Water, SASC-S-01

SASC-S-01

WATER Water is a fundamental necessity for life. Protection of this natural resource is an essential health requisite. If the water supply is not protected, the spread of water-borne communicable disease and degradation of the quality of life are imminent. The costs in terms of illness and lost time from work could be severe. This Section specifies the public health requirements necessary for the maintenance of a hygienic, safe and wholesome water supply. NOTE: All sub-sections should be read in conjunction with appropriate referenced documents listed at the end of this Code Section. DEFINITIONS: Air Break: A physical separation, which may be a low inlet into the indirect waste receptor from the fixtures, appliances or devices indirectly connected. Air Gap: (1) In a water supply system, it is the unobstructed vertical distance through the atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet supplying water to a tank, plumbing fixture or other device in the flood-level rim of the receptacle. (2) The unobstructed vertical distance between the inlet from the potable water system and the flood level rim of the non-potable water system, for a safe air gap, must be equal to at least twice the inside diameter of the inlet pipe. Bottled Drinking Water: All water, which is sealed in bottles, packages or other containers and offered for sale for human consumption. Chemically Treated: Any water that has been chemically treated. The treatment may range from simple addition of chlorine to kill bacteria to multiple chemical applications to render it non-corrosive and/or non-scaling or to remove certain physical or chemical pollutants Chlorine Residual: The amount of chlorine in all forms (total) or HOCl (free) remaining in treated water to ensure disinfection for a certain period of time. Coliform Group Bacteria: (1) A group of bacteria predominantly inhabiting the intestines of man or animal, but also occasionally found elsewhere. It includes all aerobic and facultative anaerobic, Gram negative, non-spore forming bacilli that ferment lactose with production of gas. (2) A group of organisms, which include Escherichia coli. Contamination, Water: The direct or indirect introduction into water of microorganisms, chemicals, wastes or wastewater. Demineralized: Water from which mineral salts (anions and cations) have been removed by passage through ion-exchange resins. The ion-exchange process is frequently referred to as de-ionization or demineralization, and is used to manufacture low TDS water for make-up in boiler systems and for numerous other applications. Desalinated: Water from which most of the dissolved salts have been removed by one of the desalination processes (e.g. reverse osmosis, electrodialysis or flash evaporation). Disinfect: To kill infectious microorganisms by physical or chemical means. Some bacterial spore forming organisms may survive the process, but all other microorganisms are reduced to insignificant levels or eliminated completely. ED water: The product water from an electro-dialysis (ED) desalination process. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): An agency of the US Federal Government, formed in 1970, which has the responsibility for ensuring that governmental, residential, commercial and industrial waste-disposal activities do not adversely impact the physical environment.

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Water, SASC-S-01

Filter: A device made of porous material, through which a fluid is passed, to separate from it matter held in suspension. Fire Water: Any water (fresh, well, sea) contained in a piping system or storage tank and normally intended to provide water for extinguishing fires. The source of the fire water shall be identified. Groundwater: That part of the subsurface water that is in the zone of saturation. Hard water: Any water containing more than 60 mg/L calcium and/or magnesium expressed as calcium/magnesium carbonate Hypochlorite: in its sodium salt form, the active bleaching ingredient in liquid chlorine bleach. Liquid Chlorine Bleach: A solution of sodium hypochlorite, a highly active oxidizing agent. Liquid chlorine bleach is also called household bleach and is commonly distributed as an approximately five percent solution of sodium hypochlorite. mg/L: Milligrams per liter, which is the metric equivalent of parts per million (ppm). Microorganisms: Generally any living microscopic things (too small for the naked eye). This includes bacteria, yeasts, simple fungi, algae, etc. Some of these produce disease in man, animals and plants. Most Probable Number (MPN): (1) That number of organisms per unit volume that, in accordance with statistical theory, would be more likely than any other number to yield the observed test result with the greatest frequency. (2) A laboratory technique for enumerating bacteria consisting of statistical evaluation of growth or no growth in multiple dilutions of water or wastewater. Potable Drinking Water: Water at the consumer tap that is wholesome and which meets the chemical, physical and microbiological section as outlined in SASC-S-01 Raw Water: In Saudi Aramco terminology, raw water means water that has not undergone treatment. This water normally contains less than 5,000 mg/l TDS and is used extensively in Saudi Arabia for domestic purposes. Residual Chlorine: The free chlorine, which remains in solution after the demand has been satisfied. TDS (Total Dissolved Solids): Total solids dissolved in water. TDS is expressed in mg/L. Frequently expressed as parts per million (ppm). Utility Water: Water containing, normally less than 5000mg/L TDS, used in process facilities (as opposed to raw water used in domestic facilities Vacuum Breaker: A device for relieving a vacuum or partial vacuum formed in a pipeline, preventing backsiphonage. Water Hardness: Soluble metal salts, principally those of calcium and magnesium, sometimes including iron and manganese that, when present in water in significant levels, can create scaling problems. , Water Supply System: Includes the waterworks and auxiliaries for collection, treatment, storage and distribution of the water from the sources of supply to the free-flowing outlet of the consumer. Well: An artificial excavation, complete with piping and inert materials at such a depth as to penetrate water yielding rock or soil, and allow the water to flow or be pumped to the surface. 2

Water, SASC-S-01

1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1.1 Raw or Utility Water (also see SAES-S-040): Water that is satisfactory for ablution, bathing, brushing teeth, cooking, eyewashes, hand washing, laundry, ware-washing, and other domestic/utility purposes. Raw water must comply with bacteriological requirements and be chlorinated. When the intended use of potable water is other than drinking, the chemical quality of the water must be inherently free from acute health hazards, but need not comply with the stringent chemical quality parameters required to protect the most sensitive individual from chronic health risks associated with lifetime consumption of drinking water. Additionally, the Manager, Environmental Protection Department (EPD) may impose additional, more stringent requirements on a specific water use when he deems it necessary to protect health.

Note that a water well must possess chemical quality characteristics free from acute health hazards to be designated as a Saudi

Aramco potable water well. Water supplied from all known Saudi Aramco developed potable water wells can, therefore, be used for any potable purpose (except drinking), including feed stock to advanced water treatment systems. Water from other than Saudi Aramco developed potable water wells, such as sea water used for hand washbasins and showers aboard marine vessels, shall be evaluated by EPD to verify that the water is likely to be substantially free from acute health hazards before the water is used for domestic/utility purposes.

1.2 Drinking Water (Sweet Water): Water that has no objectionable tastes or odors and meets all water

quality requirements as defined in Table 9. Drinking water shall normally contain less than 500 mg/l total dissolved solids. Water which otherwise meets all sections and has a total dissolved solids concentration not exceeding 1500 mg/l may be approved for drinking water on a case-by-case basis.

1.3 Water Distribution System (see SAES-S-040): A network of water distribution piping, water booster

stations, valves, controls and all appurtenances carrying or supplying water to the discharge end of isolation valves. Such systems may supply drinking, raw water for domestic/utility purposes or potable raw water for combined domestic/utility and fire fighting purposes. Note that most Saudi Aramco communities, industrial areas and plants are provided with two separate water distribution systems, i.e. a small system supplying de-mineralized drinking water and a large domestic/utility/fire water system supplying properly chlorinated or disinfected non de-mineralized raw water (commonly referred to as "raw water").

1.4 Fire Water Distribution System: Fire water need not be raw or drinking water quality if distributed in

a separate, independent water distribution system that is used for no purpose other than fire fighting, i.e. the water from the separate, independent fire water system is not used for ablution, domestic purposes, drinking, eyewashes, personal hygiene or any other domestic/utility purpose. If the fire water is distributed in a system that also provides properly chlorinated or disinfected water for ablution, bathing, brushing teeth, cooking, eyewashes, hand washing, laundry, ware-washing, or other domestic or personal hygiene purpose, then the quality of the fire water must be equal to that required for the highest intended use, i.e. potable water use. In this case, Fire Water is a misnomer and the system should be referred to as a raw or utility water distribution system.

Note that Saudi Aramco does not normally provide a third water distribution system dedicated exclusively to fire fighting. This is

confusing when discussing systems that are primarily required for fire fighting in a plant and are only secondarily used for domestic/utility purposes. The key determinant, however, is that the system must provide water of a quality adequate for the highest intended use.

2 WATER SOURCE AND PROTECTION OF THE WATER SUPPLY

2.1 The water supply shall be obtained from the most desirable feasible source. Every reasonable effort shall be made to prevent or control pollution of the source. If the source is not adequately protected by natural means, the supply shall be adequately protected by treatment.

2.2 Water shall be obtained, conveyed, treated, stored and distributed in a closed system that is

protected from contamination.

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2.3 Minimum separation distances between sources of contamination and water wells and water lines shall be as indicated in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Minimum Horizontal Separation Distances

Minimum Distance To Be Maintained From:

Water Wells

m(ft)

Water Lines

m(ft)

Sewer Lines 15 (50) 3a(10) Septic Tank/Grease Traps 15 (50) 3 (10) Disposal Field 30 (100) 3 (10) Seepage Pit 45 (150) 3 (10) Areas Irrigated with Reclaimed Wastewater 150 (500) 15b(50) Reclaimed Water Line 15 (50) 3a(10) Sewage Treatment Plants (on-shore) 150 ( 500) Sewage Lift Stations (on-shore) 90 (300)

a - In the event that these separation distances can not be met, see SAES-S-010. b - This buffer zone applies to spray irrigation areas only. 2.4 Sewer line crossings with potable water lines shall comply with the requirements of SAES-S-010,

Sanitary Sewers. 2.5 Saudi Aramcos EPD shall conduct a sanitary survey of a water system at the time the water

system is constructed, or when any part of an existing water source, water treatment plant or water distribution system is altered, extended, upgraded, changed or substantially repaired.

2.5.1 Sanitary surveys provide an additional line of defense against contamination. Their function

is to identify possible health risks that may not be apparent from water sample results alone. 2.5.2 The sanitary survey involves planning, surveying and reporting.

2.5.2.1 Planning shall include a detailed review of system records to determine if

inorganic chemical, organic chemical, microbiological and radiological maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), as well as the system's monitoring record, comply with standards.

2.5.2.2 The sanitary survey may include interviews with system supervisors and

operators and very detailed evaluations of the source, treatment, distribution system and management/operations. Findings shall be discussed with the Saudi Aramco proponent and system personnel at the conclusion of the survey.

2.6 The Manager, EPD, shall approve all new water supplies. Approval of water supplies shall be

dependent, in part, upon:

2.6.1 Adherence to rules and regulations designed to prevent development of health hazards. 2.6.2 Adequate protection of the water quality throughout all parts of the system as demonstrated

by sanitary surveys. 2.6.3 Proper operation of the water supply system under the responsible charge of conscientious,

trained and competent personnel.

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2.6.4 Adequate capacity to meet peak demands without development of low-pressure conditions or other health hazards.

Water, SASC-S-01

2.6.5 The use of the "best available technology" (BAT) to ensure compliance with the Total

Coliform Rule. These include, but are not limited to:

2.6.5.1 Protection of wells by appropriate placement and construction. 2.6.5.2 Maintenance of a disinfectant residual of a minimum of 0.5ppm throughout the

distribution system. 2.6.5.3 Proper maintenance of the distribution system, including appropriate pipe

replacement and repair procedures, main flushing programs, proper operation and maintenance of storage tanks and reservoirs, and continual maintenance of positive water pressure in all parts of the distribution system.

2.6.5.4 Filtration and disinfection if surface water is used as a supply.

2.6.6 The use of the "best available technology" (BAT) to ensure compliance with inorganic

chemical, organic chemical and radiological contaminant MCLs. These include the processes outlined in Tables 2 and 3.

2.6.7 Records of laboratory examinations showing consistent compliance with applicable MCLs,

as well as system records showing compliance with monitoring requirements. 2.6.8 Records of equipment operation and maintenance, quantities of product water produced,

types and amounts of chemicals used, and pH and chlorine residual.

TABLE 2 Best Available Technology (BAT) for Inorganic Contaminants

Contaminant Best Available Technology Asbestos Coagulation-filtration*; direct and diatomite filtration; corrosion control Barium Ion exchange; lime softening*; reverse osmosis; electrodialysis Cadmium Ion exchange; reverse osmosis; coagulation-filtration*; lime softening* Chromium Coagulation-filtration*; ion exchange; lime softening (Cr III only)*; reverse osmosis Mercury Granular activated carbon; coagulation-filtration*; lime softening*; reverse osmosisNitrate Ion exchange; reverse osmosis; electrodialysis Nitrite Ion exchange; reverse osmosis Selenium Activated alumina; lime softening*; coagulation-filtration (Se IV only)*; reverse

osmosis; electrodialysis * Coagulation-filtration/lime softening is not BAT for small systems for variances unless treatment is currently in place

where Mercury influent concentrations are

Water, SASC-S-01

TABLE 3

Best Available Technology (BAT) for Organic Contaminants Best Available Technology Contaminant Granular

Activated Carbon Packed-tower Aeration

Polymer Addition Practices

Acrylamide X Alachlor X Aldicar X Aldicarb sulfone X Aldicarb sulfoxide X Atrazine X Carbofuran X Chlordane X 2,4-D X Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) X X o-Dichlorobenzene X X cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene X X trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene X X 1,2-Dichloropropane X X Epichlorohydrin X Ethylene dibromide (EDB) X X Ethylbenzene X X X Heptachlor X Heptachlor epoxide X Lindane X Methoxychlor X Monochlorobenzene X X PCBs X Pentachlorophenol X Styrene X X 2,4,5-TP (silvex) X Tetrachloroethylene X X Toluene X X Toxaphene X Xylenes (total) X X

3.1 Wells shall be located at an adequate distance from potential sources of contamination and

generally in areas not subject to flooding (refer to Table 1and sub-section 3.5). 3.2 All wells shall be drilled by contractors who are well versed in well construction; able to

construct a well that will provide safe potable water, and who are able to do this in a manner that will not prove hazardous to the underground waters.

3.3 During interruptions of construction before installation of the well pump, the well opening shall

be closed with a cover welded to the casing to prevent entrance of contamination or debris. Precautions shall also be taken to effectively close the well hole opening temporarily during overnight shutdowns.

3.4 Drill muds, formation stabilizers, grout, water and all other materials used in the construction of the

well shall be free from sewage contamination and shall be handled so that they do not become contaminated during construction of the well. All annular packing material consisting of sand or gravel used in packed wells shall be properly designed, sorted and graded and shall come from gravel sources free from sewage contamination, shall be washed with a water free from sewage contamination and containing a chlorine residual of 50 mg/L, and shall be so handled that it will not become contaminated before placing in the well.

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Water, SASC-S-01

3.5 Where wells are subject to flooding, suitable protection against this hazard must be provided. The well casing shall be extended to terminate above the maximum floodwater elevation; or if a submersible type of pump installation is used, the well casing shall be provided with a watertight seal at the surface to exclude floodwaters.

3.6 Well casings shall be steel or other metal of satisfactory physical properties and condition.

The gauge of well casing shall be adequate, depending upon type of casing (single or double), diameter of casing, and depth of well, to ensure structural stability and soundness during construction and for the life of the well. All well casing seams (longitudinal joints) shall be welded. Joints in the casing shall be either screw coupled or welded. Stovepipe type of casing is permissible if double thickness with staggered joint casing is used, and the inner and outer casings are processed to exact fit so the inner casing shall fit to the outer casing with a tolerance not to exceed 0.25 millimeters (1/100 of an inch). Where no conductor casing is used, tight joints must be provided in the casing above the level of the highest perforations.

3.7 All drilled wells shall have a conductor casing to exclude upper level waters. Different situations

of underground formation will necessitate different kinds of protection.

3.7.1 Where porous formations are continuous from the surface to 15 meters (50 feet) or more, the perforations shall be located as remote as possible from the surface, and casing joints shall be constructed to be tight above the perforations because the conductor casing in the situation will not protect against contamination originating at the surface. Protection must be secured by locating the well away from sewers and sewage disposal Any upper water bearing zone above the target interval shall be isolated from other water bearing zones that are penetrated by a cement slurry seal of the well annular space to prevent cross contamination between water bearing zones that are penetrated.. Further, all reasonable efforts shall be made to control sewers and sewage in the immediate environment.

3.7.2 Where impervious formations are continuous from the surface to 15 meters (50 feet) or

more, a conductor casing shall extend to 15 meters (50 feet) unless there is some likelihood that sewage is disposed of through deep cesspools to a porous formation lying below this depth. In this case, extending the conductor pipe through such porous formations to the next lower impervious formation shall provide additional protection.

3.7.3 Where alternate strata of porous and impervious formations exist, a conductor casing shall

extend to a minimum depth of 15 meters (50 feet) and shall extend through at least the first porous formation lying below the 15 meters (50 feet) level. If there is a likelihood of lower porous formations being contaminated from nearby sewage or other waste disposal, then the conductor casing shall extend through such lower porous formations into an underlying impervious formation.

3.8 The annular space between the casing and the conductor casing shall be filled with cement or

concrete grout so placed that this material completely fills the annular space and provides a watertight seal. The sand or gravel packing material shall be separated from overlying cement grout with a proper finer grained seal followed by a cement grout throughout the remainder of the annular space. All grouting shall be performed by adding the mixture from the bottom of the space to be grouted toward the surface in one continuous operation. Sufficient annular space shall be provided to permit a minimum thickness of 5.1 centimeters (2 inches) of grout. The minimum diameter of the annular space shall be a minimum of 5.1 centimeters (2 inches) per side of the well. Packed wells require the use of centralizers within the screened interval to ensure that the well is properly centered in the borehole.

3.9 It is desirable that the uppermost perforations of the well casing be located below an impervious

stratum. Where impervious strata are nonexistent or 15 meters (50 feet) or more from the surface, perforations shall be deep enough to prevent entry by shallow surface waters. In no event shall perforations be closer than 15 meters (50 feet) to the ground surface.

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Water, SASC-S-01

3.10 The well casing shall extend above ground level and through a pump house floor slab or a pump block. The slab or block shall extend at least 15 centimeters (6 inches) above the surrounding ground level. It shall be impervious, free from cracks and a minimum of 1.2 meters (4 feet) in diameter. The top of the casing shall be sealed to effectively exclude such materials as windblown dust, any animals and insects, pump drippage, rain, water, etc. as follows: 3.10.1 If the well pump is set directly over the casing, the pump base shall fit tightly on the pump

block or slab. 3.10.2 If the pump is offset from the well casing, the annular ring between the well casing and the

pump suction pipe shall be closed by a tight seal which can be removed as necessary to provide maintenance of the pump elements.

3.10.3 Where the casing is sealed by the metal pump base, all holes in the pump base shall be

tightly closed. Adequate means shall be provided to transmit or transfer drippage from packing glands away from the pump base and well casing.

3.10.4 If a submersible pump is used, the above ground piping shall be flanged to the casing. The

flange shall be sealed to the casing. 3.11 Access openings into the well casing for air release, lubrication, disinfection, or for any other

purpose necessary for maintenance and operation of the well are permitted, but must terminate above the flood water level. These openings shall be protected against entry by any animals, insects, extraneous water, pump drippage, and other contaminating matter, by caps, screens, or down-turned U bends, as suitable for the given situation.

3.12 The pump discharge piping shall be located above ground. In the event of a below ground

discharge, there shall be a positive, water-tight seal between the discharge pipe and the well casing, and such connection shall be easily accessible for inspection. This will require a pit which will be subject to limitations as noted below: 3.12.1 The use of well pits (and below-ground discharge pipes), shall be prohibited on new

installations. In no case shall a well pit be used in areas subject to flooding or where the pit extends to a depth below the water table. The pit shall be water tight, constructed of monolithic, reinforced concrete. The top of such a pit shall be covered either with a concrete slab or with a house of equivalent watertight construction.

3.13 The blow-off or drain line from the pump discharge shall be located where there is not possibility

of water entering the well from the blow-off or drain line.

3.14 Oil and water used for lubrication of the pump and pump bearing shall be of satisfactory bacteriological quality so as not to impair the quality of water drawn from the well.

3.15 A sample tap, in proper working condition shall be provided on the discharge line so that water,

representative of the water in the well, may be drawn for laboratory analysis.

4 WATER STORAGE TANKS, EQUIPMENT, PLUMBING, HOSES AND COMPRESSED AIR

4.1 All water storage tanks shall be provided with a sample tap, which shall be in working order. Where a tankered supply is used, secondary raw and drinking water storage tanks in remote areas shall be drained, visually inspected, internally sanitized by application of a chlorine solution or other approved means at least every 12 months. Records shall be kept of the dates of inspections, procedures to be followed, disinfectants used and the strength of the disinfecting solution.

4.2 Vents shall be of the gooseneck type or roof ventilator type, protected to prevent possible entry of

dust, any animals, insects, or any contaminants, with the opening protected by 16-mesh or finer corrosion resistant screening.

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Water, SASC-S-01

4.3 Roof hatch openings shall have a raised curbing of at least 10 centimeters (4 inches) in height, and

the cover shall overlap and terminate in a downward direction for at least 5 centimeters (2 inches), with arrangements for keeping it locked in place.

4.4 Overflows shall be provided with hinged flap valves. 4.5 Equipment, devices, filters, and all other water treatment or conditioning apparatus, shall be

operated, inspected and serviced or replaced according to the manufacturer's instructions and specifications, and shall not be operated beyond their rated capacity. All such equipment shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition and, if necessary, shall be sanitized by application of a chlorine solution or by other approved means. Where any of the above are used in remote locations are appropriate manufacturers instructions shall be kept on site as part of that sites Operating Procedures.

4.6 If hoses are used for conveying potable water, they shall be dedicated, constructed of safe

materials, shall have a smooth interior surface, shall be used for no other purpose, and shall be clearly identified as to their use. Caps and keeper chains shall be provided for water system inlet and outlet fittings, as well as hose fittings. All such fittings shall be capped when not in immediate use. Hoses shall be stored and used to be kept free of contamination.

4.7 Compressed air used to pressurize the potable water system shall be filtered or otherwise treated

to render it free of dust, insects and extraneous material. Air intakes shall be properly located and maintained. Filters shall be located upstream from the compressor and shall be easily removable for cleaning and replacement. The blower or compressor supplying air shall be designed so that it will deliver oil-free air.

5 CROSS CONNECTION CONTROL

5.1 Cross Connection Control -The implementation of these requirements for the effective control of cross-connections depends on the full cooperation of the water purveyor (ex: Area Utilities Department), EPD, and the consumer. Each has its responsibilities and each must carry out its phase of a coordinated cross-connection control program in order to prevent pollution or contamination of the potable water supplies. The responsibilities of each are outlined hereafter.

5.2 Responsibility: EPD

5.2.1 EPD has the primary responsibility for promulgating and enforcing laws, rules, regulations, and policies to be followed in carrying out an effective cross-connection control program. Further EPD has the responsibility of insuring that the water purveyor operates the public water system free of actual of potential sanitary hazards, including unprotected cross connections. Also, EPD has responsibility of insuring that the water purveyor provides an approved water supply at the point of delivery to the consumer's water system and, further, that the purveyor installs, tests, and properly maintains an approved backflow-prevention assembly on the service connections.

5.2.2 EPD has the primary responsibility of insuring that the consumer's potable water system is provided with an approved water supply and that its potable water system(s) is maintained free of sanitary hazards, including unprotected cross connections.

5.3 Responsibility: Water Purveyor 5.3.1 Under this cross-connection control requirement the water purveyor has the primary

responsibility to prevent water from unapproved sources, or any other substance, entering the public water supply system. The water purveyor is prohibited by these requirements from installing or maintaining a water service connection to a consumer's water system within its jurisdiction where a health, system, plumbing or pollution hazard exists, or will probably exist, unless the public water supply is protected against backflow by an approved assembly installed at the service connection (point of delivery).

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Water, SASC-S-01

5.3.2 The water purveyor's responsibility begins at the source and includes all of the public water distribution system, including the service connection, and ends at the point of delivery to the consumer's water system(s). In addition, the water purveyor shall exercise reasonable vigilance to insure that the consumer has taken the proper steps to protect the public potable water system. To insure that the proper precautions are taken the water purveyor is required to determine the degree of hazard to the public potable water system. When it is determined that a backflow-prevention assembly is required for the protection of the public system the water purveyor shall require the consumer, at the consumer's expense, to install an approved backflow-prevention assembly at each service connection, to test immediately upon installation and annually or more often in those instances where successive inspections indicate repeated failure, to properly repair and maintain such assembly or assemblies and to keep adequate records of each test and subsequent maintenance and repair, including materials or replacement parts.

5.3.3 The purveyor has the responsibility to not only review building plans and inspect plumbing as it is installed; but it has the explicit responsibility of preventing cross connections from being designed and built into the structures within its jurisdiction. Where the review of building plans suggests or detects the potential for cross connections being made an integral part of the plumbing system the plumbing official has the responsibility under most building codes for requiring that such cross connection practices be either eliminated or provided with approved backflow-prevention equipment.

5.3.4 The purveyor responsibility begins at the point of service (the downstream side of the meter) and carries throughout the entire length of the customer's water system. The plan inspector should inquire about the intended use of water at any point where it is suspected that a cross connection might be made or where one is actually called for by the plans. When such is discovered it should be mandatory that a suitable, approved backflow- prevention assembly be required by the plans and properly installed.

5.3.5 The purveyor has further primary responsibility of preventing pollutants and contaminants from entering his potable water system(s) or the public potable water system. The consumer's responsibility starts at the point of delivery from the public potable water system and includes all of his water systems. The purveyor shall install, operate, test, and maintain approved backflow-prevention assemblies as directed by EPD.

5.3.6 The purveyor shall maintain accurate records of tests and repairs made to backflow- prevention assemblies and provide the water purveyor and health agency having jurisdiction with copies of such records. The records shall be on forms approved by the water purveyor and/or health agency having jurisdiction and shall include the list of materials or replacement parts used. Following any repair, overhaul, re-piping or relocation of an assembly the consumer shall have it tested to insure that it is in good operating condition and will prevent backflow. A certified backflow-prevention assembly tester shall make tests, maintain, and repair backflow-prevention assemblies.

5.3.7 When requested by EPD, the water purveyor shall be responsible for conformance with all applicable requirements pertaining to cross-connection control; for the installation, operation, and use of all water piping systems, backflow-prevention assemblies, and water-using equipment on the premises; and for the avoidance of unprotected cross connections.

5.3.8 In the event of accidental pollution or contamination of the public or the consumer's potable water system due to backflow on or from the consumer's premises, the purveyor promptly take steps to confine further spread of the pollution or contamination within the system and should notify EPD of the condition. The purveyor shall take appropriate measures to free the water system(s) of any pollutants or contaminants.

5.4 Responsibility: Certified Backflow-Prevention Assembly Tester

5.4.1 A backflow-prevention assembly tester will have the following responsibilities:

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Water, SASC-S-01

5.4.1.1 The tester will be responsible for making competent inspections and for repairing or overhauling backflow-prevention assemblies and copy reports of such repair to EPD. The tester shall include the list of materials or replacement parts used. The tester shall be equipped with and be competent to use all the necessary tools, gauges, manometers, and other equipment necessary to properly test, repair, and maintain backflow-prevention assemblies. It will be the tester's responsibility to insure that original manufactured parts are used in the repair or replacement of parts in a backflow-prevention assembly. It will be the tester's further responsibility not to change the design, material or operational characteristics of an assembly during repair or maintenance without prior approval of the approving authority. A certified tester shall perform the work and be responsible for the competency and accuracy of all tests and reports.

6 DISINFECTION -- GENERAL

6.1 Water shall be disinfected by chlorination or other means or methods of equal efficiency according to Best Available Technology in the killing or removal of organisms capable of causing infection. When chlorination is employed, a sufficient amount of chlorine shall be added to the water to maintain a measurable free chlorine residual of at least 0.5 milligrams per liter (0.5 parts per million) at all points in the distribution system from which water may be withdrawn. The maximum chlorine residual should not exceed 3.0 mg/L (3.0 ppm).

6.2 Disinfection shall not be considered as a substitute for good design (see SAES-S-110), sound

construction, or proper operation. Where ground water meets all standards of safety, disinfection affords partial protection against chance contamination in the distribution system and contamination of the source of supply.

6.3 Plans detailing sanitary features of the water supply system and proposed methods of

disinfection shall be submitted to Saudi Aramcos EPD for review prior to construction or modification of a water system.

7 DISINFECTION BY CHLORINE

7.1 The forms of chlorine that may be used in all disinfection operations are gas chlorine, sodium hypochlorite solution and calcium hypochlorite granules or tablets. The chemical shall be selected after due consideration of pumping rates, type of water supply, chlorine demand, and pH of water, cost of equipment and the toxicity and availability of the chemical.

7.1.1 Chlorine is a gas at standard temperatures and pressures. In commercial usage, the gas is

compressed, liquefied and packaged in steel containers to facilitate handling and shipping. The liquid chlorine readily vaporizes back to the gaseous state when drawn from the container. The net weight of chlorine liquid contained in a commercial cylinder is usually 45.4 kilograms (100 pounds), 68.1 kilograms (150 pounds) or 909 kilograms (1 ton). One liter of water weighs 1 kilogram. Mixing 1 kilogram of chlorine with 1,000,000 liters of water equates to 1 milligram of chlorine per liter of water (1 part per million).

7.1.2 Gas chlorine shall be used only: a) in combination with appropriate gas-flow chlorinators and

ejectors to provide a controlled high-concentration solution feed to the water to be chlorinated; b) under the direct supervision of a person who is familiar with the physiological, chemical and physical properties of chlorine, and who is trained and equipped to handle any emergency that may arise; and c) in accordance with appropriate safety practices designed to protect employees and the public.

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7.1.3 Sodium hypochlorite is available in liquid form in glass, rubber-lined, or plastic containers typically ranging in size from 1 to 32 liters (1 quart to 8.5 gallons). Sodium hypochlorite contains approximately 5 percent to 15 percent available chlorine, but care must be used in control of conditions and length of storage to minimize its deterioration. (Available chlorine is

Water, SASC-S-01

expressed as a percent of weight when the concentration is 5 percent or less, and usually as a percent of volume for higher concentrations. Percent X 10 = grams of available chlorine per liter of hypochlorite).

7.1.4 Calcium hypochlorite is available in granular form or in approximately 5 gram tablets, and

contains approximately 65 percent available chlorine by weight. The material shall be stored in a cool, dry and dark environment to minimize its deterioration.

7.2 Automatic proportioning chlorinators, gas or hypochlorite, shall be installed wherever the rate of

flow is not constant and personnel are not available to manually adjust the chlorinator in response to changes in the flow.

7.3 Reliability: Chlorination equipment capable of applying chlorine continuously shall be selected and

installed. Installed spares shall be provided for all critical equipment. Gas chlorination shall be provided from dual cylinders with automatic switch over.

7.4 The capacity of the chlorinator shall be such that a free chlorine residual of at least 0.5

milligrams per liter can be attained in the water after a contact time of at least 30 minutes. This condition must be attained even when maximum flow rates coincide with anticipated maximum chlorine demands.

7.5 A spare parts kit shall be available for all chlorinators to replace parts that are subject to wear and

breakage. 7.6 The minimum chlorine contact time shall be 30 minutes. 7.7 Tables 4, 5 and 6 provide guidance in the preparation of chlorine solutions when using sodium

hypochlorite liquids or calcium hypochlorite granules/tablets as the chlorine source. 7.8 Equipment shall be available for measuring residual chlorine. The equipment shall be accurate to

0.1 milligrams per liter (0.1 parts per million) in the range below 0.5 milligrams per liter (0.5 parts per million) and to approximately 25 percent above 0.5 milligrams per liter (0.5 parts per million). An automatic chlorine residual analyzer and recorder should be provided for water systems that use large amounts of chlorine over relatively short periods of time.

TABLE 4 Guide to Preparation of Chlorine Solutions Using 5% Laundry Bleach as the Chlorine Source

Amount of hypochlorite laundry Bleach (Parts per mL mL mL mL L L oz oz oz qt Gal Gal Million) 0.1 0.2 2.0 20.0 0.2 2.0 - - 0.3 0.1 0.2 2.0 1 mg/L 0.5 1.0 10.0 100.0 1.0 10.0 - - 1.3 0.4 1.0 10.0 5 mg/L 1.0 2.0 20.0 200.0 2.0 20.0 - 0.3 2.6 0.8 2.0 20.0 10 mg/L 5.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10.0 100.0 0.13 1.3 12.8 4.0 10.0 100.0 50 mg/L 10.0 20.0 200.0 2000.0 20.0 200.0 0.26 2.6 25.6 8.0 20.0 200.0 100 mg/L 20.0 40.0 400.0 4000.0 40.0 400.0 0.51 5.1 51.2 16.0 40.0 400.0 200 mg/L 30.0 60.0 600.0 6000.0 60.0 600.0 0.77 7.7 76.8 24.0 60.0 600.0 300 mg/L

That Must be Added to the Following Volumes of Water To Produce

5 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 The Above Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Gal. Gal. Gal. Gal. Gal. Gal. Chlorine

Residuals

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Water, SASC-S-01

TABLE 5

Guide to Preparation of Chlorine Solutions Using 15% Hypochlorite Liquid as the Chlorine Source Amount of 15% Sodium Hypochlorite Liquid (Parts per

mL mL mL mL L L oz oz oz qt Gal Gal Million) - - 0.7 6.7 - 0.7 - - 0.1 - 0.1 0.7 1 mg/L - 0.3 3.3 33.3 0.3 3.3 - - 0.4 0.1 0.3 3.3 5 mg/L 0.3 0.7 6.7 66.7 0.7 6.7 - 0.1 0.9 0.3 0.7 6.7 10 mg/L 1.7 3.3 33.3 333.3 3.3 33.3 0.04 0.4 4.3 1.3 3.3 33.3 50 mg/L 3.3 6.7 66.7 666.7 6.7 66.7 0.09 0.9 8.5 2.7 6.7 66.7 100 mg/L 6.7 13.3 133.3 1333.3 13.3 133.3 0.17 1.7 17.1 5.3 13.3 133.3 200 mg/L 10.0 20.0 200.0 2000.0 20.0 200.0 0.26 2.6 25.6 8.0 20.0 200.0 300 mg/L

That Must be Added to the Following Volumes of Water To Produce

5 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 The Above

Liters Liters Liter Liters Liters Liters Gal. Gal. Gal. Gal. Gal. Gal. Chlorine Residuals

TABLE 6 Guide to Preparation of Chlorine Solutions Using 70% Hypochlorite Granules/Tablets as the Chlorine

Source Amount of 70% Hypochlorite Granules/Tablets (Parts per

gm gm gm gm kg kg oz oz oz oz lb lb Million) - - - 1.4 - - - - - 0.2 0.12 1.2 1 mg/L - - 0.7 7.1 - 0.7 - 0.01 0.1 1.0 0.6 6.0 5 mg/L - - 1.4 14.3 - 1.4 - 0.02 0.2 1.9 1.2 11.9 10 mg/L - 0.7 7.1 71.4 0.7 7.1 0.01 0.1 1.0 9.5 6.0 59.6 50 mg/L 0.7 1.4 14.3 142.9 1.4 14.3 0.02 0.2 1.9 19.1 11.9 119.2 100 mg/L 1.4 2.9 28.6 285.8 2.9 28.6 0.04 0.4 3.8 38.2 23.9 238.5 200 mg/L 2.1 4.3 42.9 428.6 4.3 42.9 0.06 0.6 5.7 57.2 35.8 357.7 300 mg/L

That Must be Added to the Following Volumes of Water

To Produce

5 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 The Above

Liter Liter Liters Liters Liters Liters Gal. Gal. Gal. Gal. Gal. Gal. Chlorine Residuals

7.9 A water supply with ample quantity and pressure shall be available for operating the chlorinator

or hypochlorinator. The water supply shall be protected from backsiphonage of superchlorinated water. Where a booster pump is required, duplicate equipment shall be provided.

7.10 A hypochlorinator shall be provided if calcium hypochlorite or sodium hypochlorite is used as

the disinfecting agent. The hypochlorinator, a positive displacement type chemical feed pump that injects the chlorine solution into the waterline, shall be equipped with the following features:

7.10.1 Sufficient capacity to feed the required amount of chlorine solution required per day against

the maximum back pressure developed at the point of injection. 7.10.2 A positive displacement design that prevents the backsiphonage of the chlorine solution into

the waterline from the solution container. 7.10.3 Controls for pre-setting and varying the rate of flow.

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Water, SASC-S-01

7.10.4 A solution container of a minimum capacity of 76 liters (20 gallons) capacity for each discharge head and of a material appropriate for transferring chlorine solutions. In those instances where the dry chemical is mixed with water for solution, an additional container shall be provided so the mixed solution may be siphoned or decanted into the primary feed tank to prevent the chemical feeder from becoming plugged due to undissolved chemical. Separate solution containers shall be provided for each chemical used.

7.11 The following facilities shall be provided if gas chlorination equipment is used:

7.11.1 Separate rooms for cylinders and for equipment are desirable at all installations and shall be provided for large installations. The rooms shall be located above ground level and shall permit easy access to all equipment.

7.11.2 Chlorine is heavier than air and will settle to the floor when a leak occurs. The storage and

feed rooms shall be provided with a ventilation system capable of exchanging one complete volume of room air every two minutes. The air outlet from the room shall be located at floor level. The air outlet shall exhaust to the outside and not be re-circulated. The exhaust outlet shall be positioned such that exhausted air does not contaminate air inlets to any building or any area used by people. Make-up air shall be drawn into the room from the outside atmosphere through louvered inlets located at ceiling level. The temperature of the make-up air shall not adversely affect the operation of the chlorination equipment.

7.11.3 The vent hose from the chlorinator shall be sloped upward and shall discharge to the outside

atmosphere. The vent outlet shall be positioned such that escaping chlorine gas does not contaminate air inlets to any building or any area used by people.

7.11.4 All electrical wiring and devices shall comply with Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards.

The room light shall be on the same switch as the room ventilator and shall be located outside the room at the entrance.

7.11.5 A clear, transparent window shall be installed in the door of the chlorinator room to permit

the chlorinator to be viewed without entering the room.

7.11.6 Some method of leak detection shall be available to the operator at all times. A bottle of ammonium hydroxide is useful for finding chlorine leaks in chlorine system. Containers of ammonia and chlorine shall be stored in separate rooms.

7.11.7 A canister-type gas mask designed for chlorine gas shall be provided at all installations

where chlorine gas is stored, handled or used. The gas mask shall be stored outside the room(s) where chlorine is stored, handled or used. A self-contained breathing apparatus is recommended in lieu of a canister-type gas mask for all installations where chlorine gas is used, and is required for those installations where 909 kg (one-ton) cylinders are used. Multiple gas masks/self-contained breathing units are required if storage, handling and/or usage areas are separated by more than 61 meters (200 feet).

7.11.8 Scales shall be provided for weighing in-use chlorine cylinders. As noted in sub-section

7.1.1 of this Code Section, the concentration of chlorine in the water can be calculated directly based upon the amount of chlorine used per volume of water treated. The scale provides an instant check on the amount of chlorine fed to the water at any time. At larger facilities, scales of the indicating and recording type are recommended. A standard platform scale is adequate for smaller treatment facilities. Safety chains shall be provided on scales for all upright containers.

7.11.9 The 45.4 kilograms (100 pounds) and 68.1 kilograms (150 pounds) chlorine cylinders must

be stood on end to provide a void space into which the liquid chlorine can vaporize before it is drawn from the container. If a cylinder were to fall over and the valve were to be sheared off, residual amounts of liquid chlorine would spew from the cylinder and vaporize to form a

14

Water, SASC-S-01

life threatening cloud of toxic chlorine gas. Safety racks or other mechanisms shall be provided to prevent all full, in-use and empty containers from tipping over.

7.11.10 Nine hundred and nine kilogram (1 ton) cylinders are recommended where chlorine usage

exceeds 68 kilograms (150 pounds) per day. 7.11.11 All gas chlorine cylinders shall be shielded from direct sunlight or from overheating from any

source, either while in storage or use.

8 DISINFECTION OF WATER WELLS

Water wells (or other water source) and collection, conveyance, treatment, storage and distribution systems, or parts thereof, which are newly constructed, have been repaired or have otherwise become contaminated, shall be thoroughly disinfected before being used or returned to service. The water shall be purged of all but normal residual amounts of disinfectant (less than 3 milligrams per liter [3 parts per million] if chlorine is used to disinfect the system) before a sample for bacteriological testing is collected.

8.1 The well shall be thoroughly cleaned of all foreign substances, including tools, timbers, rope, and

debris of any kind, cement, oil, grease, joint dope, and scum. The casing pipe shall be thoroughly swabbed using 10% sodium carbonate solution or alternative cleaner approved by Manager EPD, to remove oil, grease, or joint dope.

8.2 In any disinfection procedure, the residual chlorine concentration in the well shall be at least 10

milligrams per liter (10 parts per million) after 24 hours or 50 milligrams per liter (50 parts per million) after 3 hours contact time.

8.3 The following formula shall be used to calculate the volume of water in the well hole:

V = d X 0.041 X (D - S)

Where V = Volume of water in well in gallons d = Diameter of well hole measured in inches D = Depth of well in feet S = Static water depth when well is not in use, in feet

8.4 Based on the volume of water calculated in sub-section 8.3 of this Code Section, the amount of

liquid or granular chlorine needed to produce two times the chlorine residual required in sub-section 8.2 of this Code Section shall be calculated using Tables 2, 3 and 4 of this Code Section as a guide.

8.5 Disinfection of non-flowing wells:

8.5.1 Liquid chlorine solution shall be poured into the well (chlorine granules and tablets may be dissolved in water and used in the same manner as liquid chlorine). If possible, the chlorine solution shall be poured onto the interior casing wall and allowed to flow down the casing into the water below. The well shall then be agitated with a bit, bailer or the pump to mix and spread the chlorine solution throughout the water, the object being to force chlorinated water into all water bearing formations by rapid agitation. If possible, the water column shall be lifted to the surface several times to cover all interior well surfaces with the chlorinated water. The chlorinated water shall not be discharged from the well, but allowed to fall back down the well (this will force chlorinated water into the formation). For non-flowing wells a slug of chlorine shall be applied to the well head and pushed into the formation with a slug of water from the well.

8.5.2 In lieu of using a chlorine solution, the required amount of granular/tablet chlorine

compound, such as HTH or Perchloron, may be placed in a perforated pipe container capped at both ends to which a weighted cable is attached. The mechanism shall be lowered into the well water and moved up and down at various levels in the water, preferably from the bottom of the water column to the top of the water column. After all chlorine

15

Water, SASC-S-01

compound is dissolved, the water column shall be lifted and allowed to fall back down the well as outlined in sub-section 8.5.1 of this Code Section.

8.6 Artesian wells generally require no disinfection. Nevertheless, the bacterial quality of the well will be

sampled by Saudi Aramcos EPD after the completed well has flowed to waste for at least 24 hour. Should the well exceed bacterial limits, Saudi Aramcos EPD, Saudi Aramco Groundwater Division and the proponent shall agree upon the best available method to disinfect the well.

8.7 All exterior parts of pumps and equipment which will be placed in a well after the disinfection

process, and which might come in contact with the water in the well, shall be thoroughly cleaned, wetted, and rinsed with a 250 ppm chlorine solution before they are placed in the well.

9 PROTECTION AND DISINFECTION OF NEWLY CONSTRUCTED WATER MAINS

9.1 Precautions shall be taken to protect pipe interiors, fittings and valves against contamination during construction of water mains. Pipe delivered to the construction site shall be capped if not received in this condition and racked above the ground so as to minimize entrance of foreign material. When pipe laying is not in progress, as, for example, at the close of the day's work, all openings in the pipeline shall be closed by watertight plugs (rodent-proof plugs may be used where it is determined that watertight plugs are not practicable and where thorough cleaning will be performed by flushing or other means). Joints of all pipes in the trench shall be completed before work is stopped.

9.2 Cleaning and Swabbing: If dirt enters the pipe and Saudi Aramcos EPD determines that it will not be

removed by flushing, the interior of the pipe shall be cleaned by mechanical means and then shall be swabbed with a 1 percent hypochlorite disinfecting solution. Cleaning with a swab or "go-devil" should be undertaken only when such an operation will not force mud or debris into pipe-joint spaces.

9.3 Wet-Trench Construction: If it is not possible to keep the pipe and fittings dry during construction,

every effort shall be made to assure that any of the water that may enter the pipe-joint spaces contains an available chlorine concentration of approximately 25 milligrams per liter. This may be accomplished by adding calcium hypochlorite granules or tablets to each length of pipe before it is lowered into a wet trench or by treating the trench water with hypochlorite tablets.

9.4 Flooding by storm or accident during construction: If the main is flooded during construction, it

shall be cleared of the floodwater by draining and flushing with potable water until the main is clean. The section exposed to the floodwater shall then be filled with chlorinated potable water that, at the end of a 24-hour holding period, will have a free chlorine residual of not less than 25 milligrams per liter. The chlorinated water may then be drained or flushed from the main. After construction is completed, the main shall be disinfected using the continuous-feed or slug method.

9.5 Three methods of water main chlorination are permitted, i.e. tablet, continuous feed and slug

methods. 9.6 The tablet method consists of placing calcium hypochlorite granules and tablets in the water main as

it is being installed and filling the main with potable water when installation is completed. This method may be used only if the pipes and appurtenances are kept clean and dry during construction.

9.6.1 During construction, calcium hypochlorite granules shall be placed at the upstream end of the

first section of pipe, at the upstream end of each branch main, and at 500-ft intervals. The quantity of granules shall be as shown in Table 7. WARNING: This procedure must not be used on solvent-welded plastic or on screwed joint steel pipe because of the danger of fire or explosion from the reaction of the joint compounds with the calcium hypochlorite.

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Water, SASC-S-01

TABLE 7 Grams/Ounces of Calcium Hypochlorite Granules to be placed

at Beginning of Main and at Each 500-ft Interval Pipe Diameter Calcium Hypochlorite Granules

centimeters inches grams ounces 10.2 4 14.2 0.5 15.2 6 32.0 1.1 20.3 8 56.7 2.0 30.5 12 127.8 4.5 40.6 16 (and larger) 226.8 8.0

9.6.2 During construction, 5 gram (0.2 ounce) calcium hypochlorite tablets shall be placed in each

section of pipe and also one such tablet shall be placed in each hydrant, hydrant branch, and other appurtenance. The number of tablets required for each pipe section shall comply with guidelines listed in Table 8. The tablets shall be attached by an approved adhesive. There shall be no adhesive on the tablet except on the broad side attached to the surface of the pipe. Attach all the tablets inside and at the top of the main, with approximately equal numbers of tablets at each end of each pipe length. If the tablets are attached before the pipe section is placed in the trench, the top of the pipe shall be marked for easy installation.

TABLE 8 Number of 5 Gram Calcium Hypochlorite Tablets

Required for Dose of 25 mg/L (25 parts per million) Pipe Length of Pipe Section

Diameter 4.0m 20ft 5.5m 18ft 6.1m 20ft 9.1m 30ft 12.2m 40ft cm in Number of 5 Gram (0.2 ounce) Hypochlorite Tablets 10.1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15.2 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 20.3 8 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 25.4 10 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 30.5 12 3 3 4 4 4 4 6 6 7 7 40.5 16 4 4 6 6 7 7 10 10 13 13 Based on 3.25 g available chlorine per tablet; any portion of tablet rounded to next higher number. 9.6.3 Filling and contact.: When installation has been completed, the main shall be filled with

water at a rate such that water within the main will flow at a velocity no greater than 30.5 centimeters per second (1 foot per second). Precautions shall be taken to assure that air pockets are eliminated. This water shall remain in the pipe for at least 24 hours. The tablet method shall yield a chlorine residual of at least 25 milligrams per liter (25 parts per million) 24 hours after the time at which the main was filled with water. Valves shall be positioned so that the strong chlorine solution in the treated main will not flow into water mains in active service.

9.7 The continuous-feed method of water main disinfection consists of placing calcium hypochlorite

granules in the main during construction (optional), completely filling the main to remove all air pockets, flushing the completed main to remove particulates, and filling the main with potable water chlorinated so that after a 24 hour holding period in the main there will be a free chlorine residual of not less than 10 milligrams per liter (10 parts per million).

9.7.1 If deemed necessary by Saudi Aramcos EPD, calcium hypochlorite granules shall be placed

in pipe sections as specified in sub-section 9.6.1 of this Code Section. The purpose of this procedure is to provide a strong chlorine concentration in the first flow of flushing water that flows down the main. This procedure is recommended particularly where the type of pipe is such that this first flow of water will flow into annular spaces at pipe joints.

17

Water, SASC-S-01

9.7.2 Before being chlorinated, the main shall be filled to eliminate air pockets and shall be flushed to remove particulates. The flushing velocity in the main shall not be less than 76 centimeters per second (2.5 feet per second) unless Saudi Aramcos EPD determines that conditions do not permit the required flow to be discharged to waste. Note that flushing is no substitute for preventive measures during construction. Certain contaminants, such as caked deposits, resist flushing at any feasible velocity. In mains of 61 centimeters (24 inches) or larger diameter, an acceptable alternative to flushing is to broom-sweep the main, carefully removing all sweepings prior to chlorinating the main.

9.7.3 Chlorinating the main using the continuous-feed method:

9.7.3.1 Water from the existing distribution system or other approved source of supply

shall be made to flow at a constant, measured rate into the newly laid water main. In the absence of a meter, the rate may be approximated by methods such as placing a Pitot gauge in the discharge or measuring the time to fill a container of known volume.

9.7.3.2 At a point not more than 3 meters (10 feet) downstream from the beginning of the

new main, water entering the new main shall receive a dose of chlorine fed at a constant rate such that the water will have not less than 25 milligrams per liter (25 parts per million) free chlorine. The chlorine concentration shall be measured at regular intervals.

9.7.3.3 During the application of chlorine, valves shall be positioned so that the strong

chlorine solution in the main being treated will not flow into water mains in active service. Chlorine application shall not cease until the entire main is filled with superchlorinated water. The chlorinated water shall be retained in the main for at least 24 hours, during which time all valves and hydrants in the treated section shall be operated to ensure disinfection of the appurtenances. At the end of this 24-hour period, the treated water in all portions of the main shall have a residual of not less than 10 milligrams per liter (10 parts per million) free chlorine.

9.7.3.4 Direct-feed chlorinators, which operate solely from gas pressure in the chlorine

cylinder, shall not be used for application of liquid chlorine. (The danger of using direct-feed chlorinators is that water pressure in the main can exceed gas pressure in the chlorine cylinder. This allows a backflow of water into the cylinder, resulting in severe cylinder corrosion and escape of chlorine gas.) The preferred equipment for applying liquid chlorine is a solution- feed, vacuum-operated chlorinator and a booster pump. The vacuum-operated chlorinator mixes the chlorine gas in solution water; the booster pump injects the chlorine gas solution into the main to be disinfected. Hypochlorite solutions may be applied to the water main with a gasoline or electrically powered chemical- feed pump designed for feeding chlorine solutions. Feed lines shall be of such materials and strength as to safely withstand the corrosion caused by the concentrated chlorine solutions and the maximum pressures that may be created by the pumps. All connections shall be checked for tightness before the solution is applied to the main.

9.8 The slug method of water main disinfection consists of placing calcium hypochlorite granules in the

main during construction, completely filling the main to eliminate all air pockets, flushing the main to remove particulates, and slowly flowing through the main a slug of water dosed with chlorine at a concentration of 100 milligrams per liter (100 parts per million). The slow flow ensures that all parts of the main and its appurtenances will be exposed to the superchlorinated water for a period of not less than 3 hours. 9.8.1 Preliminary flushing. Same as sub-section 9.7.2 of this Code Section.

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Water, SASC-S-01

9.8.2 Placing calcium hypochlorite granules. Same as sub-section 9.6.1 of this Code Section. 9.8.3 Chlorinating the main:

9.8.3.1 Same as sub-section 9.7.3.1 of this Code Section. 9.8.3.2 At a point not more than 3 meters (10 feet) downstream from the beginning of the

new main, water entering the new main shall receive a dose of chlorine fed at a constant rate such that the water will have not less than 100 milligrams per liter free chlorine. To ensure that this concentration is provided, the chlorine concentration shall be measured at regular intervals.

9.8.3.3 Chlorine shall be applied continuously and for a sufficient period to develop a

solid column, or "slug," of chlorinated water that will, as it moves through the main, expose all interior surfaces to a free chlorine concentration of approximately 100 milligrams per liter (100 parts per million) for at least 3 hours.

9.8.3.4 The free chlorine residual shall be measured in the slug as it moves through the

main. If at any time it drops below 50 milligrams per liter (50 parts per million), the flow shall be stopped, chlorination equipment shall be relocated at the head of the slug, and, as flow is resumed, chlorine shall be applied to restore the free chlorine in the slug to not less than 100 milligrams per liter (100 parts per million).

9.8.3.5 As the chlorinated water flows past fittings and valves, related valves and

hydrants shall be operated so as to disinfect appurtenances and pipe branches. 9.9 After the applicable retention period the superchlorinated water shall be flushed from the main until

chlorine measurements show that the concentration in the water leaving the main is not greater than 3 milligrams per liter (3 parts per million). NOTE: In the planning stage of the project, the potential environmental impacts associated with the disposal of the superchlorinated water shall be considered and appropriate plans shall be developed to properly mitigate adverse effects. The disposal plan shall be developed in consultation with EPD.

9.10 Bacteriological tests:

9.10.1 Standard Conditions: After final flushing and before the water main is placed in service, a sample or samples shall be collected for bacteriological analysis. Samples shall be tested to verify the absence of coliform organisms (a heterotrophic plate count [HPC] of less than 500 CFU/ml may also be required by Saudi Aramcos EPD. At least one sample shall be collected from the end of a new main and one from each branch. If the main is extremely long, samples shall be collected along the length of the line as well as at its end.

9.10.2 Special Conditions: If, during construction, trench water has entered the main, or if in the

opinion of Saudi Aramcos EPD, excessive quantities of dirt or debris have entered the main, bacteriological samples shall be taken at intervals of approximately 61 meters (200 feet) and shall be identified by location. Samples shall be taken of water that has stood in the main for at least 16 hours after final flushing has been completed.

9.10.3 Sampling Procedure: Samples for bacteriological analysis shall be collected in sterile bottles

treated with sodium thiosulfate. No hose or fire hydrant shall be used in collection of samples. A corporation cock may be installed in the main with a copper-tube gooseneck assembly. After samples have been collected, the gooseneck assembly may be removed and retained for future use.

9.11 If the initial disinfection fails to produce satisfactory bacteriological samples, the main may be

re-flushed and shall be re-sampled. If check samples show the presence of coliform organisms, then

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Water, SASC-S-01

the main shall be re-chlorinated by the continuous-feed or slug method of chlorination until satisfactory results are obtained. High velocities in the existing system, resulting from flushing the new main, may disturb sediment that has accumulated in the existing mains. When check samples are taken, it is recommended that water entering the new main also be sampled.

NOTE: All samples returned from the laboratory that state confluent bacterial growth/too numerous to count (CBG/TNTC) or too numerous to count/no coliform (TNTC/NC) shall be considered invalid and must be re-sampled at the next available opportunity.

10 DISINFECTION PROCEDURES WHEN CUTTING INTO OR REPAIRING EXISTING MAINS

10.1 The following procedures apply primarily when mains are wholly or partially dewatered. After the appropriate procedures noted below have been completed, the main may be returned to service prior to completion of bacteriological testing in order to minimize the time customers are out of water. Leaks or breaks that are repaired with clamping devices while the mains remain full of pressurized water present little danger of contamination and require no disinfection.

10.1.1 Trench Treatment: When an old main is opened, either by accident or by design, the

excavation will likely be wet and may be badly contaminated from nearby sewers. Liberal quantities of hypochlorite applied to open trench areas will lessen the danger from such pollution. Tablets have the advantage in such a situation because they dissolve slowly and continue to release hypochlorite as water is pumped from the excavation.

10.1.2 Swabbing with Hypochlorite Solution: The interiors of all pipe and fittings (particularly

couplings and sleeves) used in making the repair shall be swabbed or sprayed with a 1 percent hypochlorite solution before they are installed. 10.1.3 Flushing: Thorough flushing is the most practical means of removing contamination

introduced during repairs. If valve and hydrant locations permit, flush towards the hydrant closest to the work location by discharging via the hydrant one direction at a time (opposing valve closed) each from both locations. Flushing shall be started as soon as the repairs are completed and shall be continued until discolored water is eliminated.

10.1.4 Slug Chlorination: Where practical, in addition to the procedures above, a section of main in

which the break is located shall be isolated, all service connections shutoff, and the section flushed and chlorinated as described in sub-section 9.8 of this Code Section, except that the dose may be increased to as much as 300 milligrams per liter (300 parts per million) and the contact time reduced to as little as 15 minutes. After chlorination, flushing shall be resumed and continued until discolored water is eliminated and the water is free from noticeable chlorine odor.

10.1.5 Sampling: Bacteriological samples shall be taken after repairs are completed to provide a

record for determining the procedure's effectiveness. If the direction of flow is unknown, samples shall be taken on each side of the main break. If positive bacteriological samples are recorded, Saudi Aramcos EPD shall evaluate the situation and recommend corrective actions. Daily sampling shall be continued until two consecutive negative samples are recorded.

10.2 Special procedure for caulked tapping sleeves:

10. 2.1 Tapping sleeves are used to avoid shutting down the main to be tapped. After the tap is made, it is impossible to disinfect the annulus without shutting down the main and removing the sleeve. The space between the tapping sleeve and the tapped pipe is normally 1.3 centimeters (0.5 inches), more or less, so that as little as 100 milligrams of calcium hypochlorite powder per square foot will provide a chlorine concentration of over 50 milligrams per liter (50 parts per million).

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Water, SASC-S-01

10.2.2 Before a tapping sleeve is installed, the exterior of the main to be tapped shall be thoroughly cleaned/disinfected and the interior surface of the sleeve shall be dusted with calcium hypochlorite powder.

11 DISINFECTION OF WATER STORAGE TANKS

After construction, repairs and painting have been completed, the interiors of all water storage tanks shall be disinfected before they are placed in service (NOTE: Water storage tanks shall be painted in accordance with the Saudi Aramco Standards).

11.1 High Concentration Method: After paint has thoroughly dried and cured, the tank shall be filled

slowly to the overflow level with potable water to which enough chlorine has been added to produce a concentration of 25 milligrams per liter (25 parts per million) in the full tank.

11.1.1 The chlorine, either as sodium or calcium hypochlorite, or chlorine gas, shall be introduced

into the water as early during the filling operation as possible. Early introduction of chlorine is essential because the filling action is depended upon to agitate and evenly mix the chlorine with the total volume of water in the tank.

11.1.2 A simple and effective method of adding dry chlorine to the tank is to mix the hypochlorite

granules with the minimum amount of water required to produce a slurry and then use the slurry as a liquid.

11.1.3 Liquid chlorine compounds, including slurries, should be poured into the tank through the

clean-out or inspection manhole in the lower course of a stand-pipe shell, or in the base of the riser pipe of an elevated tank. The inspection manhole cover shall then be bolted into place and the filling of the tank started. If no bottom manhole is available, the chlorine solution shall be poured into the tank through the roof manhole.

11.1.4 If chlorine gas is used, a special tap can be provided in the clean-out manhole cover and the

gas/water mixture pumped into the tank as the filling is started. 11.1.5 The chlorinated water shall be retained in the tank for at least 24 hours, during which time all

valves shall be operated several times to ensure disinfection of the appurtenances. At the end of this 24-hour period, the treated water in all portions of the tank shall have a residual of not less than 10 milligrams per liter (10 parts per million) free chlorine.

11.1.6 After the holding period, the superchlorinated water in the tank shall be completely drained

to waste or the water may be partially de-chlorinated with sodium bisulfite. 11.1.7 After refilling and before the tank is placed in service, a sample for bacteriological analysis

shall be collected from the tank. Note that the residual chlorine level shall be no higher than 3 milligrams per liter (3 parts per million) when the sample is collected.

11.1.7.1 Samples shall be collected in sterile bottles treated with sodium thiosulfate. No

hose, valve or outlet other than the tank sample tap shall be used in collection of samples.

11.1.7.2 The sample shall be tested to verify the absence of coliform organisms and a

heterotrophic plate count [HPC] of 500 CFU/mL or less.

11.1.8 If the initial disinfection fails to produce satisfactory bacteriological samples, the tank may be emptied and refilled. Water from the refilled tank, as well as water from the source supply, shall be tested. If check samples show the presence of coliform organisms in the tank but not in the source supply, then the tank shall be re-chlorinated by the "high concentration method." If test results from the source supply show it to be contaminated with coliform bacteria, then the source of the problem shall be identified and corrected. After correction is

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Water, SASC-S-01

verified by bacteriological testing, the tank shall be emptied and refilled. Water from the refilled tank shall be tested to verify the absence of coliform bacteria. If check samples show the presence of coliform organisms in the tank, then the tank shall be re-chlorinated by the "high concentration method."

11.2 Low Concentration Method: If the tank is large and management concludes that an alternative to the

disinfection method described in sub-section 11.1 of this Code Section is required to avoid draining the superchlorinated water to waste, the following method shall be used:

11.2.1 Calculate the amount of chlorine required producing 2 milligrams per liter (2 parts per

million) chlorine residual when the tank is full. 11.2.2 Add a small amount of water (1/25th the volume) and the calculated amount of chlorine to

the tank. This will produce 50 milligrams per liter (50 parts per million) chlorine residual in the water in the bottom of the tank.

11.2.3 Hold the small amount of water containing the 50 milligrams per liter (50 parts per million)

chlorine residual for 24 hours before adding more water to the tank. 11.2.4 Fill the tank to capacity after the 24 holding period. This will dilute the superchlorinated water

from 50 to 2 milligrams per liter (50 to 2 parts per million). Hold the 2 milligrams per liter (2 parts per million) water in the filled tank for an additional 24 hours.

11.2.5 After the additional 24 hour holding period and before the tank is placed in service, a sample

for bacteriological analysis shall be collected from the tank.

11.2.5.1 Samples shall be collected in sterile bottles treated with sodium thiosulfate. No hose, valve or outlet other than the tank sample tap shall be used in collection of samples.

11.2.5.2 The sample shall be tested to verify the absence of coliform organisms and a

heterotrophic plate count [HPC] of 500 CFU/mL or less.

11.2.6 If the initial disinfection fails to produce satisfactory bacteriological samples, the tank may be emptied and refilled. Water from the refilled tank, as well as water from the source supply, shall be tested. If check samples show the presence of coliform organisms in the tank but not in the source supply, then the tank shall be re-chlorinated by the "high concentration method." If test results from the source supply show it to be contaminated with coliform bacteria, then the source of the problem shall be identified and corrected. After correction is verified by bacteriological testing, the tank shall be emptied and refilled. Water from the refilled tank shall be tested to verify the absence of coliform bacteria. If check samples show the presence of coliform organisms in the tank, then the tank shall be re-chlorinated by the "high concentration method."

11.2.7 After satisfactory bacteriological results are obtained, the tank may be put into service

without draining the water.

12 TRANSPORTATION OF POTABLE WATER

12.1 The person or department operating the potable water transportation equipment is responsible for compliance with the requirements of this Code Section.

12.2 Any tank wagon, tank truck, tank car, container or other equipment used for conveyance of potable

water for drinking or domestic uses shall meet the following design and construction requirements:

12.2.1 Tanks and containers intended to hold potable water shall be so constructed that every portion of the interior can be easily inspected and cleaned.

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Water, SASC-S-01

12.2.2 Piping, valves, and permanent or flexible connections shall be accessible and easy to

disconnect for cleaning. 12.2.3 The inlet or opening to every tank or container shall be constructed so that no foreign

material likely to contaminate the water can enter. 12.2.4 Filling points and outlet connections of tanks and containers shall be constructed and

protected so that no foreign material likely to contaminate or pollute the water can come in contact with the inlet or outlet.

12.2.5 Transfer hoses shall be constructed of safe materials, shall have a smooth interior surface,

shall be used for no other purpose and shall be clearly identified as to their use. Caps and keeper chains shall be provided for water inlet and outlet fittings, as well as hose fittings. All such fittings shall be capped when not in immediate use. Hoses shall be stored and used so as to be kept free of contamination.

12.3 If the tank wagon, tank truck, tank car, container or other equipment used for the conveyance of

potable water for drinking or domestic uses has carried any substance other than potable water or milk, it shall be steam cleaned or treated by a method approved by Saudi Aramco EPD prior to use as a potable water transport container. Tanks and containers that have been used to transport sewage, or any other substance which might leave a toxic or hazardous residue after the cleaning procedure, shall not be used to transport potable water under any circumstances.

12.4 Sufficient chlorine shall be added to the water at the time the tank/container is filled to produce a

residual of not less than 0.5 milligrams per liter after 30 minutes of contact.

13 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS 13.1 Water shall not contain impurities in concentrations, which may be hazardous to the health of the

consumers. It shall not be excessively corrosive to the water supply system. Substances used in its treatment shall not remain in the water in concentrations greater than required by good operating practices. Substances which may have deleterious physiological effects, or for which physiological effects are not known, shall not be introduced into the system in a manner which would permit them to reach the consumer.

13.2 The physical and chemical quality of drinking water shall comply with requirements outlined in

Table 9.

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Water, SASC-S-01

TABLE 9 Drinking Water MCLGs(Maximum Contaminant Level Goals), MCLs (Maximum Contaminant Levels),

and SMCLs (Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels) Contaminant

Drinking Water Health Effects

MCLG mg/L

MCL mg/L

SMCLs mg/L or Unit Noted

Physical Characteristics Color units Aesthetic, not health effect 15 CU Threshold odor number Aesthetic, not health effect 3 TON Turbidity Aesthetic, not health effect 5 TU

Inorganics Arsenic Skin cancer 0.05 Antimony Decreases longevity, Blood effects 0.006 0.006 Aluminum Aesthetic, not health effect 0.2 Asbestos (fibers longer than 10 microns) Benign tumors 7 million

fibers/L 7 million fibers/L

Barium Circulatory system effects 2 2 Berylium Bone/lung effects, cancer risk 0.004 0.004 Cadmium Kidney effects 0.005 0.005 Chloride Aesthetic, not health effect 250 Chromium Gastrointestinal effects 0.1 0.1 Copper * - See sections 14.2 & 14.3 Vomiting, Wilson's disease 1.3 TT a Cyanide Spleen/brain/liver effects 0.2 0.20 Fluoride (see Table 14) Aesthetic, not health effect 2 4 Foaming agent (MBAS) Aesthetic, not health effect 0.5 Hydrogen sulfide Aesthetic, not health effect ND by

Consumer Iron Aesthetic, not health effect 0.3 Lead * - See sub-sections 14.2 & 14.3 Neurological, circulatory, growth, gestational

effects Zero TT a

Manganese Aesthetic, not health effect 0.05 Mercury Kidney effects 0.002 0.002 Nickel Nervous system, liver effects Nitrate Methemoglobinemia 50 (as NO3) 50 (as NO3) Nitrite Methemoglobinemia 0.1(as NO2) 0.1(as NO2) Total nitrate/nitrite 10 (as N)

10 (as N)

pH Aesthetic, not health effect 6.5 - 8.5 Thallium Kidney, liver, brain, intestine effects 0.0005 0.002 Selenium Neurological effects 0.05 0.05 Silver Aesthetic, not health effect 0.1 Sodium Circulatory system, aesthetic 0.20 Sulfate Aesthetic, not health effect 250 Total dissolved solids (TDS) Aesthetic, not health effect 500 Zinc Stomach distress, aesthetic 1 5

Phenols Aesthetic, not health effect 0.001 Volatile organics (solvents)

1,1-Dichloroethylene Liver, kidney effects 0.007 0.007 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Liver effects 0.20 0.20 1,2-Dichloroethane Probable cancer Zero 0.005 1,2-Dichloropropane Probable cancer Zero 0.005 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Kidney/, liver effects 0.003 0.005 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Kidney, liver effects 0.07 0.07 Benzene Known carcinogen Zero 0.005 Carbon tetrachloride Probable cancer Zero 0.005 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene Nervous system, liver, kidney effects 0.07 0.07 Ethylbenzene Liver, kidney effects 0.7 0.7 Monochlorobenzene Liver, kidney, respiratory, nervous system effects 0.1 0.1 o-Dichlorobenzene Nervous system, lung, liver, kidney effects 0.6 0.6 para-Dichlorobenzene Liver, kidney effects 0.075 0.075 Dichloromethane Cancer risk Zero 0.005 Styrene Possible cancer, liver, nervous system effects 0.1 0.1 trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Nervous system, liver, kidney effects 0.1 0.1 Tetrachloroethylene Probable cancer Zero 0.005 Toluene Nervous system, lung, liver effects 1 1 Trichloroethylene Probable cancer Zero 0.005 Vinyl chloride Known carcinogen Zero 0.002 Xylenes (total) Central nervous system effects 10 10

Synthetic Organic Compounds 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) Cancer risk Zero 0.00000003 2,4-D (Formula 40) Liver, kidney effects 0.07 0.07 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) Liver, kidney effects 0.05 0.05

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Water, SASC-S-01

Acrylamide Probable cancer Zero TT Alachlor (Lasso) Probable cancer Zero 0.002 Aldicarb (Temik) Nervous system toxicity 0.001 Delayed Aldicarb sulfone Nervous system toxicity 0.001 Delayed Aldicarb sulfoxide Nervous system toxicity 0.001 Delayed Atrazine (Atranex, Crisazine) Nervous system, liver, heart 0.003

TABLE 9 - Continued

Drinking Water MCLGs(Maximum Contaminant Level Goals), MCLs (Maximum Contaminant Levels), and SMCLs (Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels)

Contaminant

Drinking Water Health Effects

MCLG mg/L

MCL mg/L

SMCLs mg/L or Unit Noted

Synthetic Organic Compounds - Continued Carbofuran (Furadan4F)

Nervous system, reproductive

0.04

0.04

Chlordane Nervous system effects, probable cancer Zero 0.002 Dalapon Kidney, liver effects 0.20 0.20 Di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate Liver, reproductive effects 0.40 0.40 Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) Probable cancer Zero 0.0002 Diethylhexyl Phthlate Cancer risk Zero 0.006 Dinoseb Thyroid, reproductive organ effects 0.007 0.007 Diquat Ocular, liver, kidney, gastrointestinal effects 0.02 Endothall Liver, kidney, gastrointestinal, reproductive

effects 0.10 0.10

Endrin Liver, kidney, heart effects 0.002 0.002 Ethylenedibromide (EDB) Probable cancer Zero 0.00005 Epichlorohydrin Probable cancer Zero TT Glyphosate Liver, kidney effects 0.70 0.70 Heptachlor (H34, Heptox) Probable cancer Zero 0.0004 Heptachlor epoxide Probable cancer Zero 0.0002 Hexachlorobenzene Cancer risk Zero 0.001 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HEX) Kidney, stomach effects 0.05 0.05 Lindane Neurological, liver, kidney effects 0.0002 0.0002 Methoxyclor (DMDT, Marlate) Central nervous system effects 0.04 0.04 Oxamyl (Vydate) Kidney effects 0.20 0.20 PAHs Cancer risk Zero 0.0002 PCBs Probable cancer, reproductive effects Zero 0.0005 Pentachlorophenol Organ and central nervous system effects,

cancer Zero 0.001

Picloram Kidney, liver effects 0.50 0.50 Simazine Cancer risk 0.004 0.004 Toxaphene Probable cancer Zero 0.003

Total Pesticides Probable cancer 0.005 Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs) Probable cancer Zero 0.08 Radioactivity

Gross Alpha Emitters Cancer risk Zero 0.1Bq/L** Gross Beta Emitters Cancer risk Zero 0.5Bq/L Radium 226 Cancer risk Zero 0.5Bq/L Radium 228 Cancer risk Zero 0.5Bq/L Uranium Cancer risk/kidney effects Zero 0.020mg/L

a TT- Treatment Technique- Should copper or lead exceed action levels, treatment technique must be implemented to reduce concentrations below action levels. * Measured in the ninetieth percentile at the consumer's tap. ** Bq/L Becquerel per liter, 1 Bq==27Pico Curie

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Water, SASC-S-01

13.3 Raw water quality standards will be in general compliance with the requirements in Table 9, however, specific requirements will be reviewed on a case by case basis.

13.4 The 90th percentile concentrations for lead and copper (measured at the consumers tap) shall not

exceed 0.015 mg/L lead and 1.3 mg/L copper. Concentrations exceeding these action limits will require treatment technology to be implemented to reduce the levels of these contaminants below the action levels.

14 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING REQUIREMENTS

14.1 The frequency of monitoring shall comply with requirements outlined in Table 10 except for lead and copper, which are stated in sub-sections 13.2 and 13.3 of this Code Section.

14.2 All water systems serving a population of 100 or more shall be sampled for lead and copper

from a s