sec 2010 lecture 2
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 2
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Sender Message/Information
Medium Receiver
Barriers of Communication
Value of Communication
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Feedback
Sender Encoding the
message
Message Decoding the
message
Noise
Receiver
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Source
createsmessages
SelectsChannel
Filters:ExperienceKnowledgeFeelings
Interpretsmessage
Receiver getsmessage
Sendsmessage
Feedback Noise
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SenderInitiates the communicationprocess.
Can be an editor, a reporter, a filmmaker,a teacher, a writer or anybody who takesthe initiative to start a dialogue.
Before one speaks or writes, the message
is conceptualized and then encoded.
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Sender
Initiates the communicationprocess.
Can be an editor, a reporter, a filmmaker,
a teacher, a writer or anybody who takesthe initiative to start a dialogue.
Before one speaks or writes, the message
is conceptualized and then encoded.
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EncodingFormulation of messages in the
communicators mind.Communicator translates his purpose
(ideas, thoughts or information) into amessage and decides on the medium tocommunicate his planned message.
He must choose the media (speaking,writing, signaling or gesturing) that thereceiver can comprehend well.
e.g.: An illiterate receiver will fail tounderstand a written message, but canunderstand an oral message.
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EncodingFormulation of messages in the
communicators mind.Communicator translates his purpose
(ideas, thoughts or information) into amessage and decides on the medium tocommunicate his planned message.
He must choose the media (speaking,writing, signaling or gesturing) that thereceiver can comprehend well.
e.g.: An illiterate receiver will fail tounderstand a written message, but canunderstand an oral message.
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Channel Vehicle through which a message is carried from the
communicator to the receiver.
The channels of communication may be - written,
spoken, verbal, non-verbal, mass media Need to choose the appropriate channel, the one most
suitable for the message as well as the receiver.
Success and failure of communication depends on theselection of the right channel.
e.g. A campaign on Product Marketing what mediawould you choose to reach the intended audience andafter selecting the media you have to decide if it isfeasible cost wise, taking into account the number ofpeople and the kind of people who will be exposed toyour message, and certain other factors.
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Receiver Recipient of themessage
Must possess the same orientation as the communicator.(If the receiver does not have the ability to listen, to read,to think, he will not be able to receive and decode themessages in the manner the communicator want him to)
For effective communication, the receiver is the mostimportant link in the communication process.
Decoding Interpretation of the message by the receiver.
Thereceiver looks for the meaning in the message, whichis common to both the receiver and the communicator.
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Feedback Response or acknowledgement of receiver to the communicators
message. (Only possible if the receiver responds.) Even through fluttering eyelids, raising an eyebrow, making a face,
organizing a point and asking for explanation, the message isshaped and reshaped by the communicator and the receiver until
the meaning becomes clear. In this way both participants incommunication interact and constantly exchange roles. In face-to-face communication the receiver responds naturally,
directly and immediately. This provides the communicator anopportunity to improve and make his communication effective.
It provides an opportunity to evaluate what is right or wrong about aparticular communication.
It helps to regulate the conversation among two or more individualsand also stimulates and reinforces an idea that is desired to becommunicated.
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Noise Interruption that can creep in at any point of the
communicationprocess and make it ineffective.
Environment is one major cause that interferes with
message reception: like noises from the roadside,constant chattering of individuals outside thecommunication act, blaring loudspeaker, faultytransmission, etc.
And from other forms like; poor handwriting, heavy
accent or soft speech, communication in a poorly litroom, etc. in fact, these are barriers to effectivecommunication. For smooth and effectivecommunication, it is necessary to eliminate or reducenoise as far as possible.
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Receiver
Message
Communication
Channel
Communication Symbols
Transmitter
Communication Process
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Communication models are merelypictures; theyre even distorting pictures,
because they stop or freeze an essentiallydynamic interactive process into a staticpicture.
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Style Delivery
Memory
Arrangement
Invention
ASpeaker..
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"A barrier to communication is something that keeps meaningsfrom meeting. Meaning barriers exist between all people, makingcommunication much more difficult than most people seem torealize. It is false to assume that if one can talk he cancommunicate. Because so much of our education misleads peopleinto thinking that communication is easier than it is, they becomediscouraged and give up when they run into difficulty. Becausethey do not understand the nature of the problem, they do notknow what to do. The wonder is not that communicating is asdifficult as it is, but that it occurs as much as it does."
- Reuel Howe, theologian andeducator
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Physical Barriers Marked out territories and empires where strangers are not
allowed
Closed office doors, barrier screens, separate areas for peopleof different status
Large working areas or working in one unit that is physicallyseparate from others
Most important factors in building cohesive teams isProximity.
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Noise Physical Noise Blaring Music, Noise from Machines
Psychological Noise Stress during/after Disaster,Indifference of listener
Written Noise Poor Handwriting, Abbreviations, poor
grammar Visual Noise Tone of speech, Accent
Improper Time Meeting at day closing, bosss call at midnight for trivial
matter
Distance Information
Inadequate/Overload
Physical Medium Environment
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Organizational Barriers Marked out workplaces by distances and culture
Large gaps in organizational hierarchy
Complexity, inadequate facilities/opportunities of growth
Poor lightening, staff shortage, out-dated equipment andbackground noise
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Organizational Regulations/Poor organization culture One way/ Rigid/Discussion restricted/delay/lack of motivation
Hierarchy Restricts flow of communication/Levels enhance gaps
Lack of Formal/Informal Communication
Improper Channel
Internal and external environment
Information Loss
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Perceptual Barriers We all see world differently
Everyone has difference of opinion, motive, socialvalues, experience and perception
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Selective Perceptions Distorted reception of information we dont want to
receive/results in misunderstanding
Premature Evaluation
Inability to acknowledge Reality Attitude
Of Superiors Unwilling to share information, Lack ofconfidence in juniors,
Of Subordinates Inferiority complex, fear of action
Poor Listening Hearing what is said from your own mind-set, selective
listening
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Semantic Barriers Semantic gaps are words having similar pronunciation
but multiple meanings.
Barriers for others who are not familiar with our
expressions, buzz-words and jargon. Such language is away of excluding others.
In a global market place the greatest compliment wecan pay another person is to talk in their language.
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Different languages
Inappropriate words/misunderstood messages
Different context for words and symbols The meanings of words are not in the words, they are in
us
Water/water of the river
Poor vocabulary, fake or different accent and
dialect Represents national/ regional barriers
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Emotional Barriers Comprised mainly of fear, mistrust and suspicion.
As children people are taught to hold back fromcommunicating their thoughts and feelings to others.
Excessive fear of what others think can stuntdevelopment and our ability to form meaningfulrelationships
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Positive emotions Love, affection and compassion enhances flow of
communication
Negative emotions Hatred, Anger, anxiety, jealousy, low self esteem can
obstruct communication flow
Reduces rational thought
Negativity spreads
Calm your mind to communicate better..
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Cultural Barriers Ethnic barriers
Religious barriers
Social differences.
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7 C Communication model by Francis J. Bergin
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Defamation False statement that injures a persons good name or reputation
Slander - Defamation in oral communication
Libel - Defamation in permanent form such as written/on video
Invasion of Privacy
Unreasonable intrusion into another persons private life Using someones name/photograph for sales promotion without the
persons permission
Fraud and Misrepresentation Fraud - A deliberate misrepresentation of the truth for the purpose
of inducing someone to give up something of value
Misrepresentation A false statement that is made innocentlywith no intent to deceive the other party
If misrepresentation contract/agreement can be withdrawn
If fraud contract/agreement can be withdrawn and offended partymay be monetary compensated
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Caselet designed by Stanford Business SchoolLecturerYou have been on the job for four days. Your boss hands
you a report he hasnt had time to complete. Just copy
the numbers of last months report, she says. Nobodyat headquarters ever really reads these. What do youdo?
Offer to collect the real data for the report. Everyone istested in the first weeks by coworkers who favourshortcuts and small ethical compromises. Establish yourvalues, insist on getting the real data.
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