satyendra dissertation

8/9/2019 Satyendra Dissertation

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EQUITY AND INCLUSION THROUGH MG-

NREGS: A STUDY OF MOHANPUR BLOCKOF TRIPURA

A DISSERTATION PAPER SUBMITTED TO TRIPURA UNIVERSITY IN

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF

SOCIAL SCIENCE IN ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED ECONOMICS EXAMINATION -2010

SATYENDRA DAS

ROLL NO-

REGISTRAYION NO-002970 OF2005-06

M.Sc. SEMESTER IV EXAMINATION-2010

DEPARTMENT OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED ECONOMICS

TRIPURA UNIVERSITY


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Certificate of supervisor

This is to certify that Sree Satyendra Das , a candidate of the Post GraduateDegree Examination 2010, in Analytical and Applied Economics, hascompleted the dissertation Entitled EQUITY AND INCLUTION THROUGHMG-NREGS A STUDY OF MOHANPUR BLOCK IN TRIPURA under myguidance and he has fulfilled all the requirements for the submission of theDissertation.

[Dr.AMITABHA SINHA]

Reader

Department of Analytical and Applied Economics

TripuraUniversity

Suryamaninagar,

Agartala.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge my gratitude to Dr.Amitabha Sinha, Reader, Department of Analytical andApplied Economics, Tripura University, for his kind guidance.

I am grateful to all the faculties of the department whose sincere teaching in other subjects

provided me ample scope and time to complete this dissertation paper.

I am indebted to all my beloved class mates and friends of my department.

I have to express my thanks to Ms. Nivedita Chakraborty ,especially , for the pains she took tohelp me. It would have been quite impossible for me to submit the dissertation in time without her

selfless support.

I also owe much to the Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, TripuraUniversity, for faculties provided to me during this course.

Lastly, I am very much thankful to my family too for their Continuous support in every possible

way.

Place: Satyendra das

Date:


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CONTENT:

CHAPTER 1:-

1.1 Introduction1.2 Back ground of the study1.3 Objectives of the study1.4 Data and methods

CHAPTER 2:-

Employment Generation Programmes

CHAPTER 3:-

NREGS IN TRIPURA

CHAPTER 4:-

Results and Analysis

CHAPTER 5:-

Conclusion and Suggession

Refferences


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CHAPTER -1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Unemployment is a colossal wastage of human resource of a country. It is theseverest form of curse on the life of an individual of working age. It breeds poverty andinequality in the society. Loss of income could be compensated by income support.

The importance of reducing unemployment has been recognized by the GOI sincelong. One of the major objectives of national planning in India is to reduce

unemployment in the country.

Our employment policy should cover two major goals: Reducing underemployment byincreasing the rate of growth of the gainfully employed and reducing

unemployment on the basis of usual status commonly known as open unemployment.

During the plan period many programmes and policies of employmentgeneration have been adopted and implemented. All these programmes have been madewith only partial success. The reasons for less than full success are many. The year 2006

is a landmark in the history of exacting legislation for guaranteeing employment to theunemployed in rural areas of India. It saw the enactment of NREGA. This Act provides

for 100 days of guaranteed employment in a year to a rural family seeking employment.This act has raised a lot of hope among the rural poor and also to the people concernedwith the welfare of the unemployed people in rural areas.

Lal (Bagchi,2007) deals with theoretical and empirical aspects of poverty inIndias measures for poverty reduction including employment generation programmes

(EGP). They have suggested a holistic approach for reduction of poverty and improvehuman development level of people.


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Pant Joshi (Bagchi,2007) has brought out the details of the major povertyalleviation and employment generation programmes in India. She holds that as growth

with equity is inescapable, we have to try to redress the difficulties in the povertyalleviation schemes to make them more effective.

Gogna (Bagchi,2007) has assessed the effectiveness of the poverty alleviationand special EGP in India. She opines that special employment guarantee programmes can

be successfully implemented with the involvement of people, NGOs, self-help groupsand local institutions since they are close to grassroots.

Bhagawati (Bagchi,2007) has made a critical review of the poverty alleviationand special employment programmes in India and has suggested measures to solve the

problems of poverty and unemployment.

Jothis(Rao and lillemann, 1996) discusses the causes of unemployment,

different facets of unemployment and employment strategy under five year plan. She hasalso suggested for explaining employment opportunities.

Hariram and Vigneswarans suggest (Rao and lillemann, 1996) that the

employment programmes should have a twin objective of creating productive assets (or

increasing production) and providing job opportunities.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

In the late 1960s, it was realized that the benefits of growth of the economy

were not trickling down to the poorer section of the society to the desiredextend. As a result, the government of India began to implement a verity of

poverty eradication and employment generation programs. However,

assessment of these programs revealed certain short coming. The major shortcomings of this program were of two types. One was the problem of leakage

and the other was the problem of targeting. The government schemes were

targeted towards the poor. But often relatively richer households took advantage

of this program. Therefore, the scheme should be such that it createsdisincentives for richer households to joint the program. The problem of leakage

is that a part of the money was taken away by vested interest groups. As a

result, poverty alleviation programs suffered. MG-NREGS which wasinfluenced by employment guarantee scheme of Maharastra tried to address

these problems. The present study is an effort to find out whether the problem of

targeting is being address in Tripura by MG-NREGS


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1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:-

The objective of the study is to the socio economic status ofthe householdinvolved in MG-NREGS. The main objectives of this study are as follows:

1. What is the difference between age distribution of male and female NREGS workers2. What is the difference between marital status of male and female NREGS workers3. What is the difference between occupational status of male and female NREGS workers4. What is the difference between educational status of male and female NREGS workers5. What is the difference between household income before applying for the job card and

after getting the employment in of male and female NREGS workers

1.4. DATA AND METHODS:

There are two types of data are used: primary and secondary. Primary data are collected

through the questionnaire from the study area.

The location of the study area:

Vill-Minabari, Panchayat-Lankamura, Block -Mohanpur, District-West Tripura.This area is selected in a manner where more NREGS work has been done.

Then, I have selected 18 household randomly.

Secondary data were collected from the www.nrega

1.4.1. Selection of the Study Area :

The study area is the Mohanpur Block of West Tripura District. The Lankamura Grampanchayat

is selected .It has been selected because many households are involved in MG-NREGS work.

Selection 0f Households:

The households are selected on the basis of random selection using random number table.

Tool of Data Collection:

A questionnaire is prepared which will be use for data collection from the households.

Secondary Data :

Secondary data collected from the NREGA website http://www.nrega.nic.in/.

Tools of Analysis:
http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/


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The data collected would be analyzed using easy to understand table and chart .Simple statisticaltools like percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation will be

used.

Statistical Package:

Excel worksheet is used for computational work

CHAPTER 2:Employment Generation programmes

For the purpose of poverty alleviation several special programmes for employment generation

are being implemented in rural areas during the implemented in rural areas during the reformsperiod .These programmes provide employment to targeted poor, enhance their income andgenerate assets to poor families. Following are the major programmes, which have been adoptedduring the reforms period.

IRDP (Integrated Rural development Programme)

IRDP aims providing self employment to the rural poor through acquisition of productive assets

or appropriate skills which would generate additional income on a sustained basis to enable themto cross the poverty line. Assistance is provided in the form of subsidy and bank credit. The target

group consist largely marginal and small farmer, agricultural labourers and rural artisans livingBPL. The pattern of subsidy is 25% for small farmer, 30% for marginal farmers, agriculturallabourer and rural artisans and 40% for SCs and STs Families and physical handicraft person.

IRDP is a centrally sponsors scheme which is in operation in all theblocks of the country since 1980. Under this scheme central fund are allocated to states on thebasis of proportion of rural poor in a states to the total rural poor in the country.

TRYSEM (Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment): The scheme of TRYSEM, a

facilitating component of IRDP, aims at providing basic technical and entrepreneur skills to therural poor in the age group of 18 to 35 year to enable them to take up income generating

activities. The 8th

plan has emphasized the important of proper assessment


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of the training of the rural youth in relation to self and wage employment opportunities, quality oftraining and group training.

SITRA (Supply of Improved Toolkits for Rural Artisans):SITRA was launched in July 1992 has a sub scheme of IRDP in selected districts; this scheme has

since been extended to all the districts of the country. Under the scheme a variety of craftspersons, accept weavers, tailors, needle workers and bidi worker are supply with a kit ofimproved and tools of within a financial ceiling of Rs. 2000, of which the artisans have to pay

10% and the remain 90% is a subsidy from the govt. of India.

JRY (Jahar Rozgar Yoyana):

JRY was launched as a centrally sponsors scheme on 1st April 1989 by merging the NREP andRLEGP. The main objective of a programme is the generation of gainful unemployment andunder employment person, both men and women in the rural areas through the creation of ruraleconomic infrastructure, community and social asset with the aim of improving the quality of life

of a rural poor.

DWCRA (Development of Women and Children in Rural Area):

The special scheme for DWCRA aims at strengthening in the gender component of IRDP.DWCRA was started in the year 1982-83 pilot basis in 50 districts and as now been extended to

all the districts in the country. The programme also envisage that this target growth would be thefocus for convergence of other services like family welfare, health care, nutrition, education,child care, sanitation, shelter, and safe drinking water to improve the welfare and quality of life ofthe family and community.

SGSY (Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yoyana)

SGSY has been launched from 1st April 1999. SGSY is a holistic programme covering all aspectsof self employment such as organization of the poor into SHGs training credit, technology,

infrastructure and marketing. SGSY is funded by the central and states in the ratio of 75:25. Theobjective of the SGSY is to bring every assisted poor family above the poverty line in threeyears.

MWS (Million well Schemes):

The MWS was launched as a sub scheme of the NREP and RLEGP during year 1988-89.Thescheme was primarily intended to provide open irrigation wells free of cost to poor, small andmarginal farmer belong to SC/ST and free bonded labourers with a 30% ear marking of JRYfund.

FIVE YEAR PLANS:

First Five Year Plan (1951-56):

The main objective of this plan is to initiate a process of development which will raise livingstandard and open our opportunities to the people for richer and more varied life. During first


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plan priority was given to agriculture. Out of total outlay 31% was allocated to agriculture,community development and irrigation.

Second Five Year Plan (1956-61):

More emphasis was given to Industrial sector during second plan. Total food grain productionincreased from 68.8 millions tones in 1956-57 to 79.3 millions tones in 1960-61.

Third Five Year Plan (1961-66):

Twin objectives of Third plan were to produce enough food grain to be self sufficient and toproduce enough commercial crops to meet the needs of export and industry.

Fourth Five Plan (1969-74):

Main objective of Fourth plan in agricultural sector was to achieve growth of 5% per annum andhelp small, marginal cultivators and agricultural labourers.

Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-79):

The main objective of Fifth plan was removal of poverty and attainment of economic self-

reliance.

Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85):

The main approach in Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85) was growth with social justice achievementof full employment and removal of poverty.

Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90):

Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90) emphasized policies and programmes, which aimed at rapidgrowth in food grains production, increased employment opportunities and

productivity within the fame work of basic tenets of planning namely growth, modernization, selfreliance and social justice.

Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97):

Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97) was launched immediately after the initiation of structuraladjustment policies and macro stabilization policies which were necessitated by the worseningbalance of payments position and inflation position during 1990-91.

Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002):

Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) was launched in the fiftieth year of Indias Independence. The

targeted GDP growth rate of 7% per annum for the Ninth plan period was decided.


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Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007):

Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) aims at higher growth rate and common minimumprogramme.

CHAPTER 3: NREGS IN TRIPURA

From table 1 it s found that Uttar Pradesh possesses highest position in the number of average

working days in India during 2008-2009 and the number is 76. On the other hand average

working days in Pondicherry are 14. it possesses lowest position. Comparing all the states we

find that the rank of Tripura is 3. The number of average working days in Tripura is 74.

Table: 1 No. of Average Working Days in Different State in India during 2008 - 09

State Average working

days

State Average working

days

PONDICHERRY 14 ANDHRA PRADESH 52

ARUNACHAL PRADESH20 KARNATAKA 58

MEGHALAYA 24 CHHATTISGARH 60

WEST BENGAL 25 MANIPUR 61

KERALA 28 MAHARASHTRA 62

ASSAM 35 GOA 66

JAMMU AND

KASHMIR

36 SIKKIM 68

MIZORAM 38 JHARKHAND 70

BIHAR 39 ANDAMAN AND

NICOBAR

70

LAKSHADWEEP 41 RAJASTHAN 72

TAMIL NADU 42 MADHYA PRADESH 74DADRA 44 TRIPURA 74

ORISSA 46 HIMACHAL PRADESH 75

PUNJAB 46 UTTAR PRADESH 76

NAGALAND 51

Source: Web site: www.nrega.nic.in
http://www.nrega.nic.in/


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Table 2 reveals that number of average working days is highest in Tripura comparing with all

other North Eastern States and the number is 74. On the other hand number of average

working days is lowest in Arunachal Pradesh and the number is 20.

Table: 2 No. of Average Working Days in Different North-Eastern State in India During 2008 - 09

State

Average working daysState

Average working days

TRIPURA 74 MIZORAM 38

SIKKIM 68 ASSAM 35

MANIPUR 61 ARUNACHAL PRADESH20

NAGALAND51 MEGHALAYA 24


From Table 3 it is clear that in Bishalgarh block the number of households and persondays are

31337 and 1662970 respectively which are the highest numbers and in Mungiakami block the

number of household and persondays are 6328 and 277910 respectively which are the lowest

numbers. In Mohanpur block the number the number of household and person days are 29741

and 1324205 respectively.

Table: 3 Employment Provided House Hold and Person Days for the Year 2008-09 in West

Tripura

Block House HoldPersondaysBlock House HoldPersondays

Bishalgarh31337 1662970 Khowai 13211 746146

Boxanagar9779 507979 Mandai 8974 479451

Dukli 21029 992686 Melaghar 21172 847856

Hezamara8576 367169 Mohanpur 29741 1324205

Jampuijala9360 357346 Mungiakami6328 277910

Jirania 21989 1002453 Padmabil 6708 379601

Kalyanpur9854 446785 Teliamura 14445 691095

Kathalia 9786 371773 Tulasikhar 9288 443637

http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/


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From Table 4, it is found that the rank of Padmabil is 1 in average working days for the year

2008-2009 in West Tripura. The lowest number is 38 Which is in Kathalia block. The rank of

Mohanpur is 7 and the number of average working days is 45.

Table: 4 Average Working Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different Blocks in West Tripura

Blocks DaysBlocks Days

Bishalgarh53 Khowai 56

Boxanagar52 Mandai 53

Dukli 47 Melaghar 40

Hezamara43 Mohanpur 45

Jampuijala38 Mungiakami44

Jirania 46 Padmabil 57

Kalyanpur45 Teliamura 48

Kathalia 38 Tulasikhar 48


From Table 5, it is found that in Bokafa block in South Tripura the households and person days

are highest in number and these are 24867 and 1205384 respectively. In killa block these

numbers are 6782 and 339128 respectively which are the lowest.

Table: 5 Employment Provided House Hold and Person Days for the Year 2008-09 in South

Tripura


AMARPUR 10704 777693 MATABARI 20487 971173

BOKAFA 24867 1205384 OMPI 7803 411341

HRISHYAMUKH9093 453528 RAJNAGAR 17136 1045983

KAKRABAN 11713 446420 RUPAICHARI9895 580992

KARBOOK 8715 450021 SATCHAND 17448 825464

KILLA 6782 339128

http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/


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Table 6 reveals that the rank of Amarpur is 1 in average working days for the year 2008-2009 in

South Tripura and the number of average working days is 73. In kakraban block the number of

average working days is 38 which is the lowest number.

Table: 6 Average Working Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different Blocks in South Tripura


AMARPUR 73 MATABARI 47

BOKAFA 48 OMPI 53

HRISHYAMUKH50 RAJNAGAR 61

KAKRABAN 38 RUPAICHARI59

KARBOOK 52 SATCHAND 47

KILLA 50


Table 7 reveals that the number of household and persondays for the year 2008-2009 in NorthTripura are highest in the block Gournagar.The number of household and persondays are 20170

and 830086 respectively. On the other hand Jampui Hills possesses the lowest position. In this

block the number of household and persondays are 2472 and 164327 respectively.

Table: 7 Employment Provided House Hold and Person Days for the Year 2008-09 in North

Tripura


DAMCHERRA4602 289593 KADAMTALA18182 726653

DASDA 15405 751586 KUMARGHAT14621 705064GOURNAGAR20170 830086 PANISAGAR 18056 715734

JAMPUI HILLS2472 164327 PECHARTHAL7563 388653


From Table 8, it is found that the rank of Jampui Hills is 1 in respect of average working days for

the year 2008-2009 in North Tripura and the number is 66.The rank of Kadamtala is 7 and the

average working days are 40.

Table: 8 Average Working Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different Blocks in North Tripura


DAMCHERRA63 KADAMTALA40

DASDA 49 KUMARGHAT48

GOURNAGAR41 PANISAGAR 40

JAMPUI HILLS66 PECHARTHAL51

http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/


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In Table 9 it is found that the largest number of employment is provided in the block Salema in

Dhalai and the number is 24073. The lowest number of employment is provided in the block

Chawmanu and the number of household is 7096. On the other hand number of persondays is

maximum in Manu block and minimum in Chawmanu block.

Table: 9 Employment Provided House Hold and Person Days for the Year 2008-09 in Dhalai

Block House HoldPersondays

AMBASSA 13448 835114

CHAWMANU 7096 597800

DUMBURNAGAR12987 804446

MANU 17937 1384486

SALEMA 24073 1341394


In Table 10 it is found that the average working days for the year 2008-2009 in Chawmanu blockin Dhalai are 84. This is the highest average working days and the lowest in Salema. It is 56.

Table: 10 Average Working Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different Blocks in Dhalai

Block Days

AMBASSA 62

CHAWMANU 84

DUMBURNAGAR62

MANU 77

SALEMA 56


Table 11 shows the total number of rural female peoples in different blocks in Tripura according

to 2001 census. It reveals that, in Dhali total rural female peoples are 139873. This is the highest

number. Jampui hills possess the lowest position. In this block the total number of rural female

peoples is 4637.

Table: 11 No. of Total Rural Female Peoples in Different Block in Tripura (2001 census)

Blocks No. of Female PeoplesBlocks No. of Female Peoples

padabil 13,553 Pencharthal 15,610

hazamara 16,271 Kumarghat 36,772

kalyanpur 21,177 Gournagar 45,338

boxanagar 21,304 Dasda 45,783
http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/


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ampuijala 21,451 Panisagar 46,988

mandai 21,643 Kadamtala 52,002

tulashikhar 22,208 Killa 15,476

kathalia 26,422 Rupaichhari 19,089

khowai 30,398 Karbuk 19,321

teliamura 37,873 Hrishyamukh23,307melagarh 52,574 Kakraban 32,424

irania 61,562 Satchand 38,046

bishalgarh 80,347 Amarpur 39,876

mohanpur 96,406 Rajnagar 40,298

dukli 100,448 Bagafa 59,116

Jampuii hills4,637 Matarbari 60,007

Damchhara10,119 Dhali 139,873

Source: 2001 Census

In Table 12 , it is found that number of total female workers are maximum in Dhalai. It is 42636.In Baxanagar block the total number of rural female workers is 2139. It is the lowest number.

Table: 12 No. of Total Rural Female Workers in Different Block in Tripura (2001 census)

Blocks No. of Female WorkersBlocks No. of Female Workers

Boxanagar 2,139 Panisagar 3,722

Kathalia 2,904 Pencharthal 4,173

Kalyanpur 3,979 Kadamtala 5,688

Padabil 5,176 Gournagar 7,092

Khowai 5,449 Dasda 9,900

Hazamara 6,708 Kumarghat 9,912Mandai 7,853 Hrishyamukh4,924

Jampuijala 9,075 Rajnagar 6,241

Teliamura 9,438 Killa 7,650

Tulashikhar9,539 Rupaichhari 7,773

Melagarh 9,744 Satchand 8,264

Dukli 10,332 Karbuk 8,441

Mohanpur 11,972 Kakraban 9,595

Jirania 12,384 Matarbari 11,180

Bishalgarh 12,926 Bagafa 15,229

Jampuii hills2,251 Amarpur 15,548

Damchhara3,102 Dhalai 42,636

Source: 2001 Census

According to Table 13 the highest number of employment provided household and persondays

are in Bishalgarh. The numbers are 31337 and 1662970 respectively. On the other hand


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Damchara possesses last position. The number of employment provided households and

persondays are 4602 and 289593 respectively. Comparing all the blocks in Tripura we find that

the rank of Mohanpur is 2 . The number of employment provided households and person days

in this block are 29741 and 1324205 respectively.

Table: 13 Employment Provided House Hold and Person Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different

Block in Tripura


Bishalgarh 31337 1662970 Karbok 8715 450021

Boxanagar 9779 507979 Killa 6782 339128

Dukli 21029 992686 Matabari 20487 971173

Hezamara 8576 367169 Ompi 7803 411341

Jampuijala 9360 357346 Rajnagar 17136 1045983

Jirania 21989 1002453 Rupaichari 9895 580992

Kalyanpur 9854 446785 Satchand 17448 825464

Kathalia 9786 371773 Damcherra 4602 289593

Khowai 13211 746146 Dasda 15405 751586

Mandai 8974 479451 Gournagar 20170 830086

Melaghar 21172 847856 Jampuihills 2472 164327

Mohanpur 29741 1324205 Kadamtala 18182 726653

Mungiakami 6328 277910 Kumarghat 14621 705064

Padmabil 6708 379601 Panisagar 18056 715734

Teliamura 14445 691095 Pecharthal 7563 388653Tulasikhar 9288 443637 Ambassa 13448 835114

Amarpur 10704 777693 Chawmnu 7096 597800

Bkafa 24867 1205384 Dumburnagar12987 804446

Hrishyamukha9093 453528 Manu 17937 1384486

Kakraban 11713 446420 Salema 24073 1341394

Source:Web site:www.nrega.nic.in
http://www.nrega.nic.in/


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Table 14 reveals that among the different blocks in Tripura the rank of Chawmanu is 1. In this

block the average working days are 84. On the other hand 3 blocks possess lowest position. In

these three blocks average working working days are 38. Comparing all the blocks we find that

the position of Mohanpur is 20.

Table: 14 Average Working Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different Blocks in Tripura

Block DaysBlock Days

Bishalgarh 53 Karbook 52

Boxanagar 52 Killa 50

Dukli 47 Matabari 47

Hezamara 43 Ompi 53

Jampuijala 38 Rajnagar 61

Jirania 46 Rupaichari 59

Kalyanpur 45 Satchand 47

Kathalia 38 Damchfrra 63

Khowai 56 Dasda 49

Mandai 53 Gournagar 41

Melaghar 40 Jampuihills 66

Mohanpur 45 Kadamtala 40

Mungiakami44 Kumarghat 48

Padmabil 57 Panisagar 40Teliamura 48 Pecharthal 51

Tulasikhar 48 Ambassa 62

Amarpur 73 Chawmanu 84

Bokafa 48 Dumburnagar62

Hrishyamukh50 Manu 77

Kakraban 38 Salema 56


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Source:Web site:www.nrega.nic.in

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS:

The analysis of the findings are reported in this chapter . Table 1 reveals that there is nodifference between the male and female workers at the age between 18-22 years. In this agegroup the involvement of male and female in NREGA is zero. In the age group of 23-27 there is

no participation of male workers in NREGA whereas there is 50% participation of femaleworkers in NREGS. Between the age group of 28-32 the participation of male workers is 8.33%

but there is no participation of female workers. The result is same between the age group of 43-47. Between the age group of 33-37 and 58-62 the male workers involvement is same. It is 25%.Again between the age group of 38-42 and 53-57 the involvement of male workers is same. It is

16.67% and the percentage of female workers between the age group of 38-42 is 50. From the age66 there is no participation of male and female workers

Table 1:

Age distribution of Male & Female NREGS WORKERS:

Age (years) Male workersFemale workersMale workers (%)Female workers (%)18-22 0 0 0 0

23-27 0 1 0 50
http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/http://www.nrega.nic.in/


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28-32 1 0 8.33 0

33-37 3 0 25 038-42 2 1 16.67 5043-47 1 0 8.33 0

48-52 0 0 0 053-57 2 0 16.67 0

58-62 3 0 25 063-67 0 0 0 0

68-72 0 0 0 073-77 0 0 0 077 and above0 0 0 0

Total 12 2 100 100Statistics

Table 2 reveals that all male workers are married and there is 100 percent participation of them in

NREGS. Among the female workers one is married and other is widow.

Table-2:

Marital status of male and female NREGS workers in village:

Status Male workersFemale Workers% of male workers% of female workersMarried 12 1 100 50Widow 0 1 0 50

Divorcee 0 0 0 0Unmarried0 0 0 0Others 0 0 0 0Total 12 2 100 100

In table, 3 it is found that 8.33% male workers are shop keepers, 50% are farmers, 41.67% aredaily labour. Among the female workers 50% are daily labour and 50% are made servant.


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Table 3:

Occupational Status of the male and female NREGS workers in the village.

Status Male workersFemale workers% of male workers% of female workers

Shop keeper1 0 8.33 0Farmer 6 0 50 0Daily labor 5 1 41.67 50Made servant 0 1 50Total 12 2 100 100

From Table4, it is clear that below 18 years there are no male and female workers. All male andfemale workers are above 18 years.

Table 4:

Educational Status of the male and female NREGS workers in the village.

Age (years) No. of male workersNo. of female workers% of male workers% of female workersBelow 18 0 0 0 018 and above12 2 100 100Total 12 2 100 100

In table5, it is found that there are 16 households whose income was between Rs. 1000-6000, 1household whose income was between 13000-18000 and 1 household whose income was betweenRs.25000-30000 before applying for the job card

Table-5:

Households Income Before Applying for the Job Card and After getting the Employment in NREGS. There are 16 households Between the income range 1000-6000, 1 household betweenthe income range 13000-18000, and 1 household between the income range 25000-30000.

Income RangeNumber of household(Before Applying for the

Job Card)

Number of household(After getting t

Employment)Rs. 1000-600016 16Rs.7000-12000

0 0

Rs.13000-18000

1 1

Rs19000-24000

0 0

Rs.25000- 1 1


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30000

CHAPTER-5: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESSIONS

The major findings from the study are as follows:

1. Most worker (males and females) belong to age 25-62.From the age 66 there is no participation

of male and female workers. No child labour was found .

2. More than 85% worker (male and female) are married.

3. Most workers are farmers and daily labourers.

4. Households Income before applying for the Job Card and after getting the employment is equa

is improved though marginally.

Some suggestions are:

1. Easier work should be given to aged persons.

2. It should be studied why farmers come for such work. Agriculture is perhaps becoming lessremunerative for marginal farmers.


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REFFERENCES:

Bagchi, K.K (Ed.), 2007:Employment and Poverty Alleviations Programmes in India: AnAppraisal, Vol-I,Avijit publication Delhi.

Rao, Hanumantha and Hans linnemann (EDs), 1996: Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviation

in India, Says publications Delhi.

satyendra dissertation

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