Cloning Animals

By Anthony Benjamin Cuomo and Justinian

Michaels

Basic Principles of GeneticsDominant alleles show up in organisms when the allele is

present. On the other hand recessive allele is masked, which means covered up, when ever a dominant allele is present in the organism.

Traits controlled by co-dominant alleles are neither dominant or recessive. Both alleles will show up.

Geneticists use Punnet Squares (which is a chart that shows the possible combinations of the alleles that can result from genetic cross) to show all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross to determine the probability of a particular outcome.

Human Genome ProjectThe Human Genome Project started in 1990. The scientist’s

goals at the start was to provide a complete and accurate chain of the 3 billion DNA base pairs that make up the human genome and to find all of the 60,000 to 80,000 human genes. Also another goal was to indentify the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome.

One of the Human Genome Project concern is fairness in the use of genetic information by insurers, employers, courts, schools, adoption agencies and much more.

The Human Genome Project changed laws such as GINA (Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008) by Americans started to protest from discrimination based on information from genetic tests. Another law is privacy of your own personal genetics. It is called the Genetic Code law. That means no one can look at your individual genetics, it is personal to you only.

Genetic Disorders• A single gene disorder is the result of a single mutated gene. Single

gene disorder can be passed through past generations. • A chromosome abnormalities is an error or mutation is some ones

genes. It can be passed down through family. • Multifactorial disorders are caused by mutations in multiple genes.

This disorder tends to occur later in life.

- All of these disorders occur when a gene or genes get mutated. The Multifactorial disorder and chromosome abnormalities deal with numerous genes oppose to the single gene disorder that is only a single mutated gene.

Genetic counseling helps parents who have a genetic disorder for their future offspring in different ways. For example, it gives the parents options open to management and family planning in order to prevent or avoid genetically disordered offspring. Genetic counseling is to see if they have missing chromosomes or if there is diseases running through the family DNA.

Karyotypes are used to predict genetic disorders by revealing whether a developing baby has the correct number of chromosomes in it’s cells and whether it is a male or a female gender.

Argument 1• Bringing back endangered animals leads to a lot of errors

in the growth process in an organism’s DNA . The success rate ranges from 0.1 percent to 3 percent, which means that for every 1000 tries, only one to 30 animal clones are made! WOW that’s a low percentage! Here are some reasons… An egg with a newly transferred nucleus may not begin to divide or develop properly. Which means, that the meiosis process in a cell does not follow its sequence of splitting two daughter cells. We got this information from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu

Argument 2• For endangered animal cloning, some of the problems later

in the clones life are that cloned animals that do survive tend to be much larger at birth than their body parts such as their head. Scientists call this Large Offspring Syndrome. Clones with Large Offspring Syndrome have abnormally large organs. This can lead to difficulty in breathing in the respiratory system, blood flow such as blood clots and other problems.

• In a large percentage of cases, the cloning process fails in the course of pregnancy or some sort of birth defects occur. For example, as in a recent case, a calf born with two faces at a biological institute in Oregon, Washington. After a long period of time, the calf clone will begin to die because of the defects.

Argument 3• Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient

and the probability of it working is very low. With this economy this project is useless to all people because 70% of cloning animals fail during the process of cloning.

• Animal clones tend to die mysteriously. For example, Australia's first cloned sheep appeared healthy and energetic on the day she died, and the results from her autopsy failed which caused her dead. Issues also may result from programming errors in the genetic material from a donor cell. Which means that if the donor genes have a defect or syndrome, it will get passed on to the clone because the clone takes on the genetic material of the original animal.

Argument 4 • The safety of cloned animals as food has not been tested

to consume for a human. It could be fatal if a person eats a cloned animal because it’s meat is not natural.

• Another reason why cloning animals is bad… is because if you duplicate a dangerous species it will ruin the food chain and then it will destroy everything such as the wooly mammoth and dinosaurs. Although it is very important not to mess with the food chain. “the food chain consists of billions of animals. Let’s keep it that way.” Science Magazine Ranger Rick for Kids.

For Cloning • When you clone an animal you know exactly how your

clone is going to turn out. This becomes especially useful when the whole intention behind cloning is to save a certain endangered species from becoming totally extinct. Such as the prayer mantis, great white shark, coral reefs, African elephants, black rhinoceros, grizzly bears, black bears, and much much more.

For Cloning • Another reason why cloning animals are a good thing is

organ cloning. Multiplying animal organs can provide humans lacking an organ such as a heart, kidney, and liver. Pigs however have the same heart structure as a human being cloning pigs can help the human race continue. On the other hand you have to genetically remove the sugar from the pigs heart in order to utilize the heart inside your own body.

For Cloning• Improvement in animal breeding, for instance, is one of the

most vital aspects of cloning animals. During the process of animal breeding, when two species of same or different breeds are crossed, the probability of the healthy offspring is a lot. That helps food stores, fast food restaurants, and mass industries.

For Cloning• Cloned animals could also be a valuable resource for

biomedical research and in the rescue of endangered species. Quoted Beaujean from de Sousa PA. Rescuing endangered species can help scientists maintain the food chain which is a huge thing on planet Earth. For example, there are only estimated around 50,000 Grizzly Bears in North America. With cloning, scientists can multiply the endangered animal specie and save the population before they become extinct.

Dolly the SheepThe famous female domestic sheep Dolly, was the first recorded animal that has been cloned. She was cloned by Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. She was born on July 5,1996 and she lived until the age of six. She got a catch phrase “the world’s famous sheep” quoted BBC News and Scientific American Magazine. Information at www.animalresearch.info

Steps to Animal Cloning

http://scienceonthego.blogspot.com

ConclusionIn conclusion, and Anthony

• www.wikipedia.com • www.wikianswers.com• www.manataka.org• learn.genetics.utah.edu• www.ornl.gov• www.businesspundit.com/• www.fda.gov

• http://scienceonthego.blogspot.com

• www.animalresearch.info