section 6 presentation

7/26/2019 Section 6 Presentation

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Chapter 33 PartBy Arielle Gottlieb, Liza Hazelwood,Asha Richards, and Marco Saah


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Food for thoughts:

1. What challenges did newly independent countries faceperiod of decolonization?

2. How were the political and economic systems that d

Japan and China in the Post-WW 2 era simpler and differ

3. What factors exacerbated the conflict in the Middle Eas

Asia) and how did OPEC and oil shape regional and globa4. Where did most of the independence movements take

period of decolonization?


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Decolonization and AfriStruggle for Independe


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Quotes for thought

When I let my heart tapartisan of total and im

independence [for Mad

when I make my reason

realize that it is imposs

-Philibert Tsir

One cannot conceive of both an

independent territory and a France

which continues to aid it

-Charles de Gaulle 1958


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Between 1950s and 1960s, Africans began

fighting for independence

Issues after independence Political boundaries v. ethnic boundaries

Few educated Africans to run government

and staff schools

Over dependence on export crops Population growth

Increased poverty

unemployment

Struggles with Independence


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Returned to Gold Co

Brittain was exhaust

Independence on Ma

Nkrumah became fir

(1957-1960) then Pres

Ousted in 1966 by ar

First British Colony to gain independence

Nationalist movement led by Kwame

Nkrumah

Greatly influenced by W.E.B. Du Bois and

Marcus Garvey especially

One of the principal organizers of the fifth

Pan-African Congress (PAC) in Manchester,

London

Ghana


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Substantial amount of European coffee

planters Mau Mau movement of 1952

Formed mostly by the Kikuyu people

British hunted down leaders

Resettled Kikuyu

Jomo Kenyatta was charged for being a

Mau Mau leader Released in 1961

After negotiations with the British to

make a constitution, Kenya gained

independence (December 12th, 1963)

Kenyatta became the first President of the

Republic of Kenya

Kenya


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Reluctant to call for independence

Visualized change through promises made in 1944

by the free french movement of General Charles de

Gaulle

Promised colonial leaders a more democratic

government and broader suffrage

Abolish forced labour/imprisonment of Africanswithout charge

Expand education

Only in french

Improve health services

Open more administrative position to Africans

Not top ones

French West African Colonies


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Was considered a part o Settlement was encou

Revolt in 1954 Front de Libration N

Algerian revolu

Backed by Egyp

countries

Independence on July 5th, 1962

Colonists left Bad for Algerian economy

Few Arabs had technical training

Algeria retained close ties with France

Many Algerians emigrated to France to

flee unemployment

Algeria


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In many places, people of European

descent struggled to retain privilege,control of resources, and political power Especially intense in Southern Africa

Zimbabwe

In 1980, European settlers in Southern

Rhodesia acceded to majority African rule

Apartheid in South Africa

Racial separation between Afrikaners

(European descent) and non-white

(Southeast Asian and indigenous Africans)

Non-Whites had strict limitations

Places of residence

homelands

Right to travel (pass books)

Access to jobs Public facilities

Racial Tension after independence


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Rising opposition from Pan-African Congress (PAC)

African National Congress (ANC)

1960 Sharpeville Massacre

Nelson Mandela organized guerrilla

resistance by the ANC

Sentenced to life in prison in 1964

Little change until the United Nations Apartheid was abolished by F.W. De Klerk

in 1991

Mandela became the first black president

of South Africa (first president elected in

the first free democratic election)

Struggle to End Apartheid


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Other Activists

Modern Adaptation of:African Soldier - Sonny Okosun
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YaH2Sf3ieCA


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Latin America and QuesFreedom


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The main exports in Latin America were controlled from abroad:

Chilean copper

Cuban sugar

Colombian coffee

Guatemalan bananas

In Mexico, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) was in cont

Their rhetoric was about revolutionary independence an

development, HOWEVER the gap between the rich and the poor, t

the rural, deepened.

The Quest for Economic Freedom in Latin Am


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Jacobo Arbenz Guzmnwas elected president of Guatemala in 19

Latin American leaders, he tried to confront the foreign interests i

His expropriation of large estatesangered many large landowners

Company in particular).

The CIA got reports that Arbenz was leaning

towards communism and ordered a takeoverthrough the military in 1954. They removed

Arbenz from power, which condemned

Guatemala to decades of governmental instability

and growing violence.

Guatemala and Foreign Interests


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The United States owned:

40% of raw sugar production

23% of non-sugar industry

90% of telephone and electrical services

50% of public service railways

American-owned Cuban industries depended on American f

supplies. The needs of the American economy determined Cuban fo

Cuban Revolution (pt. 1)


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A 1934 treaty granted Cuban sugar preferential treatment in the U

return for U.S. manufacturers gaining access to the Cuban market.

In 1956, sugar accounted for 80% of Cuban exports and 25% of

income HOWEVER the U.S. demand only required 39% of the l

production. Profit went to the United States and a small class of we

Between 1951 and 1958, the economic growth rate was 1.4%, which

the population growth rate, so about 25% of the population was un

a majority of the year. The current leader, Fulgencio Batistabecam

corruption.



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1959 - A rebellion forces Batista to flee and the regime of Fidel C

Castro, and Ernesto Che Guevarabegins. The government redis

lowered urban rents, raised wages, which effectively transferre

national income from the rich to the poor.

After 22 months in power, they had seized

almost all of the United States property, whichresulted in a blockade by the U.S. This caused

a flight of the middle class and the

technologically trained Cubans, a drop in

foreign investment, and the beginning of

chronic food shortages.



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Castro turned to the Soviet Unionfor economic aid, but only conde

economic stagnationand an equally damaging dependence on a for

In April 1961, the Bay of Pigs incident occurred,

through a faulty plan to overthrow the Castro

regime. This resulted in the tarnishing of the U.S.

reputation and caused Castro to say that he had aMarxist-Leninist ideology from the start.



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Fidel Castro, 1961

Less than two weeks after theBay of Pigs incident

How different today's paradifferent even from the first

revolution triumphed. Today'

how much we have advanced.

not have to submit themselves

workers now do not haveexecutives; the workers now a

domination of any exploiting c

longer live in a country ru

exploiting interests. The work

everything the revolution do

government does or can do, h

the workers, helping the people

Otherwise, there would be no

spontaneous sentiment of

Revolutionary Government, th

will that every man and wo

today.

How has the Revolution succeeded, in Castros eyes? Who is the focus of the Revolution?


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In the last months of 1945, 51nations signed the United Nations C

next decade, 25new members joined. In the following decade, 46n

joined, making 122 members over the course of twenty years.

Few nations could organize and establish governments without

coups, rewritten constitutions, or rebellions. Many new nations

economic challenges, ie. foreign ownership, operation of key resouneed to build infrastructure.

Education was a huge concern: which language should they te

should they include national unity in diverse populations? W

graduates get jobs after their education is over?

Challenges of Nation Building


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Beyond A Bipolar Wor


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The superpowers (Soviet Russia and the United States) do

world but did not control it entirely. As time progressed, the

it less and less.

Bandung Conference (1955)- Meeting of 29 African and Asia

most of which were newly independent. The conference's

were to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooper

oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by any nation.

Bandung Conference represented

nearly one-quarter of the Earth's

land surface and a total population

of 1.5 billion people.

Outside of the East and West Superpowers

Fid l C t id th f th


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Coined the terms nonaligned nation and third world, whic

these countries to establish a neutral position to both su

order to effectively extract money and weapons from one or

Fidel Castro said the purpose of the

organization was to ensure "the national

independence, sovereignty, territorial

integrity and security of non-aligned

countries" in their "struggle againstimperialism,colonialism, neo-colonialism,

racism, and all forms of foreign aggression,

occupation, domination, interference or

hegemony as well as against great power andbloc politics".


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After WWII (1951) Japan signed a peace treaty with some oenemies, and gained independence from U.S. occupation a ye

A new constitution - renounced militarism and imperialism

limited self-defense force banned deployment of troops abroad gave the vote to women

Japan became a force for economic development rather thaoccupier through peace treaties with South East Asia,reparations payable in goods and services, and cold war isworld politics.

Japanese economic development


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Japan saw great improvements in

three main industries:

Electricity improved through

projects, like dam building,

which produced 60 million

kilowatts of electricity

between 1951-1970.

Steel production more thanquadrupled.

Shipping industry produced six times as much tonna

than in 1960, almost half of the tonnage produced outs

Soviet bloc.


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Unlike Japan, China was deeply involved in Cold War politic

Union was the main ally and source of arms to commun

Republic of China (PRC), but the two were beginning

politically about things like the USSR rejection of Stalini

reluctance to forever be subordinate to the USSR, and the

peasant.

Maos Great Leap Forward- was supposed to maximize

through the use of small scale industries and labor, but ende

It still demonstrated Maos willingness to carry out massiv

and social projects on his own.

Mao and The Cultural Revolution


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Mao started his own radical nationwide program, which ca

mass mobilization of Chinese youth into Red Guard units, w

eradicate China of traditional and Bourgeois values.

Goals: Kindle revolutionary fervor in a new generation, a

stagnation and bureaucratization from the USSR.

Internal party conflict: Mao admitted that the attacks on indgotten out of hand. The last years of the revolution were d

radicals led by Maos wife Jiang Qing, whose main focus wa

on art and intellectual activity.

The Cultural Revolution


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The remains of Ming DynaWanli Emperor at the Mtombs. Red Guards dragthe remains of the WaEmperor and Empressesthe front of the tomb, whthey were posthumou

"denounced" and burned.


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Sensing the distancing of China from the

USSR, Nixon put out secret diplomaticfeelers to revive relations with China. The

US eventually dropped objections to the

China joining the UN, which lead to the

expulsion of Chinese Nationalistgovernment based in Taiwan. In the

following year Nixon visited Beijing as a

gesture of new cooperation between the

two countries.

Nixon and Mao, C(1972)

New relations with U.S. and China


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Conflict in the Middle Eand Environmental Con


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Iraq, Egypt, and jordan all enjoyed some amount of nominal i

during the interwar period but remained under indirect British con1950s when military coups overthrew:

-King Faruq of Egypt in 1952

-King Faysal of Iraq in 1958

In Jordan King Husayn dismissed his British military commande

because Jordan was a poor desert country, it remained dependent o

later on American, financial aid.

Conflict in the Middle East


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-Zionist Jews began emigrating to Palestine. They were encourag

under the Balfour Declaration. British policy oscillated betweenZionism and sentiment for indigenous Palestinian Arabs who were

aside as Zionists moved in and felt entitled to their own independen

-As more zionists moved in, Arabs began fighting against th

settlement. Jewish groups took to militant tactics a few years latersides confronted each other in various riots and similar encounters

The Israel Palestine Conflict


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-Under pressure to resettle European Jewish refugees, Britain sa

resolve the conflict as it continued, so they handed it off to the UN.

-The UN partitioned Palestine (divided it up)

-Palestinians who were having their land taken from them felt the

unfair and took up arms to resist the partition.

-Israel then declared independence in 1948, which prompted neig

countries who also opposed the formation of Israel to send arm

Palestine.

Israel Palestine cont.


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-Israel prevailed on all fronts against Palestine and the neighboring nations th

resulting in 700,000 Palestinian refugees who were displaced.

-These refugees spread to camps in jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and the Gaza strip, and th

home remains a focal point in Arab politics.

-In 1967, Israel preemptively attacked Egyptian and Syrian airbases in response to thr

Egypts Nasir. Jordan got involved in this conflict, and after only six days Israel won ag

of Jerusalem, which it had previously split with Jordan. Palestinians and muslims prot

Jerusalem has important Islamic shrines, and was seen as the Palestinian capital.

-Israel then began occupying the Gaza strip, Golan Heights, and the Sinai Peninsu

Liberation Organization led by Yasir Arafat resisted this expansion in the only way th

small scale guerilla warfare. Israel responded to this with assassinations and bombing

Israel Palestine cont.

Original UN Partition and Israeli Expansion


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Original UN Partition and Israeli Expansion


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-The massive concentration of oil wealth in the persian Gulf states (Iran

Arabia, Qatar, UAE) was fully realized after WWII when demand for oil rcivilian economies recovered. These states formed OPEC, the Organizat

Exporting Countries to promote their collective interest in higher reven

-In 1973, arab oil-producing countries voted to embargo oil shipments t

the Netherlands as punishment for their support of Israel. The use of oi

economic weapon disturbed the worldwide oil industry. Prices and feeliinsecurity rose. OPEC responded to turmoil in the oil market by quadru

setting the stage for an massive transfer of wealth to the producing coun

provoking a feeling of crisis throughout the consuming countries.

OPEC and Oil Politics


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-Superpowers were focused on economic recovery and technological innova

negligent to the negative effects various initiatives and projects had on the e

-Particularly negligent to the environmental pesticide and herbicide use, au

exhaust, industrial waste disposal, and radiation hazards.

-In 1968 there was an wave of student unrest in many parts of the world. Stu

protested racism and the Vietnam war. In Paris and Tokyo students rioted toeducation. In Mexico, students were outraged at the amount of money the g

spending to host the Olympic games. Youth activism grew greatly and focuse

on environmental issues. Earth day was first celebrated in 1970: the year the

the environmental protection agency (EPA).

Environmental Concerns


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Essential Questions


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What challenges did newly independent countrduring the period of decolonization?

They faced severe economic challenges that stemmed off of t

dependence on other countries, like foreign ownership. They also

rewritten constitutions, and rebellions as the country attempted t

also recognized that their leaders needed to be properly educate

were a huge issue that they didnt know what to do with. They had

the languages, how to teach a national unity to a group of people

histories and cultures, and what to do with them after they graduate


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How were the political and economic systems tdeveloped in Japan and China in the post-WW2

simpler and different?Japans new constitution renounced militarism and imperialism rights in other aspects. The constitution limited self-defense forc

deployment of troops abroad, and gave the right to vote to w

became a force for economic development through peace treaties w

Asia. They saw improvements in three industries: electric, steel, and

Chinas radical cultural revolution led to attempts to eradicate Bou

through multiple variants of power. The United States also reached

making it easier for China to revive their economy and increase for

the U.S.

What factors exacerbated the conflict in the Mi


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What factors exacerbated the conflict in the Mi(Southwest Asia) and how did OPEC and oil chashape regional and global affairs?-Britain's fluctuating policy decisions, and passing off of responsibility to the UN did no

resolve the conflict, and the UN action that was taken actually helped to further the vio

that was taking place. Pressure to resettle European Jews led to disregard for Palestinia

wants/needs of Palestine as well as the other neighboring arab nations who also oppose

and subsequent expansion of Israel.

-Demand for oil went up and increased its value, making the Persian Gulf states more pwealthy because of their control over the vast majority of the oil industry. Their use of o

economic weapon disturbed the worldwide oil industry, causing feelings of insecurity a

consuming nations. Oil was used to set the stage for a massive transfer of wealth to the

had plentiful oil reserves: their power and influence skyrocketed regionally and globall

monopoly over the oil industry.


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Where did most of the independence take placperiod of decolonization? Most of the independence took place in Sub-Saharan Africa. So

African countries gained independence a bit later than their We

Eastern counterparts and even with independence, most of the

power in Southern African Nations were held by a minority of t

population.

Many countries in Southeast Asia became independent during t

well

Depending on ones definition of independence, many Latin Am

countries won economic independence (e.g. Cuba)

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