Dr. Lalit Kishore

Science: what?Body of knowledge about the nature and the

world based onCause-and-effect relationshipScientific method, measurability, reliability,

objectivity and experimentation Verifiable results and universally valid

principlesDynamic and tentative

ArtAesthetical skills made spontaneous with

practice, innovation and creativity

• Subjective codification as content, processes and techniques

• More related to humanities, language arts, performing arts, human actions with over-training.

• Art uses experimentation with subjectivity, hence it is a pseudo-science’

Three sciencesPure and hard sciences

Soft sciences

Pseudo-sciences

School science educationSchool science educationConcept Attainment: Generalizations from observations, relationships and similar examples by excluding non-examples

Content and processes of science

Rational and logical thinking

Hues of science educationHues of science education• Part of environment studies at elementary

education level• General science – science for all at high

school level• Streaming: Physical sciences and life sciences

at senior secondary level

Bad pedagogy• Systems and behavioural approach:

• Lectures,• media, • demonstration,• competitions, ranking, and • mechanical practice for content acquisition

GOOD PEDAGOGYConcept attainment modelExperiential and activity-based learning to

construct knowledgeProcess-based learning of scienceInvestigations and experimentationCooperative and participatory learningCreative and interesting ways of

memorization

Activity rooms and labs in schoolPre –lab science experiences through out-

door world and common materials. Activities with environmental resources and readily available materials at elementary school level and project work

Enquiry, investigations, formal lab-based experiments at secondary school level

Pedagogy-centricityPedagogy: Science of teaching and learning –

a soft scienceContexualized teaching-learning experiments,

analyzed interventions, classroom instructional innovations with outcomes, instructional problem solving

Soft-science synthesis with hard science as a discipline

Pedagogy: Origin and meaning• Child's leader…leading to learning…Greek

word: Pedagogue• Viewing classroom as an activity and

educational experimentation system with a focus on context and method of teaching by assuming children as co-constructor of knowledge

• Along with content, the understanding of learning processes and situation is induced in both the teacher and learner

CruxBring pedagogy to the centre stage of

classroom teaching to make instruction a soft science which is as dynamic as pure science wherein refinement and reconstruction of knowledge are on-going processes.