rh$;,F8:*7R�[\$'*7Y�z�RIxrC@CY;$'143:Jv,Fq�$;*7Y'*�DA��MOY'$'JX143:*E}�r�r2&08:$;6V/K,.*A6nD7Bn�:6:8:*76\zVB:R�8N$'*�ST&03:/2Y;,0B:6:@CJXJ�x/K,0D7*�8:*A&M2r2&0&0*AJ0LbrC6:8:$;*7&X*76:8:*A6�M|/26:rC6N$'J0143�MKrC6|�XB:@C$;*7&v,.*76f��RhL:B:Y'JX*u/2B:J0DAB:6OBN,.DA*76y_�P�X���9�T�H�V�k�o�F�\�K�����o���:�v�F����� ��¡w¢��a�v��£�H�¥¤w� ���K¦{�V�F§�¨v�a©ª�#%$'&�?�x/K3:Y'*A6�/KY'J=6:*AB:*w}�r�rC&08N$'6V/K,0*76¬«­J0$'*A3:*E®�(:(\_H¯N_;°²±´³«�/C±>8:*76f®�(:Jv,4/26N8:JXq2*7M5,.rC&

stEµ st ig¶·st e-¸ «­¯:¹;°2¹;°²±B:6:8«º(V±=8N*76f$'6f}E/2Ly_k»N_Z°²¼�_½¼�*7$'6N@C*A]4xB:3:&v,.*A6I¾�143O?F*7&XL:B:6:M5,XqC*7M5,0rC&

s¿ µ dfeÀst eyÁÂdji7st idfeyÁÂdji «­¯:¹;°2¹Ã¼C±

Rrr1

r2

m1

m2

S

OÄ�Å�Å�ÆFÇbÆ^È5É=Ä�Å-Ê-ËÍÌ2ÎbÏ|Ê-Ð2Ñ4Ò|ËÔÓ|Õ st�Ö ÎbÏc×yØ4Ù�Ú>Ñ-ÕÜÛ Ö ÎNÒ|˺Ð2Ñ4Ò|ËÔÓ|Õ s¿ Å-Ñ-Ý^Þ�ß Ú>Ñ-Ý'ÒTàÓ|Õ�ÛVÑ-Õ´áÍâFÕ.Ó2Å7ã'Ñ-ÞhÆäPxB:&�8N$'*EåPRhM2*A3:&X,0&./26NJX]­rC&XRm/K,0$'rC6N*76�@C*7YZ,.*A6f8:/26:6

st e µ s¿æ¶ djidfeÀÁçdji st «­¯:¹;°2¹½»5±èXé-é

B:6:8st i µ s¿~Á dfe

dfeÀÁçdji st «­¯:¹;°2¹ê¯O±#%$'&ERh*7&XM2*76�/26yza8V/2WI(b*7$k8:*A&wëTY'/265,.*A,0*76O(b*A?F*7@CB:6N@"8:$'*cGI/2JXJ0*c8:*7&�¾�rC6:6:*hdfe µ�ì�í JX*73:&Eq�$'*7Y@C&`xrCWC*7&n/2Y'Jn8N$'*�GI/KJ0J0*�8:*AJ�ëTYî/26:*-,.*A6ædji µ dcïI$'Jv,`_���6%8:$'*AJ0*AR ä¥/2Y'Y ì�í¬ðuð dcïf]­rCY;@2,j/2BNJñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@C*A6�«­¯:_Z°C_½»C±kò¬«­¯:_;°2_ê¯O±

st`ó�µ s¿æ¶ dcïì{í ÁÂdcï stEô s¿�¸ st ï µ s¿~Á

ì�íì�í ÁÂdcï stEô s¿~Áõst ¸ «­¯:¹;°2¹ÃöC±

J0r�8V/2Wu(b*7$¥8:*7&HJ0Lb*7DA$'*AY'Y'*A6h#�/23:Y¥8:*AJ=¾�1435?F*7&XL:B:6:M5,.Jv��JX,.*ARcJ�« s¿ µõ÷ ±k8:$;*P¾�rC6:6:*l$'RåP&0LN&0B:6:@�Y'$;*7@2,«Xst`ó�ôø÷ ±>B:6:8f8:*7&lëTYî/26N*A,.*A6:rC&v,.JXq2*7M5,.r2&PRh$;,=8N*7Rù®�(NJX,4/K6:8:JXq2*7M5,.r2&�st ï ô st DAB:J./2RhRh*76N]Xx/2Y;Y;,7_ú�/�8:$;*"GI/2JXJ0*A6:L:B:6:M5,0*�@C*A@C*76:JX*7$Z,.$'@�[\*765,.&0/2Y'MO&�x/|]^,.*"/2BNJ2xB:(b*76yzlM|/26:6û8V/2JjDAB:@C*A3 xrC&0$;@C*"ëar2,.*A6O,0$î/2Y6OB:&E*7$;6:*hä¥BN6:M5,.$'r26¬8N*7JE®�(:Jv,4/26N8:J tnµýü stVü JX*7$;6y_hG�$;,E8N*76¬þ)&0/26:JX]­r2&0Rc/K,.$;rC6:*76~«­¯:_;°2_½»5±ÿò�«­¯:_;°2_ê¯O±*7&X3V/2YZ,.*76j?ÿ$;&=$'R�/KY'Y'@2*7Rh*7$'6N*76jä¥/2Y;Y+]´xB:&=8:$;*��a/K@C&./26N@C*���ä¥BN6:M5,.$'r26j8:*7J�[+?>*A$'M+xrC&XL+*A&��ÔëT&XrC(:Y'*ARcJ

� µ dfe¼ �st i e Á dji¼ �st ii ¶��m« ü st iQ¶ st e ü ± µ dfe¼ �s¿ i ¶ ¼KdjidfeÀÁÂdji �s¿� �st Á d ii

«ºdfeyÁçdji4± i �st i � Ádji¼ �s¿ i Á ¼Kdfe

dfeyÁÂdji �s¿� �st Á d i e«ºdfeyÁçdji4± i �st i � ¶��m« t ±

µ dfeÀÁçdji¼ �s¿ i Á dfeÔdji`«ºdfeÀÁçdji.±¼:«­dfeÀÁÂdji0± i �st i ¶��n« t ± µ dfe\ÁÂdji¼ �s¿ i Á dfevdji¼:«­dfeyÁÂdji.± �st i ¶��m« t ±{«­¯:¹;°2¹��5±�P*A(+*A6�8N*7& ñ *AJ./2R�,.Rc/2J0JX*

ì µ dfeyÁÂdji «­¯:¹;°2¹��C±8:*-�V6:$'*A&0*A6f?ÿ$;&=8:$'*EJ0r2@C*76V/K6:65,.* Õ.Ñ0Ï Ö�� ÝÍÑ-Õ´Ë�Ñ���Ì|Ê4Ê�Ñ D7B

��� dfe�djidfeyÁçdji ¹ «­¯:¹;°2¹��5±

ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@�«º¯:_Z°C_��5±>Y�x/KW2,=J0$;143I/KB:143I/KY'Jl¾�B:RhRh*�8:*7&ÿ$'65q2*7&0JX*76�GI/2J0JX*76�J0143:&X*7$'(b*76\³°� µ °dfe Á °dji «­¯:¹;°2¹��5±

äPxB:&�8N$'* ñ *7J./KRw, �!�a/K@C&./26N@C*���ä¥BN6:M5,.$'r26¬«º¯:_Z°C_��5±>*7&X3V/2Y;,0*76j?ÿ$'&=8:/26:6� µ ì ¼ �s¿ i Á � ¼ �st i ¶"�n« t ± µ � ó ïQÁ#�%$'&)(º¸ «º¯N¹;°C¹Z° ÷ ±

8:$;*o?ÿ$'&ÿ/2Y;Jl¾�B:RhRc*�*A$'6:*AJ�¾�143O?F*7&XL:B:6:M5,./265,.*7$;Y'J� ó ï µ ì ¼ �s¿ i «º¯N¹;°C¹Z°C°²±

B:6:8f*7$;6:*7J+*ÿ*7Y'/K,.$Zq2/K6O,0*7$;Y'JèXé-,

�%$'&)( µ � ¼ �st i ¶��n« t ± «º¯N¹;°C¹Z°²¼C±J0143N&0*7$;(+*A6�M+xrC6:6N*76yza8V/�8:$'* ñ *7J0/2Rw, �!� /2@C&./K6:@C*���äVB:6:M5,.$;rC6竺¯N_;°C_Z° ÷ ±�MK*7$;6:*nGf$'J01435,0*7&0Rh*9$'6 s¿�BN6:8st *765,03 x/2Y;,7_ p/. *76:JX$'1435,.Y;$'143õY�x/2W2,nJ0$'143õ8:$'*{¾�1435?F*7&XL:B:6:M5,.(b*A?F*7@2B:6:@%qCrC6õ8:*7&0*l*AYî/K,0$;q�(b*A?F*7@CB:6N@J0*ALV/2&X$'*7&X*76yzV8N*76:6�8:$'*E<>*A&0*A143:6OB:6:@n8:*A&+�a/K@C&./26N@C*�� ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@C*76j*A&0@C$;(N,

¾�1435?F*7&XL:B:6:M5,.(b*A?F*7@2B:6:@:³ ì x s¿ µõ÷ «º¯N¹;°C¹Z°�»5±B:6:8

*ÿ*7Yî/|,.$;q�(b*A?F*7@CBN6:@:³ � xst Á 1 �1 st µ ÷ «º¯N¹;°C¹Z°`¯O±#{*7$'Y28:$'*F¾�1435?F*7&0LNB:6:M5,.MKr�rC&X8:$'6:/K,.* s¿Â6:$'1435,a$'6E8:*A& ñ *AJ./2Rw,�� � /2@C&0/26:@C*-�ÔäVB:6:M5,0$'rC6h«­¯:_;°2_;° ÷ ±y/2BN]^,.&X$;,X,`z$'Jv,ÿ8:$'*AJ0*EDA��MOY'$;J0143yzVJXr�8:/2Wc6:/2143I}E/2L\_l«�»N_Z°²¼C±>8:*A&ÿMK/K6:rC6:$;J0143fM2rC6|�XBN@C$'*A&X,.*E��RhL:B:Y;J

s2 µøì �s¿ µ436587:9<; ¹ «º¯N¹;°C¹Z°²öC±*7&X3V/2YZ,.*76h(:Y;*7$'(�,k$'6 xåP(b*7&X*7$'6NJX,.$;RcRwB:6:@�Rh$;, ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@c«º¯:_Z°C_Z°�»5±´_QúoB:&X143m6:r�143:Rc/2Y'$;@C*ÿ[\*7$Z,.$;6O,0*7@C&0/=�,.$;rC6�*7&X3V/2Y;,0*76j?ÿ$'&�]4xB:&>8:$'*E<>*-?>*A@CB:6:@c8:*7J�¾�1435?F*7&0LNB:6:M5,0q2*7M5,.rC&XJ

s¿9« ; ± µ s¿+>)Á s2ì ; «º¯N¹;°C¹Z°?�5±Rh$;,=8:*A&ÿ��6O,0*7@C&0/K,.$;rC6:JXM2rC6:Jv,4/265,0*76 s¿+>`_úo$'*h¾�*7LV/2&X$'*A&0B:6:@{«­¯:_;°2_;° ÷ ±�$'6{¾�1435?>*A&0L:BN6:M5,.(b*A?F*7@CB:6N@{B:6N8@*ÿ*7Y'/K,.$Zq�(b*A?F*7@2B:6:@f*7&0@2$'(N,EJX$'143yzÀ?F*7$'YA DABN]Xx/2Y'Y;$'@ A 8:$'*�&X$'1435,.$;@C*76 p &X,0J0MKr�rC&X8:$'6:/K,.*A6�@C*-?�x/23:YZ,=?ÿB:&08:*A6y_úo$'*h<>*-?>*A@CB:6:@2J0@CY;*7$'143OB:6N@�«­¯:_Z°C_;°�öC±�]´xBN&�8:$;*B*ÿ*7Y'/K,.$Zq�(+*-?>*A@CB:6:@�*765,.JXL:&0$;143O,�8:*7&C�Fxr2J0B:6:@I8:*7J ñ *��J./KRw,.L:&XrC(:Y;*7RhJ�«º¯:_Z°C_Z° ÷ ±w$;R ¾�1435?F*7&XL:B:6:M5, �!*lBN3:*7Jv��Jv,.*AR « s¿ µ ÷ ±�/2BN]­@C&XB:6:8ç8:*7&9þa&./26NJ0Yî/|,.$'r26:J����65qK/2&0$'/26:D�8:*AJ ñ *7J0/2Rw,.Jv��JX,.*ARcJl@C*A@C*76gxB:(b*7&EDk*A&0JX143:$'*A(:B:6:@C*A6I8:*AJo¾�143O?F*7&XL:B:6:M5,XqC*7M5,0rC&0JA_�P�!F#Gû�a¨Ô�g�V�!HP§w�À¢�� �>���o�®�B�]­@C&0B:6N8�8:*7&o}EBN@C*7Y;JX��RcRh*A,0&0$;*u8N*7J�ëar2,.*A6O,0$î/2Y;J��n« t ±=$'Jv,o*AJ�6V/23N*7Y'$;*7@C*A6:8yz+J0L:3 x/K&0$'JX143:* ëarCYî/2&XM2rI�rC&X8:$'6V/|,.*76�DABf?�x/23NY'*76\_#%$'&ÿ?ÿ$'JXJ0*A6"(+*A&0*7$Z,.J�/2B:Jo}E/2L\_o¼�_ê»N_��Nz¥8V/2Wn(b*7$g[\*765,0&./2Y;M�&`x/K]^,.*A6 sJ ü'ü st 8N*7&oúo&X*73:$;RcLNB:Y'J s K µL3�5=7M9N; ¹*7&X3V/2YZ,.*76�$;JX,`_POl$'*A&=$'JX,l/KY'J0r98:*A&lúo&0*73N$'RhL:B:Y'J>8:*7&+*ÿ*7Yî/|,.$;q�(b*A?F*7@CBN6:@9*7$'6N*�ST&X3V/2Y;,0B:6:@CJX@C&�xr2WC*2³

s K µ stRQ sSnµ43�587:9<; ¹ «­¯:¹Ã¼�¹;°²±®�BNJ ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@¬«º¯:_½¼�_Z°²±l]­rCY;@2,o8:$;&0*AMO,7zy8V/2Wj8N*7&�®�(NJX,4/K6:8:JXq2*7M5,.r2&nst BN6:8�8:*7&�Y;$'6:*7/2&0*���RcL:BNY'J9sS $;6*7$;6:*7&�ST(+*A6:*�J0*A6:MO&0*A143O,EDAB:R úo&0*73N$'RhL:B:Y'JvqC*AMO,0rC& s K Y;$'*A@C*76yzb8:*A&P]­*7Jv,o$;RT*l/2B:R Y;$'*7@K,�«­J0$;*73:*�®�(:(y_¯:_½¼C±-_�úo$'*U*ÿ*7Y'/K,.$Zq�(b*A?F*7@2B:6:@�qC*7&XY�x/2B�]^,m$;6Â8N$'*7JX*7&h*7$;6:*76�Sk(b*76N*2z�B:6N8~?ÿ$'&93V/K(+*A6�6OB:&h6:r�143~*7$;6

èXé6V

DA?F*7$;8:$'Rh*76NJ0$'r26V/2Y'*AJaëk&XrC(:Y;*7Rf_)úo$;*k*7(b*76:*A6 ë)rCY'/2&0MKr�r2&08:$;6V/K,.*A6 t BN6:8XW�&0*A$'143:*A6�D7B:&)<>*AJ0143:&X*7$'(NB:6:@/2B:JA_

l

pr

rr = | |x

y

z

φ

Ä�Å�Å�ÆFÇbÆZY�ÉPß Ö Õ\[-ã^ã Ö Ê-Ë�ÕXÌ2˺ÝÍÓ|Î�Ï�Ñ-Õ^]lÑ-ãZÌ2˺Ý^Ð|Å-Ñ-Ú>Ñ`_ Ö Îa_5Æ#{*7@C*A6�«­J0$'*A3:*9<>*A$'J0LN$'*7YQ}u/KLy_�»N_��N_ê»nRc$Z,�b µ W+±+c µ « �ed ¼C± �st i µ « �:d ¼C±7« �t i Á t i �W i ±�@C$;Y;,P]´xBN&o8:$'*� /2@C&0/26:@C*-�ÔäVB:6:M5,.$;rC6¬«º¯N_;°C_Z°²¼C±>8N*7&+*l*AYî/K,0$;q�(b*A?F*7@CB:6N@

�%$`&f( µ � ¼ « �t i Á t i �W i ±g¶��m« t ± «­¯:¹Ã¼�¹Ã¼C±

úo$'*P}�r�r2&08:$;6V/K,.*\Wj,4/2B:1435,>6:$'1435,�$;6m8:$;*7JX*7&g� /2@C&0/26:@C*-�ÔäVB:6:M5,0$'rC6c/2BN]Ôz�$'Jv,�/2Y;J0r�DA��MOY'$'JX143yzNJXr�8:/2W�8:*A&8V/2DAB:@C*A3 xrC&0$;@C*�M|/26:rC6N$'J0143fM2r26|�XB:@C$;*7&X,0*E��RcL:BNY'J

Sihlµ 1 �%$'&)(1 �W µ4�yt i �W � K µ43�5=7M9<; ¹ «­¯:¹Ã¼�¹½»5±

*7$;6:*�ST&03:/2Y;,0B:6:@CJX@C&�xrCW2*�$'Jv,`_ K $'Jv,=8:*A&=<>*A,0&./2@w8:*7Jÿúo&X*73:$;RcL:BNY'J0*AJ>(b*7D�xBN@CY'$;143m8:*AJl¾�1435?>*A&0L:B:6NMO,0JX��J��,.*ARcJA_j��/K,2xB:&0Y;$'143�*765,.JXL:&0$;1435,9«º¯N_ü�_ê»5±=8:*7&\� /2@C&0/26:@C*-� ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@h8:*7&\*l*AYî/K,0$;q�(b*A?F*7@CB:6N@m(b*7D�xB:@2Y'$'1438:*A&P}�r�rC&08N$'6V/K,0*�Wa_kelnm:lporqgs�tuwv=xzya{z|<u~}?�ú�/2JÿST&0@2*7(:6:$;J�«º¯:_½¼�_ê»5±>3V/K,l*7$;6:*�*7$;6N]º/2143:*E@C*ArCRh*A,.&X$'JX143:*E��6O,0*7&XL:&0*-,4/K,0$'rC6y³

èXé��

r (t )1

r (t )2

δφ

Ä�Å�Å�ÆFÇbÆ)�OÉPß Ö Õ\[-ã^ã Ö Ê-Ë�ÕXÌ2˺ÝÍÓ|Î�Ï�Ñ4Ê��kã7àÌ�Ø4ÙVÑ-ÎNÊ-Ë � Ñ4Ê7Æ#%$'*h$'6¬®�(N(y_j¯:_ê»fJXM�$;D7DA$'*7&v,`zPxBN(+*A&0JX,0&0*A$'1435,w8N*7&�*l/28:$;B:JXq2*7M5,.r2&nst « ; ±E/2BN]=JX*7$;6:*7&�<�/23:6{$'R [\*A$;,.$;6��,.*A&XqK/2Y;Y�� ;lµ�; iH¶ ; eP8N$'* ägYÜx/2143:*R��� µ ei t i �aW�«ºägY�x/K143:*�8:*AJ�úo&X*7$;*714MOJ4±´_wþa*7$'Y;*76I?ÿ$;&o8:B:&X143@� ; zyJXr*7&X3V/2YZ,.*76j?ÿ$;&=Rc$Z, ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@�«º¯:_½¼�_ê»5±F]´xB:&�8:$;* A ägY�x/2143N*76:@C*AJ01435?ÿ$'6N8:$'@CMK*7$Z, A

�� µ ���� ; µ °¼ t i �aW� ; µ °¼ t i �W µ K¼ � µ43�587:9<; ¹ «­¯:¹Ã¼�¹ê¯O±

ú�/2Rh$;,H3V/2(b*76n?ÿ$;&>8:*A6 �kã7àÌ�Ø4ÙVÑ-ÎNÊ7Ì2Ë � r�8:*A&�8V/2J Y�Æj� Ñ�Ûbã'Ñ-Õ.Ê�Ø4ÙVÑR�PÑ4Ê�Ñ-Ë � (+*-?ÿ$'*AJ0*76\³Fúo*A&=ä¥/23:&XJX,.&0/23:Yst xB:(b*7&XJX,.&X*7$;143O,l$;6f@2Y'*7$;143:*76�[\*A$;,.*A6�@CY'*A$'143�@C&0r2WC*EägY�x/K143:*76y_kelnm:lnm0� {zy��8���py�y��=xzu s }8�z{z��|N|6u~}?�®�BNJl8N*7&+� /2@C&./K6:@C*���äVB:6:M5,.$;rC6¬«º¯:_½¼�_½¼C±>*7&X3V/2YZ,.*76�?ÿ$'&1 �%$'&)(1 t µ��\t �W i ¶ 1 �1 tB:6:8

1 �%$'&)(1 �t µ�� �t ¸ �� ; « 1 �%$`&f(1 �t ± µ4� xt ¸J0r�8V/2W ]4xB:&=8:$;*�� /2@C&./K6:@C*�� ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@ 8:*7&+*ÿ*7Y'/K,.$Zq�(b*A?F*7@2B:6:@9(+*AD�xB:@CY;$'143j8:*A&l}Er�rC&X8:$'6V/|,.* t ]­rCY;@2,

� xt ¶ �yt �W i Á�1 �1 t µ ÷ «­¯:¹Ã¼�¹ÃöC±��/K143 ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@�«º¯N_ü�_ê»5±>$;JX, �W i µ K i d « � i t=� ±�J0r�8V/2W

� xt ¶ K i�yt=� Á�1 �1 t µ4� xt Á 11 t�� K i¼ �yt i Á��n« t ±�� µõ÷

G�B:YZ,.$;L:Y'$;D7$'*A&0*A6m?ÿ$'&=8:$;*7JX* ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@9Rh$;, �t zèXé<�

� xt �t Á � t� ; 11 t � K i¼ �yt i Á��m« t ±�� µ ÷

B:6:8�?F*76:8:*A6�8:$;*E}E*-,0,0*76:&X*7@C*AYÀ8:*7&lúo$ . *7&X*765,.$'/K,.$;rC6j/26\zVJ0rh*7&03:/2Y;,0*76j?ÿ$'&�� ;�� � ¼ �t i Á K i

¼ �yt i Á��m« t ± � µõ÷r�8:*7&

� ¼ �t i Á K i¼ �yt i Á��c« t ± µ�� µ43�5=7M9N; ¹ «­¯:¹Ã¼�¹��5±

úo$'*AJ=$'Jv,ÿ6V/K,2xB:&XY'$;143j8:*7&ÿ(b*7M|/26:65,.*uST6:*A&0@C$;*7*7&X3V/2YZ,.B:6:@2J0J./|,.D

� µ c�Á�� µ � ¼ « �t i Á t i �W i ±ÀÁ��m« t ± µ � ¼ �t i Á K i¼ �yt i Á��m« t ± µ�36587:9<; ¹

8V/�?ÿ$'&)�0/ qCr26fq2rC&06:*A3:*7&X*7$;6I*7$;6�6:$'1435, �Ü8:$'JXJ0$;LV/K,.$ZqC*AJ=M2rC6:JX*7&vq2/|,.$;q2*7Jo¾���JX,.*ARù(+*-,.&0/21435,.*A,P3V/2(b*76\_G�$Z,ÿ8:*7&lúo*A�:6:$;,0$'rC6j8:*AJ Ñ �oÑ4Ò|Ë�Ý^Ð2Ñ-Î�âÿÓ|Ë�Ñ-ÎVË�ݺÌ2ã½Ê

��& ¡¢¡5« t ± � �c« t ±ÀÁ K i¼ �yt i «­¯:¹Ã¼�¹��C±

J0143N&0*7$;(N,lJ0$;143�8:*A&lSk6N*7&0@2$'*7*A&03V/KY;,.BN6:@CJ0J0/K,.Dc«­¯:_ü�_��5±�/KY'J� ¼ �t i Á���& ¡¢¡2« t ± µ�� µ�36587:9<; ¹ «­¯:¹Ã¼�¹��5±

kelnm:ln£¥¤ �zu s �f}?u~}8�f¦�yB§¨�z|N|<u©�iya{ª���e�R«�y�¬�y����­{e�®uw¯ «�ya�°|6±²� y s � µ�³�t i�´ ³cµ�36587:9<; ¹��6j®�(N(:$'Y;8:B:6:@�¯:_ê¯ JXMO$'D7DA$'*A&0*76n?ÿ$;&>8:$;*\DH/2&X$î/K,0$'rC6h8:*AJ=* . *7M5,.$ZqC*76fëar2,.*A6O,0$î/2Y;Jg�i& ¡¢¡C« t ±H/2Y'J>ä¥BN6:M5,.$'r26qCr26 t Rh$;,�8:*7R <>*A$'JXL:$'*AY'Lbr2,.*A6O,0$î/2Yb8:*AJP3V/K&0RhrC6:$'JX143:*76 p J0DA$'Y;Yî/K,0rC&0Jj� µµ³�t i _èXé�¶

Veff

rmin rmax

2µr²l²

r

E

V(r) = r²

Ä�Å�Å�ÆFÇbƽÇbÉ+·��oÑ4Ò|˺Ý^Ð2Ñ4ÊoâÿÓ|ËÔÑ-ÎV˺ݺÌ2ãaÌ2Þ¹¸oÑ-Ý'Ê�ÛbÝÍÑ-ãyÏ�Ñ4Ê�ÙNÌ2Õ-ÞmÓ|ÎVÝ'Ê�Ø4ÙVÑ-Î@ºFÊ � Ý^ã^ãZÌ2ËÔÓ|Õ.Ê7Æ®�B�]­@C&0B:6N8nqCrC6 ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@n«º¯:_½¼�_��5±H*A6O,0J0L:&X$'1435,ÿ8:$;*PJX143:&./I»h*A&X,.*uägYÜx/2143:*l$'6n®P(:(y_T¯:_ ¯�8:*A&=úo$ . *7&X*76:D� ¶¼�i& ¡¢¡ µ « �ed ¼2± �t i _o#{*7$;Y=« �:d ¼C± �t i^½ ÷ zyJX$'6:8"6OB:&o<>*A?F*7@CBN6:@CJ0DAB:JX,�x/26:8:*hRh$;, t<¾M¿�ÀrÁ�t¨Á�tN¾:Â!ÃRIxrC@CY'$;143yz`?FrC(+*A$O8:*7& Rh$'6:$;Rm/2Y;*gB:6N8�Rc/=Ä�$'Rc/2Y'*)®�(:Jv,4/26N8w8:B:&X143R�i& ¡¢¡5« t<¾M¿�À ± µ4� B:6N8R�i&p¡Å¡C« t<¾:Â!à ± µ� @C*A@C*7(b*76"JX$'6:8\_�äPxBN&P8:$;* <>*-?>*A@CB:6:@�*7&X3 x/2YZ,oRc/26�@C*A(:B:6:8:*A6:*c[\B:JX,�x/26:8:*wRc$Z,�8:*A6�$'6�®P(:(y_E¯:_½öJ0MO$;D7D7$;*7&v,.*76�<�/23N6:*76y_

rmax

rmin

Ä�Å�Å�ÆFÇbÆfÆ5É+]ÿÑ4Ê Ö ã Ë�ÝÍÑ-Õ.Ñ-ÎbÏ�Ñ^¸PÌ|Ù�ÎNÒ Ö Õ´Ð2Ñ-ÎbÆèXé�Ç

äPxB:& KEȵ ÷ $'Jv, t<¾M¿�À�ð�÷ z�8y_ê3\_T8:*7&>}cxr2&0Lb*7&HMK/K6:6m6OB:&H]´xBN&kq2*7&XJ01435?ÿ$'6:8N*76:8:*A6Iúo&X*73:$;RcLNB:Y'J K µ ÷ $'6:J[\*765,0&0B:R 8:*7&o<>*A?F*7@CBN6:@j]º/2Y'Y;*76y_�ä�xB:& K/ȵ�÷ $;JX,�/K6"8:*76�ëTB:6:M5,0*76 t9µ�tN¾É¿�À B:6:8 t9µ�tN¾:Â!à D-?�/K&�tfµ ÷ z)/2(b*7&m«­?F*7@C*A6 �W µ K d « �\t i ± ȵ ÷ ±�6:$'1435,�8:$'*9@C*AJ./2Rw,0*cMO$;6:*A,0$'J0143N*nST6:*7&X@C$'*Rc µ�÷ z)JXr�8V/KW�st ȵ s÷ JX*7Y'(NJX,l(+*A$ tN¾M¿�À B:6:8 tN¾:Â!à _kelnm:lÊkÌË\tÍ�|N�z{z�¥Îey���«�y�¬�y����­{e��|<� s ya�pvIxÉ�­{e�#%$'&k(b*7&X*7143:6:*A6��X*A?F*7$;Y'J�st « ; ±kB:6N8¨Wg« ; ±H/KY'JHäVB:6:M5,.$;rC6c8N*7&=[\*A$;, ; B:6N8m8:$;*P®P(:3 x/26:@2$'@CMK*7$;,�W µ W)« t ±-_®�BNJl8N*7&l<>*A?F*7@2B:6:@CJX@CY'*A$'143OB:6:@�«º¯:_½¼�_��5±-z� ¼ �t i µ�� ¶#��& ¡¢¡2« t ±

]­rCY;@2,=J0rK]­rC&X,� t� ; µ�Ï ¼� « � ¶#�i& ¡¢¡C« t ±X±

r�8:*7&� ;Tµ � tÐ iÑ « � ¶#�i& ¡¢¡C« t ±X± «­¯:¹Ã¼�¹��5±

úoB:&X143���65,.*A@C&./|,.$'r26f*A&03V/KY;,.*A6j?ÿ$'&

; ¶ ; > µ�ÒXÓÓÊÔ � ;!Õbµ�Ò $$ Ô� t ÕÐ iÑ « � ¶#��& ¡¢¡2« t Õ ±X± «º¯N¹Ã¼�¹Z° ÷ ±

®�BNJl8N*7R ägYÜx/2143:*76NJ./K,0Dm«­¯:_½¼�_½»C±F]­rCY'@2,�W µ �aW� ; µ K�\t i «º¯N¹Ã¼�¹Z°C°²±

r�8:*7&Wm¶ÖWw> µ Ò hh Ô �aW Õ¥µ Ò ÓÓÊÔ � ;!Õ K�yt i « ; Õ ± µ K� Ò ÓÓÊÔ

� ; Õt i « ; Õ ± ¸ «º¯N¹Ã¼�¹Z°²¼C±

?FrC(+*A$À8:$'*×�HxrCJXB:6:@ t « ; ±�6V/2143 ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@I«­¯:_½¼�_;° ÷ ±>*7$;6:@C*7JX*A,0DA,ÿ?>*A&08:*A6IR�BNW:_#%$'&=M+xrC6N6:*76�/2(b*7&l/2B:143 ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@�«º¯:_½¼�_Z°C°²±>B:R9]­rC&0Rh*76jDAB� ;kµ �\t i �aWK

B:6:8f8:$;*7J0*AJ�ST&X@C*7(:6N$'J=$'6 ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@�«º¯N_ü�_��5±>*A$'6:JX*A,.DA*76y_Fú�/26:6�*A&0@C$;(N,ÿJ0$;143�aW µ K� � t

t i Ð iÑ « � ¶Ö��& ¡¢¡C« t ±0±r�8:*7&

è�,6Ø

Wm¶ÖWi> µ�Ò hh Ô �aW Õ µ K Ò $$ Ô� t Õ

t Õ i Ð ¼ � « � ¶Ö�i&p¡Å¡C« t Õ ±0± ¸ «º¯N¹Ã¼�¹Z°�»5±J0r�8V/2W9?ÿ$'&=8N$'*�]­rC&0Rc/2Y;*��HxrCJ0B:6N@c8:*A&�<>/23:6:MOB:&vqC*RW µ W)« t ±>r�8N*7&ÿ6V/2143���6Oq2*7&v,.$'*A&0B:6N@mD7B tuµõt «`W\±*7&X3V/2YZ,.*76\_H[\B:&�?>*A$;,0*7&0*A6�*ÿ*78NB:D7$;*7&0BN6:@ qCrC6 ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@f«º¯:_½¼�_Z°�»5±FR¬xB:J0JX*76j?ÿ$'&=8:/2Jÿë)r2,0*765,.$'/2Ye�n« t ±$'R�* . *7M5,.$ZqC*A6�ë)rK,.*765,0$î/2YH«­¯:_ü�_��C±k]­*7JX,0Y'*A@C*76y_kelnm:lnÙ «�y�¬Cya���z{z�iya{Ú�p¯ Û%ya{�}?�8u s Ü y s Îñ *7RIx/2W 8:*7&ÿ/KY'Y'@2*7Rh*7$'6N*76júo$;J0MOB:J0JX$'rC6j$;6f}u/KLy_T¯:_½¼�_½»wq2*7&XY�x/2BN]^,ÿ8N$'*�<>*-?>*A@CB:6:@c$'R�<>*7&X*7$;143 tN¾É¿�ÀCÁt « ; ± Á%tN¾:Â!à z�?FrC(b*7$b8:*7&FRc$;6:$'Rc/2Y'*�« tN¾M¿�À ±kB:6N8jRm/=Ä�$;Rm/2Y;*E« t<¾:Â!à ±k®�(:Jv,4/26:8m8:B:&0143j8N$'*\�PB:Y;Y'JX,0*7Y;Y'*768:*A&PäVB:6NMO,0$'rC6

� ¶Ú��& ¡¢¡ µ�� ¶#�c« t ±g¶ K i¼ �yt i µõ÷ «º¯N¹Ã¼�¹Z°`¯O±

@C*A@C*7(b*76%J0$;6:8y_�äPxBN&mJ0Lb*7DA$'*AY'Y'*�#�*A&X,.*�q2rC6��m« t ±-z � B:6:8 K 3V/K, ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@櫺¯N_ü�_Z°`¯O±h6�BN&j*7$'6N*�PBNY'Y'Jv,.*AY'Y'*K³c$;6çJ0rCY;143:*76~ä=x/2Y;Y'*76�@C$'YZ,�8V/26N6Â6:/2143ø«­¯:_½¼�_��C±-zk8V/2W �t{µ·÷0Ý�; B:6N8 t¬µÞ3�5=7M9<; ¹;_çú�/2Jþa*7$'Y;143:*76f(b*A?F*7@2,lJ0$;143�8:/26:6�/2BN])*7$'6N*7&l}�&0*7$;J0(V/K3:6y_��JX,�8:$;*9<>*A?F*7@CBN6:@�$'R·ë)r2,0*765,.$'/2Yß�m« t ±oLb*7&0$;r�8N$'J0143\za8:/26:6�qC*7&XY�x/2B�]^,�8N$'*h<�/23:6\za?ÿ$;*h$;6�®�(:(y_c¯:_��J0MO$;D7D7$;*7&v,`zV$'6�@C*AJ0143:Y;rCJ0JX*76:*A6�<�/K3:6:*76\_

∆φ

Ä�Å�Å�ÆFÇbÆpà2É��PÑ4Ê�Ø4Ù�ã'Ó�Ê4Ê�Ñ-Î\Ñ\¸PÌ|Ù�ÎNÒ Ö Õ´Ð2Ñ-ÎbÆúo$'* x®P6:8:*7&XB:6:@c$'R #%$;6:M2*AY²W"(b*7$ 8:*7&jDH/2&X$î/K,0$'rC6nq2rC6 t q2rC6 tN¾M¿�À (:$;J t<¾:Â!à B:6:8IDAB:&KxB:14M�YÜx/2W2,ÿJ0$;143/2B:J ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@�«º¯N_ü�_Z°�»5±>(b*7&X*7143:6N*76y³

á W µ ¼ K� Ò $ â~ã!ä$ â©åçæ � tt i Ð iÑ « � ¶Ö�i& ¡¢¡5« t ±0± µ ¼ K Ò $ â~ã!ä$ â©åçæ � t

t i Ð ¼ � « � ¶#��& ¡¢¡2« t ±0± ¹ «º¯N¹Ã¼�¹Z°²öC±úo$'*o<>*A?F*7@CBN6:@m$;JX,ÿ@C*AJ0143:Y;rCJ0JX*76yz¥]º/2Y'Y;J

è�,|è

á W µ ¼=èjé êÀ¸ «º¯N¹Ã¼�¹Z°?�5±?FrC(+*A$ é ¸ ê/ë � ��(+*AY'$;*7(:$;@C*>@5/K6:D7*l[y/23NY'*76wJ0$'6N8y_Qú�/26N6�?ÿ$'*78N*7&03NrCY;,TJX$'14398:$;*=<�/23:6 6:/2143 ê ë)*A&0$;r�8:*A6?F*7$'YTJX$'6y«Í¼=è é ± µª÷ _9G�/26{M|/26N6{DA*7$'@2*76~« xål(:B:6:@CJ0/2BN]­@5/K(+*`±-z 8V/2W�8:$;*7JE6OB:&�]´xBN&�ë)r2,0*765,.$'/2Y;q2*7&XY�x/2BN]­*�n« t ±%ì t À Rh$;, 7Iµ ¶�°EB:6:8 7�µ ¼ /2BN]^,0&0*A,0*76fM|/26:6y_�P�'í�î �a¤�¨Ô�a���K¦¬�V�F§�¨v�a©ðïc¦{¨v�k�o�y�N�)�ÿ§w�À¢��a�F���o�#%$'&=(b*A,0&./21435,0*769�X*-,.D-,P8:/2JÿJ0Lb*7D7$;*7Y;Y'*�#{*7143:JX*7YZ?ÿ$'&0MOB:6N@CJ0Lbr2,.*A65,.$î/KY

�n« t ± µ ¶Bñ t «­¯:¹½»�¹;°²±Rh$;, ñ µ�3�587:9<; ¹;_úo$'*AJ0*A&cä¥/2Y;Y�$'Jv,9qCrC6Â]­B:6:8V/2Rh*765,./2Y'*A&c<F*78:*ABN,.B:6N@:z�8V/�*7JcJ0r�?>r23:Y=]´xBN&h8N$'* ñ &0/`q�$Z,4/K,0$'rC6NJX?F*7143:JX*7Yò�?ÿ$'&XMOB:6:@ID-?>*A$'*A&�GI/KJ0J0*A6�Rc$Z, ñ µ�ó dfe�dji�/2Y'Ju/2B:143¬]´xB:&E8:$'*õô>rCB:Y;rCR�(5?F*7143:JX*7Y;?ÿ$;&0MOB:6:@"D-?>*A$'*A&� /28:B:6N@C*76fRc$Z, ñ µ ¶+ö�e ö7i=@C$;Y;,`_gä�xB:&=8V/2Jÿ* . *AMO,0$;q2*�ëar2,.*A65,.$î/KYH«º¯:_½¼�_��C±>*7&X3V/2Y;,0*76j?ÿ$'&=8:/26:6

��& ¡¢¡ µ K i¼ �yt i ¶ ñ t «­¯:¹½»�¹Ã¼C±

ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@�«º¯:_½¼�_Z°�»5±>&X*78:B:DA$'*A&X,ÿJ0$;143�$;6�8:$'*AJ0*7R�äb/KY'YÀ/2B�]Wm¶ÚWi> µ K Ò $$ Ô

� t Õt Õ i Ð ¼ � « � ¶ (�÷i Ñ $ Õ ÷ Áùø$ Õ ± «­¯:¹½»�¹½»5±

G�$Z,ÿ8:*7&P¾�B:(NJX,.$Z,.BN,0$'rC6Uú µ ° dKt Õ *A&03V/2YZ,.*A6�?ÿ$;&=8V/2&0/2B:JÿRc$Z, t Õ µ ° d úIB:6:80� t Õ d ��ú µ ¶u° d ú iWm¶#Wi> µ K Òüûý Ôûý

��úÐ ¼ � « � ¶ (�÷'þÿ÷i Ñ Á ñ ú+± µ Ò ûý Ôûý��úÐ ¶+ú i Á i ø Ñ þ( ÷ Á i Ñ �( ÷ «­¯:¹½»�¹ê¯O±

ú�/2JP$'6ç«­¯:_½»�_ê¯O±l/2BN]^,0&0*A,0*76:8N* ��6O,0*7@C&0/2YgYÜxrCJ0*A6I?ÿ$'&PRc$Z,�8N*7R·$;6�8:*A&o��65,.*7@2&./2YZ,4/K]­*AYaq2rC6 ñ &0/28:JX3O,0*A��6B:6:80*=��DA3:$'M"«v°?���Cö�zVäVrC&0Rh*7Y;6�¼�_½¼ � B:6:8I¼�_½¼ �N°²±�/26N@C*7(b*76:*A6I��65,.*A@C&./KY

Ò ���Ð ¿9«��+± µ ¶ °� ¶ 3 /2&01AJ0$;6 ¼ 3 ��Á ê� ¶ á «­¯:¹½»�¹ÃöC±

]´xB:&�8:$;*uä¥BN6:M5,.$'r26�¿9«��+± µ é Á ê �hÁ 3 � i Rc$Z, á µ ¯ é 3 ¶ ê i�� ÷ _��6fB:6:J0*A&0*AR äb/KY'Y\$;JX, é µ ¼ �:��d K i z ê µ ¼ ñ �ed K i B:6:8 3=µ ¶u°CzVJ0r�8V/2Wá µ ¶ � �:�K i ¶ ¯ ñ i � iK � µ ¶ ¯ �K i «�¼ � Á ñ i �K i ± � ÷

åP65,0*7&gDk*7&v?>*A6:8:B:6:@cqCrC6�«º¯:_ê»N_½öC±>*7&X3V/2YZ,.*76j?ÿ$;&=8V/26:6�]´xB:& ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@�«º¯:_ê»N_ ¯O±Wm¶#Wi> µ ¶ /2&X17JX$'6 i ø Ñ( ÷ ¶Â¼IúÐ � Ñ( ÷ «Í¼ � Á ø ÷ Ñ( ÷ ± � ûý Ôûý µ /2&X17J0$;6 ø Ñ( ÷ ¶ÚúÐ i Ñ �( ÷ Á ø ÷ Ñ ÷( � ûý ûý Ô «­¯:¹½»�¹��5±

è�,��

#%$'&=(b*76OBN,0D7*A6�« ñ &./K8:J035,.*-��6IB:6:80*=��DA3:$'MI°?���5ö�z:ä¥r2&0Rh*7Yg°2_��5¼K»N_;°�±/K&017JX$'6�� µ è

¼ ¶�/2&01A17rCJ � ¸J0r�8V/2W

/2&01AJ0$;6 «v¶��+± µ ¶"/2&X17J0$;6 «��+± µ /2&01A17rCJ²«��+±g¶ è¼

B:6:8f*7&X3V/2YZ,.*76�8V/KRc$Z,�]´xB:&u«º¯:_ê»N_��5±Wm¶#Ww> µ /2&X1717r2J e$ ¶ ø Ñ(�÷Ð i Ñ �( ÷ Á ø ÷ Ñ ÷( ¶ /K&0171ArCJ

e$ Ô ¶ ø Ñ( ÷Ð i Ñ �( ÷ Á ø ÷ Ñ ÷(�#%$'&�?�x/K3:Y'*A6�/KY'J=®�6�]º/26:@CJX(+*A8:$'6:@2B:6:@

Ww> µ /2&01A17rCJ e$ Ô ¶ ø Ñ( ÷Ð i Ñ �( ÷ Á ø ÷ Ñ ÷( ¸J0r�8V/2Wh/2Y;Jj�HxrCJ0B:6N@h]­rCY;@2,

W µ /2&X1717r2J e$ ¶ ø Ñ(�÷Ð i Ñ �( ÷ Á ø ÷ Ñ ÷( µ /2&X171ArCJ( ÷ø Ñ $ ¶û°Ð °FÁ i � ( ÷Ñ ø ÷ «­¯:¹½»�¹��C±

�HxrCJ0*A6f?ÿ$;& ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@�«º¯:_ê»N_��C±>6V/2143 t /2BN]Ôz:JXrc*A&03V/KY;,.*A6j?ÿ$'& xB:(b*7&K iñ �yt µ °>Á Ï °>Á ¼ � K i� ñ i 1ArCJ�W8:$;*�$'65qC*A&X,.$;*7&v,.*×�HxrCJ0B:6N@

tEµ( ÷Ñ ø°FÁ Ð °FÁ i � ( ÷Ñ ø ÷ 17r2J�W «­¯:¹½»�¹��5±

#%$'&=8N*A�V6:$;*7&X*76��X*A,.D-,lDA?F*7$aëg/2&0/2Rh*A,.*A&7³S²Ä�D7*A65,.&0$;D7$Z,²x/K,�� � Ï °FÁ ¼ � K i� ñ i «­¯:¹½»�¹��5±

B:6:8<�/K3:6:LV/2&0/2Rh*A,.*A& S¨� K i� ñ «º¯N¹½»N¹Z° ÷ ±

ú�/2Rh$;,>J0143:&X*7$'(�,PJX$'143f8:$'*u<�/K3:6:MOB:&Xq2*n«­¯:_ê»N_��C±>M2rCRhLV/2M5,P/2Y'Jt «`W\± µ S°FÁ��V17rCJ�W «º¯N¹½»N¹Z°C°²±

#%$'*{?ÿ$'&�B:6NJ¬$;R 6Àx/2143:JX,0*76 ®�(:JX143:6:$Z,0,%xB:(b*7&0DA*7B:@2*76yz�$;JX, ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@ «­¯:_ê»N_;°2°²±�8:$;*�/2Y'Y;@C*7Rh*7$;6:*<>*AJX,.$;RcRwB:6:@CJX@CY'*A$'143OB:6:@%*7$;6:*7J¬}�*7@2*7Y'JX143:6:$Z,0,.JAz 8y_ 3y_ 8:*7J�¾�143:6:$Z,0,0*7J¬*7$'6N*7&�ST(+*A6:*ÂRc$Z,"*7$;6:*7R

è�,Aé

}�&0*A$'J0MK*7@C*AYÍz�/2B:JX@C*78:&KxB:14M5,=$'6më)rCY'/2&0MKr�rC&X8:$'6:/K,.*A6yz5?>rC(b*7$b*7$;6j<>&X*76:6:LNB:6:M5,=Rh$;,H8:*7R }�r�rC&08:$;6V/K,0*76��B:&XJ0L:&XB:6:@{q2rC6 t «��ñ D7B:J0/2RcRh*76�]Xx/2Y'YZ,`zH/2Y'JXr�Rc$Z,98:*7R ¾�1435?F*7&XL:B:6:M5,j8:*AJj[+?F*7$;M\xr2&0Lb*7&0LN&0rC(:Y;*7RhJ7z8:*A&o(+*A$g8:*A&EëTYî/26:*-,.*A6�(b*A?F*7@2B:6:@�L:&./KMO,0$'JX143¬Rh$;,P8:*A&�ë)rCJX$;,0$'rC6�8N*7&E¾�r26:6:* D7BNJ./2RhRc*A6N]Xx/2Y;Y;,w«ºJX$'*73N*ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@�«º¯:_Z°C_½öC±0±´_�P�º��� �g���o�a©ª�g�V�Ô�����o��¡w¢��Ô�����o�a�l§��À�N�V�����>�V���o��£��§w� � î � �F�a¨Ô�������������N�~�v�¦I�F¨Ô�T�V�F�ÿ�H�V�E�X�o�g�N�a�úo$'* ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@I«­¯:_ê»N_;°2°²±>(+*AJ0143:&X*7$;(N,�$;R�/2Y;Y'@C*ARc*A$'6:*A6}�&0*A$'J0*�]4xB:&�� µ ÷ zSTY'Y;$'L:JX*76n]´xB:&�� � °Czëg/K&./2(b*7Y;6�]4xB:&�� µ °2zOl��Lb*7&X(+*AY'6�]´xBN&�� ð °C_kelÊkzlpoB�^s°s �p±­|<y �z{­Î�� �=ya�p|<yåP65,0*7&�*7$;6:*7& ·>ã^ã ݽÛVÊ�Ñ q2*7&0Jv,.*A3O,uRc/26"8:$;*9G�*76N@C*9/2Y'Y;*7&�ëkBN6:M5,.* 2 $;6"*7$;6:*7&�ST(b*76:*Kz 8:*7&X*76¬ST6O,X]­*7& �6OB:6:@C*A6 t B:6:8 t Õ q2rC69DA?F*7$:]­*AJX,.*A6h<>&0*A6:6:L:B:6NMO,0*76BJm« 3 ¸ ÷ ±aB:6:8 J Õ «v¶ 3 ¸ ÷ ±)*7$;6:*�M2r26:JX,./265,.*P¾�B:RhRc*$'Jv,�«º®P(:(y_k¯:_��C±-z:8\_ê3y_

t Á t Õ µ ¼ é ¸ ?FrC(+*A$a¼ é ð J J Õ µ ¼ 3 «­¯:¹ê¯N¹;°²±

y

x.

F’

x

yP

O1

ba

−c

φ

2a

r’r

cF

Ä�Å�Å�ÆFÇbÆ �²É+·Fã^ã ݽÛVÊ�Ñ7ÆäPxB:&u8:*76�$'6�®P(:(y_�¯:_��f*7$'6N@C*7DA*7$'143N6:*A,0*76çëTB:6:M5,"!Ee�@C$'YZ, t�µ�t Õ µ é /2Y;J0r 3 i Á ê i µ é i zQJXr�8V/KW3ÿµ � é i ¶ ê i _ é B:6N8 ê ?F*7&X8:*76�/2Y'J=@C&XrCWC*�(:D-?E_kM�Y;*7$;6:*�O�/2Y;(V/2143:JX*E8:*7&lSTY'Y;$'L:JX*�(+*AD7*7$;143:6:*-,`_#%$'&E]´xB:3:&X*76¬8:$'*cS²ÄNDA*765,.&X$'DA$;,²x/|,#��8N*7&�STY;Y'$'LNJ0*9*7$;6�8:B:&X143�8:$'*häVrC&X8:*7&XB:6:@:z)8V/2W 3cµ � é JX*7$'6�J0rCY;YÍz

è�,�,

8y_ 3y_H/2Y'JXr

� µ Ï °l¶ ê ié iRÁ ° «­¯:¹ê¯N¹Ã¼C±

äPxB:&$� µ ÷ $;JX,�8V/26N6 é µ ê B:6:8 3�µ ÷ zPB:6N8õ8:$;*�<>&0*A6:6:L:BN6:M5,.* J µ J Õ ]º/2Y'Y;*76�Rh$;,n8:*7R}�r�r2&08:$;6V/K,.*A6OB:&0JXL:&0B:6N@hDAB:J./KRcRh*76y³k8:$;*ESTY'Y'$;L:J0*P?ÿ$'&08�DAB:R }�&0*7$;J7_#%$'&�(+*A6OBN,.DA*76ç8:*76ç}�rCJX$'6OB:JXJ./K,0D¬«�}E/2Ly_�°2_��N_ê»5±�]´xBN&�8V/KJ úo&0*A$'*714M á «°J Õ J 2�±uB:6N8�*7&03:/2Y;,0*76�Rh$;,17r2J²« èf¶ÖW+± µ ¶ 3�5I9 W ³

t Õ i µ «Í¼ 3 ± i Á t i ¶Â¼ t «Í¼ 3 ±N17rCJ7« èf¶#W+± µ ¯ 3 i Á t i Á¯ t 3 1ArCJiW[\B:J0/2RcRh*76�Rh$;, ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@f«­¯:_ ¯:_;°�±F]­rCY'@2,

t Õ µ ¼ é ¶ tuµ Ð ¯ 3 i Á t i Á¯ tI3 17r2J�W#%$'&�%OBV/K8:&0$;*7&0*A6�8N$'*7JX* ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@hBN6:8�(b*76OBN,0D7*A6 3ÿµ � é ³

¯ é i ¶�¯ é t Á t i µ ¯&� i é i Á t i Áç¯&� é t 17r2J�Wa¸J0r�8V/2W

¯ é t «v°FÁ'�¥1ArCJ�W\± µ ¯ é i «Ô°l¶(� i ±r�8:*7&

tuµ é «Ô°ÿ¶(� i ±°FÁ��V1ArCJ�W «­¯:¹ê¯N¹½»5±

G�$Z, Sjµ é «Ô°ÿ¶(� i ±�$;JX,ÿ8:$;*7J0* ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@9$'8N*765,.$;J0143fRc$Z, ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@�«º¯:_ê»N_Z°C°²±-_Dk*7&v?>*A6:8:*A6�?ÿ$'&E8:$;*hM|/2&v,.*AJ0$'JX143:*76�}Er�rC&X8:$'6V/|,.*76)� ¸+*I8:*7J�ëTB:6:M5,.*AJ�2�$'6�®P(:(y_m¯N_���zaJ0rf@C$;Y;,�Rh$;,8:*AR ¾N/K,0DEq2rC6�ëT�O,03V/2@CrC&0/2J7³

t i µ * i Á « 3 ¶,�+± i ¸ t Õ i µ «���Á 3 ± i Á'* iú�/2Rh$;,F]­rCY'@2,>]´xBN& ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@�«º¯:_ ¯:_Z°²±-³

Ð * i Á « 3 ¶,�+± i Á Ð * i Áõ«��9Á 3 ± i µ ¼ éB:6:8f6V/2143.-oBV/28:&X$'*A&0*76¬³* i Á « 3 ¶/�+± i Á'* i Á «�� Á 3 ± i Á�¼ Ð «0* i Á « 3 ¶/�+± i ±7«�* i Á «��9Á 3 ± i ± µ ¯ é ir�8:*7&=6V/K143 p &08:6N*76fB:6:8�úo$;q�$'JX$'rC6n8NB:&0143�¼

«�¼ é i ¶ 3 i ±Q¶%«�* i Á�� i ± µ Ð «0* i Áõ« 3 ¶,�+± i ±A«0* i Á «�� Á 3 ± i ± µ Ð * � Á�¼:«�� i Á 3 i ±�* i Á «�� i ¶ 3 i ± iè�,<V

G�$Z, ê i µ é i ¶ 3 i *A&03V/2YZ,.*A6�?ÿ$;&l¼ é i ¶ 3 i µ é i Á ê i J0r�8V/2W« é i Á ê i ±g¶æ«0* i Á(� i ± µ Ð * � Á~¼:«�� i Á 3 i ±1* i Áõ«�� i ¶ 3 i ± i

ú�/2J2-oBV/28N&0$'*A&0*A6�8:$;*7JX*7& ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@ ]´xBN3:&X,ÿ/KBN]« é i Á ê i ± i Áõ«�� i Á'* i ± i ¶Â¼N« é i Á ê i ±7«�� i Á(* i ± µ * � Á~¼:«�� i Á 3 i ±1* i Áõ«�� i ¶ 3 i ± i

r�8:*7&

« é i Á ê i ± i Á(� � Á(* � Á�¼3� i * i ¶Â¼:« é i Á ê i ±7«�� i Á'* i ± µ * � Á�� � Á�¼3� i * i Á�¼ 3 i * i ¶Â¼ 3 i � i Á 3 �ú�/2&0/2B:J�]­rCY;@2,=6V/2143 p &08:6N*76

* i «Í¼ 3 i Á�¼ é i Á�¼ ê i ±ÀÁ�� i «�¼ é i Á�¼ ê i ¶ç¼ 3 i ± µ « é i Á ê i ± i ¶ 3 �B:6:8fRh$;, 3 i µ é i ¶ ê i

¯ é i * i Áç¯ ê i � i µ « é i Á ê i ± i ¶%« é i ¶ ê i ± i µ ¯ é i ê iúo$;q�$;8:$'*A&0*76n?ÿ$;&=8:B:&X143I¯ é i ê i JXrh]­r2Y'@2,=8N$'*��Pr2&0Rc/2Y;]­rC&XRª8:*7&lSTY'Y;$'L:JX*76:@CY;*7$;143�BN6:@

� ié i Á * iê i µ ° «­¯:¹ê¯N¹ê¯O±®�6Â8:$;*7J0*A& ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@�*A&0M2*A6:65,nRc/26ÂJ0143 xrC6\z�8V/2W¬$'6ç8:*A&cþ)/K, é B:6:8 ê 8:$;*f@2&0rCWC*�(:D-?E_�MOY'*A$'6:*O�/KY'(V/2143NJ0*76�8:*7&cSTY'Y'$;L:J0*�JX$'6:8y_%äPxBN&hJXL x/K,0*7&0* Dk*7&v?>*A6:8:B:6:@�6Nr2,.$;*7&0*A6~?ÿ$;&7z�8V/KW{8:$;*Iä)Y�x/2143:*f8:*A&STY'Y;$'L:JX*o8:B:&X143�� µ è é ê @2*7@C*A(+*A6I$'Jv,��R ¾�rC6N8:*7&v]º/2Y'Yk8:*AJ�}�&0*A$'J0*AJn«0� µ °²±o$;JX, é µ ê µ�t B:6:8 ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@�«º¯N_ê¯:_ ¯O±o&0*A8:B:DA$'*7&v,wJX$'143�/KBN]� i Á'* i µ%t i _kelÊkzlnm54 u©�8u 6%y såP65,0*7&�*7$;6:*7& â=Ì2ÕXÌ5Å-Ñ-ã qC*A&0Jv,.*735,�Rm/K6�8:*76�@C*ArCRh*A,.&X$'JX143:*76 p &X,E/KY'Y'*A&�ëTB:6NMO,0* 2�*7$;6:*7&oSk(b*76N*2z 8:$'*qCr26�*7$'6N*7&w]­*AJX,.*A6#� *A$;,0Y'$'6N$'* � BN6:8�8:*7R ]­*7Jv,.*A6~<F&0*76N6:L:B:6:M5, Jc« 3 ¸ ÷ ±E@CY'*A$'143:*A6�®�(:Jv,4/26N8Â3:/2(+*A6«º®P(:(y_k¯:_��5±-_

è�,6�

y L

cx

r

d

φgF (−c,0)

P

x

y

Ä�Å�Å�ÆFÇbÆ87OÉlâ�Ì2ÕXÌ5Å-Ñ-ãZÆ<>*AD7*7$;143:6:* t 8:*76j®P(:JX,./26:8j8:*AJ=ëTB:6:M5,.*AJj2�q2rC6UJ�B:6:8U� 8:*76j®P(:JX,./26:8j8:*AJ=ëTB:6:M5,.*AJj2�q2rC6j8:*A&�À*7$Z,.Y'$;6:$'*/�=zV8V/26:6fR�B:W96V/2143�úo*A�:6:$;,0$'rC6U� µõt J0*A$'6y_kSTJl@C$'YZ,�8:$;*E<>*7DA$'*A3�BN6:@"«­J0$'*A3:*E®�(:(\_H¯N_��5±

¼ 3=µ ��Á t 17rCJ�WJ0r�8V/2W9Rh$;,j� µõt ]­rCY;@2,

¼ 3=µõt «v°HÁÂ17rCJ�W+±r�8:*7&

tuµ ¼ 3°>Áç17rCJ�W «­¯:¹ê¯N¹ÃöC±G�$Z, Sjµ ¼ 3 B:6:85� µ °E$'JX,ÿ8N$'*7JX* ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@h$;8:*765,0$'J0143fRh$;, ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@�«º¯N_½»N_Z°C°²±´_Dk*7&v?>*A6:8:*A6I?ÿ$'&=8:$;*�M|/2&X,0*7J0$;J0143:*A6�}�r�rC&08:$;6V/K,0*769� ¸+*n8N*7JPëkBN6:M5,.*7J\2 JXrc@C$;Y;,7³

3 Á(� µ � µ%tB:6:8

t i µ * i Á�: i µ * i Á « 3 ¶/�+± iúo$'*o}Er2R�(:$'6:/K,.$;rC6n(b*7$'8N*7& ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@C*76j]4xB:3:&v,l/2BN])8:$'*u¾�143:*7$Z,.*7Y;@CY'*A$'143OB:6:@

è�,N�

* i µ « 3 Á(�+± i ¶%« 3 ¶,�+± i µ ¯ 3 � «­¯:¹ê¯N¹��5±kelÊkzln£.;=< ±%y��>6%y såP65,0*7&g*A$'6:*A&@?BA ÛVÑ-Õ7Å-Ñ-ã qC*7&XJX,0*735,kRm/K6�8:*A6�@C*ArCRc*-,.&X$'J0143N*76 p &X,)/2Y;Y'*A&)ëTB:6NMO,0*g2�*7$;6:*7&)ST(+*A6:*2z28:*7&X*76ST65,0]­*7&X6OB:6:@C*A6nqCrC6nD-?>*A$b]­*AJX,0*76j<>&X*76:6NL:B:6:M5,.*A6 Jm« 3 ¸ ÷ ±TBN6:8rJ Õ «v¶ 3 ¸ ÷ ±k*A$'6:*lM2rC6NJX,4/K6O,0*�úo$ . *7&X*76:D*7&X@C*7(b*76�«º®P(:(y_k¯:_��5±-zN8y_ê3\_

t ¶ t8Õbµ ¼ é ¸ ?FrC(+*A$)¼ é � J×J Õ µ ¼ 3 «­¯:¹ê¯N¹��C±*7&X@C$'(�,ÿ8:*76f*7$;6:*76f®�Jv,P8N*7&+Ol��Lb*7&0(b*7Y�z:?�x/23:&X*76:8

t Õ ¶ tEµ ¼ é «­¯:¹ê¯N¹��5±8:*A6�D-?>*A$;,.*A6I®PJX,l8:*7&+Oÿ��Lb*7&X(+*AY *7&0@2$'(N,7_

ba x

ba x

y

xF (c,0)

Pr’

y

xa a

rφ

F’ (−c,0)

Ä�Å�Å�ÆFÇbÆ�C5É ?BA ÛVÑ-ÕAÅ-Ñ-ãZÆúo*7&ÿ}�rCJX$'6OB:JXJ./K,0D�$;R�úo&0*A$'*A14M á «°J Õ 2×J�±F]´xBN3:&X,ÿ/KBN]

t Õ i µ%t i Á¯ 3 i ¶�¯ tI3 17r2J�« èf¶ÖW+± µæt i Á¯ 3 i Á¯ t 3 1ArCJiWè�,6¶

r�8:*7&t=Õ¥µ Ð t i Áç¯ 3 i Áç¯ tI3 17rCJwW

ST$'6:@2*7J0*-,.D-,P$;6 ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@I«­¯:_ ¯:_��2±>*7&0@2$'(N,t ¶Â¼ é µ Ð t i Á¯ 3 i Á¯ t 3 1ArCJiW

úoB:&X143D-oBV/28N&0$'*A&0*A6f8N$'*7JX*7& ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@9*7&X3V/2Y;,0*76�?ÿ$'&t i ¶�¯ é t Áç¯ é i µæt i Á¯ 3 i Áç¯ t 3 17rCJ�W

r�8:*7&t « é Á 3 17rCJ�W+± µ é i ¶ 3 i «­¯:¹ê¯N¹��5±

#%$'&ÿ]´xB:3:&X*76I?ÿ$;*78:*A&�8:$;*�S²Ä�D7*765,0&0$'DA$;,�x/K,oRh$;, 3�µ � é *7$'6\zO�X*A,0DA,o/2(+*A&�Rh$;,�� ð °w?F*7$;Y 3�ð é «ºJX$'*73N*®�(N(y_k¯:_��C±-_kú�/26:6�*A&03V/2YZ,.*A6f?ÿ$;&ÿ/2B:J ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@f«º¯:_ ¯:_��5±tuµ é i ¶ 3 ié Á 3 17rCJiW µ é «v°ÿ¶(� i ±

°>Á'�V17rCJ�W «º¯N¹ê¯:¹Z° ÷ ±G�$Z, Sjµ é «Ô°ÿ¶(� i ± � ÷ $;JX,ÿ8:$;*7J0* ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@9$'8N*765,.$;J0143fRc$Z, ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@�«º¯:_ê»N_Z°C°²±-_Dk*7&v?>*A6:8:*A6I?ÿ$'&=8:$;*�M|/2&X,0*7J0$;J0143:*A6�}�r�rC&08:$;6V/K,0*769� ¸+*n8N*7JPëkBN6:M5,.*7J\2 JXrc@C$;Y;,7³

t i µ * i Á « 3 ¶/�+± i ¸ t8Õ i µ * i Á « 3 Á(�+± iST$'6:@2*7J0*-,.D-,P$;6 ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@I«­¯:_ ¯:_��2±>*7&0@2$'(N,

¼ é µ Ð * i Á « 3 ¶,�+± i ¶ Ð * i Á « 3 Á(�+± i-oBV/28:&X$'*A&0*76�8:$;*7JX*7& ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@ ]´xBN3:&X,l/2B�]

¯ é i µ * i Á « 3 ¶,�+± i Á'* i Áõ« 3 Á��+± i ¶Â¼ Ð «0* i Áõ« 3 ¶,�+± i ±A«0* i Á « 3 Á(�+± i ±r�8:*7&=Rh$;, 3 i µ ê i Á é i

* i Á(� i Á 3 i ¶Â¼ é i µ * i Á�� i Á ê i ¶ é i µ Ð «0* i Á « 3 ¶,�+± i ±7«�* i Á « 3 Á(�+± i ±�Pr�143:Rc/2Y'$;@C*7J�-�B:/28:&0$;*7&X*76�B:6:8 p &08:6:*A6I*A&0@C$;(N,� i «�¼ 3 i Á�¼ ê i ¶ç¼ é i ±ÀÁ'* i «�¼ ê i ¶Â¼ é i ¶Â¼ 3 i ± µ�3 � ¶û« ê i ¶ é i ± i

G�$Z, 3 i µ é i Á ê i *7&0@2$'(N,ÿJX$'143¯ ê i � i ¶�¯ é i * i µ ¯ é i ê i

è�,6Ç

r�8:*7&=8:$;*×O�/2B:L�,4/2143:JX*76:@2Y'*7$;143OB:6:@m8N*7&+Ol��Lb*7&0(b*7Y�_� ié i ¶ * iê i µ ° «º¯N¹ê¯:¹Z°C°²±

ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@�«º¯:_ ¯:_Z°C°²±>M|/26:6f/2BN143�/2Y;J

* µFE ê Ï � ié i ¶û°2¸ «º¯N¹ê¯:¹Z°²¼C±8:$;*o]´xBN&=@C&0rCW2*o#�*A&X,.*�q2rC6G��/2JX��RhLN,.rK,.$'JX143�@2*7@C*A6�8:$;*�®�Jv��RhLN,0r2,.*A6

* ôHE êé � «º¯N¹ê¯:¹Z°�»5±

qC*A&0YÜx/2BN]^,`_G�$Z,�8N$'*7JX*7R ST$'6:JX143OB:(�$'Jv,�8N$'*h/2Y'Y;@C*7Rh*7$;6:*9äVrC&0R qCrC6 ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@�«º¯N_½»N_Z°C°²±�/2Y;Juú�/2&0Jv,.*7Y;Y'B:6N@fq2rC6}�*7@C*AY'JX143:6:$;,X,.*A6�(b*7@C&KxB:6:8:*-,`_�P�JIÂ�o�H�N�N�N�y� K ���o�û��� �Uî �a¤�¨v� ���K¦¬�V�>§�¨Ô�a© �kelnÙ:lpo � s uw|N|<��LNM~u~}?�pÍ�{LÎzy�� «�y�¬�y����­{e��|6} < ±%ya{®�Y;Jj�HxrCJ0B:6N@c8:*A&l<>*A?F*7@CBN6:@CJ0@2Y'*7$;143OB:6:@m*A&03:$;*7YZ,.*76j?ÿ$;&=6V/2143 ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@f«­¯:_ê»N_;°2°²±

t «`W\± µ S°FÁ��V17rCJ�WRh$;,=8:*ARù<�/23N6:LV/2&0/2Rc*-,.*A&

Snµ K i� ñB:6:8f8:*A&PS²Ä�D7*A65,.&0$;D7$Z,²x/K,� µ Ï °FÁ ¼ � K i� ñ iúo$'*PäVrC&0Rª8:*A&�<�/K3:6:MOB:&Xq2*�3 x/26:@K,�xB:(b*7&O�HqCrC6j8:*A& ñ *7J0/2Rw,.*A6:*7&X@C$'* � 8:*AJ�(b*A?F*7@2,0*76f}hxrC&0Lb*7&XJ�/2(y³«�/C±F]´xBN&=*7$'6N*Eëg/2&0/2(+*AYͳ@� µ °CzV/KY'J0r ��µ ÷QP«º(V±�]4xB:&>*7$'6N*�STY;Y'$'LNJ0*2³ ÷ � � � °Cz¥/2Y'JXr 6:*7@C/K,.$ZqC*7J � � ÷ DA?ÿ$;J0143:*A6�¶ � ñ i d «Í¼ K i ± � � � ÷QP«º1`±>]´xBN&�*7$;6:*76�}�&0*7$;J7³@� µ ÷ zV/KY'J0r ��µ ¶ � ñ i d «�¼ K i ± P«º8V±�]4xB:&>*7$'6N* Oÿ��L+*A&0(b*7Yͳ@� ð °Cz:/2Y'JXr ��ð�÷ _G�$Z,ÿ8:*7R�* . *AM5,.$;q2*76Ië)r2,0*765,.$'/2YH«º¯:_ê»N_½¼C±>B:6:8f8:*ARùST6:*7&X@C$'*A*7&03:/2Y;,0B:6:@CJXJ./K,0Dm«­¯:_½¼�_��C±

� µ � ¼ �t i Á��i&p¡Å¡C« t ± µ � ¼ �t i Á K i¼ �yt i ¶ ñ t «­¯:¹Ãö�¹;°²±

Yî/KJ0J0*A6�JX$'143f8V/26:6f8:$;*�L:&0$;6:D7$;L:$'*AY'Y'*A6j<�/23N6O,���Lb*76�M�Y'/2J0JX$;�VDA$'*A&0*76\_èÅV-Ø

®�6f8:*A6IålRcMK*73:&XL:B:6:M5,.*�8:*7&l<>*-?>*A@CB:6:@�« �tEµæ÷ ±�@C$'YZ,=/2B�]­@C&0B:6N8�«­¯:_Ãö�_;°²±>8N$'*E<>*A8:$'6:@2B:6:@��µ ��& ¡¢¡|¹ «­¯:¹Ãö�¹Ã¼C±úo$'*AJ0*�*A&0@C$;(N,�8V/K6:6�8:$'* ëTB:6NMO,0*9Rc$Z,o8:*AR @C&�xr2W2,.*A6« tN¾:Â!à ±PB:6:8�MOY'*A$'6:Jv,.*AR « t<¾M¿�À ±P®P(:JX,./26:8�qCrCR<>*-?>*A@CB:6:@CJXD7*A6O,0&0B:Rf_ø��6�®P(:(:$;Y'8:B:6N@{¯:_Z° ÷ 3V/2(b*76�?ÿ$;&c8:$;*I<F*78:$;6:@CB:6:@�«º¯:_½ö�_½¼C± J0MO$'DAD7$'*A&X,7_æ®PBN]8:*A& ñ *AJ./2Rw,0*76:*A&0@C$;*`/2143NJ0* � ,0&./2@C*A6j?ÿ$'&>8N$'*�ST6:*A&0@C$;*7(b*78:$;6:@CB:6:@2*76j]´xB:&>8:$;*�qC*A&0JX143:$'*A8:*76:*A6�<>*-?>*-�@CB:6N@CJX]­rC&XRc*A6f/2BN]QBN6:8�*A&0Rh$;,X,.*7Y;6n8:$;*�ålRcMK*73:&XL:B:6:M5,0*�8:*A&l<>*A?F*7@CBN6:@n/2BNJP<F*78:$;6:@CB:6:@�«­¯:_Ãö�_üC±´_

Veff

rmin

EEllipse

EKreis

EParabel

EHyperbel

rKreis

rmax

rP

rH

l = 0

r

Ä�Å�Å�ÆFÇbÆ^ÈSR2Éj¸�Ñ-Ú>Ñ`_ Ö Îa_|Ê�T`Ó|Õ´ÞmÑ-Î"Å-Ñ-Ý^Þ � Ñ�Ûbã'Ñ-Õ�ÛbÕ.Ó2Å7ã'Ñ-ÞhÆ#%$'&=*A&0MK*76:6:*A6y³«v°�±�ä�xB:&=ëg/K&./2(b*7YÊ�HB:6:8�}E&X*7$;J��Ô<F*A?F*7@CB:6N@c@C$;(N,ÿ*7Jÿ6OB:&ÿ*7$;6:*E*76:8NY'$'143N*��Fxr2J0B:6:@9qCr26�«º¯N_Ãö�_½¼C±´_«Í¼2± äPxBN&eOl��L+*A&0(b*7YÊ�\BN6:8wSTY;Y'$'LNJ0*76a�Ô<�/23N6:*76u@C$'(�, *7J:�X*H6:/2143�#{*7&v,)q2rC6 � B:6:*A6:8:Y;$'143Eq�$;*7Y;*P�Fxr2J0B:6:@2*76]´xB:& tN¾É¿�À�Áût�ÁVU _«�»C±�äPxB:&wëg/2&0/2(+*AY>B:6N8ÖOl��L+*A&0(b*7Y�Y;$'*A@C*76{M2*7$;6:*j@C*A(:B:6:8:*A6:*76Â<>*-?>*A@CB:6:@2*76çqCrC&A_�úo$'*mMO$;6:*A,0$'J0143N*ST6:*7&X@C$'*l$'Jv,>*A6:8:Y;$'143"«º/2B:WC*A&>/KR�$'6:6:*A&0*A6nåPRhM2*A3:&0LNB:6:M5, tN¾M¿�À ± P J0*7Y;(:JX,F(b*7$bB:6:*76N8:Y'$;143:*7R�®P(:JX,./26:8tXW U $'JX,>8:$'*PMO$'6:*-,.$'JX143:*�ST6:*A&0@C$;*�6:r�143j*76:8NY'$'143\_kúo$'*P}cxr2&0Lb*7&>MKrCRhRc*A6�/2B:J>8N*7R�ål6:*76N8:Y'$;143:*76yz?F*7&08N*76�(b*7$ tZY (:DA?E_ tZ[ &0*-UV*7M5,.$;*7&v,mB:6N8~qC*A&0JX143O?ÿ$;6:8:*A6�?ÿ$'*78N*7&9$'R ål6:*76N8:Y'$;143:*76y_ «�úo$;*7J 3V/|,*7(b*76�]º/2Y'Y;Jÿ<>*78:*ABN,.BN6:@h]4xB:&=8N$'*×ô>rCB:Y;rCR�(��Ô¾�,.&X*7B:BN6:@9$'6�8:*7&ÿ®�,0rCRX�TB:6:8�}E*A&06:LN3O��JX$'M¥_ñ«º¯5±häPxB:&9STY;Y'$'LNJ0*76a�Ô<�/23N6:*76Â@C$'(�,c*AJm@C*A(:B:6:8N*76:*"<>/23:6:*A6yz�8V/K]4xB:&9R�BNW�/2(b*7&h8:$;* ñ *7J0/2Rw,.*A6:*7&X@C$'*� � ÷ 6:*7@C/K,.$ZqnJ0*A$'6y_ ñ *7RIx/2W ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@f«º¯N_½»N_Z°C°²±>@2$'Y;,

èÅV�è

t «°W µõ÷ ±ÀÁ t «°W µ èa± µ S°FÁ'� Á S°ÿ¶(� µ ¼ S°l¶(� i®�BNJl8N*7&ÿ®�(:(\_H¯N_���*765,06:*73:Rh*76f?ÿ$'&=8:*A6"[\B:J0/2RhRc*A6:3V/26:@

¼ é µæt «`W µ ÷ ±ÀÁ t «°W µ èa±úo$'*o}Er2R�(:$'6:/K,.$;rC6n(b*7$'8N*7& ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@C*A6f*A&0@C$;(N,=Rh$;,u«­¯:_ê»N_��C±Tò"«º¯:_ê»N_Z° ÷ ±H]4xB:&=8:*A6j#�*A&X,l8:*7&ÿ@C&XrCWC*A6O�/KY'(V/2143NJ0*E8:*7&lSTY'Y;$'L:JX*2³

é µ S°ÿ¶(� i µ K i� ñO\ °=¶æ«v°HÁ i � (�÷Ñ ø ÷ ±J] µ ¶ ñ¼ � µ ¶ ó dfeÔdji¼ � «­¯:¹Ãö�¹½»5±úo*7&E#{*7&X,�8:*A&w@C&XrCWC*76@O�/2Y;(V/2143:JX* é $;JX,�/2Y'JXr�6OB:&�8:B:&X143�8:$'* ñ *7J./KRw,.*A6:*7&X@C$'* � (b*7$k@C*A@C*7(b*76N*76GI/2JXJ0*A6Idfe-¸0dji=(+*AJX,.$;RcR�,`_ÿ«ºúo$'*7JX*7JÿST&0@2*7(:6:$;Jÿ$'JX,=?ÿ$;1435,.$'@ ]4xB:&=8:$;*E<>rC3:& ��þ=3:*ArC&0$;*�8:*7&ÿ®�,0rCRc*K_ñäPxB:&�8N$'*�MOY'*A$'6:*×O�/KY'(V/2143NJ0*�]­rCY'@K,ê µ � é i ¶ 3 i µ � é i ¶(� i é i µªü é ü � °ÿ¶�� i µ ü Sgü� °ÿ¶(� i µ

K i� ñ Ð i � ( ÷Ñ ø ÷ µKÐ ¼ �Fü �fü µ Ï é K i� ñ «­¯:¹Ãö�¹ê¯O±

kelnÙ:lnm � y�± s y��I|<vIxeyG^ry�|6y�}N��y¨Îzy�� 4Cs uw{ey�}Ny�{_6%y�¬Cy����z{e�#%$'&l8:$;J0MOBN,.$;*7&X*769�X*-,.D-,o8:$;*wSTY'Y;$'L:JX*76:YÜxrCJ0BN6:@h]4xB:&l*7$;6"¾���Jv,.*7Rfzb8V/2Jo/KB:J�8:*A&�¾�r26:6:*wBN6:8"/2B:JP*7$;6:*7RëTYî/26N*A,.*A6�(+*AJX,.*A35,`_ ®�Y;J�<>*AD7B:@CJXJX��JX,0*7R ?�x/23:Y;*76�?ÿ$'&�8:/2Ju¾�1435?>*A&0L:BN6:M5,.JX��Jv,.*7R Rc$Z, s¿ µ�÷�P /2BN])�@C&XB:6:8{q2rC6 ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@{«­¯:_;°2_;°²ö2±�$;JX,E8:$;*7Ju*7$;6{��6:*A&X,0$î/2Y;JX��JX,0*7Rf_ ñ *7RIx/2W ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@C*76�«º¯N_;°C_½öC±�@C$;Y;,?F*7@C*A6Idcï �`� ì�í $'R�¾�1435?>*A&0L:BN6:M5,.JX��Jv,.*7R « s¿ µõ÷ ±>]´xBN&=8:$'* p &X,0JXq2*7M5,.rC&X*76�8N*7&P¾�rC6:6N*�B:6N8�8:*AJëTYî/26N*A,.*A6y³

st�óuµ ¶ dcïì�í Áçdcï stEô ¶

dcïì�í stEô s÷ «­¯:¹Ãö�¹ÃöC±

B:6:8st ï µ Á ì{í

ì�í Áçdcï stEô st ¹ «­¯:¹Ãö�¹��5±t $'Jv,a/2(b*7&a/2B:143�8:*7& ®�(NJX,4/K6:8wDABw*7$;6:*7R 8:*7&a(+*A$'8:*A6w<F&0*76N6:L:B:6:M5,0*>8:*A&)STY;Y'$'LNJ0*2_)¾�r26:6:*HB:6:8�ëTY'/26:*A,8:B:&X143:Yî/KBN]­*76n@2*7@C*A6:Y�x/2B��V@C*PSkY;Y'$;L:J0*A6�(:/23:6:*A6yz�?FrC(b*7$b8:*7&H@C*ARc*A$'6:J0/2Rc*�¾�1435?F*7&0LNB:6:M5,ÿ$'6h*7$;6:*7Rª8:*A&<>&X*76:6:LNB:6:M5,.*=8:*A&TSTY'Y;$'L:JX*HY;$'*A@2,`_gG�$;,)8:*A6X��x/23:*A&0B:6N@C*76f«­¯:_Ãö�_ÃöC±\òc«­¯:_Ãö�_��5±À]´xB:& ì{íFðEð dcïH*A&03V/2YZ,.*A6?ÿ$'&=8:/2JÈ5Æ � Ñ�Ûbã'Ñ-Õ.Ê�Ø4ÙVÑ®�PÑ4Ê�Ñ-Ë � ÉGaEÝÍÑ9âFãZÌ2Î\Ñ-ËÔÑ-ÎbÅ4Ì|Ù�Î\Ñ-Î�Ê-Ý^ÎbÏ0·Fã^ã ݽÛVÊ�Ñ-ÎbÅ4Ì|Ù�Î\Ñ-Î�Þ Ý^ËEÏ�Ñ-Õc×yÓ|ÎVÎ\ÑmÝ^Î�Ñ-Ý^Î\Ñ-Þ¸ÿÕ.Ñ-ÎVÎ2Û Ö ÎNÒ|Ë>Ï�Ñ-Õ^·Fã^ã ݽÛVÊ�Ñ7Æú�/2Jl¼�_k}�*AL:Y'*A&0J0143N* ñ *7JX*A,.Du(b*7D7*A$'143:6N*A,P8:*76f$'6f}E/2Ly_T¯:_½¼�_Z°E(+*-?ÿ$'*7JX*76:*A6"ägYÜx/2143:*76NJ./K,0D2³

èÅVb�

Y�Æg� Ñ�Ûbã'Ñ-Õ.Ê�Ø4ÙVÑ×�PÑ4Ê�Ñ-Ë � É�awÑ-Õg�ÀÌ|Ù�Õ.Ê-Ë�ÕXÌ|Ù�ã st àÖ Å-Ñ-Õ.Ê-˺Õ.Ñ-ÝÍØ4Ù�Ë)Ý^Î _2ã'Ñ-ÝÍØ4ÙVÑ-ÎmßQÑ-Ý^Ë�Ñ-Î _2ã'Ñ-ÝÍØ4Ù _2Õ.Ó1ckÑg�Tã7àÌ�Ø4ÙVÑ-Î�d8y_ 3y_

�� µ ���� ; µ °¼ t i �aW� ; µ °¼ t i �W µ K¼ � µ43�587:9<; ¹ «­¯:¹Ãö�¹��C±�OÆU� Ñ�Ûbã'Ñ-Õ.Ê�Ø4ÙVÑ �PÑ4Ê�Ñ-Ë � É"a�Ì|ÊGe Ö Ì5Ï2ÕXÌ2ËoÏ�Ñ-Õgf Þ ãZÌ Ö T � Ñ-Ý^Ë c Ý'Ê-ËTÛbÕ4Ó4ÛVÓ|մ˺ÝÍÓ|ÎbÌ2ã �7Ö ÕmÏ2Õ´Ý^˺ËÔÑ-Î�âÿÓ|Ë�Ñ-Î �Ï�Ñ-Õ\_2Õ.Ó1ckÑ-Î ? Ì2ãZÅ4Ì�Ø4Ù5Ê�Ñ é É c ié � µ�36587:9<; ¹ «­¯:¹Ãö�¹��5±

[\B:R <>*A?F*7$;Jl(b*76OBN,0D7*A6�?ÿ$'&AzN8V/KWh8N$'*EägYÜx/2143:*o8:*A&lSkY;Y'$;L:J0*P*7$'6N*7&0JX*7$Z,.J=8:B:&X1430� µ è é ê @C*7@2*7(b*76f$'JX,B:6:8fJ0$;143I/K6:8:*7&X*7&XJ0*7$Z,.Jl8:B:&X143���65,.*A@C&./|,.$'r26f8N*7JPägY�x/2143N*76:J0/K,.DA*7Jw«º¯:_½ö�_��C±>(+*A&0*A143:6:*76�Y�x/2WK,`³� µ è é ê µ Ò"h> � ; �� µ c K

¼ �G�$Z, ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@¥«º¯:_½ö�_ ¯O±F*A&03V/2YZ,.*A6f?ÿ$;&=8V/26:6c µ ¼8è �K é ê µ ¼8è �K é � i i Ï K i� ñ µ ¼=è�j �ñ é � i i

r�8:*7&c i µ ¯ è i �ñ é � «­¯:¹Ãö�¹��5±

-�_½S=_êú�_úo*7&ÿëT&XrCL+r2&X,.$;rC6V/2Y;$;,�x/K,.Jv]º/2M5,.rC&H$'Jv,ÿRc$Z,=8:*7&ÿ&X*78:B:DA$'*A&X,.*A6"GI/KJ0J0*m«º¯N_;°C_��5±>@C*A@C*7(b*76f8:B:&X143

¯ è i �ñ µ ¯Iè i �ówì�í dcï µ ¯ è i ì�í dcï« ì�í Áçdcï7± ó�ì�í dcï µ ¯ è ió « ì�í ÁÂdcï7± ô ¯ è ió�ì�í «º¯N¹Ãö�¹Z° ÷ ±$'Jv,=]´xB:&=/2Y;Y'*�ëTYî/K6:*A,0*76f6 x/23:*A&0B:6:@2JX?F*7$'JX*w@CY;*7$;143y_*ÿ*`/2Y;*"ëTYî/26:*-,.*A6�(:/23:6:*A6 D7*A$'@C*A6%®�(5?>*A$'143OB:6:@2*76 q2rC6 STY;Y'$'LNJ0*76O(V/K3:6:*76æ/2B�]­@C&0B:6N8%q2rC6 ñ &0/�q�$Z,4/=�,.$;rC6:JXM�&`x/K]^,.*A6�8:*A&QëTYî/26N*A,.*A6 B:65,.*A&0*7$;6V/26:8N*7&7z2M�Y;*7$;6:*76�&X*7Y'/K,.$Zq�$;JX,0$'J0143N*76�S . *7M5,.*A6 B:6:8 8:*ARk-oBV/K8:&0B��LbrCY'RhrCRh*765,�8:*A&P¾�rC6:6:*Kz¥J0r�8V/2W9*7JÿD7Bf®�(5?F*7$;143�BN6:@C*76�q2rCR�&X*7$'6N*76¬° dKt �Ôë)rK,.*765,0$î/2Y+M2rCRhRw,`_kelnÙ:ln£ � y�± s y��Slò|m^ s ya�°v=xM�z{z�#%$'&=MK*76:6N*76I@2*7RIx/2W ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@I«­¯:_ê»N_;°2°²±F8:$;*�<F*A?F*7@CB:6N@CJ0@CY;*7$;143�BN6:@m$;6j8:*7&läVrC&0R

t «`W\± µ S°FÁ��V17rCJ�WäPxB:&f/2Jv,.&0r26:rCRh$'J0143N*�<>*ArC(V/21435,0B:6:@C*A6 $'JX,I/2(b*7&f8:$'* �HxrCJXB:6:@�$;6õ8:*A&�äVrC&XR W µ Wg« ; ±n?ÿ$'1435,0$'@:_úo*7Jv?>*A$;,0*7&0*A6{$;65,.*7&X*7JXJ0$'*A&X,u8:$;*�®�(:3Àx/26:@C$;@CM2*A$;,E8:*A&^DH/2&0$'/K,.$;rC6¥Wg« ; ±PqCrC6�8:*A6{D-?>*A$T]­B:6:8V/2Rh*765,./2Y'*A6}�rC6:Jv,4/265,.*A6�8N*7&l<>*A?F*7@2B:6:@:³H8:$'*uålRcY'/2BN]­D7*A$;,ßcøB:6:8f8:$;*�S²Ä�D7*A65,.&0$;D7$Z,²x/K,2�7_[\B:&P®�(:Y;*7$;,0B:6:@n(b*76OBN,0D7*A6�?ÿ$;&�?ÿ$'*A8:*7&�8:*76�ägYÜx/2143:*A6:J./K,0D�«º¯N_Ãö�_��C± �� µ�36587:9<; ¹Z_Eä�xB:&�8:$;*w@C*AJ./2R�,.*2z(b*7$À*7$;6:*7R�åPRhYî/2BN]=xB:(b*7&XJX,0&0$'143N*76:*Kz+ä)Y�x/2143:*�@C/2Y;,

èÅV´é

� µ Ò h> � ; �� µ ��\c µ è é ê ¸J0r�8V/2W9$;6f8N*7&P[\*7$Z, ; 8:$;*EägY�x/K143:*�è é ê « ; d c�±wxB:(+*A&0Jv,.&0$;143:*76�?ÿ$'&X8yz:8y_ 3y_è é ê ;c µ Ò ���<>*A6�B�,.D7*A6�?ÿ$;&u«º¯:_½ö�_��C±F]´xB:&j��� µ « t i d ¼C± �aWaz�J0r9]­rCY'@K,=Rc$Z,+W µ ÷ ]´xB:& ;Tµ ÷

è é ê ;c µ °¼ Ò h> �aW ÕZt i «°W Õ ± µ S i¼ Ò h> �aW Õ«v°FÁ��V1ArCJ�W Õ ± i ¸ «º¯N¹Ãö�¹Z°C°²±?FrC(+*A$y?ÿ$'& ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@�«º¯N_½»N_Z°C°²±>*A$'6:@2*7J0*-,.D-,P3:/2(+*A6y_#%$'&=(b*76OBN,0D7*A6I8:$;*���6O,0*7@C&0/2Y'*

Ò ���« é eÀÁ ê e�1ArCJ �+± i�µ ¶u°é i e ¶ ê i e ê e�J0$;6��é eÀÁ ê e�1ArCJ � ¶ é e Ò ���é eÀÁ ê e�17rCJ � �

B:6:8

Ò �&�é eÀÁ ê e�17r2J � µ ¼Ð é i e ¶ ê i e /K&01A,./26 Ð é i e ¶ ê i e ,./26 à ié eÀÁ ê eB:6:8f*7&X3V/2YZ,.*76�Rh$;, é e µ °2z ê e µ �ÿ]4xB:&=8:/2Jÿ��6O,0*7@C&0/2YÀ$'6 ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@f«­¯:_Ãö�_;°C°�±

Ò �&�«Ô°>Á'�V17rCJ �+± iwµ ¶ °

°l¶�� i �VJ0$;6O�°FÁ��V17r2J � ¶ Ò ���

°FÁ��V1ArCJ � �µ °°ÿ¶(� i ¼� °ÿ¶�� i /2&X1A,4/K6 � °ÿ¶(� i ,./26 à i°FÁ�� ¶ �VJ0$'6O�

°FÁ��V17rCJ � �µ °°ÿ¶(� i ¼� °ÿ¶(� i /K&01A,./26 � °ÿ¶��:,4/K6 à i� °FÁ�� ¶ �¥JX$'6O�

°>Á'�V17rCJ � �ú�/2Rh$;,F]­rCY'@2,>]´xBN& ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@�«º¯:_½ö�_Z°C°²±

è é ê ;c µ S i¼:«Ô°l¶(� i ± ¼� °ÿ¶(� i /K&01A,./26 � °ÿ¶��:,4/K6 h i� °HÁ�� ¶ �VJ0$;6\W°FÁ��V1ArCJ�W �

G�$Z, é ê µ é i «Ô°l¶(� i ± e i i µ#S i «Ô°l¶(� i ±+n �oi i «­q�@CY�_ ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@I«­¯:_ ¯:_½»C±0±H]­rCY;@2,¼=è ;c µ ¼T/2&X1A,4/K6 Ï °ÿ¶��

°FÁ�� ,./26 W¼� ¶ � � °ÿ¶�� i J0$'6+W

°FÁ��V17rCJ�W «º¯N¹Ãö�¹Z°²¼C±úo$'*AJE$'JX,�*7$;6:*hM2rCRhL:Y'$;D7$;*7&X,0* ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@f]4xB:& ;uµü; «`W\±´z)8N$'*c/2B:143�6:r�143�6:/2143ÖW µ Wg« ; ±u/KBN]­@C*7YÜxrCJX,?F*7&08N*76IRwB:W:_}�*7L:Y;*7&f3V/K,I8V/2J�ëT&XrC(:Y'*AR 8:B:&X143 @C*7rCRh*A,0&0$;J0143:*�}Er26:JX,0&0B:M5,.$;rC6 @2*7Y�xr2JX,`zErC(5?FrC3:Yu*7& ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@«º¯N_Ãö�_Z°C°²±o6:$;1435,wM|/26:65,0*2³w8N$'*h<>*A?F*7@2B:6:@�*A&X]­rCY;@2,u/2BN]>8:*7&u*7Y;Y'$'L�,.$'JX143:*76{<�/23N6{Rh$;,E8:*AR }E&0/K]^,.DA*76��,.&XB:R $'R <>&0*A6:6:L:BN6:M5,`!cz\8N*76¬}�*7L:Y;*7&o/KY'Joål&0JXL:&0B:6N@j8:*7J�&X*71435,�?ÿ$'6:MOY;$'@C*A6�}Er�rC&X8:$'6V/|,.*76NJX��JX,0*7RhJ«�� ¸p*:±F?�x/23NY;,�«ºJX$'*A3:*E®�(:(y_k¯:_Z°C°²±´_

èÅVÿ,

c = aεx

y

a

b

Oφ

x

r

Q

Pa

ψ

Ä�Å�Å�ÆFÇbÆ^È5È5Élß Ö ÕPÄ�Å7ã'Ñ-Ý^Ë Ö Îa_jÏ�Ñ-Õ^� Ñ�Ûbã'Ñ-Õ´á-��ã'Ñ-ÝÍØ4Ù Ö Îa_5Æ��6f8:$'*AJ0*7Rù¾���JX,.*ARùYî/2B�,.*A,ÿ8N$'*E<�/23N6:@CY'*A$'143OB:6:@

«�� Á é �4± ié i Á * iê ihµ ° «º¯N¹Ãö�¹Z°�»5±®�Y;Jw6 x/K143:JX,0*7J B:RhJ0143:&X*7$;(+*A6�?ÿ$'&u8:$'*mSTY'Y'$;L:J0*98:BN&0143ç*7$;6:*76�}�&X*7$'JuRh$;,u8:*7R *l/28:$'BNJ é zTB:6:8�L:&0rI��X$'DA$'*A&0*76�8:*76çëTB:6:M5, 2 «º8:*-�V6:$;*7&X,w8:B:&X143 t B:6:8#W+±�/2B�]P8N*76ç}�&0*A$'Jw$;R ëkBN6:M5,rqh_"úo*A&w#%$'6NM2*7Ys « é ¸p�+± µut ?ÿ$'&08f/2Y;J Ñwv � Ñ-ÎVË�Õ´Ý'Ê�Ø4ÙVÑPÄ�Î\Ó|ÞhÌ2ã ÝÍÑ (b*7DA*7$'143N6:*A,7_>STJÿ@C$'YZ,

1ArCJ tçµ ��Á é �é «º¯N¹Ãö�¹Z°`¯O±G�$Z, ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@I«­¯:_½ö�_;°`»5±F]­rCY'@K,

J0$;6 tµ Ð °=¶�1ArCJ i t�µ Ï °ÿ¶ «��9Á é �4± ié i µ Ï °ÿ¶%«Ô°ÿ¶ * iê i ± µ * ê «º¯N¹Ãö�¹Z°²öC±®�BNJl8N$'*7JX*76I<>*7DA$'*73OB:6N@C*76�]­rCY'@K,

� µ é «­17rCJ t ¶,�4± «º¯N¹Ãö�¹Z°?�5±B:6:8

* µ ê JX$'6 tµ é � °ÿ¶�� i J0$;6 t ¸ «º¯N¹Ãö�¹Z°8�C±J0r�8V/2W

t i µ � i Á(* i µ é i \ «º1ArCJ t ¶��4± i Á «v°ÿ¶�� i ±NJ0$;6 i t ] µ é i \ 1ArCJ i t ¶�¼x�V17rCJ t ÁèÅV�V

� i ÁçJ0$'6 i t ¶(� i JX$'6 i t ] µ é i \ °l¶Â¼y�¥1ArCJ t Á'� i «Ô°l¶�J0$'6 i t ±J] µ é i \ °ÿ¶��V17rCJ t ] ir�8:*7&

tuµ é «v°ÿ¶(�V17rCJ t ± «º¯N¹Ãö�¹Z°?�5±z2*A,0DA,l(b*76 xr2,0$'@C*A6j?ÿ$'&=6:r�143�8N*76"[\BNJ./2RhRc*A6:3V/26N@ DA?ÿ$'JX143:*76I8:*76�#%$'6:MK*7Y;6 t BN6:8®W _T®�B:J

t «`W+± µ S°HÁ��V17r2JÉW µ é «v°ÿ¶(� i ±°HÁ��V17rCJ�W

]­rCY;@2,� t 17rCJ�W µ é «Ô°l¶(� i ±g¶ t «º¯N¹Ãö�¹Z°?�5±

#%$'&ÿ/K8:8:$'*A&0*A6�/KBN]Q(b*7$;8:*76�¾�*A$;,.*A6.� t ³� t «v°FÁÂ1ArCJ�W\± µ «v°ÿ¶��4± \çé «v°>Á��.±g¶ t ]

B:6:8fJ0*-,.DA*76�/KBN]Q8:*A&ÿ&0*71435,0*76"¾�*7$;,0* ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@�«º¯:_½ö�_Z°?�5±>*7$;6y³� t «Ô°>Áç17rCJ�W+± µ «v°ÿ¶��.± é�\ °>Á��T¶æ«Ô°l¶,�¥1ArCJ t ±J]

r�8:*7&

t «v°FÁç17rCJ�W+± µ é «v°ÿ¶(�4±7«Ô°FÁÂ17r2J t ± «º¯N¹Ãö�¹½¼ ÷ ±ST(+*A6:J0rcJ0B:(�,.&./K3:$'*A&0*76�?ÿ$'&ÿ/KBN]g(b*7$;8:*76I¾�*A$;,.*A6jqCrC6 ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@f«º¯:_½ö�_Z°?�5±O� t ³

� t «º1ArCJ�Wm¶û°²± µ é «Ô°>Á'�4±7«Ô°ÿ¶��4±Q¶ t «Ô°HÁ��4±B:6:8fJ0*-,.DA*76�?ÿ$;*78:*A&l/2BN])8:*7&ÿ&0*A1435,.*76"¾�*7$Z,.* ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@�«º¯:_½ö�_Z°?�5±>*A$'6y³

� t «­17rCJ�Wc¶û°²± µ é «Ô°FÁ��4± \ °ÿ¶(�k¶%«v°ÿ¶(�V17rCJ t ±�]�¸J0r�8V/2W

t «v°=¶�1ArCJ�W\± µ é «Ô°FÁ��4±A«v°ÿ¶�17rCJ t ± «º¯N¹Ãö�¹½¼�°²±úo$;q�$;8:$'*A&0*76�?ÿ$;& ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@n«­¯:_½ö�_ü�°²±g8:B:&X143 ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@c«º¯:_½ö�_½¼ ÷ ±´z5*7&03:/2Y;,0*76 ?ÿ$'&kB:65,.*A&%Dk*7&X?F*76N8:B:6:@qCr26

,4/K6 �¼ µ Ï °l¶�1ArCJ �

°FÁç17rCJ �8V/2JlST&0@2*7(:6:$;J

èÅV-�

,4/K6 W¼ µ Ï °FÁ��

°ÿ¶(� ,4/26 t ¼ «º¯N¹Ãö�¹½¼C¼C±úo$'*AJ0*�<>*AD7$;*73OB:6:@{Y'$'*-]­*7&v, 8:$'&X*7M5,õW µ W)« ; ±´zH?F*76:6Â?ÿ$'& 8:$;*�®�(:3 x/K6:@C$'@2M2*7$Z, t « ; ±�M2*A6:6:*76\_�ú�/2DAB,.&0/26:Jv]­rC&0Rh$'*A&0*76j?ÿ$;& ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@f«º¯:_½ö�_Z°C°²±-z

è é ê ;c µ °¼ Ò h> �aW Õ t i «`W Õ ±´¸$'6�*A$'6:* ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@ ]´xB:& t « ; ±-_P�P/2143�«º¯:_½ö�_½¼C¼C±>$'Jv,

�� ; ,4/26 W¼ µ

°1ArCJ i h i °¼ �aW� ; µ Ï °HÁ��

°ÿ¶�� �� ; ,4/26 t ¼ µ Ï °HÁ��°=¶(� °

1ArCJ i|{ i °¼ � t� ;r�8:*7&

�aW µ Ï °HÁ'�°=¶(� 17r2J

i h i17rCJ i { i � t «º¯N¹Ãö�¹½¼2»5±��/K143�«­¯:_Ãö�_ü ÷ ±>$'JX,

tEµ é «v°ÿ¶(�4± °>Áç17rCJ t°HÁÂ17r2JÉW µ é «v°ÿ¶(�4± 1ArCJ i { i17rCJ i h i «º¯N¹Ãö�¹½¼K¯O±ú�/2Rh$;,>*7&03:/2Y;,0*76j?ÿ$'&

t i �aW µætQt ��W µ é «v°ÿ¶(�V17rCJ t ± é «v°ÿ¶(�4± 17rCJ i { i1ArCJ i h i Ï °HÁ��°=¶(� 17rCJ

i h i1ArCJ i { i � tçµ é i � °ÿ¶(� i «v°ÿ¶(�V17rCJ t ± � t ¸«º¯N¹Ãö�¹½¼CöC±

?FrC(+*A$g?ÿ$'&P]´xBN&o8V/2J�*A&0JX,0* t ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@¬«º¯N_Ãö�_Z°?�5±ÿ*7$;6:@C*7JX*A,0DA,u3V/2(b*76yzy]4xB:&P8V/2J�D-?>*A$;,.* t ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@«º¯N_Ãö�_½¼K¯O±>BN6:8��aWI6V/K143 ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@�«º¯N_Ãö�_½¼2»5±´_äPxB:& ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@�«­¯:_Ãö�_;°C°�±>*7&03:/2Y;,0*76j?ÿ$'&=8V/KRc$Z,

è é ê ;c µ é i � °ÿ¶(� i¼ Ò {> � t Õ «Ô°ÿ¶(�¥1ArCJ t Õ ± µ é i � °ÿ¶�� i

¼ « t ¶(�VJX$'6 t ±G�$Z, ê µ é � °ÿ¶�� i ]­rCY;@2, � Ñ�Ûbã'Ñ-Õ } Ê ��ã'Ñ-ÝÍØ4Ù Ö Îa_

ì µVt ¶(�VJX$'6 t «º¯N¹Ãö�¹½¼ �5±]´xB:&�8:$;* Þ Ý^Ë�˺ã'Ñ-Õ.Ñ�Ä�Î\Ó|ÞhÌ2ã ÝÍÑ

ì � ¼=è ;c ¸ «º¯N¹Ãö�¹½¼��C±8:$;*>8:$;*F#%$'6NM2*7Y'/2(5?>*A$'143OB:6:@E*A$'6:*AJT}hxrC&0Lb*7&XJQ/2BN]¥*A$'6:*A&T}�&0*A$'J0(:/23:6�Rh$;,)8:*7&gë)*A&0$'r�8:*�c~/26ND7*7$;@2,`_)úo$'*��65qC*A&0J0$;rC6�q2rC6 ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@�«º¯:_½ö�_½¼ �5±oY'$;*A]­*7&v,u8:$'&X*7M5, t « ì ± µ~t « ; ±´zg8V/KJw8V/26N6�Rh$;,0,0*7Y;J ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@«º¯N_Ãö�_½¼C¼C±>DAB:&ÿ@C*A? xB:6NJ01435,.*A6I®�(N3 x/26:@C$;@CM2*A$;,\W)« ; ±F]´xB:3:&v,`_

èÅV6�

kelnÙ:lÊk)� tuwxeya�=�z{z��| s tÍ�|N�z{z�ÌÎey��#�0y�± s y��Z�b^ s y��pv=xM�­{e�åPR ñ *A6V/2B:$;@CM2*A$;,0*76�/2BN]H° ÷ n�� ]´xBN&>*7$;6n,���L:$'JX143:*7J2� µ ÷ ¹Z°�D7Bj*7&XD7$;*7Y'*A6yz:$;JX, ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@f«­¯:_½ö�_;°�¼C±HB:6a�(:&0/2B:143O(V/2&A_çDkrC6û8N*76ûRh*73:&c/2Y'J�°²¼ ÷ (+*AMK/K6:65,.*76æGf*A,.3Nr�8:*A6ûD7B:&c6 x/23:*A&0B:6N@CJX?F*7$;J0*764�HxrCJ0BN6:@�8:*A&}�*7L:Y;*7& � ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@:z�(b*7JXL:&0*A143:*76�?ÿ$'&f3:$'*A&I6OB:&�8:$'*{*7$'6�]º/2143:*�Gf*A,.3Nr�8:*{qCrC6�S=_o<F&0r�?ÿ6ª«v°N�C»N°CzG�rC65,03:Y;�U�lr2,.$;17*AJ\*ÿr��5/2YÀ®PJX,0&0rC6:r2Rc$;1`/2Yy¾�r�1A$'*-,��U�5¼�zy° ÷ ¯O±-zN8:$'*�@CB�,ÿ(:$'J��j«�� � ±�$'JX,7zN#%$'&=JX*A,0D7*76

t�µøì Á(� «º¯N¹Ãö�¹½¼ �5±Rh$;,=8:*ARù}�rC&0&X*7M5,.BN&X,.*A&0R��n$;6�8:$'*E}�*7LNY'*7& � ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@f«­¯:_Ãö�_ü �C±>*7$'6�B:6N8�*A&03V/2YZ,.*A6

� µ �VJX$'6À« ì Á(�:± «º¯N¹Ãö�¹½¼ �5±G�$Z,ÿ8:*7&+*ÿ*7$'3N*76���Sk65,�?ÿ$;14M�Y;B:6:@h8:*7&P¾�$;6OB:J���ä¥BN6:M5,.$'r26�]­r2Y'@2,J0$;6�� µ �y¶ � �»�� Á �p�

öQ� ¶ ¹Z¹;¹ µ JX$'6 «0�VJ0$'6À« ì Á��:±X± µ �VJ0$;6 « ì Á��N±`¶ � �»�� JX$'6 � « ì Á��N±-Á �p�öQ� JX$'6 � « ì Á��N±�¶ ¹Z¹Z¹;¹

J0r�8V/2WJX$'6���¶��VJX$'6 « ì Á(�:± µ JX$'6���¶(�`«ºJ0$;6 ì 1ArCJ���¶�JX$'6��>1ArCJ ì ± µ ¶ � �»�� J0$'6 � « ì Á(�:±

Á � �öS� J0$;6 � « ì Á(�:±g¶�¹;¹Z¹;¹ «º¯N¹Ãö�¹ê» ÷ ±

úo*A�:6:$'*A&0*76�?ÿ$'&=8N$'*�6:*AB:*76 ñ &`xrCWC*76 ñ B:6N85�{8:B:&0143��JX$'6 ñ � �VJ0$'6 ì ¸���17rCJ ñ � °ÿ¶(�V17r2J ì ¸

J0r�8V/2W

ñ µ /2&X1A,./26 �¥JX$'6 ì°l¶,�¥1ArCJ ì «º¯N¹Ãö�¹ê»N°²±B:6:8

� i J0$;6 i ñ Á(� i 17rCJ i ñ µ � i µ � i J0$;6 i ì Áæ°ÿ¶ç¼x�V17r2J ì Á'� i 17rCJ i ì µ °FÁ�� i ¶ç¼y�¥1ArCJ ìr�8:*7&

� µ � °HÁ�� i ¶Â¼y�¥1ArCJ ì «º¯N¹Ãö�¹ê»5¼C±ú�/2Rh$;,>*7&03:/2Y;,0*76j?ÿ$'&ÿ/2B�]Q8:*A&lY;$'6:MK*76�¾�*A$;,.*oq2rC6 ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@�«­¯:_Ãö�_½» ÷ ±

�uJ0$'6��F17rCJ ñ ¶��uJ0$;6 ñ 17rCJ�� µ ��JX$'6 «���¶ ñ ± µ ¶ � �»�� JX$'6 � « ì Á'�N±yÁ �p�öQ� J0$;6 � « ì Á'�N±g¶û¹;¹Z¹;¹

èÅV-¶

r�8:*7&J0$;6À«0�w¶ ñ ± µ ¶ � ��x� J0$'6 � « ì Á(�:±ÀÁ � �

°²¼ ÷ � J0$;6 � « ì Á'�N±g¶�¹;¹Z¹Z¹ «º¯N¹Ãö�¹ê»C»5±ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@~«º¯:_½ö�_ê»5¼C±�D7*A$'@2,7zF8:/2W�� µ �j«v°²±´z>J0r�8V/2W�6V/K143 ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@�«º¯:_½ö�_ê»C»5±m��¶ ñ ô �j«�� � ±-_Dk*7&X6V/2143:YÜx/2J0JX$'@C*A6n?ÿ$'&H8:*76jþa*7&XR�LN&0rCLbrC&X,0$'rC6:/2Y¥D7B$� � $'6 ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@n«º¯:_½ö�_ê»C»5±kB:6:8nJX143:&0*A$'(b*76 ñ ]4xB:&�n$;R *7&XJX,0*76Iþa*7&XRù/2BN]g8:*7&ÿ&X*71435,.*A6"¾�*A$;,.*�8N$'*7JX*7& ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@:z:JXrh]­r2Y'@2,

J0$;6 «0��¶ ñ ± ô ¶ � ��y� JX$'6 � « ì Á ñ ± «º¯N¹Ãö�¹ê»2¯O±úo$'*AJ0*A&>®�BNJ08:&XB:14Mn$'Jv,>@2*76V/2Bj(N$'J>DAB:& p &08N6�BN6:@���«0� � ±-_käPxB:&�� µõ÷ ¹;°�$'JX,F8:*A&�*7&XJX,.*oq2*7&X6V/2143:YÜx/2J0JX$'@2,0*þa*7&0R�qCrC6�8:*7& ñ &�xrCWC*h«0� � d °²¼ ÷ ± ô ° ÷ n�� _®�BNJ ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@�«­¯:_Ãö�_½»2¯5±F]­rCY'@2,�8:$'&X*7M5,

� µ ñ ÁÂ/2&01AJ0$'6 ¶ � ��x� JX$'6 � « ì Á ñ ± �B:6:8fRh$;, ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@�«º¯N_Ãö�_½¼ �5±

tçô�ì Á ñ Á~/2&X17JX$'6 ¶ � ��x� J0$'6 � « ì Á ñ ± � ¸ «º¯N¹Ãö�¹ê»5öC±?FrC(+*A$À@C*7RIx/2W ñ Y'*7$;143OB:6:@�«º¯:_½ö�_ê»N°²±

ñ µ /2&X1A,./26 �¥JX$'6 ì°l¶,�¥1ArCJ ì�P� �����P¤w� �¥§w�a¨v§o�@���o�)�åP65,0*7&w8N*7R ST$'6NUVBNWI*7$;6:*7Ju@C*A@C*76:JX*7$Z,.$'@2*76�}�*AL:Y'*A&0Lbr2,.*A6O,0$î/2Y;JE(+*-?>*A@C*76�JX$'143�8N$'*h(+*A$'8:*A6�GI/2JXJ0*A6��L:B:6NMO,0*w/KBN]�Oÿ��L+*A&0(b*7Y'(:/23:6:*A6yzV?>*A6:6�«­J0$'*A3:* ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@�«º¯:_ê»N_Z°C°²±0±

� µ Ï °FÁ ¼ K i �� ñ i ð °úo$'* ñ *7J./KRw,.*A6:*7&X@C$'* � µ �i&p¡Å¡ÿÁ Ñ i �t i ð ÷ $;JX,�8V/26:6�$'RhRc*A&uLbrCJX$;,.$Zq«ºJX*7Y;(:JX, (b*7$ t5W U ±EBN6:88:$;*7J0*A&läb/KY'Y+]4xB:3N&X,l/2BN])B:6:@2*7(:B:6N8:*76:*w<�/23:6N*76y_#%$'&=JX143:&0*A$'(b*76 ñ Y;*7$;143�BN6:@�«º¯:_ê»N_Z°C°²±�/2Y;J

t «`W+± µ S� «°W\± ¸ Rh$;, � «`W\± µ °>Á'�V17rCJ�W «­¯:¹���¹;°²±� «°W\±wM|/26:6ç8V/2JRDkrC&XD7*A$'143:*A6Â?F*7143:JX*7Y;6y_Â#{*7$;Y t «`W\± ð ÷0Ý WazHR¬xBNJ0J0*A6�?ÿ$'&�qC*A&0JX143:$'*A8:*76:*A6ûä=x/2Y;Y'*B:65,.*A&0JX143:*7$;8:*76yzC�X*E6V/2143UDkrC&0DA*7$;143:*76f8:*7JPëg/K&./2Rh*A,0*7&0J

Sjµ K iñ � ¸ «­¯:¹���¹Ã¼C±èÅV-Ç

?FrC(+*A$E«ºDAB:&9ST&0$;6:6:*7&XB:6:@O± � 8:$'*n&X*78:BND7$'*A&X,0*fGI/2J0JX*j$'Jv, B:6:8 ñ 8:*A& ëT&0rCLbrC&v,.$'r26V/2Y'$Z,²x/K,0JX]º/2M5,0rC&E$'R}�*7L:Y;*7&XL+r2,0*765,.$'/2Y

�n« t ± µ ¶ ñ dKt «­¯:¹���¹½»5±

kel��:lpo §R}N}?�8u M�}8� ¦�ya| 4 Íw}?ya{�}8� u s�� ñ ð�÷��úo*7&�ëT&0rCLbrC&v,.$'r26V/2Y'$Z,²x/K,0JX]º/2M5,0rC& ñ $'JX,�LbrCJ0$Z,.$;qI]´xBN&u8:/2J ñ &./`q�$;,./K,.$;rC6:JXL+r2,0*765,.$'/2YQr�8:*7&u]´xB:&E8V/2Jw*AY'*AM��,.&XrCJX,./K,.$;J0143:*hëar2,.*A6O,0$î/2YkRh$;,�*A65,.@C*A@C*76:@2*7J0*-,.D-,.*76Ö� /28NB:6:@C*A6y_c��6¬8:$;*7J0*AR ä¥/2Y'YQ$;JX,E8:*A&uëg/2&0/2Rc*-,.*A&S�ð�÷ _φf ( )

π

1φ 1φ

1+ ε

1

π

φ

Ä�Å�Å�ÆFÇbÆ^È Y�É9�VÌ2մݺÌ2˺ÝÍÓ|άÏ�Ñ-Õ/� Ö ÎNÒ|˺ÝÍÓ|Î � «`W+± Ý^Þ��ÀÌ2ã^ã S�ðû÷ Æ®�BNJm8:*A&mäVrC&X8:*7&XB:6:@ � «`W\± µ °�ÁH�V17r2J�W ½ ÷ *A&0@C$;(N,hJ0$'143~8:$'*f$'6®�(N(y_û¯:_Z°²¼�JXMO$'D7DA$'*A&X,.*�ST$'6��J0143N&�x/26:MOB:6N@m8:*A&l*A&0Y'/2B:(N,0*76�#�*A&X,.*�q2rC6®W�DAB

¶jè Á ¶/W\e Á W Á W\e � è «­¯:¹���¹ê¯O±Rh$;,F8:*7R ñ &X*76:D-?ÿ$'6:MK*7YeW+e µ /2&X171ArCJ²«v° d �4±-_käPxBN&F8:*A6n#%$'6:MK*7YMW µæ÷ ?ÿ$'&X8n8:*7&>®�(:Jv,4/26:8j8N*7&=<�/K3:6qCr2R�}�&./K]^,0D7*A6O,0&0B:R Rc$;6:$'Rc/2YÍz tN¾M¿�Àoµ#S�d «Ô°TÁ��4± P ]´xB:&jW W E W+eH]­rCY'@K, tXW U _kúo$'*�&X*7JXB:Y;,0$'*7&X*76:8N*<�/23N6:MOB:&Xq2*w$'Jv,ÿ$'6j®P(:(y_k¯:_Z°�» J0MO$'DAD7$'*A&X,7_

è ��Ø

φ1

φ1

r

m1

m2

verbotener Bereichφ

Ä�Å�Å�ÆFÇbÆ^È��OÉ ?BA ÛVÑ-Õ7Å-Ñ-ãZÅ4Ì|Ù�άÅ-Ñ-ÝTÌ2Ë�˺ÕXÌ|Ò|Ë�Ý^Ð2Ñ-Þ âÿÓ|Ë�Ñ-ÎVË�ݺÌ2ãZÆkel��:lnm5� ya±­� s |N�f¦�ya| 4 Íi}Ny�{�}8�pu s�� ñ � ÷S�úo$'*oGI/2JXJ0*76NL:B:6:M5,.*uJX,0rCWC*A6jJ0$'143�/K(yzN?ÿ$'*�*A,�?>/�(+*A$y@CY'*A$'143n@2*7Yî/K8:*76:*A6U� /28:B:6:@2JX,.&`x/2@C*A&06y_kú�/26N6j$'JX,S � ÷ zVB:6N8�*AJlRwB:W

� «`W\± µ °>Á'�V17rCJ�W � ÷

J0*A$'6y_Húo$;*o*7&XYî/2B:(�,.*76�#{*7&X,0*�qCrC6�WIJ0$;6:8�8:/26:6¶jè Á W � ¶/W\e4¸ B:6N8®W+e � W Á è «­¯:¹���¹ÃöC±

úo$'*"$;6õ®P(:(y_ ¯:_Z°`¯~JXMO$'D7DA$'*A&X,.*A6ø<�/K3:6:MOB:&Xq2*76øJX$'6:84Ol��Lb*7&X(+*AY'6yz�8:$;*"6:$'1435,�8V/2J�}�&./K]^,0D7*765,0&0B:R*7$;6:J0143NY'$'*AWC*76\z:J0rC6N8:*7&X6�qCr2&l8N$'*7JX*7R�DAB:&KxB:14M5?F*7$;143:*76y_

è �²è

m1

m2r

φ1

φ1

verbotener Bereich

φ

Ä�Å�Å�ÆFÇbÆ^È7ÇbÉ ?BA ÛVÑ-Õ7Å-Ñ-ãZÅ4Ì|Ù�άÅ-Ñ-ÝgÕ4Ñ�Û Ö ã½Ê-Ý^Ð2Ñ-Þ�âÿÓ|Ë�Ñ-ÎVË�ݺÌ2ãZÆ�P�J���r�õ� ��G%���o�H�y�K�9�a��K+�3�¬� �=�N�H�<>*A$'Rý/K,X,.&0/2M5,.$;q2*76�}E*AL:Y'*A&���ë)r2,0*765,.$'/2YTRc$Z,`� � °mJ0$;6:8¬8:$'*h<�/23N6:MOB:&Xq2*76çSTY'Y;$'L:JX*76yz $'6NJ0(b*7J0r26:8:*7&X*@C*AJ0143:Y;rCJ0JX*76:*A6�<�/23N6:*76y_�SkJ�]­rCY;@2,�?F*7$Z,.*A&03:$;6yzÀ8V/2W�J0r�?FrC3:YT8:*A& p &X,`z /K6¬8N*7R 8:$;*9GI/2JXJ0*9dji�8:*A&GI/2JXJ0*¬dfej/2R 6 x/K143:JX,0*76øMKrCRcR�,{« âÿÑ-Õ´Ý'ÙVÑ-ã ±-zo/KY'J�/2B:143õ8:*7& p &X,7zo/26æ8:*AR 8:$'*{GI/KJ0J0*¬dji�/2R?F*7$;,0*7Jv,.*76nq2rC6n8:*A&=GI/KJ0J0*�dfek*A6O,X]­*7&X6O,>$'Jv,�« Ä�ÛVÙVÑ-ã ±´z�6:$;1435,F?>/26:8:*A&06yzNJ0rC6:8N*7&06mD7*7$Z,.Y;$'143c]­*AJX,>Y'$'*A@C*76«ºJX$'*A3:*E®�(:(y_k¯:_Z°²öC±´_

m1

rmax rminAphel Perihel

Ä�Å�Å�ÆFÇbÆ^È�Æ5ÉÿâÿÑ-Õ´Ý'ÙVÑ-ã Ö ÎbÏ�Ä�ÛVÙVÑ-ãZÆúo$'*AJ0*9}�rC6:Jv,4/26ND 8:*7Juë)*A&0$;3:*7Y;J�(:DA?E_ ®PL:3:*7YT$;JX,�Rh$;,�*7$;6:*7&EST&03:/2Y;,0B:6:@CJX@C&�xrCW2*2zÀ8:*AR J0rC@N_ ] Ö Îa_�Ñ-á� Ñ-Î � á3�bÑ4Ò|ËÔÓ|Õ zNq2*7&X(:B:6:8:*A6y_

è � �

úo*7&j*ÿB:6:@2*�� �À*A6:D��`Dk*7M5,.rC&l$'Jv,ÿ8:*A�:6:$'*A&X,ÿ8:B:&X143s¡ µ �stRQ s K ¶ ñ st t ¸ «­¯:¹���¹;°²±

?FrC(+*A$ s K µ4� stCQ �st 8:*A&Púo&X*73:$;RcLNB:Y'J�8N*7&+*l*AYî/K,0$;q�(b*A?F*7@CB:6N@h$;JX,7_úo$'*P,.r2,./2Y'*�DA*7$;,0Y'$;143:*�®�(:Y;*7$Z,.B:6:@ 8N$'*7JX*7JgDk*7M5,0rC&0Jl$'Jv,

�s¡ µ x st�Q s K Á �stRQ �s K ¶ ñ t �st ¶ûst �tt i µ xstRQ s K ¶ ñ �stt Á ñ st �t

t i?F*7$'YÀ6:/2143�«­¯:_½¼�_;°�± �s K µ ÷ _HG�$Z, t i µ st Ost B:6N8 t �tEµ st �st ]­rCY'@K,=8V/26:6

�s¡ µ x st�Q s K ¶ ñ t i �stt � Á ñ st t �tt � µ x stRQ s K Áðñt � \ st «Xst �st ±g¶ �st «Xst Ost ±�] «­¯:¹���¹Ã¼C±G�$Z,ÿ8:*7R�8N&0*7$Z]º/2143:*A6I}�&0*AB:D7LN&0r�8:B:M5, «Ô°C_ê»N_;°�¼C±

sé Q « sê Q s3 ± µ sê «´sé Cs3 ±g¶~s3 «´sé sê ±]­rCY;@2,�]´xB:&wsé µ sê µ st B:6N8¬s3=µ �st 8:$'*���8N*765,.$Z,²x/K,

st «Xst �st ±g¶ �st «Xst Ost ± µ stRQ «XstCQ �st ±´¸J0r�8V/2W

�s¡ µ x st�Q s K Á ñt=� \ stRQ «vst�Q �st ±�] µ x stRQ s K Á ñ�ytI� stRQ s K µ « x st Á�ñ� stt=� ± Q s K «­¯:¹���¹½»5±��/K143 ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@�«º¯N_;°C_Z°`¯O±>@2$'Y;,F]´xB:&=8:$'*�*ÿ*7Y'/K,.$Zq�(+*-?>*A@CB:6:@9Rh$;,+�n« t ± µ ¶ ñ dKt

� xst Á 1 �1 st µ�� xst Á ñ sttI� µ ÷ ¸ «­¯:¹���¹ê¯O±J0r�8V/2W98:$;*E}�Yî/2RhRc*A&>$;6 ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@�«­¯:_���_½»5±Fq2*7&XJ01435?ÿ$'6:8N*A,`_H#%$'&=*A&03V/2YZ,.*A6I/2Y;J0r

�s¡ µ �� ; \ �stRQ s K ¶ ñ st t ] µõ÷ ¸ «­¯:¹���¹ÃöC±8y_ 3y_k8:*7&+*ÿB:6:@C*-� �À*76ND��'Dk*AM5,.rC& s¡ª$'JX,ÿ(b*7$À8N*7&l}�*7L:Y;*7&0(b*A?F*7@2B:6:@h*7$'6N*�ST&X3V/2Y;,0B:6:@CJX@C&�xr2WC*2_GI/26øxB:(b*7&XY'*A@2,�JX$'143�Y'*A$'1435,`zT8:/2W"8:*7&�*lB:6N@C*��!� *A6:D��`Dk*7M5,.r2& s¡ $'RhRc*A&�$;6Ú*l$;1435,.B:6:@"8N*7J9ë)*A&0$;3:*7Y;JD7*A$'@2,7³)8:/2D7Bh(+*-,.&0/21435,.*76h?ÿ$'&T8:*A6 p &v,.JXq2*7M5,.r2&�st 8:*7JFë)*A&0$'3N*7Y'Jl«­6V/23:Jv,.*A&FëTB:6NMO,4±-_kú�/26N6hY;$'*A@2, �st`¢ st$'6j8N*7&lST(+*A6:*E8:*7&ÿ<�/K3:6O(+*-?>*A@CB:6:@cB:6:8 s K JX,0*735,lJ0*A6:MO&0*71435,o/2BN]a8:$'*AJ0*A&PST(b*76:*c«­J0$'*A3:*�®�(N(y_k¯:_;°N�5±-_¾�rCRh$;,)D7*A$'@C*A6 �st Q s K B:6:8 6V/|,CxB:&0Y;$'143w/2B:143fst�d|t $;6R*l$;1435,.B:6:@E8:*AJkë)*A&0$'3N*7Y'JA_)#{*7$;Y s¡ ST&03V/KY;,.BN6:@CJ0@2&�xrCWC*$'Jv,`z x/K6:8:*7&v,lJ0$'143f8:*A& p &v,ÿ8:*7JPë)*A&0$'3N*7Y'J=6N$'1435,`_

è �-é

m1

r

.r l

.r l

Ä�Å�Å�ÆFÇbÆ^Èaà2Élß Ö Õ^]ÿÝÍØ4Ù�Ë Ö Îa_jÏ�Ñ4Ê^] Ö Îa_�Ñ-á � Ñ-Î � á3�bÑ4Ò|Ë�Ó|Õ4Ê7Æ<>$;Y'8:*A6�?ÿ$'&P8V/2JE¾�MK/KYî/2&XL:&0r�8:B:M5, s¡ Nst9µ ¡ t 17rCJ�W�Rc$Z,�W µ s « s¡m¸�st ±-z+8V/26:6�]­r2Y'@2,lRh$;, ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@«º¯N_���_Z°²±>B:6N8�8:*A&P¾�LV/K,0L:&0r�8:B:M5, �!*l*A@C*7YH«Ô°C_ ¯:_ü2±

s¡LOstuµ ¡ t 17r2J�W µ st �« �stCQ s K ¶ ñ stt ± µ ¶ ñ t Á st �« �stCQ s K ± µ ¶ ñ t Á s K �«Xst�Q �st ± µ K i� ¶ ñ tr�8:*7&

tEµ( ÷Ññ Á'¡ç1ArCJ�W µ ( ÷Ñ ø°FÁ¤£ ø 1ArCJ�W µ S°FÁ��V1ArCJ�W «­¯:¹���¹��5±

?ÿ$'*A8:*7&ÿ8:$;*E<�/23:6N@CY'*A$'143OB:6:@�«º¯N_½»N_Z°C°²±>BN6O,0*7&�[\B:3:$;Y;]­*76:/23:Rh*PqCr26�ST&03V/KY;,.BN6:@CJ0@2&�xrCWC*A6y_�P� ¥=�r�õ�T�D¦=�:�V�a��¤o�V�F§�¨v�a©ú�/2J�[+?>*A$'M+xrC&0Lb*7&XL:&0r2(:Y'*AR�YÜx/2W2,FJ0$'143�/KB:143f/2BN])¾�,0&0*7BN*�Ä�L+*A&0$;Rc*A6O,0*�8:*7&�}E*A&06:LN3O��JX$'Mm(b*7$Mô>rCB:Y;rCR�(��?F*7143:JX*7Y;?ÿ$;&0MOB:6:@h/265?F*76:8N*76y_T#%$'&HRc/2143:*76j8:/2(+*A$+8N$'*ÿqC*7&X*7$;6N]º/2143:*A6:8:*�®�6N6V/23:Rh*2z�8V/2W�8N$'*�GI/2J0JX*8:*AJ�þ)/2&0@C*-,0,0*7$'Y;143:*76NJ�dfe=J0*73N&�q�$'*7Y @C&`xrCWC*A&�/2Y;JP8N$'*wGI/2J0JX*�8:*AJ�@C*AJX,.&X*7BN,0*76"þa*7$;Y'143:*A6:J�djil$'Jv,`_ÿúo$'*&0*A8:B:DA$'*7&v,.*9G�/2J0JX* $'JX,�8V/26:6"8NB:&0143 �{ô dji�@C*A@C*7(b*76\_���6"®�(:(y_�¯N_;°8�hJ0MO$'DAD7$'*A&0*A6�?ÿ$'&�8N*76¬¾�,0&0*7Ba�L:&XrCD7*AWc$;Rù¾�1435?F*7&0LNB:6:M5,.Jv��Jv,.*AR�zy$;6�8:*7JXJ0*76IåP&XJ0L:&XB:6:@m8:/2Jÿþg/2&X@C*A,ÿ&XB:35,`_

è �-,

r0 0ϕ

0ϕ 0

ϕ

s

P

Θ

α

1

2

Ä�Å�Å�ÆFÇbÆ^È �²Élץ˺Õ.Ñ Ö ÛbÕ.Ó2Å7ã'Ñ-ÞhÆú�/2Joþa*7$;Y'143:*A6¬¼mM2rCRhRw,�Rc$Z,�8:*A& ñ *AJ01435?ÿ$'6N8:$'@CMK*7$Z,ûs§ >o/2B:J�8:*AR ål6:*76:8NY'$'143N*76"B:6:8"? xB:&X8:*�rC3:6N*#{*7143:JX*7Y;?ÿ$;&0MOB:6:@ Rh$;,k8N*7Rªþ)*A$'Y;143:*76�°l$'R�®P(:JX,./26:8 9 «­J0rC@N_ ×¥ËÔÓ1cVÛNÌ2ÕXÌ2ÞmÑ-ËÔÑ-Õ ±gqCrC&X(+*A$;UV$;*7@C*A6y_T®�BNJ8:*ARùúo&0*A3:$'RhL:B:Y;J�8:*7&+*ÿ*7Y'/K,.$Zq�(b*A?F*7(NB:6:@ s K µ�� st > Q s§ >ÿ(b*7&X*7143:6N*76I?ÿ$;&=8:*7JXJ0*76I<>*A,0&./2@hD7B

K µ ü � st > Q s§ > ü2µ dji t > § >VJ0$;6 ñ µ dji § > 9 ¸ «­¯:¹���¹;°²±?FrC(+*A$ ñ µ s «Xst >7¸Qs§ >´±´_kST(+*A6:J0rh$'Jv,P8N$'* ñ *7J./KRw,.*A6:*7&X@C$'*�8:*A&+*l*AYî/K,0$;q�(+*-?>*A@CB:6:@9(b*7M|/26:65,7³

��µ dji¼ § i> ¸ «­¯:¹���¹Ã¼C±?F*76:6"?ÿ$'&l8V/2Joë)r2,0*765,.$'/2Y)JXrn6:rC&XRc$;*7&X*76yzb8V/2Wn*AJo$'R ål6:*76N8:Y'$;143:*76�q2*7&0JX1435?ÿ$'6:8:*-,m«`�n« E�U ± µ ÷ ±-_®�BNJ=8:*7&ÿ}�*76N6O,06:$'J=8N*7&=ST&03:/2Y;,0B:6:@CJX@C&�xrCW2*76 K BN6:8 � (+*AJX,0$'RhRc*A6m?ÿ$'&�6:/2143{«º¯:_ê»N_��5±Qò�«­¯:_½»�_;° ÷ ±F8:$'*<�/23N6:LV/2&0/2Rc*-,.*A&

� µ Ð °FÁ�¼ K i ��d=� ñ i ¸ Sjµ K i dI� ñ «­¯:¹���¹½»5±ñ *7RIx/2WEB:6:J0*A&0*A&>úo$;J0MOB:J0JX$'rC69$;6c}E/2L\_Q¯:_���]­r2Y'@2,H/2BNJH8N*7&H/2JX��RhLN,.rK,.$'JX143:*76m<>*78N$'6:@CBN6:@�]´xBN& tXW U z8V/2W¬8:*A& ñ &0*A6:DA?ÿ$;6:M2*AYÿ8:B:&0143�17rCJ�W©¨ µ ¶u° d �h@C*7@C*A(+*A6~$;JX,7_~ú�/KRc$Z, @C$'YZ,�]´xB:& 8:*A6û¾�,0&0*7B5?ÿ$;6:M2*AYª µ è�¶Â¼ W�¨À_<>*A$a*AYî/2Jv,.$;J0143:*A&�¾O,.&0*AB:B:6:@c$'Jv,P8N*7&P<>*A,0&./2@h8:*7Jl��RhL:B:Y'JX*7Jÿ6V/2143�8:*7&�¾�,0&0*7BNB:6:@m@2Y'*7$;143�8:*7R <>*-,.&./K@8:*AJP��RhL:B:Y;J0*7J�q2rC&ÿ8:*7&P¾�,0&0*AB:B:6:@ ü sS � ü2µªü sS�«gü zN?>*A$'Y

á sSnµ sS � ¶æsS�«nµ Ò­¬n ¬sJm« ; ± � ;kµ ¶ Ò­¬n ¬

s®B�m« st « ; ±0±�� ;Tµ ÷<>*-,.&./K143O,0*76f?ÿ$'&=6OB:6I*A$'6:*A6�¾�,.&0/23:YyqCr26�þa*7$;Y'143:*A6�«­J0$'*A3:*E®�(:(\_H¯N_;°?�C±-_

è �6V

Θd

s

sds

Θ

Ä�Å�Å�ÆFÇbÆ^È�7OÉlß Ö Þ Ï2Ý �oÑ-Õ.Ñ-ÎVË�ÝÍÑ-ã^ã'Ñ-ΰ¯�Ý^Õ.Ò Ö Îa_|Ê�± Ö Ñ-Õ.Ê�Ø4Ù�ÎVÝ^˺ËÜÆúoB:&X143"8:*76"Y;$'6:MK*76¥*ÿ$'6:@cRc$Z,�8:*AR *l/28:$;B:J 9 B:6:8"8N*7&�úo$;14M2*R� 9 UV$'*A@C*76"@2*76V/2BNJ0rnq�$'*AY'*wþa*7$;Y'143:*A6« �² & ¿�À ±�?ÿ$'* 6V/2143¬8:*A&w¾O,.&0*AB:B:6:@f8:B:&X143�8:*A6@*l/2B:R�?ÿ$'6:MK*7Y%��³ /KB:JX,0&0*A,0*76�« �²  þ í ±´_X��³�*765,0J0L:&X$'1435,8:*AR J0143N&./I»h*7&v,.*A6Iþa*7$'Y+8:*7&ÿST$;6:3:*7$Z,.JXM�BN@C*7YyBNR�dfeFRh$;,F#%$'6:MK*7Y;6jDA?ÿ$'JX143:*76 ª BN6:8 ª ÁÖ� ª zN8\_ê3y_

�² & ¿�À ¼=è 9 � 9�µ �²  þ í �S³ µ �²  þ í ¼=èEJX$'6 ª � ª «­¯:¹���¹ê¯O±®�Y;J Ï2Ý �oÑ-Õ.Ñ-ÎV˺ÝÍÑ-ã^ã'Ñ-Î'¯�Ý^Õ.Ò Ö Îa_|Ê�± Ö Ñ-Õ.Ê�Ø4Ù�ÎVÝ^ËºË ��´�(+*AD7*A$'143:6:*A6n?ÿ$'&H8V/2J Dk*7&03Àx/2Y;,06:$'Jk8:*A&F®P6:D`/23NY+8:*A&>$;68:*A6U*P/2BNRw?ÿ$'6:MK*7Y���³�L:&0r9[\*A$;,0*7$'6N3:*7$Z,F@2*7JX,0&0*ABN,.*A6fþa*7$;Y'143:*A6n8:B:&X143j8:$'*l®�6ND`/23:Y+8:*7&>*7$'6NYî/2BN]­*A6:8:*A6þa*7$'Y;143:*76fL:&Xrm[\*A$;,0*7$'6N3:*7$Z,=B:6:8�ST$'65,.&X$;,0,0JXUax/K143:*2³

�&´��³ µ �²  þ í�²C& ¿�À «­¯:¹���¹ÃöC±G�$Z, ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@I«­¯:_��N_ê¯5±F]­rCY'@2,

�&´ µ �²  þ í ��³�²C& ¿�À µ ¼=è 9 � 9 «­¯:¹���¹��5±G�$Z,+�S³ µ ¼=èuJX$'6 ª � ª *7&X3V/2YZ,.*76j?ÿ$;&

�&´ µ �&´��³ ��³ µ ¼8è 9 � 9¼=èEJ0$;6 ª � ª ��³ µ 9J0$'6 ª ü � 9� ª ü �S³ «­¯:¹���¹��C±®�BNJ ñ Y'*A$'143OB:6:@2*76�«º¯:_��N_Z°²±kò"«º¯:_��N_ê»5±F]­rCY'@K,

K i µ d ii § i> 9 i µ ¼Kdji �C9 iB:6:8

� µ Ï °FÁ ¯ � i 9 iñ i ¸J0r�8V/2Wè ���

µ ¨ µ 17r2J�W�¨ µ ¶ °Ð °FÁ � � ÷ í ÷ø ÷r�8:*7&

9oµ ¶ùñ¼ � Ï °µ i¨ ¶û° «­¯:¹���¹��5±STJ=]­rCY'@2, � 9� µ ¨ µ ñ i¯ � i 9 µ �¨<>*A6�B�,.D7*A6�?ÿ$;& ª µ èf¶ç¼�W©¨azNJ0r�8V/2W

µ ¨ µ 17rCJ�W©¨ µ 1ArCJ²« è ¼ ¶ ª¼ ± µ J0$'6

ª¼ ¸

8V/26N6f]­rCY;@2, � 9� µ ¨ µ ñ i¯ � i 9 J0$;6 �|¶ iB:6:8 � 9� ª µ � 9�FJX$'6 ¶ i �FJX$'6 ¶ i� ª µ °¼ 17rCJ

ª¼

� 9� µ ¨ µ ñ i 17rCJ ¶ i� � i 9 JX$'6 �·¶ iB:6:8�?ÿ$'&=*A&03V/KY;,.*A6j]´xBN& ñ Y;*7$'143OB:6N@I«­¯:_��N_��2±

��´ µ ñ i 1ArCJ ¶ i� � i JX$'6 ª JX$'6 �|¶ i �S³r�8:*7&=Rh$;,=JX$'6 ª µ ¼TJX$'6 ¶ i 17rCJ ¶ i �&´��³ µ ñ i°?� � i J0$;6 n � ª

¼ «­¯:¹���¹��5±äPxB:&o¾�,.&X*7B:B:6N@�q2rC6�þ)*A$'Y;143:*76�8:*A&�� /28:B:6:@UöAio/26¬}�*7&X6:*76�8:*A&��a/K8:B:6:@¨ö`eP$'Jv, ñ i µ « ö�e�öAi.± i zyBN6:8B:6:JX*7&PST&0@C*A(:6:$'J�«­¯:_���_��5±>Jv,.*AY'Y;,�8:$'* ] Ö Ë^ÙVÑ-Õ�T`Ó|ÕXϸ} Ê�Ø4ÙVÑ�ץ˺Õ.Ñ Ö T`Ó|Õ´ÞmÑ-ã 8V/2&A_

è �<�