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saqarTvelos geografia

IX klasi

moswavlis wigni

nikoloz beruCaSvilinodar elizbaraSvili

zurab daviTaSvili

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© gamomcemloba `klio~ 2012© gamomcemloba `meridiani~ 2012© n. beruCaSvili, z. daviTaSvili, n. elizbaraSvili, 2012

yvela ufleba daculia

Nikoloz BeruchashviliZurab DavitashviliNodar ElizbarashviliGEOGRAPHY OF GEORGIA9th Grade Textbook

gamomcemloba `klio~ aRmaSeneblis gamziri 181, Tbilisi, 0112, saqarTvelo tel.: (+995 32) 234 04 30 E-mail: book@klio.ge www. klio. ge

gamomcemloba `meridiani~ al. yazbegis gamz. 47, Tbilisi, 0112, saqarTvelo tel.: (+995 32) 239 15 22

saqarTvelos geografiaIX klAAasi

nikoloz beruCaSvilizurab daviTaSvilinodar elizbaraSvili

redaqtorebi: iamze ecetaZe pedagogikis doqtori

darejan faRava pedagogi

kompiuteruliuzrunvelyofa: nugzar arCemaSvili

ISBN 978-9941-415-95-1

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I nawili. geografiuli mdebareobateritoria da sazRvrebi

1.1. geografiuli mdebareoba .........51.2. saqarTvelos teritoria da sazRvrebi. istoriul-geografi-uli provinciebi ....................................101.3. saqarTvelos teritoriuli cvlilebebis istoria ........................14

II nawili. bunebrivi pirobebi da resursebi

2.1. geologiuri agebuleba da sasargeblo wiaRiseuli ...........202.2 reliefi ................................................252.3. hava: mzis radiacia. atmosferos cirkulacia .................322.4. havis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi ......................................382.5. hava: atmosferuli naleqebi. havis tipebi ...............................................422.6. Savi zRva ..............................................452.7. Siga wylebi: mdinareebi ..............482.8. Siga wylebi: tbebi,wyalsacavebi, Waobebi, myinvarebi.wylis resursebi ...................................512.9. flora: mcenareulobisgavrcelebis ZiriTadi kanonzomie-rebani. wiwvovani tyeebi. ..................572.10. flora: foTlovani da Sereuli tyeebi .......................................612.11 flora: buCqnarebi, mdeloebistepebi ........................................................642.12. cxovelTa samyaro .......................682.13. niadagebi ...........................................702.14. bunebrivi resursebi ..................74

III nawili. saqarTvelos landSaftebi

3.1. bunebriv-teritoriuli kompleqsi da landSafti .................783.2. baris landSaftebi. kolxeTisbaris tyis landSaftebi...................803.3. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baris landSaftebi ..............................843.4. dasavleT da samxreT saqarT-velos mTis landSaftebi. ...............893.5. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qveda da saSuali mTis landSaftebi ............................................923.6. maRali mTis landSaftebi ........94

IV nawili. saqarTvelos geografiuli da ekologiuri problemebi

4.1. katastrofuli da stiqiurimovlenebi: miwisZvrebi da zvavebi ..974.2. mewyeri. Rvarcofi. erozia. qvaTacvena ................................1024.3. tye da misi mniSvneloba .................1074.4. klimati da soflis meurneoba .112

4.5. saqarTvelos ekologiuri problemebi ...............................................1174.6. saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebi. saqarTvelos `wiTeli wigni~ ........................................120

V nawili. mosaxleobis geografia5.1. mosaxleobis raodenoba, teritoriuli ganlageba da dinamika ......................................................1255.2. demografiuli mdgomareoba da migracia ...............................................1295.3. mosaxleobis socialuri Semadgenloba da dasaqmeba .............1345.4. qalaqebis da soflebis geografia. urbanizacia ....................1375.5. eTnikuri geografia: qarTvelebi ..............................................1445.6. eTnikuri geografia: erovnuli umciresobebi. religiebis geografia. .................................................149

VI nawili. ekonomikuri geografia6.1. saqarTvelos ekonomika – warsulis memkvidreoba ....................1566.2. saTbob-energetikuli mrewveloba ...............................................1616.3. damuSavebiTi mrewveloba .........1656.4. soflis meurneoba ........................1706.5. transporti da komunikaciebi ..1766.6. vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis geografia ..................................................1806.7. kurortebi da turizmi..............1836.8. sagareo kavSirebi .........................188

VII nawili. socialuri da kulturuli geografia

7.1. cxovrebis donis geografia ....1917.2. ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis geografia ..................1957.3. samedicino geografia da janmrTelobis dacva ...........................2007.4. materialuri kulturisa da tradiciebis geografia .............204

VIII nawili. saqarTvelos regionebi8.1. regionuli dayofa: istoria da Tanamedroveoba ...............................2098.2. Tbilisi ...............................................2138.3. kaxeTi ....................................................2178.4. qvemo qarTli ....................................2228.5. Sida qarTli .....................................2268.6. mcxeTa-mTianeTi ..............................2308.7. samcxe-javaxeTi ................................2358.8. imereTi .................................................2408.9. raWa-leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi .. 2458.10. samegrelo-zemo svaneTi ..........2498.11. guria ...................................................2538.12. aWara ....................................................2568.13. afxazeTi ............................................261

Sinaarsi

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III nawili. saqarTvelos landSaftebi3.1. bunebriv-teritoriuli kompleqsi da landSafti

fizikuri geografiis zogad da re­gionul kursSi SeiswavleT rogorc geo­grafiuli komponentebis, geografiuli garsis Semadgeneli nawilebis (liTos­feros, atmosferos, hidrosferos, bios­feros) kompleqsuri urTierTdamokideb­uleba, ise zogadi geografiuli kanonzo­mierebebi (mTlianoba, ritmuloba, zonu­roba). amgvari urTierTdamokidebuleba ganapirobebs dedamiwis bunebriv iersaxes, garemoSi mimdinare procesTa xasiaTs, adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis formebsa da sxv. geografiul komponentTa urT­ierTdamokidebuleba vlindeba rogorc globalur (bunebrivi zonebis ganeduri ganlageba, kontinentebis bunebrivi piro­bebi), ise regionul (vertikaluri zonu­roba, landSaftebi) doneze.

nebismieri donis bunebriv-teritori-uli kompleqsi Sedgeba urTierTdakav­Sirebuli bunebis (geografiuli) kompo­nen tebisagan. geografiuli kompo nen­tebisTvis damaxa siaTebelia garkveuli agre ga tuli mdgomareoba (myari, Txevadi, airadi), masa da sicocxlis arse boba­ararseboba. geografiuli komponentebi bunebriv­teritoriul kompleqsebSi war­modgenilia liTogenuri safuZvlis (re­liefi Tavisi geologiuri agebulebiT), haeris da wylis masebis( mdinareebi, tbe­bi, Waobebi da sxv.), biogenuri komponen-tis (mcenareuloba da cxovelebi) saxiT.

aRniSnuli komponentebis urTierTq­medebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba bunebis meoreu-

nax. 3.1.2. bunebriv-teritoriuli kom p leqsis Semadgeneli komponentebi da maTi urTierTkavSirebi

1. kolxeTis baris tyis. 2.kaxeTis baris tyis. 3. iveriis baris velis. 4. eldaris baris naxevarudabnos. 5. kolxeTis mTis tyis. 6. kavkasiis saSualo mTis muqwiwvovani tyis. 7. amierkavkasiis dabali mTis tyis. 8. amierkavkasiis saSualo mTis tyis. 9. javaxeTis mTis stepis. 10. kavka­siis maRali mTis subalpuri da alpuri. 11. nivalur­glacialuri.

nax. 3.1.1. saqarTvelos landSaftebi

li komponentebi. maT Soris yvelaze mniS­vnelovania niadagi (ZiriTadad warmo qmnilia biogenuri komponentisa da liTogenuri safuZvlis urTierTkavSiris Sedegad).

bunebriv­teritoriuli kompleqsi (btk) SeiZleba iyos rogorc mcire zomisa (mag­aliTad, karstuli Zabri), ise Zalian didi farTobis mqone (magaliTad, afrikis kon­tinenti). mcire btk-ebi SeiZleba gaerTian­des ufro msxvil erTeulebad. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania landSafti (germ. miwis saxe, peizaJi, adgili). landSafti ge­netikurad erTgvarovani bunebriv­terito­riuli kompleqsia, romelsac axasiaTebs er­Tiani liTogenuri safuZveli, erTgvarovani hava da niadagur­mcenareuli safari.

bunebriv­teritoriul kompleqsSi cal keul komponents sxvadasxvagvari mniSvne loba aqvs. maga liTad, liTogen­uri safuZvlis Secvla did gavlenas ax­dens yvela sxva geografiul kompo nentze maSin, roca mcenareuli safaris Secvla SedarebiT umniSvnelo cvlilebebs iwvevs.

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mniS vnelobis mixedviT bunebis komponen­tebi lagdeba Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: liTo genuri safuZveli, haeris masebi, wy­lis masebi, biogenuri komponenti.

saqarTvelos landSafturi mravalferovneba

saqarTveloSi, rogorc yvela mTian qve­yanaSi, kargadaa gamoxatuli landSaftTa ver tikaluri zonuroba anu maTi simaR­lebrivi cvlileba. mas ganapirobebs geo­grafiuli kom po nentebis (reliefis, havis, wylebis, mce nareTa da cxovelTa samyaros, niadagis) urTierT damokidebulebis si­maRlebrivi cvale badoba. saqarTveloSi landSaftTa zonurobis umniS vnelovanesi ganmsazRvreli faqtori geog ra fiuli mdebareoba (Savi zRvidan daSo reba), ad­gilis absoluturi simaRle da ZiriTadi orografiuli ba rierebis (kavkasioni, mci re kavkasioni, lixis qedi) ganawile­baa. saqar TveloSi warmodgenilia 11 tipis

nax. 3.1.3. landSaftebis vertikaluri zonaloba:1. glacialur­nivaluri. 2. maRali mTis subal pu ri da alpuri mdelos. 3. saSualo mTis tyis landSaftebi

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(4 baris, 7 mTis) landSafti. maTgan ori mxolod dasavleT, xuTi mxolod aRmosav­leT, erTi mxolod samxreT da sami mTel saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba.

landSaftTis tipi ganapirobebs ada­mianis sameurneo saq mi anobis masStabebsa da formebs (urbanuli, sasoflo­sameur­neo, samrewvelo, satyeo da sxv.). adami­ani aqtiuri sameurneo saqmianobiT gan­sakuTrebiT baris (vakis) landSaftebSi gamoirCeva. isini praqtikulad aTvise­buli da gardaqmnilia, saqarTveloSi bunebrivi lan dSaftebi mniSvnelovnadaa saxeSecvlili vake­dablobebze, gorak­borcvian nawilSi da mTis qvabulebSi. simaRlis matebasTan erTad adamianis (anTropogenuli) gavlena mcirdeba, ris gamoc mTebSi saxeSecvlili landSaftebi mcire zomis da lokaluri xasiaTisaa.

personalia

profesori niko beruCaSvili (1947-2006) – gamoCenili qarTveli geografi, landSaftmcodne, saerTaSoriso geografiuli kavSiris landSafturi analizis komisiis Tavmjdomare, saqarTvelos geografiuli sazogadoebis vice­prezidenti, qarTvel geografTa erovnuli komitetis Tavmjdomare. misi TaosnobiT saqarTveloSi dainerga da ganviTarda araerTi samecniero­geo­grafiuli mimarTuleba. igi 1972 wlidan gardacvalebamde xelmZRvanelobda mar­tyofis fizikur­geografiul stacionars, 1979 wlidan iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis aerokosmosuri meTodebiT bunebrivi garemos mdgomareobaTa Semswavleli samecniero­kvleviT laboratorias, 1982 wlidan – kartografia­geodeziisa da geoinformatikis kaTedras. prof. niko beruCaSvili avtoria 200­ze meti samecniero naSromisa, romelTa Soris 30­mde ramdenime enaze gamocemuli saxelmZRvanelo (maT Soris 3 saskolo) da monografiaa.

kiTxvebi

1. ra gansxvaveba da msgavsebaa bunebriv zo­nasa da bunebriv­teritoriul kompleqss Soris?2. ras ewodeba landSafti?3. rogori TanmimdevrebiT lagdeba btk­s Semadgeneli komponentebi mniSvnelobis mixedviT?4. ra ganapirobebs saqarTveloSi landSaf­tebis cvlas?5. rasTanaa dakavSirebuli adamianis sameur­neo saqmianobis masStabebi da formebi?

davaleba

gansazRvreT baTumi­Tbilisi­gurjaanis ga­ned ze da axalcixe­quTaisi­mestiis meridi­anze warmodgenili landSaftebi. daukav­SireT isini reliefis formebs.

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nax. 8.13.12. lixnis RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZari

nax. 8.13.8. axali aTonis monasteri

nax. 8.13.9. TaRovani xidi md. besleTze

nax. 8.13.10. bediis taZari

nax. 8.13.11. lixnis cixesimagris nangrevebi

RirsSesaniSnaobebibiWvinTa – saukeTeso kurorti Savi zRvis sanapiroze. biWvinTis koncxze cnobili reliqturi fiWvis koromia (biWvinTis na-krZali). pirvelad, jer kidev 2 aTasi wlis win, moxseniebulia Zvel berZeni geografis – strabonis geografiaSi, rogorc `didi pitiunti~. rogorc berZnebis mxriv, ise qarTvelebisagan adgilis saxelwodeba `fiWvi~-dan momdinareobs. biWvinTa qris-tianobis erT-erTi uZvelesi da Zlieri kera iyo. IV saukuneSi aq saepiskoposo kaTedra yofila. biWvinTis centrSi, Zveli naqalaqaridan 300 m-Si, jvar-gumbaTovani didi taZari dgas, romelic X-XI s-Sia aSenebuli. kurorti biWvinTa xelsayreli mdebareobiTa da komfortuli haviT (na-leqebi-1500 mm) gamoirCeva.

lixni – sofeli gudauTis raionSi. soflis SuaSi aRmarTulia X-XI saukuneebSi. qarTu-li xuroTmoZRvrebis Zegli – RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZari. taZris maxloblad aris afxazeTis mTavarTa (ServaSiZeebis) orsar-Tuliani sasaxlis nangrevebi (daingra 1866 w.). soflis ganapiras aRmarTulia gala-vniT SemozRuduli cixesimagris kompleqsi (abaanTa, VII-VIII s.).

axali aTonis monasteri. monasteri Zveli anakofiis adgilas daarsda, rogorc aTonis (saberZneTi) rusuli monastris filiali. monastris pirveli rigis mSenebloba 1876 wels dasrulda. igi XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi Savi zRvispireTis udides saeklesio centrad gadaiqca.

axali aTonis gamoqvabuli – mdebareobs kurort axali aTonis maxloblad. mRvime gamomuSavebulia carcul kirqvebSi. mTliani sigrZe 3285 m. moculobis mixedviT (1.5 mln kuburi metri) msoflios erT-erTi udidesi mRvimea. Sedgeba uzarmazari darbazebisagan. mRvime keTilmowyobilia. masSi gayvanili viwroliandagiani rkinigza mravalricxovan mnaxvels emsaxureba.

besleTi – sofeli soxumis raionSi. cno-bilia erTmaliani TaRovani xidiT md. besleTze. sigrZe 35 m, sigane 5 m. xidi Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis (XI-XII ss.) mniSvnelovani Zeglia. TaRis qve-bze amokveTilia qarTuli asomTavruli warwera.

bediis monasteri – qarTuli xuroT-moZRvrebis SesaniSnavi Zegli oCamCiris raionSi. Tavdapirveli nageboba X-XI s-Si augiaT, amJamindeli taZari ki XIII-XIV saukuneebis Zeglia.