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Section 1: Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance

Section 2: Complex Patterns of Inheritance

Section 3: Chromosomes and Human Heredity

Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and

Human Heredity

11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance

Complex Inheritance and Human HeredityChapter 11

Recessive Genetic Disorders

A recessive

trait is

expressed

when the

individual is

homozygous

recessive for

the trait.

Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Cystic Fibrosis

Affects the mucus-producing glands,

digestive enzymes, and sweat glands

Chloride ions are not

absorbed into the cells of a

person with cystic fibrosis but

are excreted in the sweat.

Without sufficient

chloride ions in the

cells, a thick mucus is

secreted.


Chapter 11


Albinism

Caused by altered genes,

resulting in the absence of

the skin pigment melanin in

hair and eyes

White hair

Very pale skin

Pink pupils


Chapter 11


Tay-Sachs Disease

Caused by the absence of the

enzymes responsible for breaking

down fatty acids called gangliosides

Gangliosides accumulate in the

brain, inflating brain nerve cells and

causing mental deterioration.


Chapter 11


Galactosemia

Recessive genetic disorder

characterized by the inability of the

body to digest galactose.

Effect:

Mental disability

Enlarged liver

Kidney failure


Chapter 11


Dominant Genetic Disorders

Huntington’s disease

affects the nervous

system.

Achondroplasia is a

genetic condition that

causes small body size

and limbs that are

comparatively short.


Chapter 11



Chapter 11


Pedigrees

A diagram that traces the inheritance of a

particular trait through several generations


Chapter 11


Inferring Genotypes

Knowing physical traits can determine what

genes an individual is most likely to have.

Predicting Disorders

Record keeping helps scientists use

pedigree analysis to study inheritance

patterns, determine phenotypes, and

ascertain genotypes.


Chapter 11

11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance


Incomplete Dominance

The heterozygous phenotype is an

intermediate phenotype between the two

homozygous phenotypes.

Chapter 11


Codominance

Both alleles are

expressed in the

heterozygous condition.


Chapter 11


Sickle-cell Disease

Changes in hemoglobin

cause red blood cells to

change to a sickle shape.

People who are

heterozygous for the

trait have both normal

and sickle-shaped

cells. Sickle cell

Normal red blood cell

7766x


Chapter 11


Multiple Alleles

Blood groups in

humans

ABO blood groups

have three forms

of alleles.


Chapter 11


Coat Color of Rabbits

Multiple alleles can demonstrate

a hierarchy of dominance.

In rabbits, four alleles code for

coat color: C, cch, ch, and c.


Chapter 11


Coat Color of Rabbits

Light gray

Dark gray Himalayan

Albino

Chinchilla


Chapter 11


Epistasis

Variety is the result of one allele hiding the

effects of another allele.

No dark pigment present in fur Dark pigment present in fur

eebb

eeB_ E_bb E_B_


Chapter 11


Sex Determination

Sex chromosomes

determine an

individual’s gender.


Chapter 11


Dosage Compensation

The X chromosome carries a

variety of genes that are

necessary for the development

of both females and males.

The Y chromosome mainly has genes that

relate to the development of male

characteristics.

Chromosome inactivation

Barr bodies


Chapter 11

Chromosome inactivation

Resulting colors

depend on an x

chromosome that is

activated.

Orange- inactivation

of black color

Black- inactivation

of orange color.


Sex-Linked Traits

Genes located on the X chromosome

Red-green color blindness

Hemophilia- delayed clotting of

blood


Chapter 11


Polygenic Traits

Polygenic traits arise from the interaction of

multiple pairs of genes.


Chapter 11


Environmental Influences

Environmental factors

Diet and exercise

Sunlight and water

Temperature


Chapter 11


Twin Studies

Helps scientists separate genetic contributions

from environmental contributions

Traits that appear frequently in identical twins

are at least partially controlled by heredity.

Traits expressed differently in identical twins

are strongly influenced by environment.


Chapter 11

Karyotype—micrograph in which the pairs of

homologous chromosomes are arranged in

decreasing size.

11.3 Chromosomes and Human Heredity


Karyotype Studies

Images of chromosomes stained during

metaphase

Chromosomes are arranged in decreasing

size to produce a micrograph.

Chapter 11


Telomeres

Telomere caps consist of DNA

associated with proteins.

Serves a protective function for the

structure of the chromosome


Chapter 11


Nondisjunction

Cell division

during which

sister chromatids

fail to separate

properly

Down syndrome


Chapter 11


Chapter Resource Menu

Chapter Diagnostic Questions

Formative Test Questions

Chapter Assessment Questions

Standardized Test Practice

biologygmh.com

Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Image Bank

Vocabulary

AnimationClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

Chapter 11

http://biologygmh.com/

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

A. albinism

B. cystic fibrosis

C. galactosemia

D. Tay-Sachs

Identify the disease characterized by the

absence of melanin.


Chapter Diagnostic

Questions

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


Chapter Diagnostic

Questions

A. excessive mucus production

B. an enlarged liver

C. a cherry-red spot on the back of the eye

D. vision problems

An individual with Tay-Sachs disease would be

identified by which symptom?

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


Chapter Diagnostic

Questions

Under what circumstances will a recessive trait

be expressed?

A. A recessive allele is passed on by both parents.

B. One parent passes on the recessive allele.

C. The individual is heterozygous for the trait.

D. There is a mutation in the dominant gene.

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


A. It appears at birth and runs in families.

B. It is linked to an enzyme deficiency.

C. It continues throughout a patient’s life, affecting bones and joints.

D. It is caused by acid excretion and results in black urine.

Which of Dr. Garrod’s observations about alkaptonuria

was most critical to his determination that it is a genetic

disorder?

11.1 Formative

Questions

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


A. DD

B. Dd

C. dd

D. dE

Which is the genotype of a person who is

a carrier for a recessive genetic disorder?

11.1 Formative

Questions

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


11.1 Formative

Questions

A. at least one parent is a carrier

B. both parents are carriers

C. both parents are homozygous recessive

D. at least one parent is homozygous dominant

Albinism is a recessive condition. If an albino

squirrel is born to parents that both have normal fur

color, what can you conclude about the genotype of

the parents?

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


A. dosage compensation

B. incomplete dominance

C. multiple alleles

D. sex-linked

When a homozygous male animal with black fur

is crossed with a homozygous female with white

fur, they have offspring with gray fur. What type

of inheritance does this represent?

11.2 Formative

Questions

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


11.2 Formative

Questions

A. autosomes

B. Barr bodies

C. monosomes

D. sex chromosomes

Of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in human

cells, one pair is the _______.

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


11.2 Formative

Questions

A. blood type

B. color blindness

C. hemophilia

D. skin color

Which is an example of a polygenic trait?

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


A. The blood type of an individual.

B. The locations of genes on a chromosome.

C. The cell’s chromosomes arranged in order.

D. The phenotype of individuals in a pedigree.

What does a karyotype show?

11.3 Formative

Questions

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


11.3 Formative

Questions

A. multiple alleles

B. nondisjunction

C. nonsynapsis

D. trisomy

What is occurring in

this diagram?

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


11.3 Formative

Questions

A. Down syndrome

B. Klinefelter’s syndrome

C. Tay-Sachs syndrome

D. Turner’s syndrome

What condition occurs when a person’s cells

have an extra copy of chromosome 21?

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


A. 1 and 2 are siblings

B. 1 and 2 are parents

C. 1 and 2 are offspring

D. 1 and 2 are carriers

Use the figure to describe what

the top horizontal line between

numbers 1 and 2 indicates.

Chapter Assessment

Questions

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


Chapter Assessment

Questions

A. IA

B. IO

C. IB

D. i

Which is not an allele

in the ABO blood group?

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


Chapter Assessment

Questions

A. one less chromosome on pair 12

B. one extra chromosome on pair 21

C. one less chromosome on pair 21

D. one extra chromosome on pair 12

Down Syndrome results from what

change in chromosomes?

1. A

2. B

3. C


A. heterozygous

B. homozygous dominant

C. homozygous recessive

If a genetic disorder is caused by a dominant

allele, what is the genotype of those who do

not have the disorder?

Standardized Test

Practice

A B C

0% 0%0%

1. A

2. B

3. C


Standardized Test

Practice

A B C

0% 0%0%

A. RR

B. Rr

C. rr

Analyze this pedigree showing

the inheritance of a dominant

genetic disorder. Which would

be the genotype of the first

generation father?

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


Standardized Test

Practice

A. codominance

B. dosage compensation

C. epistasis

D. sex-linked

Shorthorn cattle have an allele for both red and

white hair. When a red-haired cow is crossed with a

white-haired bull, their calf has both red and white hairs

scattered over its body. What type of inheritance does

this represent?

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


Standardized Test

Practice

A. Males have only one X chromosome.

B. Males have two X chromosomes.

C. Males have only one Y chromosome.

D. The traits are located on the Y chromosomes.

Why are males affected by recessive

sex-linked traits more often than are females?

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


Standardized Test

Practice

A. 25%

B. 50%

C. 75%

D. 100%

A carrier of hemophilia and her husband, who is

unaffected by the condition, are expecting a son.

What is the probability that their son will have

hemophilia?


Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Transparencies/Bellringer/Complex Inheritance 1.pdf






Transparencies/Concepts/Concepts Chapter 11-1.pdf









Image Bank

carrier

pedigree


Vocabulary

Section 1

incomplete

dominance

codominance

multiple alleles

epistasis

sex chromosome

autosome

sex-linked trait

polygenic trait


Vocabulary

Section 2

karyotype

telomere

nondisjunction


Vocabulary

Section 3


Animation

Visualizing Nondisjunction

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