SAPP PROJECT WP2

EXAMPLES OF ONLINE DATABASES

Flora Zambesiaca (FZ)

SEPASAL(Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands)

PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa)

[African Wild Harvest project]

Flora Zambesiaca (FZ)www.kew.org/floras/fz/intro.html

• c. 10,200 species• 77% published• Native and naturalised species• Search by - Taxon Name - FZ Country - Endemism - Habit - Altitude - Habitat• Keys for identification• Uses in Notes

Zambezi River Basin: Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Caprivi Strip (Namibia)

SEPASAL(SURVEY OF ECONOMIC PLANTS FOR ARID AND SEMI-ARID LANDS)

Useful wild and semi-domesticated species

Tropical and subtropical drylands

Focus on Africa

> 6600 species so far, of which > 3000 occur in Africa

Fully searchable on Internet www.kew.org./ceb/sepasal/

SEPASAL Data Fields

• Scientific names (incl. synonyms)

• Vernacular and trade names

• Geographical distribution

• Uses • Use-related properties (e.g. habit, chemical analyses)

• Environmental tolerances and habitat

• Notes fields (e.g. detail on uses, ecology, cultivation, harvesting)

• References

Tephrosia vogelii, the fish bean or fish poison plant, recorded on SEPASAL, has both insecticidal and acaricidal properties. Photo: Paul Latham

TDWG Level 1 Use CategoriesFood

Food AdditivesAnimal FoodBee Plants

Invertebrate FoodFuels

MaterialsSocial Uses

Vertebrate PoisonsNon-Vertebrate Poisons

MedicinesEnvironmental Uses

Gene Sources

ORGANISMS AFFECTED ↓

POISONOUS PLANT PARTS

SPECIFIC ORGANISMS AFFECTED

EFFECT OF

POISON

USE OF POISONS

UNSPECIFIED NON-VERTEBRATES

e.g. leaves - young leaves

e.g. repellent e.g. livestock pest control

ARTHROPODA seeds - entire seeds

e.g. Insecta - Diptera

reproduction inhibitor

disease vector control

MOLLUSCA - testa antifeedant plant pest control

OTHER EUMETAZOA - seed oil Annelida mutagenic stored products protection

PROTOZOA infructescences Microspora

VIRUSES inflorescences

BACTERIA - flowers Gram +/ - plant disease control

FUNGI - flower buds death

PLANTS leaves - fallen leaves

Angiosperms growth inhibitor

weed control

Cleome gynandra L. [549] CAPPARACEAE Synonyms Cleome pentaphylla L.Cleome heterotricha Burch.Gynandropsis pentaphylla (L.)DC.Gynandropsis heterotricha (Burch.)DC.Gynandropsis gynandra (L.)Briq.

Vernacular names Damara (Namibia) !Khauro.b [5095], !hunihai.b [5095]Damara/Nama (Namibia) goma/horob [5083] [5095] [5098], gomabeb [5083] [5095] [5098] English (Kenya) bastard mustard [2719], cat's whiskers [2719], spider flower [2719], spider herb [2719] English (Namibia) spider-wisp [5098] English (South Africa) African spider flower [5873], bastard mustard [5873], cat's whiskers [5873], spider wisp [5873], spider-wisp [5303] [5304] Pedi (Southern Africa) lerotho [1171] Pokot (Kenya) karelmet [2719], suriya [2719], suriyo [2719]

Photo: AVRDCThe World Vegetable Center

CLEOME GYNANDRA : EXAMPLES OF DESCRIPTORS IN SEPASAL

Category Descriptors and States DESCRIPTION Terrestrial; Herb [3] [549] [5303]; Annual [3] [1142] [1171] [1210]; Erect [2] [488];

Taproot Present [5345]; Partial Outbreeding [5345]; Fast Growth Rate [5188]; Foetid/Unpleasant - leaves [488] [1301] [1610]; Foetid/Unpleasant - unspecified parts [5345]; Plant Height <= 1.3 m [3] [1210] [2719]

SOILS Deep [5188]; Shallow [1362]; Acid [5188]; Neutral [5188]; Boulders/Rocky [1362]; Sandy [5188]; Loams [5188]; Clays [5188]; Peat/Organic Substrates [2719]; Well Drained [5188]

HABITAT Anthropogenic Landscapes [162] [1362] [5303]; Woodland [1362]; Shrubland/Bushland/Scrub [1362]; Grassland/Forb-Land [5303]; Pioneer [1362]; Altitude 0-2400 m a.s.l. [1362]

PHYSIOLOGY C4 [5188] [5345]; Drought Tolerant [5873]

PRODUCTION AND VALUE

Wild Plants Utilised [5188]; 'Semi-Domesticated' Plants Utilised [1362] [1674] [5188] [5873]; Undergoing Cultivation Trials [5873]; Minor Crop/Forestry Species [5188] [5345]; Recommended for Cultivation [5873]; Subsistence Value [5188]

CONSTRAINTS Weed [162] [1362] [5188]; Agricultural Weed [162] [1171]

CHEMICAL ANALYSES

Nutritional Analyses - leaves [187] [1610] [5188]; Essential Oil Analyses - seeds [84] [488] [1142]; Nutritional Analyses - unspecified parts [1610] [5345]; Other Analyses - unspecified parts [997]; Antinutritional Factors - entire plant [5188]; Poisonous Compounds - leaves [5188]; Antinutritional Factors - leaves [549] [1610] [5188]; Poisonous Compounds - seeds [5188]; Poisonous Compounds - unspecified parts [1142] [5188]; Vitamin A (carotene) - leaves [5188]; Vitamin B1 (thiamine) - leaves

CLEOME GYNANDRA : EXAMPLES OF USES TERMS RECORDED IN SEPASAL

NON-VERTEBRATE POISONSArthropodaAnoplura (lice), seeds, death, vermin control [549] [997] [1610];Insecta, death [5345];Insecta, death, plant pest control [5345];Insecta, leaves, death, plant pest control [5345];Insecta, leaves, repellent, plant pest control [5345]; Acari (mites/ticks), seeds, death, livestock pest control [5345];Coleoptera, seeds, death [5188]; Homoptera (aphids etc.), seeds, death [5188];Lepidoptera (butterflies/moths), death [5188];Hemiptera (bugs), death [5188]; Lepidoptera (butterflies/moths), antifeedant [5188]; Acari (mites/ticks), seeds, repellent [5188]; Acari (mites/ticks), seeds, death [5188]

MEDICINES Unspecified Medicinal Disorders leaves, humans, oral ingestion [2719]; leaves, humans, baths [2719]

Blood System Disorders leaves, humans, anaemia [5188]

Digestive System Disorders humans, purgative [1610]; leaves, humans, stomach [1610] [5095]; roots, humans, stomach [1610]; humans, constipation, oral ingestion [2719] [5188]; humans, stomach [5345]; leaves, humans, stomach, oral ingestion

CLEOME GYNANDRA : EXAMPLE OF FREE TEXT NOTES DEALING WITHNON-VERTEBRATE POISONS

NON-VERTEBRATE POISONS - ARTHROPODA Acari, leaves, repellent, death:The leaves have anti-tick properties. They have repellent and acaricidal properties for larvae, nymphs and adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma variegatum ticks. Ticks may not be found for a distance of 2-5 m from the plant [5188] .

Coleoptera, Homoptera, seeds, death:The extract from the mature seeds is toxic to brinjal aphid (Aphis gossypii Glov.) and the larvae of Heliothis armigera (bollworm) [5188] .

Insecta, leaves, death, repellent, plant pest control:Spiderplants are known for their insecticidal and insect-repellent characteristics. Sprays of aqueous leaf extracts may cause considerable reduction in aphid and thrip populations. When used as an intercrop with cabbages, there was found to be a profound effect on diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., populations of which are considerably reduced when on when one row of cabbages was alternated with one row of spiderplants [5345] .

Lepidoptera, anti-feedant:The plant has an anti-feedant action against the tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura F.) [5188] .

Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, death:The ethanol extract is toxic to insect pests, such as the painted bug (Bagrada cruciferarum Kirk) and the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) of cruciferous vegetables [5188] .

SEPASAL Partner Nodes in Africa

• National Museums of Kenya

• National Botanical Research Institute, Namibia• Hardware and editing

software

• Training• Data capture

• Dissemination of data-Locally-Regionally -Globally

Internet SEPASAL Global EditingEnd User

Live SEPASAL Database

Data Validator

Data checked

Contributor X

(Published) data source

Data accepted orrejected

Contributor Y

(Published) data source

Feedback

Data contribution

Data flow

Optional

Species in SEPASAL in FZ region recorded with Non-Vertebrate Poison Uses

( ) = species in woodlands FZ REGION

MALAWI / ZAMBIA / ZIMBABWE

Total Total Indigenous

Non-Vert. Poisons 116 (69) 108 72

Arthropoda 80 (45) 76 46

- Insecta 61 (39) 58 35

Mollusca 37 (26) 33 27

Fungi 7 (3) 7 2

Plants 1 (0) 1 0

Dissemination

206 out of 1410 currently registered users are in Africa

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PLANT RESOURCES OF TROPICAL AFRICA (PROTA)

7000 Tropical African species

Inform and support sustainable plant use

Identifying opportunities to use plants

www.prota.org

Scattered information made widely accessible

Network of offices in countries; 7 in Africa

PROTA Handbooks and Databases

Species review articles published in handbooks and online

Supporting databases

• WORLDREFS – 370,000 references

• AFRIREFS (“Grey” literature) – 170,000 references

AFRICAN WILD HARVEST

Traditional food plants used by the BIDII Women’s Group, Western Kenya. Photo: Rory McBurney

Legal Agreement signed between NMK and RBG Kew

Project outputs agreedand Prior InformedConsent (PIC) signedwith communities