senior secondary-level (punjabi) teaching material

;hBhno ;?ezvoh g~Xo dhgzikph dhnK gkm^g[;seK dh ;whfynk (ghHihHNhH)

Senior Secondary-Level (Punjabi) Teaching Material

;zgkde

irdhP e"o;hBhno b?euoko

oki ft~fdne y'i ns/ f;ybkJh gfoPdto[D wkor, fv|?A; ekb'Bh, BthA fd~bh^110024

2

© n?~;H ;hH JhH nkoH NhH, fdZbh

w[Zy ;bkjeko

;qh oke/P w'jB

;eZso (f;Zfynk), fdZbh ;oeko ns/ u/nogo;B, n?~;H ;hH JhH nkoH NhH, fdZbh

;bkjeko;qhwsh oPwh feqPBB (fBod/fPek)

vkH gqfsGk Powk (;zi[rs fBod/fPek)

;z:'fiekirdhP e"o (;hBhno b?euoko)

b/ye wzvb

vkH nzihb e"onf;;N?AN g'q|?;o

;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ykb;k ekbi,d/t Bro, BthA fdZbh

vkH ftB?Bhs e"onf;;N?AN gq'|?;o,

;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ykb;k ekbi,d/t Bro, BthA fdZbh

;H ntsko f;zxgzikph nfXnkge

n?~;HphHthH, t?;N gN/b Bro, BthA fdZbh

vkH fgqEth oki Ekgonf;;N?AN gq'|?;o,

fdnkb f;zx JhtfBzr ekbi,b'Xh o'v, BthA fdZbh

joftzdo e"o o{phgzikph nfXnkgek

;odkoBh ;dk e"o ykb;k ;e{b,dfonk rzi, BthA fdZbh

vkH irihs e"on?;';hJ/N g'q|?;o

bePwh pkJh ekbi, nP'e ftjko,BthA fdZbh

;qhwsh s/fizdo e"ogzikph nfXnkgek

;ot'fdn ezfBnk ftfdnkbk,joh Bro nkPow, BthA fdZbh

vkH e[bthonf;;N?AN gq'|?;ogzikph ftGkr,

fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh, fdZbh

gqekP f;zx fr~b;hBhno gzikph nfXnkge

r[o{ jfofeqPB gpfbe ;e{b, i:'sh eb'Bh,b'Bh o'v, Pkjdok, fdZbh

3

fgzrb

vkH nzihb e"o

fgzrb eh j? <

fit/A fe;/ p'bh dh p'bukb d/ ;w{j^fB:wK ƒ fwbk e/ T[; dh ftnkeoB fejk iKdk j?, fJ;/soQK jh eftsk^;zpzXh fB:wK d/ ;w{j ƒ ‘fgzrb’ nkyd/ jB. d{i/ PpdK ftu Szd^Pk;so dk jhpdbtK BK ‘fgzrb’ j?.

jo fJe p'bh ftu tke^ouBk d' gqeko dh j[zdh j?. fJe ƒ rZd iK tkose nkfynk iKdkj? ns/ d{i/ ƒ gZd iK Szd. fJ; dk ;zpzX eftsk Bkb j[zdk j?. fgzrb dk ;o'eko fJ; d{ih gqekodh tke^ouBk noEks gZd iK Szd Bkb j?.

torheoB

ekft^ftnkeoB noEks fgzrb ƒ w'N/ s"o s/ Szd ns/ o; Pk;so Bkb i'V e/ t/fynk iKdkj?. b/feB fe;/ ouBk d/ fbykoh dh fJj g{oh e'fPP j[zdh j? fe T[j T[~sw ns/ ;[jD/ Yzr Bkbfbyh j'Jh iK fPzrkoh j'Jh ouBk ƒ jh f;oi/. fi; tk;s/ T[j PpdK dh iVQs tZb tX/o/ fXnkBfdzdk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ noEK ƒ j'o fInkdk \{p;{osh Bkb gkmeK nZr/ g/P eodk j?. fJzM eoBt/b/ T[j fi; Ppd^ftT[As ƒ ngBkT[Adk j?, T[j nbzeko Gkt ‘eftsk d/ rfjD/’ nytkT[Adh j?. fJ;ƒ th n;hA fgzrb d/ nzsors jh oZye/ tku ;ed/ jK. fJ; BIo s'A fgzrb nXhB fszB w[y torpDd/ jB L^

1H Szd2Hnbzeko3Ho;

fJjBK fszBK pko/ g{oB^ft;sko Bkb tZyo/^tZyo/ f;ob/y j/m dZf;nk frnk j?.

4

Szd

Szd T[j ouBk j?, fi; dh s[e^s[e ftu nZyoK s/ wksoktK dh frDsh \k; s'b nB[;ko oZyhrJh j't/. Szd pZX ouBk ftu fJe nfijh ikd{wJh Pesh j[zdh j? fe fJj ;[DB tkfbnK d/ wBKftu BtK i'P g?dk eo fdzdh j?. fJ;/ bJh eftsk ftu Szd fJe Io{oh nzr wzfBnk frnk j?.T[Ai sK Szd dk Gkt ‘pzXB’ s'A fbnk iKdk j? b/feB eftsk d/ gq;zr ftu Szd T[; ouBk ƒ fejkiKdk j? fi; ftu wksoktK d/ s'b^s[eKs dk \k; f\nkb ofynk frnk j?.

fit/A fe Szd toB ns/ wksok d/ ;[w/b dk jh BK j?, fJ; bJh Szdk^pzdh ftu brK dh frDshnZyoK (toBK) s'A tZyoh BjhA ehsh iKdh ;r'A nZyo brK ;w/s jh frD/ iKd/ jB. fJE/ fJj dZ;DkIo{oh j? fe nZyoK ƒ jh ‘toD’ fejk iKdk j?. fit/A fe ‘wksk’ d' nZyoK iK d' toBK dk ns/‘fgnko’ fszB toBK dk Ppd j?.

w[esk nZyo d/ T[ukoB ftu i' ;wK brdk j?, T[; ƒ wksok fejk iKdk j?.toB d/ G/d L nZyoK ƒ wz{j'A p'bD t/b/ fe;/ nZyoK d/ T[ukoB ftu E'VQk ;wK bZrdk j? s/ fe;/

d/ T[ukoB ftu pj[sk, fit/A ‘so’ d/ gfjb/ nZyo ‘s’ ƒ p'bfdnK sK E'VQk ;wK brdk j? go ‘sko’d/ gfjb/ nZyo ‘sk’ ƒ T[ukofdnK fInkdk ;wK bZrdk j?. fJ; G/d eoe/ Szdkpzdh ftu toB d'soQK d/ wzB/ rJ/ jB (1) bx{ s/ (2) r[o{.

fi; toB d/ T[ukoB ftu E'VQk ;wK bZr/, T[; ƒ ‘bx{’ nkyd/ jB, fit/A ‘so’ d/ d't/A nZyobx{ jB.

fi; toB d/ T[ukoB ftu pj[sk ;wK bZr/, T[; ƒ ‘r[o{’ nkyd/ jB, fit/A ‘skoh’ d/ d't/A nZyor[o{ jB.

‘bx{’ dh fJe wksok frDd/ jB s/ ‘r[o{’ dhnK d'. w[es/, f;jkoh s/ n"AeV tkb/ nZyofJe^wkfsqe iK bx{ j[zd/ jB ns/ ezB/, fpjkoh, d[b?AeV, bK, d[bktK, j'V/ ns/ eB"V/ tkb/ nZyod'^wkfsqe iK r[o{ ;wM/ iKd/ jB.

‘Xow’, ‘feos’, ‘P[eo’ ftu ;ko/ nZyo bx{ jB ns/ jo fJe Ppd fszB^fszB wksoktKdk j?.

‘gkDh’, ‘p{N/’, ‘g?;/’, ‘x'V/’, ‘G"o/’ ftu ;ko/ nZyo ‘r[o{’ jB. ns/ jo fJe Ppd uko wksoktKdk j?.

i/ bx{ nZyo Bkb nZXe ( ~ ) iK fNZgh ( z ) bZrk j't/ sK T[j d'^wkfsqe iK r[o{ j' iKdkj?, fit/A L ‘iZN’, ‘fjzr’ s/ ‘;[zY’ d/ gfjb/ nZyo r[o{ jB ns/ jo fJe Ppd fszB^fszB wksoktKdk j?.

d[Zs nZyo Gkt/A d' nZyoK s'A fwbe/ pfDnk j[zdk j?, go frDsh eoB t/b/ fJe fJeZbk nZyojh ;wfMnk iKdk j?, fit/A L ‘gqG’, ‘gq/w’, ‘dt?s’ ns/ ‘iVQ’ ;ko/ d[nZyo/ Ppd jB, fiBQK ftu'A‘gqG’ s/ ‘iVQ’ d'^d' wksoktK d/ ns/ ‘gq/w’ s/ ‘dt?s’ fszB^fszB wksok d/ jB. fpzdh dh e'Jh wksokBjhA frDh iKdh, fit/A fe L ‘SK’ ftuk nzsbk nZyo bx{ j?, r[o{ BjhA.

5

Szd dk fbysh o{g

Szd dk o{g fbye/ dZ;D bJh bx{ nZyo bJh yVQh bhe ( . ) ns/ r[o{ nZyo bJh ftzrh bhe( · ) pDkT[Ad/ jB. fw;kb d/ s"o s/ L^

pD/ jbhbk fjzws nzdo.· .·· ·.. ·.. (16 wksoktK)nzfwqs bZG/ sd/ f;ezdo·.. ·· .· .·.. (16 wksoktK)

rD d/ b~SD

Szd ftu toBK iK wksoktK d/ T[j ;w{j rD nytkT[Ad/ jB, fijBK d/ nB[;ko Szd dh ukbpDdh j?. Szd Pk;so (fgzrb) nB[;ko fszB nZyoK dk ;w[dkfJ ‘rD’ j? ns/ fJjBK dh frDsh8 j?. T[dkjoB d/ s"o ’s/ L^

oki/ pho rkIhs[o/ s[zd skIh

fJ; Szd ftu jo fJe s[Ze d/ d' fjZ;/ jB ns/ jo fjZ;/ ftu gfjbK fJe bx{ s/ fco d'^d'r[o{ jB. fJ;/ bx{^r[o{ d/ pZMt/A i'V ƒ ‘rD’ nkyd/ jB. fJ; Szd dh ukb ƒ fby e/ fJzM dZf;nkik ;edk j? L^

oki/ ph o rkIh.· · . · ·

s[o/ sz d skIh.· · . · ·

rDK d/ G/d

rD d' soQK d/ j[zd/ jB—tofDe rD s/ wkfsqe rDtofDe rD L tofDe rD fszB nZyoK dk T[j ;w{j j?, fi; ftu bx{^r[o{ toBK ƒ \k; soshp

nB[;ko ofynk iKdk j? ns/ e/tb wksoktK dh frDsh dk f\nkb BjhA j[zdk. tofDe rD nZm jB.fJjBK d/ w[ZYb/ nZyo ‘w B G : ; s i o’ jB s/ jo fJe dk BkT[A, o{g, bZSD s/ T[dkjoBfJT[A j? L^

BzH BK o{g bZSD T[dkjoD1H wrD · · · fszB/ r[o{ o'NhnK2H BrD ... fszB/ bx{ y[Pe3H GrD ·.. gfjbk r[o{ u'gV4H BrD .· · gfjbk r[o{ XohnK5H ;rD ..· nzsbk r[o{ ubdh6H srD · ·. nzsbk bx{ pzd{e

6

7H irD .·. ftubk r[o{ sVke8H orD ·.· ftubk bx{ wkodh

wkfsqe rD

‘wkfsqe rD’ nZyoK dk T[j ;w{j j?, fi; ftu e/tb wksoK dh frDsh dk jh f\nkb ofynkiKdk j?, nZyo Gkt/A fezB/ j'D, fit/A L

eosko (..) th gzi wksoktK dk rD j? ns/ Go';k (.) th, jkbKfe Bk fJjBK ftu nZyoKdh frDsh pokpo j? s/ Bk bx{^r[o{ dh soshp jh fJe' fijh j?.

wkfsqe rD gzi jB, fijBK d/ gfjb/ nZyo ‘N, m, v, Y, D’ jB ns/ BK fJj jB L^

NrD, mrD, vrD, YrD, DrD.1H ‘NrD’ S/ wksoktK dk j[zdk j?, fit/A L^

gq/whnK (· · ·) Xow feos (... ...)l eo e/ yk (.. · ·)2H ‘mrD’ gzi wksoktK dk j[zdk j?, fit/A L^

d;sko (.. · ·) yV' e/ (. · ·) pzB b? (. · ·)3H ‘vrD’ uko wksoktK dk j[zdk j?, fit/A L^

pkPk (· ·), p[bp[b (....), fPeok (.. ·)4H ‘YrD’ fszB wksoktK dk j[zdk j?, fit/A L^

uzd (· .) rqfjD (...)5H ‘DrD’ d' wksoktK dk j[zdk j?, fit/A L^

nk (·) xo (..) pj[ (..)

s[e iK uoD

Szd dh fJe g{oh gkb ƒ s[e, uoD iK ebh nkyd/ jB fit/A j/mb/ Szd ftu uko s[eK iKuko toD iK uko ebhnK jB L^

uVQ t/ uzdk, eo o[PBkJhw?A jK s?ƒ, t/ydh nkJhg"Vh g"Vh uVQdh nktKrhs fso/ w?A Bkb/ rktK.

ft;okw

s[e d/ gVQB t/b/ fiE/ mfjohJ/, T[E/ ft;okw j[zdk j?. ft;okw dk noE mfjokU j?. fit/A feT[gob/ Szd ftu fJe ft;okw sK jo s[e d/ nZX ftu nkfJnk j? ns/ d{ik nzs ftu, ftub/ ft;okwƒ ekw/ ( , ) Bkb gqrN ehsk frnk j? ns/ nzsb/ ƒ vzvh (.) Bkb.

7

s[eKs

ft;okw Bkb s[e d/ fijV/ d' fjZ;/ j' iKd/ jB, T[jBK ƒ s[eKs fejk iKdk j?, fit/A L fJ;s[e (uVQ t/ uzdk, eo o[PBkJh) ftu d' s[eKs jB L^

(1) uVQ t/ uzdk, (2) eo o[PBkJh.

SzdK d/ o{g s/ G/d L

Szd fszB gqeko d/ j[zd/ jB L (1) tofDe Szd, (2) wkfsqe Szd, (3) rD^Szd

tofDe Szd L fJj T[j Szd jB fijBK ftu wksok s/ rDK dk e'Jh fj;kp BjhA ofynk iKdk,e/tb toBK dh jh frDsh g{oh ehsh iKdh j?, fit/A L efpZs, ;tZ:k, e'oVk nkfd.

wkfsqe Szd L fJj T[j Szd jB fijBK ftu e/tb wksoktK dk fj;kp mhe ofynk iKdk j?,nZyoK dk s/ rDK dk BjhA, fit/A L u"gJh, d'jok, ;'omk, f;oyzvh nkfd.

rD Szd L fJj T[j Szd jB, fijBK ftu Szd dh ukb ƒ rDK d/ fj;kp Bkb pzBQhdk j?,fit/A L G[izr, gq:ks, s'Ne nkfd. b/feB fJ; gqeko d/ SzdK dk gq:'r gzikph^ekft ftu BK^wksojh j'fJnk j?, fJ; eoe/ fJjBK pko/ ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ ikDekoh BjhA fdZsh ik ojh.

tofDe Szd L efpZs ^ 4 s[eK L jo s[e 8O8O8O7&31 toBb~SD L efpZs T[j Szd j? fi; dhnK uko s[eK s/ jo s[e ftu 31 nZyo fJ; soQK j'D fe

gfjb/ fszB ft;okw nZmK^nZmK nZyoK T[~s/, u"Ek ft;okw ;ZsK T[go j't/, fit/A L^

“ub wBk s[oh ub, ;Zu/ okj bZe pzBQ,g[i T[; do T[~s/, fiZE/ nzs ikDk j?.foyh w[Bh ish sgh, ;kX ;zs i'rhnK dk,nk;ok j? T[j' ;[Zuk, T[j' jh fNekDk j?.”

;tZ:k L 4 s[eK L 12O11&23 toB iK 12O12&24 toBb~SD L tofDe ;tZ:k T[j Szd j?, fi; dhnK uko s[eK ns/ jo s[e ftu 23 iK 24 toB

fJ; soQK j'D fe gfjbk ft;okw 12 toBK T[go s/ d{;ok 11 iK 12 T[go j't/, fit/A L^

“pfjDk T[; e'b by/ r[D ƒ,r[D ƒ B by/ se eh pfjDk.efjDk T[; ƒ i[ eo/ efjDk,efjDk B eo/ se dh efjDk.”

e'oVk L 4 iK tZX s[eK L 6O7&13 toBb~SD L e'oVk T[j Szd j?, fi; dhnK uko iK tX s[eK ns/ jo s[e ftu 13 toB fJ; soQK

j'D fe gfjbk ft;okw 6 toBK T[go ns/ d{ik 7 T[go j't/, fit/A L^

8

“G[Zb e/ Bk eZY' ed/ wz{j'A rkbQ iheo' Bk bVkJh ed/ fe;/ Bkb iheo e/ e[gZs XB Bk rtkT[DkMrV/ bVkJh d/ B B/V/ iktDk.”

wkfsqe Szd ^ u"gJh L 4 s[eK l 8O7&15 wksok ns/ bx{ iK 8O8&16 wksok ns/ r[o{.b~SD L u"gJh T[j Szd j?, fi; dhnK 4 s[eK ns/ jo s[e ftu 15 iK 16 wksoktK fJ;

soQK j'D fe gfjbk ft;okw 8 wksok T[go ns/ d{ik 7 iK 8 T[go j't/, fit/A L^

fijV/ pzd/ ghD Pokp,j[zd/ jB T[j pj[s yokpsB s/ XB dk eod/ Bk;,e"vh ofjzdh fJe Bk gk;.

(u"gJh 16 wksoktK)fJZe NZpo ftu eo/ wi{oh,;ko/ yKd/ e[N e[N u{oh.j[D yg^yg ;G NZpo wodk,sK th xo dk ezw B ;odk.

d'jok L 2 s[eK l 13O11&24 wksoktKb~SD L d'jok T[j Szd j?, fi; dhnK d' s[eK s/ jo s[e ftu 24 wksoktK fJ; soQK j'D

fe gfjbk ft;okw 13 wksoktK T[go s/ d{ik 11 T[go j't/, nzs ftu r[o{ bx{l fit/A L^

fdb d/ e/ ftfdnk gVQ'r[D fJ; fijk Bk j'o.ftfdnk pkM wB[Zy j?,;uw[u vzro Y'o.

;'omk L 2 s[eK l 11O13&24 wksoktKb~SD L ;'omk T[j Szd j?, fi; dhnK d' s[eK s/ jo s[e ftu 24 wksoktK fJ; soQK j'D

fe gfjbk ft;okw 11 wksok T[go s/ d{ik 13 T[go j't/, s[eKs (ek|hnk) gfjb/ s/ shi/ nzr dkfwb/ go d{i/ s/ u"E/ nzr dk Bk fwb/, fit/A L^

“p[ZXh tvk T[gkfJ, XB^fts dh oZSk bJh,eodh ;dk ;jkfJ, GhV gJ/ d[y Nkbdh.”

B'N L ;'omk ‘d'jo/’ dk T[bN j[zdk j?l fJ; bJh Io{oh j? fe ;'om/ d/ gfjb/ s/ shi/ nzr d/nzs ftu r[o{ bx{ ofynk ikt/ sK i' T[bNk eoB s/ d'jok pD ikJ/, fit/A L^

9

XB^fts dh oZSk bJh, p[ZXh tZvk T[gkfJ.GhV gJ/ d[y Nkbdh, eodh ;dk ;jkfJ.

f;oyzvh L 4 iK tX s[eK l 12O9&21 wksoktK, 14O9&23 wksoktK11O10&21 wksoktk, 11O9&20 wksoktKb~SD L f;oyzvh Szd dk ;'om/ tKr s[eKs BjhA fwbdk. fJ; dhnK uko iK uko s'A tZX s[eK

j[zdhnK jB. fJ; d/ uko o{g jB L^gfjbk o{g L 12O9&21 wksoktKjo s[e ftu 21 wksoktK, gfjbk ft;okw 12 wksoktK T[go s/ d{ik 9 T[go j[zdk j?, Bkb/

jo s[e d/ gfjb/, shi/ s/ gzit/A nkfd nzrK dk s[eKs fwbdk j?l fit/A L^

d?Ash vzv T[Gkoh, B/V/ nkfJ e?.f;zx woh n;tkoh, d[ork P'o ;[D.yZp/ d;s T[Gkoh, rdk fcokfJ e?.;?Bk ;G ;zxkoh, ;qtDs^phi dh.

(uzvh dh tko)d{ik o{g L 14O9&23 wksoktKjo s[e ftu 23 wksoktK, gfjbk ft;okw 14 wksoktK T[go s/ d{ik 9 T[go, jo s[e d/

gfjb/ nzr d/ nzs d' r[o{ j[zd/ jB, ns/ gfjb/, shi/ s/ gzit/A nkfd nzrK dk s[eKs fwbdkj?, fit/A L^

;GBhA nkD trkJhnK, s/rK ;zGkb e?.d[ork ;G/ pukJhnK, Ykb ;zGkb e?.d/th nkg ubkJhnK, se se dkBthA.b'j{ Bkb v[pkJhnK, s/rK BzrhnK.

(uzvh dh tko)shik o{g L 11O10&21 wksoktKjo s[Ze ftu 21 wksoktK, gfjbk ft;okw 11 wksoktK T[go nzs bx{, d{ik ft;okw 10

wksoktK T[go, nzs r[o{ l gfjb/, shi/ s/ gzit/A nkfd nzrK dk s[eKs fwbdk j?l fit/A L^

f;o ;'j/ d;sko fe fgzBk tkD dk.s/V gJh ;btko fe p[Zr ;sko dkfYZv GV'b/ jko fe wFNek g'funk.t/y' w/ok :ko fe pfDnk ;Kr j?.

u"Ek o{g L 11O9&20 wksoktKjo s[e 20 wksoktK dh, gfjbk ft;okw 11 wksoktK T[go s/ d{ik 9 T[go, jo s[e d/ gfjb/

nzr d/ nzs ftu bx{ s[eKs fe;/ nzr dk BjhA fwbdk, fit/A L^

10

gops tKr{ whs. \bes tk;s/d/thA ;dk fdnkb b/thA edh Bkd/Adk edh B o'; r[Z;k yktDk.d/ e/ edh j;kB eoBk osh Bk.

p?As L 2 s[eK l 10O9&19 wksoktK, 15O11&26 wksoktK,16O12&28 wksoktK, 20O20&40 wksoktKbZSD L p?As n;b ftu noph^|ko;h s'A nkfJnk j?. fJ; ftu w{b'A d' s[eK j[zdhnK jB. gzikph

ftu ;G s'A g[okDk p?As ‘B;hjs Bkw/’ ftu fwbdk j?, fi; dh jo s[e ftu 19 wksoktK, 10 s/9 wksok T[go fp;okw ns/ nzs r[o{^bx{ j?, fit/A L^

ehi? stfink B ehi? r[wkBB ofj;h fJ d[Bhnk B ofj;h fdtkB.

fJ; s'A fgS'A gzikph ethnK B/ ‘BthB p?As’ dh bhj gkJh, fi; dk nkozG jk|I po\[odkod/ uko s[eK tkb/ p?As s'A j'fJnk, fit/A L^

;Z;h ;D/ ;j/bhnK, nkJh ozr wjZbs/ g[zƒ j's B ;fenk, Mkb ;Z;h dh MZbT[; g[o e[obkJ/ jk|Ik ` d' B?DK d/ SZb.Uj b?D ;zi'jhA fBeb/, pkD eb/ik ;Zb.

fJ; s'A fgZS'A p?As dh s[e bzw/oh j[zdh rJh ns/ s[eK dh frDsh th tXdh rJh. tko; Pkjd/ ‘BthB p?As’ ƒ gzikphnK B/ pj[s g;zd ehsk ns/ nZi ebQ fJj' p?As gqubs j?. fJ; ftu wksoKdh frDsh 20O20&40 j[zdh j?, go fJe^nZX wksok xZN^tZX eo b?D ƒ th e'Jh d'P BjhA ;wfMnkiKdk, fit/A L^

oKMk nkydk SVk SVke jK w?A,BjhA ihT[Adk wkT[A s/ pkg w/ok.s[;K s[ZfmnK j'J/ ih ezw w/ok,s[;K s[ZfmnK T[so/ gkg w/ok.Pops i'r dk x'b fgbkU w?ƒsd'A T[so/ BkE ;zskg w/ok.

nbzeko

nbzeko p'bh dh T[j \{ph j?, fi; Bkb ouBk ftu PpdK iK noE dh e'Jh \k; ;[zdosk g?dkj' ikt/, fit/A e'Jh nky/ L^

‘d[PNK dk wB t/fynk, j[zdk pj[s em'o.’

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fJ; ftu eftsk d/ fB:w nB[;ko s[e dhnK wksoK sK g{ohnK jB, s/ b? th mhe j?, goPpdK iK noEK dh e'Jh \k; \{ph BjhA. jK, i/ fJ;/ ƒ fJT[A ejhJ/ L^

‘d[PNK dk fdb d/fynk, gZEo tKr em'o.’

sK fJ; d/ gfjb/ nZX ftu PpdK dk w[ZYbk nZyo fwbD eoe/ b?n dh \k; \{ph tZX rJhj?l ns/ d{i/ nZX ftu fdb dh em'osk ƒ gZEo fijh eoVh nkyD Bkb noEK ftu th tX/o/ o;g?dk j' frnk j? l fJ; bJh fJE/ d' \{phnK iK d' nbzeko jB.

;' ‘PpdK’ s/ ‘noEK’ dh \{ph eoe/ nbzeko d' soQK d/ j'J/ L^1H Ppd nbzeko L fiZE/ PpdK d/ i'VB ftu ‘b?n’ dh \k; \{ph g?dk j' ikt/, T[E/ ‘Ppd

nbzeko’ j[zdk j?, fit/A L^

“;Zu ;'j/ f;o gZr fiT[A,e'Mk e{V e[EkfJA eS'Nk.”

fJZE/ gfjb/ nZX ftu fszBK PpdK dk w[ZYbk nZyo ‘e’ j''D eoe/ s[e ftu b? iK ;[o dh \k;\{ph g?dk j' rJh j? l fJ; bJh fJE/ Ppd nbzeko j?.

2H noE nbzeko L fiE/ PpdK d/ i'VB ftu ‘o;’ dh \k; \{[ph g?dk j' ikt/ nEtk noEtX/o/ o;dkfJe j' ikt/, T[E/ noE nbzeko j[zdk j?, fit/A L^

p'fbnk nekb s/ nkekP jZfbnk.d/y' f;zx ;{owk fPeko uZfbnk.

fJE/ i?eko/ d/ n;o ƒ tXk e/ fJT[A fpnkB ehsk j? fe T[; dh Xwe Bkb nkekP ezp T[fmnk.fJ; d/ Bkb noE pVk o;dkfJe pD frnk j?, fJ; bJh fJE/ noE nbzeko j?.

B'N L fes/ fes/ ‘Ppd nbzeko’ s/ ‘noE nbzeko’ d't/A fJeZm/ jh nk iKd/ jB. T[;i[Vt/A nbzeko ƒ eJh ‘T[G? nbzeko’ efjzd/ jB, eJh ‘d'ozrk’ ns/ eJh ‘PpdkoE’ nbzekoefjzd/ jB.

Ppd nbzeko

Ppd nbzeko d/ w'N/^w'N/ G/d jB L nB[gqk; nbzeko, fuso nbzeko, :we nbzeko s/thg;k nbzeko.

nB[gqk; nbzeko L fiZE/ eJh tkoh fJe iK tZX nZyoK dh ;wkBsk eoe/ b?n dh ;[zdosk g?dkehsh ikt/, T[E/ nB[gqk; nbzeko j[zdk j?. fJ; dhnK gzi fe;wK jB L S/e, ftqsh, ;o[sh, bkNs/ nzs. fw;kb d/ s"o s/ L^

BufD BZu Bk ikDdh nky?,G[fJ ;T[Vh.

(GkJh r[odk;)

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fuso nbzeko

fuso nbzeko L fi; Szd ƒ nfijh ftT[As Bkb ofunk ikt/ fe T[jd/ nZyoK ƒ fe;/ fuso(eztb, SDe/D nkfd) d/ o{g ftu fbfynk ik ;e/ sK T[; ftu fuso nbzeko wzfBnk iKdkj?, fit/A L^

jo jo eo no g:ko eo, to d{o eo d{of;o Xo fco r[o g?o g[o, j/o t{o Gog{o.

:we nbzeko L id fe;/ s[e iK tke ftu fJe' Ppd nZv^nZv noEK ftu nkt/ sK :wenbzeko j[zdk j?, fit/A L^

xVh xVh xVh N[Dekt/ s/ tikt/ Nb,gkg s/ co/p dh i' xVh J/; xVh j?.

fJE/ ‘xVh’ Ppd eJh noEK ftu tofsnk frnk j? (1) w[V^w[V, (2) tes dZ;D tkbh xVh,(3) pDkJh.

thg;k nbzeko L fiE/ n;uoisk, fxqDk, gq/w nkdo nkfd fe;/ Gkt ƒ gqrN eoB bJh fJe'Ppd iK Ppd^;w{j eJh tko d[jokfJnk ikt/, go T[; d/ noEK ftu fGzBsk Bk nkt/ sK thg;knbzeko j[zdk j?, fit/A L^

t/ Bk o[Z; e/, o[Z;e/ ikj Y'bk `nt/, jZ;Bk jZ;Bk nk Y'bk.w[V nk, w[V nk, w[V nk Y'bk.rb bk, rb bk, rb bk Y'bk.

(fpibhnK d/ jko)

fiE/ gfjbh s[e ftu tkezP ‘oZ[;e/’ dh thg;k j?, d{ih ftu Ppd ‘jZ;Bk’ dh s/ shih s/ u"Ehftu tke ‘w[V nk’ s/ ‘rb bk’ dh.

noE nbzeko

noE nbzeko d/ T[Ai sK eJh G/d jB go fJZE/ e/tb T[jBK jh G/dK dk toBD ehsk frnkj? fijV/ nkw gqufbs jB.

T[gwk nbzeko L fiZE/ d' nZv^nZv uhIK ftu fe;/ r[D dh ;wkBsk eoe/ fJe uhI ƒ d{ihfijk fejk ikt/, T[E/ ‘T[gwk nbzeko’ jz[dk j?, fit/A L^

fJT[A efj nZr/ j'fJ N[j N[j t/ydhfgzvk mzYk mko tKro po| d/.

(okDk ;{os f;zx)

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fJZE/ nZs mzve d/ r[D dh ;wkBsk eoe/ ‘mzv/ mko fgzv/’ ƒ ‘po|’ fijk fejk frnk j? l fJ;bJh fJE/ ‘T[gwk nbzeko’ j?.

T[gwk nbzeko d/ d' gqw[y nzr j[zd/ jB (1) T[gw/n, (2) T[gwkB. T[gw/n T[j uhI j?,fi; ƒ fe;/ j'o gqf;ZX uhI Bkb T[gwk fdZsh ikt/, fit/A T[go dZ;/ rJ/ T[dkjoB ftu Ppd ‘fgzvk’T[gw/n j?.

T[gwkB T[j uhI j?, fi; Bkb fe;/ d{ih uhI ƒ T[gwk fdZsh ikt/, fit/A ‘po|’.fdqPNKs nbzeko L fiZE/ fe;/ rZb ƒ ;wkB r[D oZyD tkbh T[;/ soQK dh fe;/ j'o rZb dh

fw;kb d/ e/ ;gPN ehsk frnk j't/, T[E/ fdqPNKs nbzeko j[zdk j?, fit//A L ^

okXk dk fgnko uoBhA T[;d/uz[pe gZEo fgnko b'jk fiT[A eo/.

B'N L T[gwk nbzeko ftu d' fGzB^fGzB t;sK d/ fe;/ r[D dh ;wkBsk dZ;h j[zdh j?, go fdqPNKsnbzeko ftu d' fGzB^fGzB gq;zrK dh ;wkBsk j[zdh j?.

o{ge nbzeko L fiZE/ T[gw/n ns/ T[gwkB ftubk G/d fwFNk e/ fJe uhI ƒ d{ih uhI dko{g wzfBnk ikt/, T[E/ o{ge nbzeko j[zdk j?l fit/A L^

vb d/ f;o f;oski yVk fBPks sz{gops r'dh ftu sz{ j?A b/fNnkfNZb/ gfjo/dko fgZS/ yVQ/ jB.nZr/ j? dopko vb dk ftfSnk.;Zi/^yZp/ okj ;c?d/ t/fVQnk.fdZ;dh yVh f;gkj fiT[A u[Zpdko jB.

nfsêEBh nbzeko L fiZE/ rZb ƒ T[; dh :'r nt;Ek s'A pj[s tXk e/ fejk frnk j't/,T[E/ nfsêEBh iK nfs^T[esh nbzeko j[zdk j?, fit/A L^

p'fbnk nekb s/ nekP jZfbnk.d/y' f;zx ;{owk fPeko uZfbnk.

iKUVe tes efjo dhnK e{eK;[D gZEo Yb ikt/.

o;

o; L thGkt nB[Gkt ;zukoh nkfd Bkb gfog{oB nBzdô{g rqfjD eoB tkb/ ƒ gqkgs j'J/;EkJh Gkt ƒ ‘o;’ efjzd/ jB. o; B"A gqeko d/ j[zd/ jB L

1H fPzrko o; L fPzrko o; ƒ o;K dk okik fejk iKdk j?. eJh ftdtkB fJ; ƒ n;bho; fPzrko o; jh wzBd/ jB.

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2H jk; o; L jk;/ ftu'A jk; o; g?dk j[zdk j?. fJj T[go'A j"bk^c[Zb fd;dk j?. gzikph ;kfjsftu ;[Eok Pkj s/ ibQD iZN jk;o;h eth d/ s"o s/ wPj{o jB.

3H eo[Bk o; L fiZE/ P'e d/ ;EkJh Gkt dh g[PNh j't/, T[E/ eo[Dk o; dk gqrNktk j[zdk j?.wB[Zy nkgD/ fgnko d/ ft:'r ftu e[obk T[mdk j? sK T[; t/b/ eo[Dk o; g?dk j[zdk j?.

4H o"do o; L o"do o; dk ;EkJh Gkt eo'X j?. fJj p/fJIsh, fBokdoh, S/VykBh iK ngwkBd/ o{g ftu g?dk j[zdk j?.

5H tho o; L fiZE/ izrK^:[ZXK nzdo thosk fdykT[D dk T[sPkj jz[dk j?, T[E/ tho o; Mbedkj?. gzikph d/ tko ;kfjs ftu r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ofus ‘uzvh dh tko’, ‘Bikps dh tko’, tho o;dhnK T[dkjoBK jB.

6H fGnkBe o; L fe;/ vokT[Dh P?n (t;s{) ƒ t/yD^;[DB s/ wB ftu i' G?n T[sgzB j[zdkj?, T[; ftu'A fGnkBe o; fBebdk j?. fJ; o; dk ;EkJh Gkt ‘G?n’ j?.

7H thGs; o; L oZs^bj{ ns/ wk;^fwM dh f;ZXh fpnkBpkIh jh thGs; o; dh fJe'^fJe;wZroh BjhA, ;r'A ftGuko, d[okuko s/ fGqPNkuko tkbhnK t;s{nK s/ xNBktK dh ebgBk th thGs;o; nytkT[Adh j?.

8H ndG[~s o; L j?okBhiBe rZbK, ndG[s xNBktK, gVQB iK ;[DB eoe/ gkmeK d/ wB ftuid'A ‘n;uoisk’ dk Gkt g?dk eod/ jB sK T[j ndG[s o; efjbkT[Ad/ jB.

9H PKs o; L PKs o; dk ;EkJh Gkt ‘t?okr’ j?. fi; s'A PKsh gqkgs j[zdh j?, T[; ƒ PKso; fejk iKdk j?.

15

“ekft :ksok” L ftP/rs nfXn?B

vkH ftB?Bhs e"o

Gkr^I

gkm g[;se “ekft :ksok” Bkb ;zpzXs fJBQK gofunK ƒ fbyD bJh fJ; ƒ d' GkrK ftutzfvnk j?. gfjb/ gou/ ftu fJ; gkm g[;se ftub/ gfjb/ gzi ethnK ns/ T[BQK dhnK eftsktKƒ ftukfonk ikt/rk ns/ d{i/ gou/ ftu nrb/ gzi ethnK ns/ T[BQK dhnK eftsktK pko/uouk eoKr/.

“ekft :ksok” gkm g[;se ftu ;G s'A gfjbK nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk d/ w'Yh eth GkJh thof;zx dhnK eftsktK ƒ fbnk frnk j?. GkJh tho f;zx ƒ nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk d/ w'Yh j'D d/Bkb^Bkb e[dos d/ eth d/ s"o s/ th ikfDnk iKdk j?. T[; dhnK eftsktK dk ;zpzX nfXnkswtkdBkb j?. GkJh tho f;zx dhnK eftsktK dk ftPk e[dos ns/ ekdo Gkt fJ; f;qPNh d/ ouBjkoBkb ;zpzXs j?. fJ; b'e, fJ; d[BhnK dh rZb eofdnK T[;dhnK ouBktK ftu d{ih d[BhnK dknfj;k;, gowkswk Bkb w/b dhnK rZbK T[;dhnK eftsktK dh gqXkB ;[o j?. ;kvh gkm g[;seftu GkJh tho f;zx dhnK fszB eftsktK ƒ Pkfwb ehsk frnk j?, ‘ezpdh ebkJh’, ‘sq/b s[gek’ns/‘j'P w;sh’. fszB'A jh eftsktK ftu ojZ; dh rZb ehsh rJh j?. nfXnkswtkd, gowkswk Bkbw/b^nw/b dk fIeo fJBQK eftsktK ftu ehsk frnk j?.

eftsk ‘ezpdh ebkJh’ ftu eth B/ ojZ; dk fusoB ehsk j?. ;koh eftsk ftu nozG s'A nzsse fJe ojZ; dk tkoskbkg f;ofink j?. fJj eftsk ;[gB/ ns/ ;[u/sBk dk ;[w/b j?. eftskd/ nozG ftu ;[gB/ ftu fwbD dk nfj;k; j? go, w/b BjhA j'fJnk ‘fBok B{o’ fJe nfj;k; j?gqekP dk go, gqkgsh BjhA. fBeN j? go jZE BjhA nkT[Adk. fJj fJe ojZ; j?, gowkswk$;ZiD;[gB/ ftu fwb/ go jZE Bk nkJ/. fJ; s'A nrb/ pzd ftu fJjh ojZ; c/o fd;dk j?,

“Xk uoBK s/ ;h; fBtkfJnk”

go fco th e'Jh S[j Bk gkJh Gkt jkb/ th w/b Bk j' ;fenk. ;zg{oB eftsk ftu fJe sBkT[j? go, sBkT[ ekoB e'Jh nPKsh dk nfj;k; fpbe[b BjhA j?.

“s[;hA T[~u/ n;hA Bht/A ;K”

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fJj nzso gowkswk s/ ihtkswk dk j?. gowkswk ;pd jh ihtK s'A T[~uk j?, gj[zu s'A pkjoj?, T[; d/ nZr/ e'Jh g/P BjhA iKdh. nrbhnK ;soK ftu eth fJe tkoh c/o fwbD dk, w/b dk:sB eodk j? ns/ fJ; tko gqkgsh, fwbkg j' iKdk j? L

“T[vdk iKdk, go T[j nkgDhS[j ;kƒ r:k bkJh”

S[j dk nfj;k;, gqkgsh Bkb w'Jh fwZNh th uwe T[~mh ns/ bz{^bz{ ftu T[BQK dh S[j dk nfj;k;,jo gk;/ y[Ph j?, uekuz{X Sk rJh j?. fJ; soQK ;koh eftsk ftu fJe ojZ; c?fbnk j'fJnk j?.;G e[M eth d/ nkb/^d[nkb/ j? go, BIo BjhA nkT[Adk ns/ nzs ftu fwbkg, gqkgsh dk nfj;k;ns/ gqGkt eftsk ftu gqsZy BIo nkT[Adk j?.

‘sq/b s[gek’ eftsk th fJe ojZ;tkdh eftsk j?. GkJh tho f;zx B/ fJ; eftsk ftub/ ojZ;ƒ gqrN eoB bJh gqfeosh ƒ wkfXnw pDkfJnk j?. sq/b s[gek r[bkp d/ c[Zb dh r'd ftu p?me/ w'sh tKr uwedk, y/vK eodk j'o th o{gtkB j' frnk j?. eth efjzdk j? fe noP s'A fjeX[Zg dh feoB nkt/rh ns/ fJ; ƒ nkgD/ nzdo b[ek bt/rh, feT[Afe jtk dk M'Aek fJ; ƒ Xoshs/ v/r ;edk j?. fJe fgnko dh fyZu jh fJ; ƒ r[bkp dh r'd ftu fbnkJh ;h, fi; Bkb fJjs[gek no{g s'A o{gtkB j' frnk Gkt fJ; B/ Peb gqkgs eo bJh, go noPK ftu tZ;dk gowkswkfJ; ƒ c/o noPh feoB d/ IohJ/ o{g s'A no{g eo fdzdk j? ns/ fJj c/o T[; gqwkswk e'b gjz[uiKdk j?. fJ;/ soQK fJj ;z;koe y/v j?, ihtkswk ;z;ko ftu nkT[Adh s/ c/o nzso gowkswk ftubhB j' iKdh j?. eth B/ sq/b s[ge/ d/ gqshe okjhA gqfeosh, pqfjwzv ns/ ;z;ko dh fJ; y/v d/ojZ; ƒ pV/ \{p;{os Yzr Bkb g/P ehsk j?.

GkJh tho f;zx B/ nkgDh nrbh eftsk ‘j'P w;sh’ ftu u/sB ns/ nu/s wB[Zy dh ;fEshpko/ dZf;nk j?. eth nB[;ko u/sB wB[Zy sBkT[ dh ;fEsh ftu ofjzdk j? ns/ nu/s wB[Zy ;dksBkT[ ofjs ;fEsh ftu. eth nB[;ko w;sh Gkt nu/s wB[Zy dh ;fEsh fInkdk uzrh j?. ehj'fJnk s/ fe; soQK j'fJnk HHH nkgD/ nkb/^d[nkb/ pko/ ikBD dh fJZSk, nfijhnK rZbK jh wB[Zyƒ go/PkB eodhnK jB ns/ fJBQK rZbK dk jZb bZGfdnK bZGfdnK T[woK phs iKdhnK jB. d{i/gk;/ w;sh ’u ofjD tkbk wB[Zy ;dk fBPfus ns/ w;s ofjzdk j? i' fBPfus jh j'P ftu ofjDtkb/ wB[Zy Bkb'A fpjso j?.

XBh okw ukfsqe nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk GkJh tho f;zx s'A nrbk eth j?. “ekft :ksok”ftu fJ;dhnK d' eftsktK bJhnK rJhnK jB—‘ft;kyh dk w/bk’ ns/ ‘;w/A dh pjko’. ‘;w/A dhpjko’ ukfsqe dk rhs j?. XBh okw ukfsqe dhnK eftsktK dk w[Zy ftPk gzikphns ns/ gzikp fgnkoj?. T[; dh eftsk ‘ft;kyh dk w/bk’ gzikp d/ ;G s'A tZX X{wXkw Bkb wBkJ/ ikD tkb/ ft;kyhd/ w/b/ ƒ pV/ gqGktPkbh Yzr Bkb g/P eodh j?. eth B/ ft;kyh d/ w/b/ d/ ;w/A, fe;kBK d/ ezwK,c;bK, w";w, pB;gsh dk pj[s \{p;{os fusoB fJ; eftsk ftu ehsk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jhw/b/ dhnK rshftXhnK, egV/, Y'b, Bku w/b/ dk fdqP, gzikp d/ b'eK dk fto;k ns/ ;fGnkukonkfd ƒ pj[s gqGktPkbh Yzr Bkb nkgDh eftsk ftu fpnkB ehsk j?.

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eftsk ‘;w/A dh pjko’ ftu XBh okw ukfsqe B/ nkgDh ouBk dh gSkD w[jkto/dko p'bh dhtos'A ehsh j?. ukfsqe dh gSkD T[; dh m/m ns/ w[jkto/dko GkPk j?. eftsk ‘;w/A dh pjko’ ftuXBh okw ukfsqe B/ nkX[fBe ;wki ftu nk ojh spdhbh ƒ g/P ehsk j?. eftsk d/ nozG s'A jheth Bt/A ;w/A dh rZb eodk j? fiZE/ ;G e[M BtK j?, T[j Bt/A ;w/A dh BthA pjko ƒ wkDdk wfj;{;j' fojk j?. eth efjzdk j? fe Bt/A ;w/A ftu Bt/A b'eK B/ fgSbhnK rZbK ƒ SZv e/ ;G e[M BtKeo e/ ;kok ;z;ko pdb fdZsk j?. e[dos th fJ; pdbkU s'A j?okB ns/ \[[P j?. eth fJ; spdhbhs'A go/PkB BjhA BIo nkT[Adk ;r'A T[j fJ; gfotosB s'A \[P j' fojk j?, T[j efjzdk j? fe fJjBtK ;wK ;fjw ns/ r[bkwh ƒ SZv e/ nkIkdh dh bfjo b? e/ nkfJnk j?. T[j eftsk okjhA g[okfDnKƒ fJj fjdkfJs th fdzdk j? fe iK sK BftnK d/ Bkb ob e/ Bt/A IwkB/ d/ j' ikU, T[; soZeh,spdhbh, ftek; ƒ ;theko eo bt', i/ fJj wzI{o BjhA j? sK fJe gk;/ j' e/ pfj ikU. BtK;wK pj[s s/Ih Bkb T[ukJhnK ƒ S{jD dh fsnkoh eo fojk j? fJ; Bt/A ;w/A ftu jo gk;/ soZehj' ojh j? ns/ ;G ƒ fJ; ;w/A ftu Pkfwb j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

gq'H g{oB f;zx dk BK nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk d/ y/so ftu ftP/P s/ wjZstg{oB ;EkB oZydkj?. gq'H g{oB f;zx B/ gozgoe eftsk ƒ Szdkpzdh s'A w[es eo ;?bkBh Szd Gkt y[ZbQh eftsk fbyDd/ okj s/ s'fonk. T[; dh eftsk ftu gzikp fgnko ns/ e[dos \k; s"o s/ t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB,go ‘y[ZbQ’ g{oB f;zx dk ;G s'A g;zdhdk ftPk j?. gzikp fgnko ftP/ Bkb ;zpzXs eftsk ‘gzikpd/ dfonk’ gkm g[;se ftu th Pkfwb j?. fJ; eftsk ftu gzikp d/ gziK dfonktK gqsh eth dkfgnko v[ZbQ^v[ZbQ g?Adk BIo nkT[Adk j?. eftsk ftu eth fJBQK dfonktK ƒ ihT[Adk, wkDdk wfj;{;eodk j?, fJT[A brdk j? fe T[j fJBQK dfonktK d/ fgnko ftu BfPnkfJnk j'fJnk j?. fJjdfonk fgnko d/ gqshe jB. jo dfonk dk BK b? e/ T[; gqsh nkgDh GktBk dk fpnkB T[; d/fJBQK gqsh rfjokJh dk frnkB fdzd/ jB. eftsk ftub/ dfonk fJT[A brdk j? fit/A nkgD/ tZbfyZud/, ntkIK wko oj/ jB. fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb fJj dfonk gzikp d/ Xkofwe fto;/ ƒ th nkgD/Bkb b? e/ ubd/ jB.

‘roK dk fBZek u{uk’ eftsk ftu g{oB f;zx fJe fBZe/ u{u/ dh jZvphsh ;[DkT[AfdnK, eftskƒ nfXnksw fuzsB Bkb i'Vdk gqshs j' fojk j?. eftsk d/ nozG ftu fJe fBZe/ u{u/ T[go nkJhfJe fpgsk dk fIeo j?, i' ikB pukT[D bJh GZidk fcodk j?, eth T[; fBZe/ u{u/ d/ d[y s/ dodƒ wfj;{; eodk j?, nkgDh ikB pukT[D bJh T[j fBZek u{uk jo e'fPP eodk d"V fojk j?, gonzs se gj[zufdnK T[j gefVnk jh iKdk j?. u{uk, wkoB tkb/ dhnK nZyK ftu N/e pzBQ e/t/ydk j? fe PkfJd T[j ;wM ikt/ fe w"s fezBh fGnkBe j[zdh j?. fJT[A gqshs j[zdk j? fit/A u{ukT[; ƒ dZ;Dk ukj[zdk j? fe w"s w/o/ bJh s/ s/o/ bJh fJe' fijh jh fGnkBe j?, sz{ T[; gqwkswks'A vo, T[j gqwkswk jo/e ftu t;dk j?, s/ sz{ s/ w?A fJe d{i/ s'A nbZr BjhA, w/oh ikB ths/oh ikB fizBh jh fgnkoh j?. fJ; soQK T[; gqwkswk dk fXnkB eo ns/ ;jh soQK ;'u fe sz{eh eoB ik fojk j?A. fJT[A eth eftsk d/ nzs ftu fJj ;zd/P fdzdk gqshs j[zdk j?.

g{oB f;zx dh eftsk ‘feqPB ih’ ftu feqPB ih d/ o{g dk ns/ feqPB ih d/ pz;oh d/ gqfeoshT[go gJ/ gqGkt dk toBD ehsk frnk j?. feqPB ih d/ o{g dk toBD eftsk d/ wZX ftu j?, go

18

gqGkt dk toBD eftsk d/ nozG s'A jh P[o{ j' iKdk j? ns/ nzs se ofjzdk j?. eftsk ftu ethns/ gqfeosh s'A fJbktk j'o e'Jh gkso Pkfwb BjhA. eftsk d/ nozG s'A jh feqPB ih dh pz;ohdk gqGkt BIo nkT[Adk j?. gqfeosh fJ; ;zrhse gqGkt ftu BZu ojh j?. eftsk d/ wZX ftu ethfeqPB ih dh Sph pko/ d;dk j?, T[; d/ gqGkt pko/ dZ;dk j?. fJ; soQK ;koh eftsk ftu ethfeqPB ih d/ o{g ns/ T[BQK dh pz;oh d/ ;zrhs d/ gqfeosh T[go g?D tkb/ gqGkt dk pj[s ;z[dofuZso g/P eodk j?.

gq'H g{oB f;zx s'A pknd gkm g[;se ftu nrbk eth gq'H w'jB f;zx j?. gq'H w'jB f;zx nkX[fBegzikph eftsk dk gqw[Zy o[wKfNe gqrshtkdh eth j?. T[; B/ gqrhs ekft o{g ftu th ouBk ehsh.T[; dh eftsk ftu gozgoe ekft^o{g, BthA ekft GkPk Bkb gqt/P eod/ jB. w'jB f;zx dh eftsk‘skiwjb’ T[; dh o[wKfNe gqrshtkdh ekft Xkok dh gqw[Zy T[dkjoD j?. eth B/ eftsk ƒ d' GkrKftu tzfvnk j?. gfjb/ Gkr ftu eth skiwjb dh \{p;{osh dk toBD ukBDh oks ftu pj[s\{p;{osh Bkb eodk j?. skiwjb dh \{p;{osh pko/ fbyfdnK T[j d;dk j? fe skiwjb dk nkbkd[nkbk th T[; dh \{p;{osh d/ gqGkt ftu w;s j'fJnk j?. prhuk, t/bK, NfjDhnK fJE'A se fegoSkt/A th w;s j'J/ gJ/ jB. eftsk d/ wZX se fJjh gqGkt ubdk j? fe nukBe

“J/B/ ƒ r[zpd dk nKvk HHH”s'A pknd tkb/ Gkr ftu eftsk d/ noE g{oh soQK pdb iKd/ jB, j[D eftsk ftu o[wK; feXo/

th BIo BjhA nkT[Adk. eftsk d/ fJ; Gkt ftu d[y, sebh|K, s;hj/ BIo nkT[D/ P[o{ j' iKd/jB. fJ; Gkr ftu skiwjb d/ T[; fJfsjk; dk toBD fwbdk j?, fi; ƒ ikBD s'A pknd skiwjbdh \{p;{osh T[~s/ gqPB fuzBQ br iKdk j?. eth B/ eftsk d/ fJ; Gkr ftu T[BQK wId{oK ns/wId{oBhnK dhnK d[yK, sebh|K dk toBD ehsk j?, fiBQK B/ fJ; \{p;{os skiwjb ƒ T[;kfonk.fJE/ eth fJ; \{p;{os skiwjb ƒ pBkT[D ;w/A wId{oK s/ wId{oBhnK T[~s/ j'J/ I[bw ns/ trkoh,P'PD dk ftPb/PD eodk j? fJT[A brdk j? fe eth B/ fJj eftsk dh ouBk jh fJ; ftP/P wB'oEbJh ehsh ;h, T[j ;kv/ ;kjwD/ \{p;{os skiwjb d/ fJ; dodBke fuZso ƒ oZyDk ukjz[dk ;h.T[j gfjbK skiwjb dh \{p;{osh ƒ fdyk e/ pknd ftu fJ; ftP/P wB'oE nXhB fJ; P'PD dktoBD eodk j?. eth B/ nzs ftu nkgDk wB'oE fJe gqPB d/ o{g ftu g/P ehsk j? L

“eh T[j j[;B j[;B j? ;uw[Zu,:k T[Ai/ jh SbdkbZy rohpK wId{oK d/jzM{nK ’s/ i' gbdk <”

eftsk d/ fJ; Gkr ftu T[; dh eftsk ftubk gqrshtkd ;k| BIo nkT[Adk j?.‘fBZek oZp’ eftsk th w'jB f;zx dh o[wKfNe gqrshtkdh ekft^Xkok Bkb ;zpzfXs eftsk j?.

fJ; eftsk d/ th d' Gkr jB. gfjb/ Gkr ftu eth ;dhnK s'A b'eK d/ ftPtk; d/ e/Ado oZp,gqwkswk dh rZb eodk j?. T[; ƒ ‘tZvk oZp’ efjzdk j? ns/ T[; pko/ tZvhnK^tZvhnK rZbK eodkj?. go e[M ;soK pknd jh T[; dh oZp gqsh Bk;fsesk BIo nkT[Dh P[o{ j' iKdh j?. T[j r[o{

19

BkBe d/t ih dk T[dkjoB b? e/ oZp gqsh nkgDh Bk;fsesk dk ;woEB eokT[D dk :sB th eodkj?. gozs{ d{i/ Gkr ftu T[j g{oh soQK Bk;fse j' iKdk j? id'A T[j tZv/ oZp d/ fto'X ftu fJe‘fBZek oZp’ ;Ekfgs eo b?Adk j?. fJj fBZek oZp T[; dh gq/fwek j?. i' T[; dh jo rZb ;[Ddh.T[j o'Adk s/ T[j T[; d/ jzM{ gz{Mdh, T[; ƒ ;jkok d/Adh, i' fe tZvk oZp BjhA ;h eodk. eth efjzdkj?, id'A wB[Zy ;zeN ftu j[zdk j?, sK T[; ;w/A tZvk oZp BIo BjhA nkT[Adk, T[; ƒ ;jkok BjhA fdzdk,T[; d/ nZEo{ BjhA gz{Mdk. pj[s wip{o j' e/ T[; ƒ ‘fBZek oZp’ xVBk jh g?Adk j?. eth Bkb jhfJj th efjzdk j? fe fJj Io{o e[|o bZr/rk, gkg bZr/rk go, w/ok e[|o nZi wip{o j?, tZv/ oZpdhnK p/fJB;k|hnK B/ w?ƒ nfijk eoB bJh wip{o ehsk j?. fJ; soQK eth oZp d/ fBor[D ;o{gdh EK s/ ;or[D ;o{g dh u'D eodk j?. w'jB f;zx feT[Afe o[wKfNe eth j?, fJ; bJh T[j fJPedh okj u[Ddk j?.

‘jtk dk ihtB’ w'jB f;zx dh gqrhskswe ouBk j?. fJ; eftsk ftu eth ukj[zdk j? fe T[;ƒ jtk dk ihtB fwb/. T[j ;dk jtk tKr y'i ftu ofjDk ukj[zdk j?. jo gb GZi, nkgDh fJZSk,;ZiD dh sbkP ftu ofj e/ w[ekw jk;b eoB tb gq/fos ofjDk ukjz[dk j?. d[BhnK dk e'Jh thbkbu, ;[Zy, d[Zy iK pzfdP T[; ƒ pzBQ Bk ;e/. ;z;ko dhnK ;kohnK \{[p;{oshnK ƒ wkDfdnK j'fJnKth T[j T[BQK s'A fBofbgs j' e/ ofjDk ukj[zdk j?. eth nkgDh toswkB ;fEsh s'A tyok j' e/ihT[D dh ohM oZydk j?, T[; dh fe;/ Bkb BokIrh BjhA, frbk BjhA, T[j sK pZ; tZyoh soQKd/ GftZy dh ekwBk eodk j?. w'jB f;zx dhnK ouBktK ftu fJj rhs e[M tZyoh soQK dk j?.fJ; ftu ;ZiD gqkgsh dh rZb BjhA ehsh rJh, fJE/ eth fe;/ sbkP ftu j?, y'i ftu j?.

nzfwqsk gqhsw nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk d/ y/so ftu eftsoh d/ s"o s/ ;Ekgs j'D tkbh gqw[Zyeftsoh j?. nzfwqsk gqhsw dhnK eftsktK tX/o/ eoe/ n"os ns/ n"os Bkb ;zpzXs ftfPnK T[~s/fbyhnK rJhnK jB. w'jB f;zx tKr nzfwqsk gqhsw th eftsk dh o[wKfNe gqrshtkdh ekft XkokBkb ;zpzfXs j?. “ekft :ksok” ftu nzfwqsk gqhsw dhnK fszB eftsktK jB. ‘;[zdoK’ eftsk nzfwqskB/ feZ;k^ekft d/ e[M gksoK ƒ fpnkB ftu oZy e/ fbyh j?. ‘;[zdoK’ feZ;k^ekft dh gq/w^BkfJekj?. eftsk ftu ;[zdoK d/ gkso d/ o{g ftu g/P j'Jh j? ns/ T[; d/ gq/wh dk BK g{oB BkE i'rhj?. nkgDh eftsk ftu eftsoh eJh iBwK dh rZbK eodh j?. fe;/ iBw ftu T[j s/ T[; dkgq/wh ;z[doK ns/ g{oB, fe;/ iBw ftu jho ns/ ns/ oKMk ns/ fe;/ iBw ftu T[j d't/A ;Z;h s/g[zƒ d/ o{g ftu nkJ/. T[; ƒ brdk j? fe jo ;Zuh gq/fwek ;z[doK j?. fJ; iBw ftu eftsoh;z[doK dh G{fwek fBGk ojh j? ns/ fJ; iBw ftu T[; d/ gq/wh dk BK fIzdrh j?. g{oB fJ; iBwftu e'ok ekrI j? ns/ ;z[doK nZyoK dk o{g j?.

‘oky/’ eftsk ftu nzfwqsk gqhsw ;wkie ihtB d/ fJe gZy ƒ g/P eodh j?. ‘oky/’ Ppd fJ;eftsk ftu r[nKYhnK bJh tofsnk frnk j?. eftsk dhnK nozGbhnK ;soK s'A jh fJj gsk briKdk j? fe fJZE/ r[nKYhnK T[~s/ ftnzr ehsk frnk j?. fit/A^fit/A eftsk nZr/ tXdh j? fJj ftnzrth tXdk iKdk j?. eftsoh dZ;dh j? fe fet/A r[nKYh ‘;wki ;/tk’ dh fIzw/tkoh g{oh fPZds Bkb fBGkT[Ad/jB. fJ; ;koh eftsk ftu fJ; ftnzr dk ;zzpzX fe;/ Iks iK Pq/Dh tzv Bkb BjhA. fJj ;ko/r[nKYh fJe' jh Pq/Dh d/ jB. ;G d/ XhnK, g[Zso fJeZm/ fJe' ;wki ftu ofjzd/ jB go, jo/e

20

ƒ d{i/ d/ xoK ftu MkshnK wkoB ftu tX/o/ fdbu;gh j?. fJj fBzde th jB ns/ fBzfds th.nzfwqsk gqhsw dh nrbh eftsk ‘uZgk uzB’ j?. fJ; eftsk ftu nzfwqsk B/ nfsqgs fJZSktK

dk fIeo ehsk j?. eftsk ftu eftsoh uzB ns/ skfonK d/ gqsheK okjhA wB[Zyh G[ZyK dk fIeoeodh j?. T[; nB[;ko G[ZyK p/nzs jB go T[BQK G[ZyK ƒ g{fonK eoB tkb/ ;kXB ;hfws jB. uzBe/Adoh gqshe ti'A g/P j'fJnk j?. fJBQK ;hfws ;kXBK ƒ ;kv/ tZb ;[ZN e/ ;kvk ;po nIwkfJnkiKdk j?. uzB fit/A edh g{ok, nZXk s/ edh uZgk j' e/ nb'g j' iKdk j?, jw/Pk g{ok BjhA fwbdk.T[;/ soQK jh wB[Zyh G[ZyK th ed/ edkJhA jh g{ohnK j[zdhnK jB, pbfe fJj efjDk fInkdk ;jhj? fe T[j nfsqgs jh ofjzdhnK jB. Xosh dh wzr, neKfynk, n;wkB fizBh ftPkb j? s/ fJjw[Zm sko/ s/ uzB g{o/ BjhA g?Ad/. fJBQK ftubk foPsk wzrD dk j?, fJj feXo/ th ;zxoP eod/ BIoBjhA nk oj/. fJj wzrD dk foPsk jh fJ; eftsk dk X[ok j?. ihtB dk fusoB th oks dh soQKjB/o/ d/ o{g ftu jh ehsk frnk j?.

Gkr^II

“ekft :ksok” gkm g[;se Bkb ;zpzXs gou/ dk fJj d{ik Gkr j?. gfjb/ Gkr d/ nozG ftun;hA gfjb/ gzi ethnK dhnK ouBktK pko/ uouk ehsh. fJ; Gkr ftu j[D n;hA nkX[fBe gzikpheftsk d/ nzfwqsk gqhsw s'A nrb/ gzi ethnK dhnK ouBktK pko/ ftuko tNKdok eoKr/. fJ; Gkrftu ;kv/ e'b nkT[D tkb/ eth jB L vkH jfoGiB f;zx, fPt e[wko, ;[oihs gkso, w'jBihs ns/wBihs fNtkDk. gfjb/ Gkr ftub/ ethnK dhnK ouBktK ftu e[M ozr g[okDh eftsk dk feXo/Bk feXo/ BIo nk jh iKdk j?, gozs{ fJBQK ethnK dhnK ouBktK d/ ftP/ ns/ fbyD dk Yzr T[BQKBkb'A ek|h nzso tkbk j?. fJBQK ftu T[j ojZ;, nfXnkswtkd iK gzikp dh Xosh Bkb ftP/P w'jnkfd gqsh T[jBK fizBh rfjokJh BIo BjhA nkT[Adh, fJBQK ouBktK ftub/ ftP/ ni'e/ ;w/A BkbtX/o/ i[V/ j'J/ jB, nZi d/ wB[Zy dh rZb, nZi d/ ;wki d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ dh rZb ;kƒ fJBQK ouBktKftu fInkdk rfjokJh Bkb ftukoh BIo nkT[Adh j?.

jfoGiB f;zx dh eftsk ‘Xh’ ftu T[; Xh dk fuso g/P ehsk frnk j? fijVh dZ[y ;fj e/th w{b wB[Zyh ehwsK dk ;zs[bB BjhA ftrVB fdzdh. eftsk ftu eth fwfEjk; d/ jtkb/ b? e/ Xhdh s[bBk eodk j?. b'e^ftPtk; j? fe Xosh fJe X"b d/ f;zCK T[~s/ fNeh j'Jh j?. eth Xh dhs[bBk T[; X"b Bkb eodk j?, feT[Afe Xh B/ th T[; X"b tKr ;ko/ d[yK, e'MK dk Gko u[Zfenk j'fJnkj?. T[j th jo d[Zy ;fjzdh j? go ;h BjhA eodh. X"b sK efjzd/ EZe e/ pfj iKdk j? go Xh ƒsK EZeDK iK gzy bk e/ T[~vDk th BjhA nkT[Adk Gkt T[; ƒ nkgDh ;fEsh ’u'A fBebD dh ;wMjh BjhA j? T[; ƒ sK p; nkgD/ d[yK ƒ, ;zskg ƒ ihT[Dk jh nkT[Adk j?, fJ; bJh T[j pj[s e[M;fjzdh j?, go nkgD/ Xow s'A BjhA jZNdh. eth fwfEjk; ’u'A gqsheK dh tos'A eodk fJ; f;qPNhd/ f;oiDjko pqjwk dk fIeo th eodk j?. T[; d/ pDkJ/ d[ZyK pko/ dZ;dk j? i' fe pj[s PeshPkbh;fjG[i jB ns/ T[BQK Bkb bVB bJh d/th d[ork j?. fJ; ;ko/ fposKs d/ ;kjwD/ nkgDh Xh ƒyVQh eodk j?, fijVh fJ; ;koh d[yK^sebh|K Goh d[BhnK dk w[ekpbk d[ork dh soQK eodh j?

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go, T[j ftukoh d[ork fizBh PeshPkbh BjhA, T[j sK d[fBnkth iht j?, wB[Zy j?. eth nB[;koXhnK sK wB[Zy th g{ohnK BjhA j[zdhnK wB[Zy s'A pj[s ewI'o, wB[Zy Bkb'A nZXhnK iK g"DhnK jhsK j[zdhnK jB. fJ; ekoB T[j ftukohnK sK d[yK Bkb bV th BjhA ;edhnK. fJ;/ eoe/ T[jd[y ;fjzdhnK jB. ;' fJ; soQK eth fJ; eftsk ftu fiE/ fJe gk;/ Xh dh wip{oh, T[; dh ewI'ohdk fIeo eodk j? d{i/ gk;/ T[j T[; dh fjzws ƒ ;bkj[zdk th j? fe fe; soQK fJ; ;wki ftuT[j ;G e[M ;fj e/ th Xow ns/ wB[Zyh edoK ehwsK ƒ ;zGkb ojhnK jB.

‘fpoS Bkb b? e/ s[oBk j?’ vkH jfoGiB f;zx dh nrbh eftsk j?. fJ; eftsk ftu ethgqsheK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb fIzdrh d/ :EkoE dh rZb eodk j?. eftsk dk e/Adoh gqshe fpoS j?ns/ d{;ok gqshe wko{Eb j?. eth fJ; wko{Eb o{gh fIzdrh ’u'A gko fBebD bJh ;jkok bZGfdnK;'udk j? fe nkgD/ Bkb e'Jh ;zxDh fijh SK b? bJh ikt/. fJj ;'u T[j fpoS ƒ g[ZN e/ SsohtKr nkgD/ T[go eodk j?, go fJT[A g[ZfNnk p/rkBk fpoS fInkdk d/o se Bkb BjhA ubdk. gZskgZsk MV iKdk j?, fpoS wo iKdk j?. n\ho T[j nkgDh fwZNh ’u jh fpoS T[rkT[Adk j?,Gkt/A T[; dh SK T[; tKr jh fJefjoh jh j't/, go T[; ƒ s;Zbh j? fe T[j T[; dh nkgDh j?.fJE/ fJj gqshe ;gPN j' iKd/ jB, wko{Eb fIzdrh dk :EkoE j? s/ fpoS T[j ftPtk; j? fi;Bkb fJ; ftPtk; dk ;kjwDk eoBk j?. fIzdrh ftu p/rkB/ ftPtk; ezw BjhA d/Ad/. ftPtk; nkgD/nzdo'A jh g?dk eoBk g?Adk j? s/ id'A eth nkgDh fwZNh ’u'A jh fpoS T[rk b?Adk j? sK T[; ftufJe BtK T[sPkj g?dk j' iKdk j? T[; d/ nzdo dk T[j ftPtk; T[; dh skes pDdk j?, T[j nkswftPtk; i' T[; ƒ nkgDh fwZNh ’u T[~r/ fpoS dh SK Bkb fwbdk j? T[; Bkb fJ; fIzdrh o{ghwko{Eb ’u'A fBebDk T[; bJh nk;kB j' iKdk j?.

eftsk ‘ikb/’ dk ;zpzX fe;/ th nfij/ ;zeN dh ;fEsh Bkb j?, id'A wB[Zy nkgD/ nkg ƒ jogk;/ e?d wfj;{; eodk j?, jtk s/ gkDh th T[; ƒ T[; dh wip{oh iK gkpzdhnK dk nfj;k; eokT[Ad/jB. eth eftsk d/ nkozG ’u jh efjzdk j? fe jo gk;/ ikb/ Gkt gkpzdhnK BIo nk ojhnK jB.ekft BkfJe nfijh ;zeNwJh ;fEsh ftu j? fiZE/ jtk ns/ gkDh th T[j woIh Bkb rqfjD BjhAeo ;edk. xo'A pkjo fBebD s/ T[; ƒ nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ BIo wkoB dh th fJikIs BjhA.jB/o/ ns/ o"PBh ƒ th T[; ƒ nDd/fynk eo e/ u[gukg jh r[IoBk g?Adk j?. fi; soQK dk ihtBT[; ƒ fwbdk j? T[; ƒ ihT[Dk g?Adk j?, nkgDh woIh Bkb ihT[Dk T[; ƒ jkb/ g[rdk BjhA. ;fEshjh nfijh j? fe pzd xoK, ewfonK ftu ofjzfdnK T[BQK ƒ fdB oks dk th gsk BjhA brdk. jkbksfJsB/ p[o/ jB fJe d{i/ T[s'A ftPtk; jh T[~m u[e/ jB, e'Jh fe;/ s'A e[M BjhA g[ZSdk feT[Afep/^ftPtk;h jo EK c?bh j'Jh j?. nfijh ;fEsh pkjo jh BjhA ekft BkfJe nkgD/ nzdo th wfj;{;eodk j?. T[j id nkgD/ nkg ƒ fwbD, rZb eoB iK ;bkj eoB dh e'fPP eodk j? sK T[~E/th T[; ƒ skb/ br/ fwb/ Gkt T[; dk nkgDk nkg th pkjob/ gkpzdhnK Go/ wkj"b s'A g{oh soQKgqGkfts j?. eth rZb fJE/ jh \sw BjhA eodk, fJ; s'A pknd T[j nkgfDnK s/ th T[whd bkT[Adkj? fe PkfJd T[j jh fwb ikD sK i' T[BQK Bkb e[M wB j"bk j' ;e/ go, T[E/ th ;fEsh nfijhjh fwbdh j?. ekft BkfJe id T[BQK dk p{jk yVekT[Adk j? sK T[j th vo e/ ezXK Bkb br iKd/jB ns/ itkp BjhA fdzd/. fBokPk, vo s/ ;fjw ;koh eftsk ftu c?fbnk j'fJnk j?.

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fPt e[wko gkm g[;se “ekft^:ksok” ftubk nrbk eth j?. T[; B/ pj[s/ rhs fby/ ns/rkJ/. S'Nh T[wo ’u jh fJj PkfJo d[BhnK s'A ftS'Vk b? frnk. fJ;dhnK eftsktK dh w{b ;[ofpojk j?. “ekft^:ksok” ftu fJ; dhnK fszB eftsktK jB. ‘n;K sK i'pB o[Zs/ woBk’ eftskftu th fPt e[wko T[dk; wB[Zy dh rZb eodk j?. eftsk d/ f;ob/y s'A jh gsk br iKdk j? feeth i'pB o[Zs/ woB dh wB'ekwBk ƒ gqrN eo fojk j?. eth nkgD/ gq/wh d/ ft:'r ƒ jzYk e/ i'pBo[Zs/ s[o ikDk ukj[zdk j?. nrbhnK ;soK ftu eth fJe b'e^ftPtk; dh rZb eodk j? L efjzd/jB i'pB ’u i' wodk j? T[j ‘c[Zb’ iK ‘skok’ pDdk j?. i'pB ftu eowK tkb/ wod/ jB iK nkfPe,T[j i' X[o'A jh fjio$ftS'Vk fbytk e/ nkJ/ jB. ;koh eftsk ftu T[dk;h dh ;[o gqXkB j?. ethefjzdk j? fe; bJh ihT[Dk j?, T[; e'b ihT[D dh e'Jh tij BjhA j?. T[j nkgD/ nkg ƒ pj[sfBeowK ;wMdk j?, feT[Afe T[; ƒ brdk j? fe T[j sK e/tb fpojk jzYkT[D nkfJnk ;h ns/ T[;B/ fJ;/ fpojk ftu jh wo ikDk j?. T[; ƒ fJj ihT[Dk w"s tork brdk j?. nDukfjnk th podkPseoBk g?Adk j?, nkgDh jh d/j p/rkBh brdh j?. wB[Zyk ihtB j? jh nfijk fe wB[Zy iBw s'A gfjbKjh ihtB jzYk b?Adk j? ns/ iBw s'A pknd ihT[D dh Pow jzYkT[Adk j?. fJj w"s tork ihtBihT[AfdnK wB[Zy fJe d{i/ dh fwZNh dh gqeowk eodk j? go, i/ wB[Zy dh fwZNh jh woh j'Jh j?sK ihT[D dk eh bkG < fJ; soQK eth w"s ƒ th o[wKfNe bfji/ ftu pVh \{[p;{osh Bkb g/P eodkj? go, T[dk;h dk Gkt ;koh eftsk ftu SkfJnk j'fJnk j?.

‘ftXtk o[Zs’ eftsk ftu eth ftXtk o[Zs dk toBD eodk j?. fJj ftXtk o[Zs fJT[A gqshsj[zdh j? fit/A i'pBtzs fJ;soh j? fi;dhnK ;ZXoK g{ohnK BjhA j'JhnK. nfijh o[Zs dk fIeo j?fiE/ o[Zy fBgZso/ ns/ \[Pp{ s'A fpBK jB, ;{oi dk ;/e th fujo/ ƒ uwek BjhA ;fenk, Gkt fujok;[zdo j?. go T[; ;z[dosk ƒ T[j g{oh soQK ihn BjhA ;fenk, T[; dk fJj i'pB jzM{nK Gfonkj'D ekoB b{Dk i'pB j' frnk j?. fJ; o[Zs ftu nkgDh nX{ohnK fJZSktK ekoB T[; ƒ nkgDknkg ftXtk d/ t/; dh soQK wfj;{; j' fojk j?, T[j fJ; o[Zs ftu v[Zp ikDk ukj[zdk j?. ftXtko[Zs fJ; eftsk ftu gqshe j? nfij/ i'pB dk, fijVk ;wK nkT[D s/ i'pB dhnK \[PhnK jzYk BjhA;fenk. fJ; soQK fPt e[wko dh fJj eftsk ihtB ftu o[Zs, \{p;{osh ns/ fJZSk d/ ;zzpzX ƒg/P eodh j?.

‘b{Dk’ fPt e[wko dh fJe bzwh eftsk j?. fJj feZ;k ekft d/ feZ;/ g{oB Grs T[~s/ nkXkfosj?. ‘b{Dk’ d/ gkso ƒ fPt e[wko B/ n;b'A Bt/A o{g ftu g/P ehsk j?. ‘b{Dk’ d/ fi; gkso ƒ;dhnK s'A fBzfdnk ik fojk ;h T[; ƒ fPt B/ Bt/A BIohJ/ s'A g/P eoe/, b{Dk ƒ ybBkfJek s'ABkfJek pDk fdZsk j?. fJj eftsk fJe bzw/oh eftsk j?. fJj ekft nzP i' ;kvh gkm^g[;se ftufbnk frnk j? fJj T[; bzw/oh eftsk dk e/tb fJe S'Nk fijk Gkr j?. fJ; Gkr ftu eth w{bs"o s/ Xh dhnK pkpb d/ xo y/vdh, itkB j'Jh dhnK ;XoK, ;[gfBnK dk fpnkB eodk j? fefet/A jo Xh nkgD/ pkpb d/ ftjV/ y/vdh, BZudh nkT[D tkb/ ;w/A d/ ;[gB/ ;ikT[Adh j?. ;[gfBnKftu fJe PfjIkdk fwE th b?Adh j?, go, ;[gBk sK ;[gBk jh j[zdk j?. ;w/A dh jehes, ;wkiewip{ohnK id T[; d/ ;[gB/ ƒ s'VdhnK jB sK T[; dk ftobkg, dod, eth ;kƒ b{Dk d/ gksod/ IohJ/ ;[DkT[Adk j?. fJ; ekft nzP ftu eth B/ pkpb d/ xo y/vdh, tXdh e[Vh dhnK nkgD/

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ihtB ;kEh gqsh ;[gB/ s/ ohMK ƒ pj[s \{p;{os ns/ Gkt[e PpdK okjhA g/P ehsk j?. ;[gB/ d/N[ZND d/ dod ƒ th ;wkie wip{ohnK Bkb i'V e/ Xh dh pbh uVQdh th fdykJh j?.

“ekft^:ksok” ftubk nrbk eth j? ;[oihs gkso. ;[oihs gkso ni'e/ ;w/A dk eth j?. T[;dh eftsk ‘T[j fdB’ toswkB ;fEsh^fpzd{ s'A phs/ fdBK ƒ d/ydh BIo nkT[Adh j?. T[j fdB i' phsuZ[e/ jB ns/ T[j phs/ fdB dodBke ;B. T[BQK pko/ ;'u e/ eth efjzdk j? fe T[j phs/ I\wh fdBi/ nZi fwb ikD sK w?A T[BQK d/ I\wh fgzv/ s/ wbQw brk d/tK. go fJj ;zGt BjhA feT[Afe phfsnk;wK edh tkg; BjhA nkT[Adk. T[j T[; xo d/ ihn dh soQK BjhA j[zdk fijVk BokI j' e/ xo'A ufbnkfrnk j? ns/ nukBe xo w[V nkT[Adk j? iK T[; dh e'Jh \po nk iKdh j?. fJj fdB sK ;kv/ jhjZE'A wko/ Gkt n;hA jh sK esb ehs/ jB fJj feZE'A w[V nkT[Dr/. Bk fJj nZi ns/ Bk jh ;dhnKpknd th w[V ;ed/. fJ; soQK fJj eftsk T[BQK d[ydkJh fdBK dh tkg;h pko/ ;'u dh BIw j? fiBQKƒ j[D Bk tkg; jh p[bkfJnk ik ;edk j? s/ Bk jh T[BQK se gj[zfunk ik ;edk j?.

‘}Ib’ ;[oihs gkso dh ouBk j?. ;[oihs gkso gzikph ;kfjs ftu }Ibr' d/ s"o s/ \k; gfjukDoydk j?. fJj }Ib ;wekbh ;wki dh ;fEsh Bkb ;zpzXs j?. fJ; }Ib ftu PkfJo dh ntkIdh skes ns/ T[; d/ p'bK s'A p/u?B j'D tkbh ;Ekgsh d/ gqsheow ƒ fJsokI j? feT[Afe ;Zu ;Ekgshƒ podkPs BjhA. fJj Bk j't/ fe T[; d/ p'b ;[D e/ ;hB/^ftzBQt/A ;kI tkb/ b'e nk ikD. sz{ ykw'Pofj feT[Afe fJBQK p'bK s'A s/o/ fdb ’u eh j? ;G ƒ gsk br ikt/rk s/ oks d/ jkew go/PkB j'ikDr/, T[j okI i' okI j? ;G ƒ gsk br ikt/rk s/ eJh fJj fpbe[b BjhA ukj[zd/. fJj Bk j' ikt/fe ;Zu p'bD bJh, o"PBh c?bkT[D bJh ;BwkfBs eoB dh pikfJ ;Ekgsh T[; ntkI ƒ pzd eod/D dk :sB eo/ feT[Afe T[; ƒ fJBQK p'bK s'A vo brdk j?. fJjh ni'e/ ;w/A dk ;Zu j?.

w'jBihs B/ nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk ftu nkgDh BthA gfjukD ;Ekfgs ehsh j?. w'jBihs dhnKd' eftsktK “ekft^:ksok” ftu Pkfwb ehshnK rJhnK jB. gfjbh eftsk j? ‘wK’. eftsk ‘wK’ftu wK, rhs, ;zrhs ns/ fIzdrh dh rZb ehsh rJh j?. eth rhs dh fBnkJhA efjzdk j? fe T[;dh g?dkfJP T[; fwZNh ftu'A j'Jh j? fi; ftu'A wK dh ;'u s'A T[; rhs ƒ ftukodk. wK rhs ƒSz{jdh sK c[Zb pD iKd/. rhs T[jd/ wZE/ ƒ Sz{jd/ sK ;t/o j' iKdh ns/ rhs T[; Bkb rbteVhgkT[Ad/ sK oks g? iKdh, uzB uVQ iKdk. wK d/ rhs fJe d{i/ ftu fJsB/ oufwu rJ/ fe gsk BjhAbrdk fe rhs dk fejVk fjZ;k rhs dk ;h s/ fejVk wK dk. wK d/ r[Br[BkT[D Bkb Ppd o[DM[DbkT[Ad/ s/ s[oB Bkb b?n pD iKdh. wK sK pVh ;kdh fijh j?, T[j pj[s r{VQ^frnkBh BjhA, T[jsK pj[s/ ;kIK d/ BK th BjhA ikDdh. p; pz;oh, nbr'Ik ns/ pkp/ d/ jZE ’u opkp. b'oh BkbtZiD tkb/ ns/ jT[e/ dh j{e s'A pD/ ;kIK pko/ T[; ƒ fpbe[b BjhA gsk. T[j sK ftukoh uoykeZsdh ;"A iKdh ns/ T[mdh sK uZeh ghjD bZr g?Adh. p; skfonK ƒ t/y god/;h gsh dh T[vheeodh. wK w/o/ fus ’u jo ;w/A rhs dh soQK x[zwdh, t;dh. eth efjzdk j? fe w?A fijVk tZvkPk;soh pDh fcodk jK, p; fJjh ;Zu ikDdk jK fe w/oh wK ;kj b?Adh sK w/ok oZp ihT[Adk.

‘w/o/ wfjowk’ eftsk w'jBihs dh fbyh nrbh eftsk j? i' ;kvh gkm g[;se ftu Pkfwb j?.‘w/o/ wfjowk’ rhs ftub/ ftP/ ƒ d' soQK Bkb ftukfonk ik ;edk j?. fJe sK d[fBnkth gZXo’s/ ns/ d{ik nfXnkswe gZXo ’s/. rhs dh BkfJek nkgD/ gsh^gow/Pto s'A ftSVh j'Jh j?, T[jdk

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okj t/ydh j?, p{j/ ’u dhtk pkbdh ns/ fJe T[vhe dh i's T[jd/ wB ’u th ikrdh j?. fszB'A gfjoT[jdk fJzsIko eodh j? go Pkw ƒ T[jdh :kd tX/o/ ;skT[Adh j?. d[BhnK ftub/ fJ; e'o/ w'jftu c;h T[j pko^pko GowkJh iKdh j?. T[jdh o{j pko^pko d[fBnkth rZbK ftu c; e/ ;Zu/gqwkswk ƒ G[Zb iKdh j?. fJ; gko fIzdrh, T[; gko pzdrh s/ ftueko d[fBnkth pzXBK dh nZr,fiT[A^fiT[A T[j fJ; d[Bhnk ftu rq;dh iKdh j? fsT[A^fsT[A gqwkswk s'A d{o j[zdh iKdh s/ j'o sVgdhiKdh j?. fJ; soQK fJj rhs wB[Zy dh ;w[Zuh fIzdrh dh fBozso iZd'^ifjd ns/ gdkoEtkdh ;fEshpko/ rZb eodk j?.

“ekft^:ksok” gkm g[;se dh nzsw eftsoh wBihs fNtkDk ni'e/ ekft irs dh ikDh^gSkDhj;skyo j?. Bkoh ekft d/ y/so ftu wBihs fNtkDk dk Bkw ftP/P s"o s/ fbnk iKdk j?. ‘foPfsnKdk eh oZyhJ/ BK’ eftsk ;wekbh :EkoE dk ftPb/PD eodh j?. eftsoh nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ d/wkj"b s'A pj[s T[dk; j?. jo gk;/ X'yk, |o/p, p/fJwkBhnK BIo nk ojhnK jB. ;wkie foPfsnKdk e'Jh noE BjhA ofj frnk, ;wki jh BjhA gqfeosh T[~s/ th fJ; ;ko/ wkj"b dk n;o fdykJhd/ fojk j?. jB/ohnK ekbhnK^p'bhnK s/ vokT[DhnK jB. o[ZsK th fe;/ Bkb w'j BjhA oydhnK,T[BQK d/ th e'Jh noE BjhA oj/, SktK th j[D fJspko:'r BjhA jB, o[Zy d/ j/mK jh SK wo rJhj?. nZi MBK dk gkDh th \{Bh j' frnk j?. jo gk;/ fBokPk ns/ T[dk;h j?. \{B d/ foPs/ thnZi pdb rJ/ jB. jo gk;/ Ifjo c?fbnk j'fJnk j?. nkgDh epo bJh th irQk BjhA bZG ojhfeT[Afe gsk BjhA fejVh irQk ;kvh j?, fe; ƒ nkgDk efjDk j?. feXo/ th fBnK dh T[whd BjhAehsh ik ;edh. fJj nfijh ;fEsh j? fiZE/ e/tb ;wkie ;zpzX jh BjhA gqfeosh ns/ ;z;feqashth nkgD/ noE r[nk p?mh j?.

eftsk ‘Iok ;'u'’ wBihs fNtkDk dh pj[s rfjoh ;'u tkbh ftPb/PDkswe eftsk j?. eftsknkgD/ f;ob/y dh fBnkJhA ;'uD bJh wip{o eodh j?. fJj eftsk eJh noE d/D tkbh ejh ik;edh j?. fJj eftsk ;wki, okiBhsh ns/ ;fGnkuko dh toswkB ;fEsh dk ftPb/PD eodh j?.fJ; ;fEsh s'A g?dk j'J/ p'X ƒ g/P eodh j?. eftsoh efjzdh j? fe i/ jo gk;/ jB/ok j'ikt/, okj fdykD tkb/ uzB s/ ;{oi th nzB/Q j' ikD sK c/o okj e"D fdykt/rk. p?fmnK s/ d{o,i/ b/fNnK th xpokjN j't/ sK ;kj fet/A nkt/rk. id fusk dh nZr s/ jtB dh nZr Gkt \[Ph,rsh, iBw, woB, ;[y, d[y nkfd ftu nzso Bk oj/rk sK eh eo'r/, Iok ;'u'. wB[Zy fJsBkp/r?os j' ikt/ fe egfVnK dk wjZst jh \sw j' ikt/ sK eh j't/rk. fJ; soQK eftsoh eJhT[dkjoBK b? e/ ;'uD bJh wip{o eodh j? ns/ p/Bsh th eodh j? fe fpBK d/y/, fpBK ;'u/ fezBhd/o se ihn ;e'r/, i/eo ;zGb e/ Bk oj/ sK jZEK ftu'A ;G e[M feo ikt/rk s/ pkeh e[M BjhApu/rk. ;koh eftsk ftu tZy^tZy T[dkjoBK Bkb T[j fJjh p'X eokT[Dk ukjz[dh j? wB[Zy ƒ fJjrZbK fet/A n;jkJh pDk fdzdhnK jB—fJj n;jkJh ;'u ƒ g/P eodh fJj eftsk ;kvh t;s{^;fEshT[~go fJe o[dB g/P eodh j?.

;kƒ g{oh T[whd j? fe ;kEh nfXnkge nkgDh :'rsk Bkb T[go'es ;kohnK ouBktK dkftPb/PD j'o th fInkdk rfjokJh Bkb eoBr/, ns/ i' ewhnK ofj rJhnK j'DrhnK T[BQK ƒ thg{fonK eoBr/.

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eftsk nfXnkgB ;zpzXh gkm^:'iBk

ntsko f;zx

nfXnkge dk BK L ntsko f;zx

iwks L pkoQthA

ftPk L gzikph

fwsh L

;wK L

T[gftPk L ‘ezpdh ebkJh’ (GkJh tho f;zx ofus eftsk)

nkg T[d/P L

1) ;kfjs d/ o{g ^ ‘eftsk’ s'A ikD{ eokT[Dk.

2) eftsk d/ w"fye tkuB d[nkok fJ; d/ ;[jikswe o; ƒ wkBDk.

3) ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ ;e{b gfsqek bJh eftsk fbyD bJh gq/fos eoBk.

4) ftfdnkoEhnK dh ebgBkswe s/ f;oiDkswe PeshnK dk ftek; eoBk.

yk; T[d/P L

ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ fJ; :'r pBkT[Dk sK fe T[j ‘ezpdh ebkJh’ eftsk dk noE ;wM ;eDns/ nfXnkswtkdh o; ƒ wkBD:'r j' ;eD.

1H ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ fJ; :'r pBkT[Dk sK fe T[j eftsk ‘ezpdh ebkJh’ d/ yk; g?oQ/ ƒ :kdeo ;eD. (frnkB)

2H ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ fJ; :'r pBkT[Dk sK fe T[j eftsk ftub/ g/P noEK ƒ ;kXkoB o{gftu rqfjD eo ;eD. (frnkB)

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3H ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ fJ; :'r pBkT[Dk sK fe T[j eftsk ftubh ekfte ;[zdosk dh gfjukDeo ;eD. (frnkB, f;oiDk)

4H ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ fJ; :'r pBkT[Dk sK fe T[j eftsk ftub/ w"i{d s[eKs gqpzX dkftPb/PD eo ;eD. (f;oiDk)

5H ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ fJ; :'r pBkT[Dk sK fe T[j eftsk dk w[bKeD eo ;eD. (ouBkswe)

;jkfJe ;w~roh L

1) iwks dk ewok, pb?e p'ov, MkVB, ;ze/se ns/ uke ns/ gkm g[;se‘ekft :ksok’.

2) fJe \{p;{os ukoN (fi; ftu eftsk fdqP o[g ftu w"i{d j?).

g{ot frnkB dh goy L

g{ot frnkB dh goy eoB bJh nfXnkge ftfdnkoEhnK s'A gqPB g[ZS/rk L

gqH 1H pfuU n;hA ;t/o/ T[m e/ ;G s'A gfjbk fe; ƒ :kd eod/ jK <

T[H oZp ƒ $ gqwkswk ƒ $ tkfjr[o{ ih ƒ.

gqH 2H n;hA oZp (gqwkswk) ƒ jh feT[A ;G s'A gfjbK :kd eod/ jK <

T[H feT[Afe oZp ƒ :kd eoB Bkb fdB uzrk pshs j[zdk j?.

gqH 3H id'A ;kv/ s/ e'Jh d[y nkT[Adk j? sK n;hA fe; ƒ :kd eod/ jK <

T[H n;hA oZp ƒ :kd eod/ jK.

gqH 4H wB[Zy ƒ jo xVh ftu fe; dk nk;ok j[zdk j? <

T[H oZp dk.

gqH 5H s[;hA e'Jh nfijh eftsk gVQh j? fi; ftu oZp dk ojZ;wJh fusoB g/P ehskfrnk j't/<

T[H BjhA (;zGkfts T[~so)

G{fwek L

ftfdnkoEhnK d/ i[nkp s'A pknd nfXnkge nkgD/ ftP/ pko/ ikDekoh fdzd/ j'J/ ej/rk fenZi n;hA GkJh tho f;zx d[nkok ofus ‘ezpdh ebkJh’ eftsk dk nfXn?B eoKr/.

27

nfXnkge ftfdnkoEhnKƒ dZ;dk j? fe GkJh thof;zx nkX[fBe gzikph ekftd/ w'Yh ;B. GkJh thof;zx ih dk iBw nzfwqs;ofty/ 5 d;zpo 1872 JhHƒ ;odko uoB f;zx ihd/ xo j'fJnk. GkJh thof;zx ih B/ gzikph ;kfjsƒ nB/eK ouBktK BkbGog{o ehsk fiBQK ftu‘bfjoK d/ jko’, ‘wFNej[bko/’, ‘fpibhnK d/ jko’,‘ezpdh ebkJh’, ‘w/o/;KJhnK ihU’, ‘ezs ;j/bh’, ‘BBkD GoikJh’, ‘gqhsthDK’, ‘fgnko nZEo{’,‘nktkI nkJh’ nkfdouBktK Pkwb jB. GkJhtho f;zx ih dh eftskftP/ gZy s'A wjkB ns/o{ge gZy s'A ftbZyDj[zdh j?.

nfXnkge gkmg[;se ftu'A eftsk dkP[ZX o{g ftu w"fye tkuBeo/rk

ftfdnkoEhfXnkB Bkb;[DBr/


ftPk^eftsk‘ezpdh ebkJh’eth^GkJh tho f;zx

g/Pekoh L

ftPk t;s{ nfXnkge ekoi ftfdnkoEh pb?e p'ov w[bKeD ekoi ekoi

gkm g[;se‘ekft^:ksok’ftZu'A GkJh thof; zx ofuseftsk ‘ezpdhebkJh’

‘;[gB/ ftZuHHHHHHHH HHHHuekuz {X j?SkJh’

28

nfXnkge ftfdnkoEhnKƒ feskpK y'bD bJh ej/rk ns/ eftsk dk P[ZX,;gPN ;[o ftu nkdoPgkm g/P eo/rk.

nfXnkge tb ' AftfdnkoEh ƒ j[D ftXhnB[;ko eftsk gkm eoBbJh fejk ikt/rk

;w{jrs eftsk gkm L^nfXnkge iwks ƒ

d' GkrK ftu tzv e/gfjbK fJe Gkr gk;'A P[ZXs/ ;gPN o{g ftu eftskgkm eotkJ/rk

;w{jrs eftsk gkm L^fco nfXnkge iwks

d/ d{i/ Gkr gk;'A eftskgkm eotkJ/rk

fJe y{p;{os ukoNdk gq:'r


fJe^d'ft fdnkoE hnKtb'A eftsk dkftneshrs gkmehsk ikt/rk.

ftfdnkoEhnK d/fJe Gkr gk;'Aeftsk gkm ehskikt/rk.

ftfdnkoEhnK d/d{i/ Gkr gk;'Aeftsk gkm ehskikt/rk ns/ pkehftfdnkoEhfXnkB Bkb;[DBr/.


29


nfXnkge tb'A eftskd/ gfjb/ g?oQ/ dk soshpnB[;ko noE fJe\{p;{os ukoN d/ wkfXnwokjhA df;nk ikt/rk fefJ; ukoN ftu fusfoso{gwkB d/ nkXko s/ s[jkƒftykfJnk ik fojk j? feGkJh tho f;zx ih B/;[|B/ ftu nkgD/ fgnko/gowkswk d/ gqkgs j'J/;{yw s/ ft;wkdwJh w/bd/ nB[Gt dk T[b/y ehskj?. eftsk dh w[ZYbh;soK ukoN d/ o{g ftuw"i{d o{gwkB ƒ g/PeodhnK jB fi; ftuGkJh ;kfjp d/ ;[gB/ ftufwb/ nkgD/ fgnko/ gqhsw(gqwkswk) ƒ rbteVhgkT[D s/ T[; ntsko o{ghS'j d/ uoBK ftu ;h;M[ekT[D ƒ fpnkB ehskj?. GkJh tho f;zxgqwkswk dh ;E{b j'Ad dkBjhA ;r'A o"PBh o{g ftujkIo ;{yw o{g ƒ ;soKftu d;d/ jB T[j efjzd/jB fe gqhsw Gkt gqwkswkd/ T[~uk j'D ekoB ifrnk;{

ftfdnkoEhfXnkB Bkb ukoNƒ t/yDr/ ns/nfXnkge tb'AfdZs / ik oj/ftuko ƒ fXnkBBkb ;[DBr/.

ftfdnkoEh tb'Ai[nkp—oZp ƒrbteVh gkT[Ddh ukj oZydhj?.

ftfdnkoEh tb'Ai[nkp—o"PBh o{gftu gqG{ gqhswBIo nkT[Ad/ jB.

gfjb/ Gkr d/n"y/ Ppd

Xk L d"V e/rbteVh L rb/ brkT[DkfBok B{o L P[X o"PBh;h; L f;oebkJh L r[ZN (thDh)fBtkfJnk L M[ekfJnkekJh L e'Jh

s[eKsgkJh, ebkJh, ekJh

gqH iht nkswkfe; ƒr b t e V hgkT[Dkukj[zdh j? <

gqH fe; o{gftu gqG{^gqhsw BIonkT[Ad/ jB<

30


dk ;h; gqG{ dh S'j s'AtKMk ofj frnk.

nfXnkge tb'A eftskd/ d{i/ g?oQ/ dk soshpnB[;ko noE dZf;nk ikt/rk fe fJ; gq;zr ftuGkJh tho f;zx ih d;d/jB fe iht nkswk gqG{dk bV cVB bJh p/skpj? T[j GZidh j? cVB bJhgo T[j oZph S'j T[; ihtnkswk d/ jZE ftu BjhAnk ;eh. iht nkswkT[j S'j d/ tb gqGkftsj?. fwZNh uwe gJh j?fbPedh gJh j? feT[AfefiZE/ fiZE/ gqG{ dh S'j d/uoB gkJ/ jB T[~E/ jogk;/ ftu o"PBkJh fijk\{p;{os wkj"b j?. fpibhth T[; gqG{^gqwkswk dhfbPe d/ nZr/ ewI'o g?rJh j? gqG{ dh ueku"AX;ko/ gk;/ Sk rJh j? j[Djo gk;/ e/tb gqG{ dkdo; BIo nkT[Adk j?.s[;hA fJ; ftnkfynkswenoE ƒ ukoN d/ wkfXnwokjhA th t/y ;ed/ j'.

ftfdnkoEhfXnkB Bkb;[DBr/ ns/ B'Neo b?Dr/.

ftfdnkoEh tb'Ai[nkp—gqG{ dhS'j Bkb fwZNhfbPe gJh.

d{i/ Gkr d/ n"y/ Ppdfpibh bfjoK Lfpibh

dhuwetork

bz{nK Lbz{̂ ezv/yVQ/ j'Dk

ez{d L uweEooKdh L ezpdhueku"AX L fsZyh

o"PBh

s[eKsbkJh, SkJh

gqH fe; dh S'jBkb fwZNhfbPe gJh<

31

p'X gqPB L

gqH 1H eftsk ftu'A s[jkƒ eftsk dk fejVk g?oQk ;G s'A fInkdk uzrk brdk j? <T[H gfjbk g?oQk

gqH 2H fJj g?oQk s[jkƒ feT[A uzrk bZrdk j? <T[H feT[Afe fJ; g?oQ/ ftu gqwkswk Bkb j'J/ w/b pko/, T[; gqG{ Bkb gJh rbteVh pko/ fIeo

nkfJnk j? ns/ gqwkswk dh fJe P[ZX S'j o"PBh o{g ftu BIo nkT[Adh j?, i' fe gqG{d/ B/V/ j'D dk nfj;k; do;kT[Adh j?.

d[jokU L

nfXnkge eftsk dh ftnkfynk eo/rk ns/ e[M ;tkb g[S/rk L

gqH 1H eth fe; dh S'j ƒ rbteVh gkT[Dk ukjz[dk j? <T[H oZp dh.gqH 2H eth dh ebkJh feT[A ezp ojh j? <

nfXnkge ‘ezpdhebkJh’ eftsk d/ noE ƒnkgD/ PpdK ftu d;/rkfe GkJh tho f;zx ih B/nkgDh fJ; jZEbh eftskftu ;[gB/ ns/ ;[u/sBk dk;[zdo ;[w/b ehsk j?.eftsk ftu P[o{ s'A b? e/nzs se ;[gB/ dk tksktoBj?. ;zg{oB eftsk ftusBkU j? go sBkU s'AfwbD tkbh nPKsh BjhAj?.


ftfdnkoEh tb'Ai[nkp—T[~uk oZpj ? ns/ ihtnkswk dh T[;g qG { n Zr /g /P (jkIoh)BjhA gJh.

‘ezpdh ebkJh’Bkb ;zp zXs fJey{p;{os ukoN pb?ep'ov ’s/ Nzfrnk j'fJnkj? i' fe eftsk d/noEK ƒ ;kc ns/;gPN o{g ftu gq;s[seodk fgnk j?.

gqH fJ; eftskftu T[~uke"D j? ns/fe; dh g/PBjhA SkJh <

32

T[H feT[Afe eth oZph S'j fBok B{o ƒ rbteVh gkT[D dk :sB eo fojk j? i' fe fJe nekbg[oy dh S'j j? fi; ƒ rbteVh iK ebkJhnK d/ wkfXnw okjhA gqkgs BjhA ehskik ;edk.

xo dk ezw L

gqH 1H eftsk dk e/Adoh Gkt eh j? <gqH 2H eftsk ftub/ s[eKs d;' <gqH 3H ‘ezpdh ebkJh’ eftsk dk ;zy/g ;ko nkgD/ PpdK ftu fby'.

33

“ezXK o/s dhnK” L ftP/rs nfXn?B

vkH fgqEth oki Ekgo

fJ; nfXnkfJ ftu n;hA gzikph d/ T[~x/ BkNeeko r[ouoB f;zx i;{ik d/ BkNe “ezXK o/sdhnK” ftu gq;s[s uko n?eNK (eKv) pko/ ftuko eoKr/. i;{ik B/ fJ; BkNe ƒ uko GkrK ’utzv e/ g/P ehsk j?. fGqPNkuko dk :EkoEe o{g g/P eoB tk;s/ BkNeeko B/ ;[u/s gZXo ’s/ fJjseBhe ngDkJh j?. fJj uko/ n?eN fJ; d/ w[Zy^gkso pkT{ puB f;zx d/ xo d/ vokfJzr o{wftu tkgod/ jB. fJBQK okjhA j'Jh BkNeh nkgDh uow ;hwk tZb tXdh j?. j/m fby/ nB[;ko n;hAuko n?eNK dk t/ot/ ;fjs nfXn?B eo ;ed/ jK.

gfjb/ n?eN ftu puB f;zx ns/ B/e okw Gzvkoh d/ ;ztkd ’u'A fGqPNkuko dk godk |kP j[zdkj?. puB f;zx vkeykB/ dh B"eoh s'A ;/tk^w[es j'fJnk j?. go T[j Gzvkoh Bkb fwb e/ pBkT[Nhe[BhB t/u e/ d' wekB pDkT[Adk j?. p/JhwkBh dh ewkJh Bkb puB f;zx nkgD/ g[Zso e[zdB f;zxƒ tb?s ftu gVQk b?Adk j?. B/e okw Gzvkoh, puB f;zx ƒ fwbD T[; d/ xo nkT[Adk j?. Gzvkohdk ozr^Yzr B/sk tork j?. T[; d/ nkT[D s'A gfjbK puB f;zx s/ T[; dh gsBh fJzihBhno pDu[Ze/ nkgD/ g[Zso e[zdB f;zx dh Pbkxk eofdnK \[Ph dk gqrNktk eo oj/ j[zd/ jB. Gzvkoh d/ nkT[D’s/ puB f;zx T[; Bkb rZbK ftu o[M iKdk j?. tkoskbkg d"okB Gzvkoh d;dk j? fe T[; B/ okX/Pkw ƒ uko pZ;K d/ gofwFN pDtk e/ fdZs/ jB. fJ; d/ pdb/ ftu T[; B/ nkgDh th d[nkBh gZsh(fjZ;k) gk bJh j?. Gzvkoh, puB f;zx ƒ ;{so dk e'Nk fwb ikD dh ikDekoh fdzdk j?. don;bT[j eko\kBk Bk bk e/ pkjo'A^pkjo wkb t/u e/ B|k ewkT[Dk ukj[zdk j?. T[j n|;o ƒ eko\kBkiK fj;kp fdykT[D pr?o jh ‘T[go'A vKN g[nk e/’ ;{so dk e'Nk wBI{o eotk b?Adk j?. puB f;zx;p^g';Nwk;No d/ nj[d/ sZe jh gj[zu ;eD ƒ e'Jh pj[s tZvh gqkgsh BjhA wzBdk. T[; dk g[okDkGkJhtkb Gzvkoh nkgDh tfvnkJh eodk j'fJnk puB f;zx ƒ tgko bJh fjzws jko ikD dk skjBkwkodk j?.

fJe j'o gkso wkwh puB f;zx d/ xo nkT[Adh j?. T[j tfjw^Gow dh fPeko j?. puB f;zxd/ xo ftu Bk fwbD dk ekoB T[j xo'A uZbD ;w/A tkgohnK xNBktK ƒ wzBdh j?. T[j ;Zih nZycoeD, o;s/ ’u fpZbh ns/ pkjwD d/ wZE/ bZrD ’s/ nfijk Gow gkbdh j?. T[j d/;h ykfDnKdh P"ehB j?. fJ; bJh T[j Pfjoh ykD/ dh pikJ/ fgzvK dhnK ‘fBnkwsK’ fit/A wZyD, ;kr, fxT[,

34

bZ;h g;zd eodh j?. wkwh e[zdB tk;s/ foPs/ dh dZ; gkT[Adh j?. go e[zdB f;zx nkgD/ d|sodh w[bkIw T[owbk ftu fdbu;gh oydk j?. T[j fJe fJwkBdko n|;o j?. foPts Bk fwbDekoB ;kok d|so T[; s'A gq/PkB j?. T[owbk T[; ƒ fJ; jkbs pko/ ;[u/s eodh j'Jh skok uzdBK d/ w[bkIw dk fIeo eodh j?.

d{i/ n?eN ftu w"ek^gq;sh Gko{ j?. puB f;zx ;wkie foPfsnK dh p[Ddh bJh dkn y/vdkBIo nkT[Adk j?. wkwh fi; e[Vh dk e[zdB f;zx bJh foPsk fbnkT[Adh j?, T[j dhgK dh Gshihj?. dhgK e[zdB d/ fgsk puB f;zx dh gq/fwek ;h, fi; Bkb T[; dk ftnkj BjhA j' ;fenk ;h.puB f;zx fJ; foPs/ ftu ftP/P o[uh b?Adk j?. fJ; pjkB/ T[j dhgK Bkb N[ZN/ foPs/ ’u'A s;Zbhjk;b eoBh ukjz[dk j?. puB f;zx nkgDh gsBh bSwh okjhA e[zdB f;zx Bkb foPs/ dh rZb s'odkj?. w"ek^gq;sh dh fJe j'o T[dkjoB j? gkso skok uzd. T[j ;'uh ;wMh oBBhsh sfjs m/e/dkookw f;zx ƒ ez[dB f;zx Bkb fwbkT[Adk j?. okw f;zx nkgDk wkb yohdD bJh I'o gkT[Adk j?.go e[zdB f;zx wkb dh fe;w Bkb e'Jh ;wM"sk BjhA eoBk ukjz[dk. we;d jZb Bk j'D dh ;{osftu skok uzd P?skBh y/v y/vdk j?. T[j T[owbk ƒ T[; dk t/;tk dh Xh j'D dk G/s e[zdB f;zxƒ dZ; d/D dh Xweh fdzdk j?. gqshe{b ;fEsh ftu fxoh T[wobk fgnko \kso n;{bK ƒ ewI'oeoB dk r[Bkj eo p?mdh j?. T[j e[zdB f;zx ƒ d|so ’u w[bkIwK Bkb t?o^fto'X Bk ;j/VB dh;bkj fdzfdnK okw f;zx dk ezw eo d/D dk tk;sk gkT[Adh j?.

shik n?eN xNBktK Gog{o j?. fJ; ftu d{i/ n?eN d"okB p[fDnk skDk^pkDk ueBku{o j' iKdkj?. gq;fEshnK ekoB sBkT[ tkgodk j?. fJ; dk ekoB gksoK tb'A p[D/ ;[|fBnK dk N[NDk j?.fJ; n?eN ftu puB f;zx nkgD/ g[Zso e[zdB f;zx dk foPsk dhgK dh Gshih Bkb eoB s'A esokT[Dbrdk j?. fJE/ fJe j'o gkso ;'jD f;zx pZsok dk dk\b j'Dk BthnK xNBktK ƒ iBw fdzdk j?.don;b pZsok puB f;zx dk G/s ikDdk j?. T[; ƒ T[; d/ pBkT[Nh e[BhB d/ Xzd/ dk gsk j?.id'A puB f;zx ƒ fJ; rZb dh ;{j fwb iKdh j? fe ;'jD f;zx pZsok e[zdB f;zx ƒ j'D tkb/ foPs/’u Pkwb j' frnk j? sK T[j fJ; foPs/ s'A w[y w'V b?Adk j?. T[; ƒ fJ; rZb dk f|eo ;skT[DbZrdk j? fe feXo/ pZsok T[BQK d/ pBkT[Nh e[BhB t/uD tkb/ Xzd/ dk godk|kP Bk eo d/t/. fJej'o xNBk ftu e[zdB ns/ T[owbk ftueko fgnko ;zpzX N[ZN iKdk j?. fJZE/ skok uzd tb'A T[owbkd/ f\bk| ftSkfJnk ikb xkse f;ZX j[zdk j?. e[zdB f;zx T[owbk dk fgS'eV ikDB wro'A T[; ƒfsnkr fdzdk j?. id fe T[owbk fJ; ƒ nkgDh jZse eoko fdzdh j?. T[j nkgD/ t/;tk wK dh;Ik nkgD/ T[go b?D ƒ fsnko BjhA jz[dh. fJ; bJh T[j B"eoh s'A n;sh|k d/ fdzdh j?. fJ;T[gozs BkNe nzdo Bt/A ;wheoB pDd/ fdykJh fdzd/ jB. nB[e{b s/ gqshe{b ;fEshnK g?dk j[zdhnKjB. i' e[zdB gfjbK dhgK dh Gshih Bkb foPs/ bJh nkgD/ wkfgnK dh rZb ;[DB bJh fsnkoBjhA ;h, T[j j[D wkwh tb'A fbnKd/ T[;/ foPs/ bJh wzB iKdk j?. go fJZE/ fco gqshe{b ;fEshtkgodh j?. j[D puB f;zx T[; ƒ fJ; foPs/ bJh wip{o BjhA eoBk ukjzz[dk. fJT[A ;fEshfto'XkGk;h pD iKdh j?.

BkNe dk nkyoh s/ u"Ek n?eN fco fGqPNkuko dk w;bk T[Gkodk j?. B/e okw Gzvkoh, e[zdBf;zx e'b m/e/dko okw f;zx dk ezw eoB dh f;|koP b? e/ nkT[Adk j?. fJ; \kso T[j T[; d/

35

fgsk puB f;zx ƒ w'jok pDkT[Adk j?. Gzvkoh s/ okw f;zx p/JhwkBh fgZS/ ekoBK dk y[bk;k eod/jB. Gzvkoh dZ;dk j?, “fJe tkoh n;hA fwbNoh ;gbkJh dk m/ek fbnk. nzdoyks/ n|;o BkbgZsh oZy bJh. bT[ ih n;hA jIko nzvk ;gbkJh eohJ/ s/ T[j fszB jIko dh o;hd d/ d/t/. i/n;hA ukbQh wD rzY/ d/ nkJhJ/ sK T[j ;" wD dh t;{bh gk d/t/. n;K fejk mhe n?, ;kƒ eh fJsokIn?. nkj' ih, J/;/ soQK fwb fwbk e/ Jh ezw ubd/ B/.” fJZE/ BkNeeko nkgD/ gksoK d/ tkoskbkgokjhA g{o/ fGqPN f;;Nw dk godk |kP eodk j?. okw f;zx xNhnk wkb bJh wip{oh gqrNkT[Adkj'fJnk ep{b eodk j?, “r"ofwzN w?Nhohnb yohdD bJh N?Avo wzrdh j?. c/o N?Avo gk; eoBt/b/ n|;o, eboe, ;G g?;/ wzrd/ B/. T[BQK dk wz{j fwZmk eokDk g?Adk J/. i/ N?Avo xZN o/N dkBk GohJ/ sK T[Ai m/ek Jh BjhA fwbdk, ezghNhPB i[ j'fJnk. j[D s[;hAU dZ;', ezghNhPB thbVhJ/, tZYhnK th skohJ/, c/o tXhnk wkb feZE'A ;gbkJh eohJ/ < n;K sK nkg/ ftu fwZNh fwbkT[Dhj'Jh. nk\o nkgDh th s/ g/N g{ik eoBh j[zdh J/.” fJBQK dbhbK Bkb fJj fGqPNkuko ns/ p/JhwkBhƒ ikfJI mfjokT[D dh e'fPP eod/ jB.

e[zdB f;zx, Gzvkoh dh f;|koP wzBD s'A fJBeko eo fdzdk j?. Gzvkoh T[; d/ B/e f\nkbKdh fyZbh T[vkT[Adk j?. T[j T[; ƒ T[; d/ fgsk Bkb fwb e/ pBkT[Nh e[BhB pDkT[D dk G/sdZ; fdzdk j?. T[; dh wK th T[; ƒ ;wMkT[D dh e'fPP eodh j?. go e[zdB f;zx fJB;kBhnsBkb j' oj/ X'y/ T[go d[y gqrNkT[Adk j?. T[j b'eK dh GbkJh \kso dfonk d/ g[b dh T[;koh ’uxNhnk wkb tosD ƒ gkg ;wMdk j?. T[j nkgD/ xo ƒ B|os eoB bZrdk j?. nkf\oeko T[jxo SZv e/ ubk iKdk j?. nkdoPtkdh e[zdB f;zx go;fEshnK Bkb NZeo b?Adk j?. T[j nkgD/nkdoP T[go nv'b ofjzdk j?. T[j fGqPN s/ p/JhwkB gksoK w{jo/ uZNkB tKr yVQk j' iKdk j?.nkgDh uow ;hwK ’s/ gj[zu e/ BkNe “ezXK o/s dhnK” fGqPNkuko f\bk| fJe wIp{s ;zd/P SZviKdk j?.

fJT[A BkNeeko T[go'es uko n?eNK okjhA fGqPNkuko f\bk| pfj; S/Vdk j?. p/JhwkBh ns/fJwkBdkoh ftub/ |oe ƒ gkmeK Bkb ;KMk eodk j?. eNk\Ph i[rsK dh wdd Bkb fJ; ;wZf;nkpko/ gksoK dofwnkB soe^ftsoe dk wkj"b g?dk eodk j?.

f;ob/y L

r[ouoB f;zx i;{ik B/ BkNe dk gqshekswe BK “ezXK o/s dhnK” ofynk j?, i' BKj^gZyh j?.ezXK pj[^tuBh Ppd j?. BkNeeko B/ fJj i[rs ;[u/s gZXo ’s/ tosh j?. BkNe d/ gkso puBf;zx d/ BIohJ/ s'A fJ; BkNe dk BK Y[etK ikgdk j?. T[j nkgD/ g[Zso e[zdB f;zx ƒ tb?s ftugVQk e/ tX/o/ g?;k ewkT[D d/ we;d Bkb fJzihBhno pDkT[Adk j?. go e[zdB f;zx fgsk tb'A do;kJ/fGqPNkuko d/ o;s/ T[go uZbD s'A fJBeko eo fdzdk j?. fJ; Bkb puB f;zx d[nkok T[;kohoks dh ezX Yfj Y/oh j' iKdh j?. puB f;zx nkgDh ;kpek gq/fwek dhgK dh Gshih Bkb nkgD/g[Zso e[zdB f;zx dk foPsk eoB ’u Bkekw ofjzdk j?. fJ; fgZS/ w[y ekoB T[; dk pBkT[Nh e[BhBdk r?o^ekƒBh eko'pko pDdk j?. fJZE/ T[j foPfsnK d/ i'V^s'V dh f;nk;s dh n;|b y/vy/vdk j?. T[; tb'A p[fDnK fJj ;[gBk th o/s dh ezX tKr u{o u{o j' iKdk j?. yb^gkso B/e

36

okw Gzvkoh s/ m/e/dko okw f;zx d/ fGqPN wB;{p/ nk\oeko dw s'V iKd/ jB. e[zdB f;zx dhgq/fwek T[owbk fJe t/;tk dh Xh j?. T[j e[zdB f;zx ƒ fGqPNkuko Bkb ;wM"sk eoB bJh thgq/odh j?. go fJj ;G T[; bJh o/s dhnK ezXK jh ;kps j[zdk j? id T[; dk gq/wh e[zdB f;zxT[; Bkb'A foPsk s'V b?Adk j?. go T[go'es w;b/ BkNe d/ Ehw dhnK fJekJhnK wkso jB. fJBQK’u Ehw pDB dh ;woZEk BjhA j?. “ezXK o/s dhnK” BkNe dk w[Zy Ehw fGqPNkuko Bkb ;zpzXsj?. fJ; BIohJ/ s'A pBkT[Nh e[BhB dh ekbh ewkJh d/ ;jko/ fJzihBhno pfDnk e[zdB f;zxfoPtsy'oh f\bk| fJe wIp{s fXo pD e/ T[Godk j?. T[j fGqPNkuko d/ gZy ftu fdZshnK dbhbKƒ f;o/ s'A ykoi eoB dk ;kj; i[Nk b?Adk j?. fJ; bJh BkfJe o/s dh ezXK tKr ewI'oBjhA pbfe fJe uNkB dk gqshe j?. T[j dfonk T[go pDkJ/ ikD tkb/ g[b bJh fe;/ ehws T[goth xNhnk wkb tosD tk;s/ fsnko BjhA j[zdk. T[; dk ;o'eko b'eK dh GbkJh Bkb j?. ;wkifto'Xh sZsK dh p[fBnkd ’s/ T[;fonk gkso nkdoPtkdh pD iKdk j?. fJ; bJh f;ob/y ftunzso^fto'X jB.

eEkBe L

nzrq/Ih GkPk d/ Ppd gbkN (Plot) ƒ gzikph ftu ‘eEkBe’ iK ‘r'Ad’ nkfynk iKdk j?. no;s{B/ nkgD/ ekft^Pk;so ftu gbkN ƒ sqk;dh dh nkswk wzfBnk j?. BkNeeko ;[oihs f;zx ;/mhns/ r[ofdnkb f;zx c[Zb B/ gbkN ƒ xNBktK dh soshp fejk j?, fi; okjhA ftPk gkso d/ eowgqsheow ftu ozr e/ dZf;nk iKdk j?. no;s{ eEkBe d/ d' GkrK ƒ wjZst fdzdk j?—T[bMkT[ s/;[bMkT[. BkNeeko BkNe d/ gfjb/ fjZ;/ ftu xNBktK ƒ T[bMkn e/ g/P eodk j?. d{i/ fjZ;/ ftuT[j xNBktK ƒ ;[bMkT[Adk Gkt y'bQ e/ do;kT[Adk j?. fJ; soQK eEkBe BkNe d/ ftek; ftu nfjwG{fwek fBGkT[Adk j?. r[ouoB f;zx i;{ik nkgD/ BkNe “ezXK o/s dhnK” ftu eEkBe d/ ;ko/ r[DKdk ftP/P fXnkB oydk j?.

gbkN dh J/esk d/ r[D nB[;ko i;{ik BkNe ’u ;w/A s/ ;EkB dh J/esk ƒ pzBQ e/ oydk j?.T[j BkNe d/ nkfd, wZX s/ nzs ƒ ;[uko{ Yzr Bkb fusodk j?. fGqPNkuko dk wkwbk i' gfjb/Gkr ftu P[o{ j[zdk j?, wZX ftu ik e/ e[M j'o xNBktK Bkb i[VB wro'A nzs ftu fGqPNkukohT[go B/eh dh fiZs Bkb ;wkgs j[zdk j?. fJ; Bkb BkNe dh g{oBsk ;gPN j[zdh j?. :EkoEexNBktK gkmeK iK doPeK ƒ tX/o/ nkeofPs eodhnK jB. i;{ik B/ fJ; BkNe ftu n;zGt ftP/iK xNBktK ƒ g/P BjhA ehsk. :EkoEesk dk bZSD fJ; BkNe ƒ j'o gqGktPkbh pDkT[Adk j?.i;{ik fJ; BkNe d/ eEkBe dh f;oiBk eofdnK pBktNhgB ƒ nkT[D fdzdk j?. xNBktK dk ;fjiftek; eodk j?. xNBktK ’u'A xNBktK nkgD/ nkg iBw b?AdhnK jB. fJBQK dk gkme$doPeT[go n;odko gqGkt g?Adk j?. T[; ƒ fGqPNkuko dk w[Zdk nB'yk BjhA ikgdk. T[j fJ; ƒ ;fjitosko/ d/ o{g ftu jh rqfjD eodk j?. ;fji ftek; dk fJj r[D fJ; BkNe ƒ j'o noE^Gog{opDk fdzdk j?. fJ; BkNe dh r'Ad ;op ;XkoB, ;op ;KMh j'D ekoB d/P ekb dhnK pzdPK s'Aw[es j?.

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tkoskbkg L

tkoskbkg BkNe dk wjZstg{oB sZs j[zd/ jB. tkoskbkgK Bkb jh BkNe ;cbsk rqfjD eodkj?. fJBQK dh f;oiB gqfefonk Bkb jh fe;/ BkNeeko dh GkPk dh ;woZEk dk gsk bZrdk j?. BkNeftubhnK xNBktK, gksoK iK EktK dk frnkB tkoskbkg jh eokT[Ad/ jB. GkPk tkoskbkg f;oidhj?. tkoskbkg BkNe ƒ gkmeK iK doPeK Bkb i'Vd/ jB. fsZy/, u[;s^do[;s, ns/ noE Gog{otkoskbkg BkNe ƒ p[bzdh p\Pd/ jB. BkNeeko r[ouoB f;zx i;{ik B/ nkgD/ BkNe “ezXKo/s dhnK” ftu fJ; gZy dk \k; f\nkb ofynk j?. skok uzd s/ T[owbk ftueko m/e/dko okwf;zx dk ezw eokT[D bJh ofunk tkoskbkg t/fynk ik ;edk j? L

skok uzd L sz{ w/oh wdd eo/Arh <T[owbk L w?A eh wdd eo ;eBh nK <skok uzd L i/ m/e/dko dk ezw j' ikJ/ sK w?ƒ Gh uko g?;/ B;hp j' ;ed/ B/.T[owbk L (j"bh fijh) jZSk, w?A e'fPP eoKrh.skok uzd L e'fPP BjhA T[owbk, fJj ezw Io{o eoB? HHH Io{o eoB? HHH jo jkbs

ftu eoB? HHH jo jkbs ftu BjhA sK HHH(skok uzd ubk iKdk j?.)

T[owbk L (nkgD/ nkg) Io{o eoB? HHH jo jkbs ftu eoB? HHH jo jkbsftu HHH BjhA sK HHH

tkoskbkgK dk ;zzpzX gksoK ns/ gkso T[;koh Bkb j[zdk j?. fJBQK Bkb jh BkNe dk ekoinZr/ tXdk j?. ifNb d/ T[ekT{ fe;w d/ tkoskbg doPeK iK gkmeK dk wB'oziB BjhA eo;ed/. fJ; gZy'A BkNeeko i;{ik ;[u/s j?. T[j gkmeK iK doPeK d/ ;[ji^;[nkd dk f\nkb oydkj?. fJjh ekoB j? fe T[j pj[s GkPDpkIh ftu BjhA g?Adk. tkoskbkgK ƒ xNBktK iK gq;zrK Bkbi'Vh oydk j?. T[; d/ tkoskbkgK ’u o;, ;zy/gsk, dbhn, nzso^fBoGosk, ;kofEesk, soshpnkfd ;ko/ r[D Pkwb jB. i;{ik d/ BkNe “ezXK o/s dhnK” d/ tkoskbkg soe;zrs ns/ gksoKd/ nB[e{b jB. fJBQK dh soshp pVh wB'ftfrnkBe sohe/ Bkb j'Jh j?. fJBQK dk doPeK$gkmeKT[go pZMtK gqGkt g?Adk j?. puB f;zx ns/ wkwh ftueko ofunk tkoskbkg t/yD:'r j? L

wkwh L puB f;zx ih c/o eh ;'funk i/ eke/ dh e[VwkJh pko/.puB f;zx L s[;hA pI[or nkg f;o s/ p?m/ U c/o ;kƒ ekjdh fuzsk J/.wkwh L w?A sK efjBhnK fJj ;ke Sv' Bk. e[Vh w/oh t/yh j'Jh J/, oZi e/ ;[jDh

J/. nkt/rk th pVk e[M. fynkb J/ dki ftu fJe wekB d/Dr/.puB f;zx L fi; soQK s[;hA nky', n;hA s[jkv/ wro nK. HHH e[zdB f;zx ƒ g[ZS

b?B/ nK.wkwh L T[jB/ fejVh BKj eo d/Dh J/.bSwh L BKj sK BjhA eoB brk, go c/o th. HHH

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wkwh L n?T[A eo fe;/ fdB e[zdB f;zx ƒ Bkb b? e/ w/o/ xo nk ikDk. e[Vhth ftyk fdnKr/ s/ T[j w[zv/ dh sbh s/ YkJh ;" o[gJ/ Xo e/ jkb dhxVh w[zvk o'e b?Dr/, pkeh o;wK c/o j[zdhnK ofjDrhnK.

puB f;zx L ub' mhe n?.wkwh L jZSk, w?A c/o j[D ubBh nK. ekch d/o j' rJh J/.

fJ; bJh fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe tkoskbkg fJ; BkNe dh e/Adoh Pesh ti'A T[God/ jB.fJj eEkBe gksoK ns/ xNBktK ƒ nkg; ’u i'Vd/ jB. fJ; s'A i;{ik dh ebkswe Pesh thT[ikro j[zdh j?.

gkso ns/ gkso^T[;koh L

fgnko/ ftfdnkoEhU fJ; nfXnkfJ ftu n;hA “ezXK o/s dhnK” BkNe dh gkso^T[;koh ns/fJ; ftu g/P gksoK dh G{fwek pko/ rZb eoKr/. ;G s'A gfjbK fJj ikD b?Dk Io{oh j? fegkso^T[;koh fe; ƒ efjzd/ jB. gkso ns/ gkso^T[;koh BkNe dk wjZstg{oB sZs j?. BkNe gksoKd[nkok wzu T[go g/P ehsk iKdk j?. gksoK s'A fpBK BkNe p/^noE jz[dk j?. wzu T[go BkNe gksoKokjhA g/P ehsk iKdk j?. g[;se o{g ftu th gksoK d/ ;ztkd okjhA jh gkme ouBk dk nkBzdwkD ;edk j?. BkNeeko gksoK okjhA nkgDh ejkDh g/P eodk j?. fJj ;zGt BjhA j' ;edk fee'Jh BkNeeko wzu T[go uVQ e/ nkg jh BkNe g/P eo d/t/. nfijk eoe/ T[j f;o| ejkDh sKg/P eo ;edk j?. ejkDh d/ o{g ftu ;ko/ gksoK d/ tkoskbkg th g/P eo ;edk j?. go fJjwfjI ejkDh pD e/ jh ofj ikt/rh. fi; BkNe ƒ gksoK dhnK ndktK s/ GktK nkfd okjhAgqGktPkbh sohe/ Bkb g/P ehsk ikDk j?, T[j o; BkNeeko tb'A ;[DkJh ikD tkbh ejkDh ’u'A bGDkw[Pfeb j?. gkso BkNe ƒ ;iht o{g ’u g/P eod/ jB. gkso d' gqeko d/ j[zd/ jB—fJe;ko^gksons/ r'b^gkso. fJe;ko gkso T[j j[zd/ jB fiBQK dk ftek; BjhA j[zdk. T[j g{o/ BkNe ftu nkgD/;[Gkn ’u spdhbh BjhA fbnkT[Ad/. r'b^gkso dk pekfJdk ftek; j[zdk j?. nfij/ gkso ouBknB[;ko pdbd/ jB. ;z;feqs BkN^gozgok ftu gksoK dh frDsh 5 s'A 10 wzBh rJh j?. go j[DBkNe d/ nkeko nB[;ko gksoK dh frDsh ’u tkXk eo fbnk iKdk j?. jv;B gkso^T[;koh ƒfe;/ th BkNeh feqs dh wjkBsk fgZS/ p[fBnkdh ns/ nzsw sZs wzBdk j?. T[j sK gbkN ƒ th gksoK’s/ nXkfos wzBdk j?. gkso T[;koh fgZS/ b/ye dh wB'ftfrnkBe ;{M p{M ezw eodh j?. ejkDhdh b'V ns/ wkj"b w[skfpe T[j gksoK dh u'D iK BkweoB eodk j?. T[; B/ gkso T[;koh;w/A doPeK iK gkmeK dh ukjs dk fXnkB th oyDk j[zdk j?. jo gkso ƒ T[; d/ bkfJe ezwd/Dk th Io{oh j[zdk j?. nfijk Bk j'D dh jkbs ftu ftjbk gkso doPeK iK gkmeK ƒ gqGkftsBjhA eo ;edk. Gkt[e, nkPktkdh ns/ i'Phb/ r[D tkb/ gkso BkNe dh ;|bsk ftu ;jkJh j[zd/jB. T[go'es ftuko fJ; rZb tZb ;ze/s eod/ jB fe gkso ns/ gkso^T[;koh BkNe d/ wjZstg{oBsZs j[zd/ jB.

BkNe “ezXK o/s dhnK” dh gkso^T[;koh okjhA BkNeeko r[ouoB f;zx i;{ik doPeK iK gkmeK

39

’u fdbu;gh g?dk eodk j?. T[; B/ BkNe dhnK wzuB^i[rsK ƒ fXnkB ’u oyfdnKgqGktPkbh gkso^fusoB ehsk j?. i;{ik B/ nkgD/ gksoK ƒ g/P/ ti'A d' fXoK ftu tzv e/ g/Pehsk j?. e[zdB f;zx, T[owbk ns/ skok uzd gqPk;Be fXo dh gqshfBXsk eodk jB. B/e okwGzvkoh ns/ m/e/dko okw f;zx tgkoe fXo Bkb ;zpzXs jB. pkT{ puB f;zx fJe ;/tk^w[es;oekoh nfXekoh Gkt ;p^g';N wk;No d/ Bkb^Bkb B/e okw Gzvkoh Bkb fwb e/ pBkT[Nh e[BhBt/uD tkbk p/JhwkB ftnesh j?. fJBQK fXoK dofwnkB ftukoK dk ;zxoP j?. puB f;zx dk g[Zsoe[zdB f;zx fJwkBdko feodko BkNe d/ sBkT[ dk w[Zy ekoB pDdk j?. BkNeeko B/ gksoK ƒgo;fEshnK ftu gk e/ fGqPNkuko dk w[Zdk T[Gkfonk j?. fGqPN^gkso p/JhwkBh ns/ foPtsy'ohƒ T[sPkjs eod/ jB. T[j BkNe d/ n\ho sZe nkgD/ ;tkoEh fjsK dh g{osh bJh nV/ ofjzd/jB. m/e/dko okw f;zx nkgDk xNhnk wkb t/uD bJh jo jZEezvk ngDkT[Adk j?. T[j B/eokw Gzvkoh dh jK ftu jK fwbkT[Adk j?. B/e okw Gzvkoh nkgDh p/JhwkBh dhnK cVK wkoB ns/fBvosk g{ote f;;Nw dk rbs ckfJdk u[ZeD tkbk gkso j?. fJj tkoskbkg T[go'es sZEK dhg[PNh eod/ jB L

okw f;zx L (Bcos fijh Bkb j"bh nktkI ftu) nihp f;o^fcfonk J/. e'Jhg[S/ Gfbnk b'ek s?ƒ eh < s/ok eh x; ufbn? < s{z nkgDh i/p roweo b? s/ nrb/ dk ezw ;[nko d/. n?t/A nkT[Ad/ foIe ƒ fgnk bZsKwkodk J/A.

fJj d't/A fw;kbK d/ e/ fGqPNkuko ns/ p/JhwkBh ƒ ikfJI mfjokT[D dh e'fPP eod/ jB.gkso^T[;koh gZy'A fJe j'o fdbu;g gkso j? wkwh, i' puB f;zx d/ xo T[; d/ g[Zso bJh

foPsk b? e/ nkT[Adh j?. T[j BkNe dh ejkDh ƒ nZr/ s'oB ftu \k; G{fwek fBGkT[Adh j?. T[jtfjw^Gow dh fPeko j?. puB f;zx d/ xo ftu Bk fwbD dk ekoB T[j xo'A uZbD ;w/A tkgohnKxNBktK ƒ wzBdh j?. T[; d/ tkoskbkg nB[;ko L

wkwh L s[oB brh sK w/oh ;Zih nZy gJh c[oedh ;h. ftjV/ ftu nkJh sKfpZbh fwb gJh. pkjo fBebh sK eh t/yBh nK nZr'A fwbyh pkjwDs[fonk nkT[Ad?. w?A fejk jZSk, s[o sK gJh nK Bk ikDhJ/ n?t/A bZsVJh wkoBh g?Adh J/.

T[j ;Zih nZy coeD, o;s/ ’u fpZbh ns/ pkjwD d/ wZE/ bZrD ’s/ nfijk Gow gkbdh j?.T[j d/;h ykfDnK dh P"ehB j?. fJ; bJh T[j Pfjoh ykD/ dh pikJ/ fgzvK dhnK ‘fBnkwsK’fit/A wZyD, ;kr, fxT[, bZ;h g;zd eodh j?. wkwh e[zdB tk;s/ foPs/ dh dZ; gkT[Adh j?.

puB f;zx ns/ T[; d/ g[Zso e[zdB f;zx dk feodko fto'XkGk;h j?. gfjbk p/JhwkB s/;wM"sktkdh j?. T[j w"ek gq;sh dhnK ;kohnK jZdK gko eo iKdk j?. nkgD/ n;|b fgnko ƒth foPfsnK dh f;nk;s okjhA fiZsDk ukjz[dk j?. T[j nkgDh ;kpek gq/fwek dhgK dh Gshih dke[zdB f;zx Bkb foPsk eoe/ s;Zbh jk;b eoB d/ nkjo ftu j?. T[j efjzdk j? L

40

puB f;zx L j[D w?A f;o T[~uk eoe/ T[jd/ xo Y[eKrk sK w/ok fdb mzYk j'J/rk.w/oh fJe tZvh T[wzr g{oh j' ikJ/rh. dhgK J/; xo dh ƒj pD e/ BjhAnk ;eh sK T[jdh Gshih nkJ/rh.

UXo e[zdB f;zx fJwkBdko fJzihBhno nkgD/ n;{bK Bkb ;wM"sk Bkb eodk j'fJnk dfonkT[go pDkJ/ ikD tkb/ g[b bJh xNhnk wkb yohdD s'A fJBeko eo fdzdk j?. T[j fGqPN tosko/ƒ fsnkr e/ xo SZv e/ s[o iKdk j?. o[wK; th fGqPN ;fEshnK dh G/AN uVQ iKdk j?. e[zdB f;zxdh gq/fwek s/ T[; d/ d|so dh w[bkIw T[owbk jkbks nZr/ M[e iKdh j?. T[j e[zdB f;zx ƒd|so d/ b'eK Bkb t?o fto'X \sw eoB bJh m/e/dko okw f;zx dk ezw eoB dh f;|koP eodhj?. T[owbk s/ e[zdB f;zx d/ gq/w ;zpzXK ’u skok uzd fJe yb^gkso pD e/ gqt/P eodk j?. fJefGqPN nekT{AN?AN skok uzd gfjbK fJzihBhno e[zdB f;zx ƒ m/e/dko okw f;zx dk ezw eoBdh f;|koP eoB bJh iKdk j?. e[zdB f;zx tb'A fJBeko eo d/D ’s/ T[j T[; ƒ okw f;zx tb'AfoPts ti'A fjZ;k d/D dh sithI th oydk j?. e[zdB f;zx s'A gfjbK fGqPNkuko ’u v[Zfpnk j'fJnkd|so j[D foPts Bk fwbD ekoB n"y wfj;{; eodk j?. e[zdB f;zx s'A d[yh skok uzd T[; ƒe';dk j? L

skok uzd L GV{nk n?;k nkfJnk i/ Bkb ;kvk nzB gkDh th pzd eo SZfvnk ;{.T[j eh efjzd/ j[zd/ B/ id d/ izw/ uzdo GkB, u[bQ/ nZr Bk wzi/ tkD.Bk nkg yKdk J/ Bk fe;/ ƒ ykD d/Adk i/. ;kok d|so szr nkfJnkj'fJn?. ;G uhed/ B/.

fJ; T[gozs T[j e[zdB f;zx dh gq/fwek T[owbk dk P'PB eoB dh e'fPP eodk j?. T[j T[;ƒ T[; dh wK dk t/;tk j'D dk G/s e[zdB f;zx ƒ dZ; d/D dh Xweh fdzdk j'fJnk efjzdk j? L

skok uzd L ;p{s pE/o/. eoB tkb/ sK fuZN/ ƒ ekbk ;kps eo fdyKd/ B/ l ekb/ƒ ekbk ;kps eoBk fejVk w[Peb ezw J/.

go T[owbk tb'A ez[dB f;zx s/ m/e/dko okw f;zx dk ezw eokT[D ’u Bkekw ofjD ’s/ skokuzd dh ;kfIP ekw:kp j' iKdh j?. gq/wh gq/fwek tZy j' iKd/ jB. fJ; soQK T[owbk jkbksdh fPeko gkso pD iKdh j?. fGqPNkuko Bkb wip{oh tZ; ;wM"sk eoe/ T[j nkgDh B"eoh d/Bkb^Bkb gq/wh s'A th jZE X' p?mdh j?. nkgD/ wK d/ t/;tkg[D/ d/ ebze s'A puD ykso T[j nfijkeodh j?. skok uzd tb'A T[; ƒ T[; dk G/s e[zdB f;zx y'bQ d/D dh Xweh nkfyoeko n;bhnsdk ikwk gfjB b?Adh j?. e[zdB f;zx T[; Bkb'A nkgDk ;zpzX s'V e/ nkgD/ nkdoP ƒ gfjbfdzdk j?.

e[zdB dh wK bSwh th T[; ƒ ‘wkfgnK’ dk j[ew wzBD bJh I'o gkT[Adh j?. fJ; ;G d/pkti{d BkfJe e[zdB f;zx nkdoPtkd T[go vN e/ gfjok fdzdk j?. fJ; wkj"b s'A d[yh j' e/ T[jefjzdk j? L

41

e[zdB f;zxL w/o/ bJh fJj property (ikfJdkd) fJj ;[Zy, nkokw fJj d"bs, e[MBjhA, fJB;kBhns s/ fJ\bke Jh w/o/ bJh ;G e[M J/. w/ok okj tZyokJ/. n;b ftu w?ƒ j[D fJE/ BjhA ofjDk ukjhdk.

bSwh L b?, sz{ feE/ ub/ ikDk J/ < fJj ;G e[M sK s/ok j'fJnk. ;kvk j'oe"D J/ <

;' gkso^T[;koh fJ; BkNe ftu fGqPNkuko ns/ JhwkBdkoh ftueko eP^w^eP ƒ n\ho sZepoeoko oydh j?. i' fJ; BkNe dk jk;b j' fBpVdk j?.

42

BkNe nfXnkgB ;zpzXh gkm :'iBk

joftzdo e"o ‘o{ph’

nfXnkge dk BK L joftzdo e"o ‘o{ph’fwshftPk L gzikphT[g^ftPk L BkNeiwks L pkoQthAf;ob/y ns/ b/ye L ‘ezXK o/s dhnK’ (BkNeeko r[ouoB f;zx i;{ik)

;jkfJe ;w~roh L

pb?e p'ov, uke, MkVB, gkm g[;se ‘ezXK o/s dhnK’ nkfd.

yk; T[d/P L

1H fJ; BkNe okjhA pZfunK ƒ fGqPNkuko s'A ikD{ eotkT[Dk.2H BkNe ;wekbh fGqPNkuko dh ;wZf;nk Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk j?.3H wZX Pq/Dh dk wB[Zy d{joh fIzdrh ihT[Adk j?. T[j nzdo'A j'o ns/ ftyktk j'o eodk j?.4H BkNe dk jo gkso fGqPNkuko dh ug/N ftu nkfJnk j'fJnk j?.5H fGqPNkuko s'A w[es gkso th nkgD/ fgS'eV eoe/ fJ; s'A nbfjdk BjhA j' ;ed/.6H BkNeeko tb'A fJe Bt/A Bo'J/ ns/ ;t;E ;wki dh f;oiDk dh e'fPP eoBk. (BkNe d/ nzs

ftu e[zdB f;zx tb'A xo'A nZv j' e/ fJe tZyoh fdPk n\fsnko eoBk sK fe T[j fGqPNkukod/ M[bd/ MZyV dk o/s dh ezX Bk pD e/ ;r'A fJe uZNkB pD e/ w[ekpbk eo ;e/.)

g{ot frnkB dh goy L

gqH fGqPNkuko s'A eh Gkt j? <gqH ni'e/ ;wki ftu c?b oj/ fGqPNkuko pko/ nkgD/ ftuko g/P eo' <

43

G{fwek L

‘ezXK o/s dhnK’ BkNe r[ouoB f;zx i;{ik dh ouBk j?. fJj BkNe pj[s jZd se ;wekbhfGqPNkuko dh ;wZf;nk Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. ni'e/ ;w/A ftu fGqPNkuko fJe ftnesh ftP/Pdh ;wZf;nk BjhA, fJj sK ;wkfie j'Ad dh ;wZf;nk pD u[eh j?. nZi d/ ;w/A ftu p/JhwkBh, mZrh,X'yk, tZYh ns/ co/p fJB;kB dhnK orK ftu ou rJ/ jB. wB[Zy nkgD/ ;tkoE bJh wB[Zysk dkrbk x[ZND bJh th fsnko j' iKdk j?. nZi ekbh ewkJh ƒ jo fJB;kB nkgDk jZe ;wMdk j?.fJ; BkNe ftu th BkNe dk jo gkso ikD/ nDikD/ fJ; ekbh ewkJh dh j'Ad ftu iefVnk j'fJnkj?. fJ; s'A w[es j' u[e/ gkso th fJ; s'A w[es BjhA. fJ; s'A nfGZi ofjD tkb/ th fJ; d/ fPezi/ftu ieV/ j'J/ jB.

g/Pekoh L

ftPk t;s{ nfXnkge ekoi w[bKeD ekoi

BkNe ‘ezXK o/s dhnK’ BkNeeko r[ouoB f;zxi;{ik dk fbfynk j'fJnk j?. ‘ezXK o/s dhnK’ BkNe dhejkDh P[o{ s'A nyho se fJe ;od wkj"b ’u'A fBebdhwfj;{; j[zdh j?. BkNe ekch jZd se gqrhse ftXh ƒn\fsnko eodk gqshs j[zdk j?. BkNe dh ;koh ejkDhfJ; d/ ezw d/ nkb/^d[nkb/ x[zwdh gqshs j[zdh j?.

BkNe d/ BkfJe puB f;zx d/ xo ftu fuoK s'AfNfenk ekbh ewkJh dk gqshe ‘c{bdkB’ fsVedk j? sKgkme ƒ fJ; dk ;ze/s fwbdk j? fe ekbh ewkJh d/ ;jko/T[;fonk fJ; xo dk ;[ji nyho eZu dhnK e?AeoK tKrfybo ikt/rk.

puB f;zx vkeykB/ ftu B"eoh eodk j?. T[; dhgsBh dk BK bZSwh j? i' nkgD/ gsh dh okIdko j'DekoB fGqPN j?. T[; d/ d' fgnko/ pZu/ vkbh s/ e[zdB f;zxjB. puB f;zx nkgD/ iwksh B/e okw Gzvkoh Bkb fwbe/ Bebh e[B?B pDkT[D dk Xzdk eodk j? ns/ fGqPNkukookjhA o[fgnk ewKdk j?. T[j fJ; Xzd/ ƒ thj^gzMh tfoQnKs'A SZv u[ek j? go T[j nkgDh fgSbh T[wo ftu th fJ;Bw'Ph s'A w[es BjhA. (e[M th n;hA eod/ jK uzfrnkVkiK wkVk T[; dk dk} ;koh T[wo ;kvk fgZSk BjhA SZvdk.

gkmg[;se‘ezXK o/sdhnK’(BkNe)

gqH ‘fGqPNkuko’ s'A eh Gktj?<

T[H ;wkfie edoK^ehwsKdk ysok s/ ;wkiftu p [okJhnK^p/JhwkBh, mZrh, X'yk,tZYh ns/ co/p dkg;kok.

gqH BkNe dh ejkDh dkEhw eh j? <

T[H BkNe dh ejkDh dkEhw fGqPNkuko j? s/;koh ejkDh fJjd/nkb/̂ d[nkb/ x[zwdh j?.

gqH puB f;zx feE/ B"eoheodk j? <

T[H vkeykB/ ftu.

44

fJE/ puB f;zx ƒ e[BhB dk ezw SZfvnK Gkt/A gzMh toQ/j' u[e/ jB s/ T[; d/ pZu/ th pkb nt;Ek s'A itkBh sengV u[e/ jB. fJE'A se fe T[; dh Xh vkbh dk ftnkjj' u[ek j? s/ T[j nkg th pkb pZu/dko pD u[eh j? s/T[; dk g[Zso fJe ekfpb fJzihBhno pD u[ek j?.) fcoth T[j fJ; r[Bkj s'A w[es BjhA j' ;edk. T[j nkgD/fJ; ekb/ ekoi dh u[ZGD ƒ ni/ th wfj;{; eodk j? ns/ukj[zdk j? fe T[; d/ fJ; ekb/ ekoBkw/ T[~s/ godk fgnkoj/ ns/ T[; d/ g[Zso ƒ gsk Bk bZr/. T[j b'ekuko bJhXowh eowh fd;d/ ofjD bJh g{ik gkm eodk j? ns/shoE :ksok s/ th iKdk j?. go sK th T[; ƒ nkgD/nzdobk vo x[D tKr ykJh iKdk j?.

d{i/ gk;/ iBsk gq/wh gkoNh dk gqXkB B/e okw GzvkohfGqPNkuko dk ihAdk ikrdk o{g j?. T[j bhvoh G/; XkoBeoe/ b'e ;/tk bJh ihtB nogB ehsk gqrN eodk j?go fJj ;kok gkyzv s/ co/p j?. nkgD/ nkg ƒ ;[szsosk;zrokwh nytkT[Adk j'fJnk T[j fJ; ƒ M{m/ gofwFNfdtkT[D s/ ;{so d/ e'N/ dk jZedko wzB e/ e?P eotkT[Dkukjz[dk j?, “s[jkƒ gsk n? okX/ Pkw ƒ w?A uko pZ;K dkgofwFN pDtk e/ fdsk J/. T[jB/ d[nkBh gZsh w/oh th oZybJh J/.”

“f;oc d[nkBh <”“n;K e'Jh eow bkJh J/ < iK n;K e'Jh ezw

eoB? < j[D n;K ;{so dk e'Nk wBI[o eotk fbnk j?.”(ezXK o/s dhnK, gzBk 22)

“n;K pkT{ ih, i/bQK eNhnK B/, bkmhnK ykXhnKB/, sK w[be nkIkd j'fJn?. j[D ;kƒ e'Nk th Bkfwb/.” (ezXK o/s dhnK, gzBk 23)

fJT[A T[[go'es uouk s'A fJj B[esk ;kjwD/ nkT[Adkj? fe Gzvkoh g{oh soQK fGqPNkuko dh dbdb ftu rqf;nkj'fJnk j?.

iK fJ; gk;/ fJXo puB f;zx nkgD/ p/N/ e[zdB f;zxƒ T[~u ftZfdnk fdtKdk j?. T[; dk p/Nk tb?s ik e/

gqH T[j g?;k fet/A ewKdkj? <

T[H Bebh e[BhB pDk e/.

gqH puB f;zx fe; r[Bkjs'A w[es BjhA j' ;edk<

T[H thj gzMh toQ/ gfjbKSZv u[e/ ekb/ Xzd/ s'A.

gqH T[j nkgD/ g[Zso s'A ehb[ekT[Dk ukj[zdk j? <

T[H nkgD/ ekb/ Xzd/ s/godk fgnk oj/.

gqH B/e okw Gzvkoh nkgD/nkg ƒ fe; rZb dkjZedko nytkT[Adk j?<

T[H ;[szsosk ;zrokwh j'Deoe/ M{m/ gofwFN s/;{so d/ e'N/ dk.

gqH puB f;zx nkgD/ g[Zsoƒ fe; uhI dh ftfdnk


45

gVQkJh eoe/ fJe ekfpb fJzihBhno pD iKdk j?. T[jfJe n|;o br iKdk j? s/ nkgD/ nkg ƒ T[~u/ ykBdkBftu'A wzBdk j?. T[j ;wMdk j? fe T[j fJe Poh| fgUdk g[Zso j? fi; B/ ;koh T[wo B/eh d/ okj s/ ub e/fpskJh j?. T[; d/ foPs/ dh rZb fJe foNkfJo uh|fJb?eNqheb fJzihBhno ;[Zuk f;zx dh Xh Bkb j'D dh rZbfSVh j? go e[zdB f;zx fJ; s'A p/^\po nkgD/ d|softu nkT[AfdnK ;ko nkgDh wksfjs T[owbk s/ fpBK;'funK ;wfMnk fJS iKdk j? s/ T[; Bkb ftnkj eoBkukj[zdk j? go id'A T[; dh n;bhns pko/ T[; ƒ gskbrdk j? fe T[j fJe t/;tk dh p/Nh j? sK T[; d/ bZyfwzBsK sob/ eofdnK s/ nkgD/ nkg ƒ p/e;{o d;D d/pkti{d th T[;ƒ m[eokT[D bfrnK th gb BjhA brkT[Adk.

puB f;zx s/ B/e okw Gzvkoh fJeZm/ gVQd/ ;B.gVQkJh d"okB T[; dk ;[Zuk f;zx dh G?D dhgK Bkb fgnkog? frnk ;h. T[j T[; ƒ fgnko Bkb gkB dh p/rhfejk eodk ;h. ebk; ftu p?m/ T[j d't/A ;kok fdB T[;/dhnK rZbK eod/ ofjzd/ ;B. id'A th puB f;zx s/ Gzvkoh;kfjp ;wK r[IkoB bJh skP y/vd/, sK dhgK ne;o jh:kd nk iKdh ;h. T[j puB f;zx dk gfjbk fgnko ;h,fi; ƒ T[j ni/ se BjhA G[bk ;fenk ;h. T[; dhnKfgnko GohnK fuZmhnK T[; B/ ni/ se ;zGkb d/ oZyhnKj'JhnK ;B.

puB f;zx fJe rohp ;e{b wk;No dk g[Zso ;h.T[; ƒ n?cHJ/H gk; eofdnK jh vkeykB/ dh eboeh dhB"eoh fwb rJh ;h. fJj rohph jh pkp{ puB f;zx s/dhgK d/ fgnko ftu o'Vk pD rJh feT[Afe dhgK dk Gok;[Zuk f;zx nwho fgU dk g[Zso ;h s/ T[; dh nkeV;Zst/A n;wkB ’s/ ;h. T[d'A T[j tbkfJs ik e/ gVQB dhnKfsnkohnK eoh p?mk ;h. B/e okw Gzvkoh B/ T[BQK d'tKd/ ftnkj tk;s/ g{ok I'o brk fdZsk ;h go ;Z[uk f;zx;kjwD/ T[; dh e'Jh g/P BjhA ub ;eh. n\ho dhgK B/nkgD/ fgnko dh e[opkBh d/ fdZsh. T[; dk ftnkj fJe

ns/ feE'A fdtkT[Adkj?<

T[H puB f;zx nkgD/ g[Zsoƒ fJzihBhnfozr dhftZfdnk tb?s s'AfdtkT[Adk j?.

gqH e[zdB f;zx dk fe;Bkb fgnko g?Adk j?go pkd ftu T[; gqshT[; dk tshok ehofjzdk j? <

T[H e[zdB f;zx nkgD/d|so ftu ezw eoBtkbh nkgDh wksfjsT[owbk Bkb fgnkoeodk j? s/ T[; Bkbftnkj th eoBk ukj[zdkj? go id'A T[; ƒ fJjgsk brdk j? fe T[jfJe t/;tk dh Xh j?sK T[j T[; ƒ fJegb ftu m[eok fdzdkj?.

gqH puB f;zx dk dhgKBkb ftnkj feT[A Bkj' ;fenk<

T[H puB f;zx fJe rohpfgU dk g[Zso ;h s/dhgK nwho xokD/ dhXh. dhgK dk GoknkgDh G?D dk ;ke


46

nwho pdwkP Bkb j' frnk fijVk T[; T[s/ pj[s I[bweodk ;h. T[; dh ;skJh j'Jh T[j oZp ƒ fgnkoh j'iKdh j?.

puB f;zx T[; t/b/ ƒ :kd eoe/ Gzvkoh Bkbg[okDhnK :kdK ;KMhnK eoBk ukj[zdk j? s/ Gzvkoh th T[;Bkb gfjbK fBGkJ/ ;kE ƒ u/s/ eofdnK g{oh soQK fJ;ftu Pohe j' iKdk j?. puB f;zx nkgD/ tb'A xVh BthAftT[As pko/ th T[; ƒ d;dk j?. (Gkt/A fJj ftT[As nr/ub e/ ekw:kp BjhA j[zdh.) “;koh T[wo w?A T[jd/ b|IKdh nZr Bkb ;Vdk fojk. e'Jh BjhA, w/ok pdbk b?D dkt/bk th nk frnk J/.”

Gzvkoh L “T[j fe; soQK.”puB f;zx L “fi; soQK w?A ;'funk ;h. nZi w?A fJe

bkfJe g[Zso dk fgU jK. ;Z[uk f;zx w/o/ g?oK ’s/ BZe thorVB ƒ fsnko j' ikt/rk. J/;/ bJh sK w?A e[zdB ƒ tb?sgVQB G/fink ;h.”

HHH ;[Zuk f;zx nkgDh bVeh dk ;ke e[zdB f;zx ƒd/ fojk J/.

j[D w?A f;o T[~uk eoe/ T[jd/ xo Y[eKrk sK w/ok fdbmzvk j'J/rk. w/oh fJe tZvh T[wzr g{oh j' ikJ/rh.dhgK J/; xo ftu ƒj pD e/ BjhA nk ;eh sK T[jdhGshih nkJ/rh.

(N?bhc{B dh xzNh yVedh j? go puB f;zx d/fo;hto u[ZeD s'A gfjbK jh pzd j' iKdh j?.)

fJT[A BkNeeko B/ fJBQK gqsheK dh tos'A pVh ;[jiskBkb ehsh j?. N?bhc{B d/ yVeD, o;hto u[eDk s/ u[ZeDs'A gfjbK pzd j' ikDk fszB wkB;e dPktK dk fusoj?^puB f;zx dh T[wo Go dh ohM, ufoso dk ;ze'u s/ohM d/ g{fonK j'D s'A gfjbK w"e/ dk w[oMkT[Dk fJ; ƒfuzBQ^eow okjhA g/P ehsk j?.

m/e/dko okw f;zx fGqPNkuko dk g[sbk j?. T[jfoPts d/ ;jko/ nc;o gk;'A ikfJI^BikfJI ezweotkT[D ftu pVk wkfjo j?. T[j xZN doK s/ ezw eoe/

rohp xo ftu BjhA;h eoBk ukj[zdk.

gqH N?bhc{B dh xzNh dktiDk fco pzd j' ikDkfe; rZb dk gqshe j?<

T[H N?bhc{B dk yVeDk,puB f;zx dk T[; ƒu[eD tk;s/ tfXnkjZE s/ T[; s'A gfjbKxzNh dk pzd j'Dk^puB f;zx dh T[woGo dh ohM, ufosq dk;ze'u s/ ohM d/ g{fonKj'D s'A gfjbK w[oMkikD dk gqshe j?.

gqH okw f;zx fe; soQK dkpzdk j? <

T[H okw f;zx nfs doi/


47

xNhnk w;kbk ;gbkJh eodk ns/ ihT{D i'rk w[Bkck ewkb?Adk j?. id'A T[; dk tkj e[zdB f;zx Bkb g?Adk j? sKT[; d/ j'P T[~v iKd/ jB. T[j e[zdB f;zx ƒ foPts d/e/ nkgDk ezw eotkT[Dk ukj[zdk j?. T[j nkgDk ezw f;o/Bk uVQdk t/y e/ e[zdB f;zx d/ ftoZ[X ueoftT{ oukT[Adkj?. fJ; ezw ftu T[j nekT{AN?AN skok uzd ƒ Bkb obkb?Adk j?. T[j okw f;zx dk fpb gk; eotkT[D bJh ez[dBf;zx d/ xo th iKdk j? ns/ T[; ƒ tZYh dh g/PeP eodkj?. T[j okw f;zx m/e/dko dk ezw eotkT[D bJh T[owbkƒ Xweh d/ fdzdk j? fe i/ T[j nkgD/ p'; e[zdB f;zx e'b'AT[; dk ezw BjhA eotkJ/rh sK T[jƒ pdBkw eo d/t/rkns/ b'eK ƒ d; d/t/rk fe T[j fJe t/;tk dh Xh j? ns/fJe nDukjh n"bkd j?.

pkd ftu okw f;zx B/e okw Gzvkoh ƒ Bkb b? e/e[zdB f;zx ƒ fwbD nkT[Adk j?. id'A e[zdB f;zx T[; dhe'Jh wdd Bk eo ;eD bJh nkgDh wip{oh d;dk j? sKB/e okw Gzvkoh fJe j[fPnko fPekoh tKr T[; d/ fgUdk okI T[rb fdzdk j?. T[; d/ fJe' tke Bkb puB f;zxdh Pok|s dk u'rk T[~so iKdk j?^“n;K sK iknbh e[BhBftu'A T[~u e'Jh dk fJzihBhno g?dk ehsk j?.” (gzBk 67)

fJ; tke B/ T[~uk f;o eZYD tkb/ e[zdB f;zx dk f;oPow Bkb BhtK eo fdZsk.

j[D e[zdB f;zx ƒ fJzM ikgdk j? fit/A T[j ;koh T[wojB/o/ ftu jh GNedk fojk. xo SZv e/ ikD s'A gfjbKT[j nkydk j? fe, “w?A sK fJjh ;wMdk fojk jK wkfgnKdk |oI n? fe;/ soQK th j'J/ nkgD/ pZfunK dh fIzdrhy[Pjkb pDkB s/ pZfunK dk |oI n? wkfgnK d/ j[ew dhgkbDk eoB. HHH go nZi w/ohnK nZyK y[bQhnK B/ nZiw?ƒ gsk bZrk J/, fJj sK ;G o/s dhnK ezXK ;B fiBQKd/ ;jko/ w?A nkgDh fIzdrh dk wfjb T[;kfonk ;h.”(gzBk 70^71)

puB f;zx nkgD/ g[Zso ƒ nkydk j? fe T[j T[; ƒwk| eo d/t/. bZSwh th nkgD/ p/N/ ƒ ikD s'A o'edh j?


dk fGqPNkukoh, n|;oKe'b'A ezw eYtkT[D ftuwkfjo s/ xNhnk wkb;gbkJh eoe/ w[Bk|kewkT[Dk T[; dh fcsosj?.

gqH okw f;zx e[zdB f;zxgk; eh T[whd b? e/nkT[Adk j? <

T[H okw f;zx e[zdB f;zxƒ foPts d/ e/ nkgDkezw eokT[D dh T[whdb? e/ nkT[Adk j?.

gqH okw f;zx T[owbk ƒeh Xweh d/Adk j? <

T[H i/eo T[j T[; dke[zdB f;zx e'b'A ezwBjhA eotkJ/rh sK T[jT[; ƒ pdBkw eod/t/rk.

gqH B/e okw Gzvkoh fejVhrZb efj e/ e[zdB f;zx

48

ns/ nkydh j? T[j Bk ikt/ pkjo pVk s/I MZyV M[Zb fojkj?. fJE/ pkjo M[Zbdk MZyV nzdob/ MZyV dk ;ze/fse o{gg/P eodk j?. go e[zdB f;zx fJBQK MZyVK s'A p/gotkjfJe BthA d[BhnK t;kT[D bJh nkgD/ wK^fgU ƒ nkydkj?, fiE/ T[; ƒ Gzvkoh tor/ b'eK dk ;kjwDk Bk eoBkgt/ s/ T[j T[; ƒ nPhotkd d/D fe T[j d[BhnK d/ jos{|kB dk w[ekpbk eo ;e/ ns/ fJj M[bdk MZyV T[; d/g?o Bk T[ykV ;e/. T[; d/ wK^fgU T[; nZr/ tk;s/ gkT[Ad/jB fe T[j T[jBK ƒ p[Ykg/ ftu p/;jkok SZv e/ Bk ikt/go e[zdB f;zx T[BQK dh fJe BjhA ;[Ddk s/ xo SZv e/ubk iKdk j?.


dk fejVk Gow s'Vdkj? <

T[H fJj efj e/ fe “n;KsK iknbh e[BhB ftu'AT[~u e'Nh dkfJzihBhno g?dk ehskj?.” T[; dk T[~uk\kBdkB ftu'A j'D dkGow s'Vdk j?.

w"B gkm L

;ko/ BkNe dk ;ko iwks ftZu ;[DkT[D ns/ uouk eoB s'A pknd nfXnkgek ftfdnkoEhnK ƒw"B ofj e/ iwks ftZu ns/ xo ftZu fJ; BkNe ƒ gVQB bJh ej/rh sK i' ftfdnkoEhfJ; BkNe dk ;zdoGrs nfXn?B eo ;eD.

xo bJh ezw L

gqH 1H BkNe d/ ftP/^t;s{ s/ ftuko eo' <gqH 2H BkNeeko BkNe ftu nkgDk T[d/P fBGkT[D ftu feE'A se ;cb j'fJnk j? <gqH 3H eh fGqPNkuko ƒ BkNe dk gbkN wzB e/ ftukfonk ik ;edk j? <gqH 4H BkNe dk f;ob/y ‘ezXK o/s dhnK’ Y[etK j? iK BjhA < eh fJ; bJh e'Jh j'o f;ob/y th

fdZsk ik ;edk j? < nkgD/ ;[Mkn fdU.gqH 5H gksoK dh gkso T[;koh pko/ s[jkv/ eh ftuko jB < iK T[BQK pko/ nkgD/ ftuko g/P eo'.gqH 6H eh ni'e/ ;w/A ftu e[zdB f;zx tor/ fGqPNkuko d/ f\bk| ntkI T[mkD tkb/ e'Jh feodko

g?dk j' ;ed/ jB, fijV/ ‘o/s dhnK ezXK’ ftueko fJe c"bkdh gZEo tKr g/P j' ;eDiK T[j th pdbd/ jkbksK Bkb G[o ikDr/ < ftuko eo'.

49

“eEk irs” L ftP/rs nfXn?B

vkH irihs e"o

Gkr ^ I

gzikph ejkDh eJh gVktK ƒ gko eodh fi; o{g ftu ;kv/ e'b j[D g[Zih j?, T[j T[; dk ;wekbho{g j?. ni'eh ejkDh :EkoE d/ tX/o/ B/V/ j?. fJj wB[Zyh ihtB dhnK b'VK, E[VK d/ Bkb^BkbT[; d/ wB dh r[zMbK, wB'fposhnK s/ wB';fEshnK ƒ th gqrNkT[Adh j?. fJj' jh nZi dh ejkDhdh ftbZyDsk j? i' T[; ƒ g[oksB ejkDh Bkb'A fBy/Vdh j?.

n;b ftu ejkDh dh \{p;{osh fJj j? fe T[j gkme ƒ T[d'A se nkgD/ Bkb i'Vh oy/ idse T[j ;wkgs BjhA j[zdh. go, fJj sd jh j' ;edk j? i/ ejkDheko ƒ ejkDh efjD dk YzrnkT[Adk j't/. ejkDh dk ftPk ejkDh d/ nko^gko c?fbnk j't/ ns/ gkme ƒ nkgD/ Bkb fJ; soQKehb e/ pzBQh oy/ fe gkme ƒ ejkDh d/ \sw j'D ’s/ nfj;k; j't/ fe ejkDh sK \sw j' rJh.fJ;/ bJh sK fejk frnk j? fe ejkDh dk tX/o/ ;zpzX ‘nr'A eh j'fJnk <’ Bkb j? ns/ Bktb dk;zpzX tX/o/ ‘fet/A iK feT[A j'fJnk <’ Bkb j?. fJ; soQK ftP/ dh u'D dk pj[s wjZst j?. fJeuzrh ejkDh dh gkme d/ wB T[go nfwFN Skg iK fuo;EkJh gqGkt sd jh SZv ;edh j? i/ ejkDhdk ftPk ;wekbh ns/ wB[Zy d/ B/V/ dk j't/.

fJ; g[;se ftu e[M ejkDhnK fJj' fijhnK jB i' n"os d/ ihtB d/ tZy^tZy gfjb{nK, T;dh wB'dPk, wod gqXkB ;wki ftu T[; dh ;fEsh, soZeh tb T[; d/ tZXd/ edw nkfd Bk ;zpzXsjB. fJj ejkDhnK jB L ‘wK dk bkvbk’, ‘fw; ;"|N’, ‘;{bh T[~s/ bNe/ gb’, ‘tfjzrh’ ns/ ‘T[BQKt/fbnK dh rZb’. fJ; nfXnkfJ ftu fJBQK ejkDhnK T[go uouk ehsh rJh j?.

‘wK dk bkvbk’ ejkDh pfuzs e"o dh fJe vz{xh ;zt/dBPhb ejkDh j?. ‘wK’ Ppd ;kv/ ;wkiftu ;fseko:'r j?. gqkuhB ejkDh ftu wK d/ eJh o{gK ƒ ejkDhnK ftu g/P ehsk frnk j?.fJj Ppd ;[Dd/ jh n"os dk fJe ftP/P wws/ s/ e[opkBh dh w{os, fdnktkB, pZfunK T[go nkgkfBSkto eoB tkbh d/th dk fpzp T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[Adk j?. gfjbhnK ejkDhnK wK d/ fJBQK o{gKƒ jh g/P eodhnK jB ns/ gkme th n"os d/ fJBQK o{gK ƒ jh gVQBk g;zd eod/ ;B s/ e[M jZdse j[D th. T[j wK ƒ fJe n"os d/ o{g ftu xN s/ e[opkBh dh w{os ti'A tX/o/ g;zd eod/jB. wK dhnK wwsk dhnK T[dkjoBK th ;kƒ tX/o/ gVQB ƒ fwbdhnK jB. pZfunK dh gfjukD

50

wK Bkb i'V e/ ehsh iKdh j?. pZfunK dk ;[Gkn, ;z;eko nkfd ƒ wK dh d/D jh fejk iKdk j?.e[Vh d/ itkB j'D ns/ ;j[o/ xo ikD s'A pknd th T[; d/ r[DK s/ n"r[DK ƒ th wK Bkb i'V e/t/fynk iKdk ;h s/ e[M jZd se nZi th j?. go, T[j BK^wkso jh j?.

‘wK dk bkvbk’ ejkDh d/ nkozG ftu jh gkme ƒ gsk ub iKdk j? fe fJ; xo ftu ihskBK dk fJe w[zvk j? i' fJ; ;w/A xo ftu BjhA j?. T[; d/ xo ftu Bk j'D ekoB T[; dh wK puB'ns/ G?D ezw' d't/A pj[s T[dk; jB. T[; pr?o T[BQK ƒ xo ftu o"De BjhA ikgdh. d'BK dhnK rZbKs'A gsk ubdk j? fe ihs/ ƒ T[; d/ fgsk fpPB/ B/ pZuk gbNB ftu Gosh eotk fdZsk j?. T[jb'eK d/ ihs/ dhnK PokosK ns/ pswhIhnK d/ T[bKG/ ;[D e/ szr nk e/ T[; ƒ pZuk gbNB ftuGosh eotk fdzdk j?. wK puB' th fJ; rZb ƒ ;wMdh j? fe T[; dk g[Zs ihsk pj[s sgkT[Adk;h l go T[j T[; ƒ nzsK dk w'j eodh ;h. T[j o'I okshA T[~m e/ ihs/ Bkb ;"A iKdh ;h. fJeoks ihs/ ƒ th wK d/ fgnko dk nfj;k; j'fJnk sK T[; B/ wK ƒ x[ZN e/ i|h gkJh ;h. fJ;i|h d/ nBzd ftu puB' fezBh d/o e';/^e';/ jzM{ tjkT[Adh ojh ;h. go, j[D ihs/ d/ xo'A ikD s'Apknd T[j fJeZbh p?m e/ fezBh^fezBh d/o o'Adh ofjzdh ;h. go, T[; B/ nkgD/ gsh nZr/ edh nZyfrbh BjhA ehsh ;h. T[j ;'udh ;h fe T[; dk gsh fJe fgU j?, T[j wK d/ fdb ƒ BjhA ;wM;edk ;h. d{ik fgU th T[j fi; dk fdb edh BjhA fgxfbnk ;h ns/ Bk jh fgxbB dh e'Jhnk; ;h. T[; d/ ;\s ;[Gk ekoB jh ihsk ftrfVnk ;h.

j/m fbyhnK ejkDh dhnK s[eK fJ; ejkDh d/ ftP/ ƒ g{oh soQK T[xkVdhnK jB. ihs/ ƒ pZukgbNB ftu Gosh eotkT[D T[go ihs/ dh wK puB' ns/ G?D ezw' ftu uouk j[zdh j? L

ezw', “p/p/ i/ s/ok ihn BjhA ;h eodk ihs/ ƒ G/iD dk sK sz{ pkg{ ƒ ;k| feT[ABk fejk fe n;hA BjhA ihs/ ƒ pZuk^gbNB ftu Gosh eotkT[Dk.”

puB', “fJj fet/A efj fdzdh g[Zs s/o/ fgU nZr/ w/oh rJh n? g/P e'Jh. rZb eoBdh i/ fjzws j[zdh sK nZi fJj B"ps jh feT[A nkT[Adh. w/ok sK vodh dk ;kj BjhAfBebdk T[; d/ nr/. T[; d/ n?B/ ;\s ;[Gk dk Bshik jh sK nZi ihsk n?Bk fprfVnkj?. jd'A tX ;\sh pzd/ ƒ fprkVdh j? XhJ/ s/ fgnko T[; ƒ ;tkodk j?.”

ezw', “go ;Zu sK fJj j? p/p/ fe jd'A tX fgnko th pj[s wkVk j[zdk j?. T[jth pZu/ ƒ ftrkVdk j?.”

ejkDheko pfuzs e"o B/ fJe S'Nh fijh xNBk okjhA ejkDh d/ ftP/ ƒ fBGkT[AfdnK fJe;zd/P th fdZsk j? fe pZfunK T[go Bk sK pj[s ;\sh eoBh ukjhdh j? ns/ Bk jh pj[s fgnkoeoBk ukjhdk j?. fJE/ Bkb jh nu/s jh fJe ;wkfie ;Zu ƒ T[xkfVnk j? fe wod gqXkB ;wkiftu n"os dh eh ;fEsh j? ns/ gfotko dk w[yh wod n"os ƒ pokpo dk ;EkB d/Dk sK eh,fe;/ |?;b/ ftu T[; dh okfJ b?Dk th mhe BjhA ;wMdk.

r[bIko f;zx ;zX{ dh ejkDh ‘fw; ;"|N’ fJe nkX[fBe ftukoK tkbh gVQh fbyh, ;t?^fBoGons/ ;t?^ftPtk;h n"os dh ejkDh j?. fJj ejkDh b/ye B/ fJe wod gkso d/ wz{j'A nkgDh gsBhd/ fdqPNhe'D s'A ;[DkJh j?. fJ; ejkDh ftubh xNBk dk T[; dh gsBh d/ wB T[~s/ eh gqGkt gkT[Adh

51

j? fJ; dk toBD th wod gkso B/ ehsk j?. ejkDh dk ftPk ni'e/ ;w/A ftu fJe gVQh fbyhn"os dh skes ns/ ;woEk ƒ gqrNkT[Dk j? ns/ T[d/P nkT[D tkbh e[Vh dh ghVQh ƒ gq/oBkd/Dk fe T[BQK ƒ ftfdnk gqkgs eo e/ nksw^fBoGo pDBk ukjhdk j?.

fJ; ejkDh dh w[Zy gkso ‘fw; ;"|N’ j?. T[j fJe ;?Bk ftu vkJhNhPhnB j?. T[j e'bkpkdh ;w[zdo ezY/ pDh fJe pj[^wzIbh fJwkos d/ cb?N ftu ofjzdh j? fJwkos ftu ejkDh ;[DkT[Dtkbk gkso th nkgD/ gfotko ;w/s ofjzdk j?. d'BK xoK ftu ezw eoB tkbh nk:k fJe' jh j?fi; ekoB d'BK ftu fJe jbeh fijh ;KM pD iKdh j?. nk:k dk GkDik ‘fw; ;"|N’ d/ j'o eJhezw eodk j?. gkso dh gsBh fw; ;"|N d/ gfjokt/, fttjko, p'bD d/ ;bhe/, ftfdnk ns/ B"eohs'A pj[s gqGkfts j?. T[; dh P\;hns T[; ƒ nkgD/ tb fyudh j? ns/ T[j nkgDh d'BK XhnKƒ fw; ;"|N tKr jh pDkT[Dk ukj[zdh j?. go T[j go/PkB T[; ;w/A j' iKdh j? id'A fw; ;"|N d/d' ;" o[gJ/ nk:k dk GkDik b? e/ b'g j' iKdk j?. T[j fw; ;"|N ƒ fJe fJeZbh fBo;jkfJ n"os;wMD br g?Adh j?. id'A nk:k T[; ƒ eJh soQK dhnK rzdhnK rkbQK eZYdh j? ns/ T[; dk GkDikth BjhA gefVnk iKdk. d{oh so| fw; ;"|N ƒ th go/PkB t/ydh j?. T[; dh ;'u ftu pdbktnkT[D brdk j?. go, fJe fdB nukBe T[; dk fujok fyV iKdk j? id'A T[j nk:k d/ xotkb/ƒ jZE ftu d' ;" o[gJ/ geV/ fw; ;"|N dk fJzsIko eofdnK t/ydh j? ns/ jkoh j'Jh nk:k ƒgfjbh wzIb dhnK g"VhnK uVQfdnK pj[s ;wK br fojk j[zdk j?.

ejkDh ;[DkT[D tkb/ gkso ƒ ikgdk j? fe ftfdnk ekoB fw; ;"|N dhnK iVQK fezBhnK vz{xhnK;B ns/ pkjK nB/e s/ PeshPkbh ;B. T[; dh xotkbh sK gfjbK jh efjzdh ;h, “nBgVQ pzdksK fBok Y'o j[zdk j?, T[; ƒ IwkB/ dh ;{M jh BjhA nk ;edh.” j[D T[; dh xotkbh ƒ fw; ;"|NnB/e G[iK tkbh d[ork ikgdh j? fijVh g?oK j/mK ;Zg b? e/ th fB;fuzs ofjzdh j?. T[j fJe tkoc/o nkgDhnK XhnK ƒ T[;/ fgnko Bkb ;e{b ikD bJh jb{D e/ irkT[Adh j?.

‘;{bh T[~s/ bNe/ gb’ ejkDhekok nihs e"o dh fbyh ejkDh j?. n"os dh sqk;dh fJj j? feT[j gVQ fby e/ nkofEe s"o ’s/ ;t?^fBoGo j' e/ th nkgD/ ntu/sB ftu gJhnK n"os ;zpzXhXkoBktK s'A w[es BjhA j' ;eh. i/ T[; B/ u/szB j' e/ fJ; s'A w[es j'D dk :sB ehsk th j? sK;wki ftu ;w{fje ntu/sB ftubhnK XkoBktK B/ T[; ƒ ieV fbnk. fi; ekoB Pfjoh fJ;sohwkBf;e ePN G'rdh j?. fJj ;Zu j? fe nkofEe s"o ’s/ ;zgzB nkX[fBe n"os nkgDh jT[A ;deknkgDhnK ;t?^G[ZyK sK ;zs[PN eoB ftu ;woE j?. go, e[M d[Zy fJj' fij/ jB i' fJ;soh j'D;dek G'rdh j?. fJ; dk jZb T[; e'b BjhA j?. ‘;{bh T[~s/ bNe/ gb’ ejkDh ftubh w[Zy gksoeo[Dk i' fJeZbh nkgDh p/Nh bhƒ Bkb ofjzdh j?. T[; e'b ;ko/ ;[Zy jB. T[j ;[szso ihtB r[Ikoojh j? b/feB d[yh j? feT[Afe T[; d/ gsh B/ T[; e'b''A T[; dh bhƒ ƒ b?D bJh ndkbs ftu noIhfdZsh j'Jh j?. nZi n?stko j? ns/ T[; dk |?;bk eZb ;'wtko ƒ j'Dk j?. T[j bhƒ Bkb nZi ƒuzrh soQK fiT[Dk ukj[zdh j?. nZi dh oks fpskT[Dh T[; ƒ n;fj ikgdh j? feT[Afe nZi dh oksdk ;[Zy ebQ d/ |?;b/ T[go fBoGo j? fi; ftu fJj |?;bk j'Dk j? fe bhƒ fe; e'b oj/rh. ejkDhdh w[Zy gkso eo[Dk fJe wK j?, T[; d/ ihtB dk e/Ado bhƒ j?. fJe sK wwsk ns/ d{ik T[;d/ ihtB dk nkXko. T[j nkgDh wwsk ƒ nkgDh fJZSk Bkb wkDB bJh ;[szso BjhA j?. T[; dh

52

wwsk dk |?;bk ekƒB B/ eoBk j? ns/ T[; |?;b/ ƒ wzBDk T[; dh wip{oh j?. fi; wkBf;e dtzdƒ T[j G'rdh j? T[; dk fusoB nihs e"o B/ pk\{ph ehsk j?. fJj ejkDh gkmeK ;kjwD/ eJhgqPB th g?dk eodh j? fi; dk T[~so gkmeK B/ nkgD/ nkg bGDk j?. jo nkdwh nkgDh ;t?^fJZSknB[;ko nkgDk ihtB BjhA r[Iko ;edk. nkdwh fJe ;wkfie gqkDh j?, i/ ;wki ftu ofjDk j?sK T[; d/ nB[Pk;B iK B/wK nB[;ko jh ihtB r[IkoBk gt/rk. \k; eoe/ n"os ƒ fJBQK B/wK dhT[bzxBk eoBh pj[s wfjzrh g?Adh j? feT[Afe n"osK bJh e[M B/w tX/o/ ;\s s/ tZyo/ jB. fJ;bJh n"os ƒ wkBf;e ePN tX/o/ G'rDk g?Adk j?. fJj ejkDh fJj th do;kT[Adh j? fe n"os ƒ;wki ftu nkgDh ;t?^gfjukD bJh pj[s id'^ifjd eoBh g?Adh j?. n"os dh fJ;/ jh sqk;dh ƒdo;kT[Dk fJ; ejkDh dk ftPk j?. ejkDh ftubhnK j/m fbyhnK s[eK ;wki ftu n"os dhnK tZytZy dPktK ns/ T[; dh ;t?^gfjukD pDkJh oyD ƒ do;kT[AdhnK jB L

1H id'A oiBh dh wK eo[Dk ƒ efjzdh j? fe “w?A ;[fDnk J/ fe HHH.” eo[Dk ƒ J/; soQKdh okIdkoh dh, J/; soQK dh jwdodh Bkb fuVQ ;h T[jƒ fe;/ nZr/ nkgDk d[Zy c'be/ pfj ikDk fe;/ fGykoh dk okj iKfdnK ;kjwD/ nkgD/ e'jV tkb/ nzr dk ftykbkgkD d/ s[Zb ;h.

2H “w?A J/;/ xVh s'A, fJjBK jh gbK s'A, J/B/ toQ/ sqfjzdh ojh jK. J/;/ xVh s'A vofdnKw?A s/oK toQ/ U; xo ftu eN/, fiE/ w?A jo o'I wodh ojh, jo o'I wodh ojh”,eo[Dk fit/A pj[sh nkgD/ nkg Bkb s/ E'Vh s'Ph Bkb rZb eo ojh ;h.”

3H “id'A th edh T[; xo dhnK dbQhiK s'A pkjo ikD dk f\nkb nkfJnk, bhƒ dk wz{jw/o/ nr/ nk yb'sk. J/;/ xVh s'A vofdnK w/o/ g?o pZM iKd/ oj/.”

4H “J/; nkBzd ƒ th szr eoB dk p;, fJj' sohek bfGnk YkJhnK tfoQnK ftu w;Kw;K sz{ fJj xo pDkfJnk ;h. bhƒ th f;nkDh j' rJh J/. J/B/ ;kbK wro'A osks?ƒ u?B fwfbnk ;h s/ j[D noIh eo fdZsh ;{, pJh pZuh w?ƒ ;"Agh ikJ/. e'Jhg[ZS/, sz{ T[jƒ fgnko BjhA eoBk, T[jƒ gkbDk BjhA, T[jd/ T[~s/ \ou BjhA eoBk <fJj noIh f;o| dZ[y d/D tk;s/ HHH j'o eh HHH.” eo[Dk d/ wz{j tb sZe sZe e/ s'Phƒ nkBzd T[~s/ j'o r[Z;k nk fojk ;h, j'[o M[zibkjN j' ojh ;h.

n"os d/ ihtB Bkb jh ;zpzfXs j? ejkDh ‘tfjzrh’. fJ; dh ou/sk ejkDhekok uzdB B/rh j?.ejkDhekok dhnK pj[shnK ejkDhnK n"os d/ d[yKs ƒ jh fusodhnK jB. fJ; ejkDh dk ftPk;kvh ;wkfie gozgok ftu gJh fJ; XkoBk Bkb j? fe jo gfotko ftu g[Zso Io{o j'Dk ukjhdkj?. fJj XkoBk ;w{fje ntu/sB dk fjZ;k j?. eh gqkuhB ekb s/ eh nkX[fBe ekb—fJ; XkoBkƒ n;hA nkgD/ ihtB ftu'A BjhA eZY ;e/. g[Zso ƒ \kBdkB iK ghVQh ubkT[D tkbk, gfotko dktko; s/ p[Ykg/ dk ;jkok wzfBnk frnk j?. fJj' jh ekoB j? fe ;dhnK s'A fJj wod gqXkB ;wkin"os dh t|kdkoh, fIzw/tkoh, ;woEk ƒ wzBD s'A fJBekoh fojk j?. fJj ;Zu j? fe ni'e/;w/A ftu n"os gqsh fdqPNhe'D ftu e[M gfotosB Io{o nkfJnk j?, go g[Zso w'j fiT[A dk fsT[Aj?. e[M jZd sZe fJ; dh fIzw/tko n"os nkg th j?.

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fJ; ejkDh dk nkozG fJe xNBk Bkb j[zdk j?. fJe fpoX wB[Zy ;Ve ’s/ wfonk fgnk j?.b'e swkPphBK tKr T[; ƒ wo/ gJ/ ƒ t/y oj/ jB. ejkDh fJe p[bko/ tb'A ;[DkJh rJh j? i' r"Dgkso j?. T[; xNBk ftu T[; dk o'b fJzBk jh j? fe T[j wo/ j'J/ pzd/ dk foPs/dko j? ns/ T[jT[BQK ƒ u[Ze e/ b'eK dh wdd Bkb j;gskb gj[zukT[Adk j?. fJj T[; d/ wk;V ih jB. fJBQK dkBK d/; oki f;zx j? ns/ T[j ;[szsosk ;?BkBh jB. fJE/ ejkDh ƒ fgSbMks dh ftXh Bkb ;[DkfJnkfrnk j?. fJBQK dhnK gzi XhnK s/ d' g[Zso jB. d/; dh tzv ;w/A ;G e[M SZv e/ gkfe;skB s'AGkos nkT[Dk fgnk. go, wk;h ih B/ nkgDh rfjfDnK dh g'Nbh Io{o b? bJh. tzv s'A pkndXhnK dk ftnkj eo fdZsk. tZvk g[Zso ehos phHJ/H eo e/ fgsk Bkb d[ekB ’s/ p?mD bJh fsnkojh ;h. xo ftu eb/P j'D d/ vo s'A wk;h ih B/ nkgD/ gsh ƒ ;wMkfJnk, “j[D s[jkvk IwkBksK BjhA fojk HHH wK fgT[ B/ i' ukfjnk pZfunK s'A Ipod;sh eotk fbnk HHH j[D sK pZu/ nkgDhwoIh eod/ B/ HHH ;kƒ eh HHH nkg/ szr j';h HHH.”

n"os. wK dk fJe o{g. id'A ehos d/ ftnkj s'A pknd T[; dh tj[Nh ;Z; ;j[o/ s'A tZy j'Dkukj[zd/ jB sK T[;/ wK dk fJe j'o o{g ;kjwD/ nkT[Adk j? L

“ehos fpBK sK w?A wo ik;K HHH fezBhnK ;[yDk s/ wzBsK Bkb fbnk J/ w?A fJ;ƒ HHH fje gb Bk fd;/ sK nyhnK nr/ ’BQ/ok nKd? HHH jkJ/. fezB/ i|o ikb/ w?A HHHs/ j[D fJj w/ok e[M BjhA brdk HHH. j[D w?A gokJh j' rJh HHH < s[jkƒ d'jK ƒ ;kv/s'A nkIkdh ukjhdh J/.” T[j nbr j' iKd/ jB. S'Nk g[Zso oth n?~wHJ/H eo e/ fgskd/; oki f;zx Bkb d[ekB ’s/ p?m iKdk j?. fgsk \[P j?. oth d/ ftnkj s'A e[M wjhB/pknd jh T[j nkgDk fjZ;k wzrd/ j'J/ tZy j'D dh rZb eod/ jB. wK T[BQK ƒ th tZyj' ikD bJh efjzdh j?, go fjZ;k d/D s'A fJBekoh j?. fJ; s'A gfjbK fe e'Jh j'orZb eoB, S'Nh ƒj ekrI fbnk e/ T[BQK ƒ fdykT[Adh j? fe fJj xo s/ d[ekB T[BQKdh j?. n;b ftu S'N/ g[Zso oth B/ X'y/ Bkb fgsk e'b'A ikfJdkd d/ ekrIK T[god;\s eotk bJ/ ;B. T[; B/ nkgD/ fgsk ƒ d[ekB ’s/ nkT[D s'A th wBQk eo fdZsk.d/; oki nkgDk ;wK r[od[nko/ ik e/ eNd/ iK c/o e[M d/o bJh d[ekB s'A goQ/ fJeEVQ/ T[go p?m e/ xo tkg; nk iKd/. fJ;/ soQK jh ;VeK dh yke SkDd/ T[j ;Ve’s/ fvZr e/ wo rJ/. b'eK B/ fejk, “ftukok ` ;Ve T[~s/ o[bdk jh wo frnk HHHd'jK ftu'A fJe th ;otD g[Zso Bk fBefbnk HHH fJe B/ th ;/tk Bk ehsh xD/ NZpodk Gko jh Y'Adk fojk HHH.”

ejkDh d/ nzs ftu ejkDhekok ejkDh fbyD d/ T[d/P ƒ r"D gkso d/ eEB okjhA gqrNkT[Adhj?. T[; bJh T[; B/ fwfEjk;e gkso ;otD ns/ fwfEjk; dk jtkbk fdzd/ j'J/ fbfynk j? L “eb:[rd/ ;otD g[Zso HHH < sq/sk :[r ftu ;otD g[Zso ekoD fezBk T[gXo wfunk ;h HHH < i/ ;otDdh tfjzrh Bk j[zdh HHH Bk :[ZX. wjKtbh wjK:'Xk^wjK frnkBh oktD nkgDh ftdtsk dk e'Jh nzPd[BhnK ƒ d/ iKdk. BjhA < ;hsk dh nrBh gqhfynk sK Bk j[zdh. nZi sK ;hsk dhnK nkj{shnKfdZshnK iKdhnK, jb pkbD dh EK szd{o ftu ;kVh iKdh J/^;N't cZN iKd? s/ T[j ;V wodh

54

J/. HHH e"D ;otD pD ;edk J/ < HHH s/ u[Ze ;edk J/ tfjzrh. fJe okw bZyK oktDK ƒ fet/Awko/rk HHH < fezBhnK j'o ;hsk dhnK nrBh gqhfynk j'DrhnK^p; p; ` j'o ;otD BjhA HHH Bkjh ;otD dh tfjzrh HHH Bk okw HHH p; HHH p;.”

ejkDh d/ nzsb/ fJj Ppd gfotkoe foPfsnK d/ ;Zu ƒ T[X/Vd/, gosK ƒ y'bd/ gqshs j[zd/jB. n"os dh sqk;dh fJj j? fe T[j fJe gsBh th j? ns/ fJe wK. Bk T[j nkgD/ gsh ƒ ;wMkT[Dftu ;cb j[zdh j? ns/ Bk jh nkgD/ g[ZsoK ƒ fJeZm/ ofjD bJh wzBkT[D ftu ekw:kp j[zdh j?.T[j nkgD/ dod ƒ jzYkT[D ftu jh GbkJh ;wMdh j?.

;[fozdo okwg[oh dh ejkDh ‘T[BQK t/fbnK dh rZb’ ni'eh n"os dk ;wki ftu ;EkB fBPfuseoB tb o[fus j?. fJj jh fJ; ejkDh dk ftPk j?. ;w/A d/ Bkb fiE/ ;wkie w[ZbK, okiBhfsens/ nkofEe ;fEshnK ftu pdbkt nkfJnk j?, T[E/ ;wki ftu n"os d/ o[sp/ ftu th gfotosBnkfJnk j?. gfjbK fgzvK ftu ;ogzu pDB dk nfXeko f;o| wodK ƒ jh ;h, go j[D ;ogzuhdhnK e[M ;hNK n"osK bJh okythnK eo fdZshnK rJhnK jB. j[D wodK d/ Bkb Bkb n"osK bJhth soZeh d/ eJh okj y'bQ fdZs/ rJ/ jB. fJ; ;dek jh ;kv/ d/P dh okPNogsh fJe n"os j?.fJ; ekoB jh ;[Bhsk ftbhnw j'o wodK w?ApoK d/ Bkb g[bkV ftu ik ;eh. fJ; ekoB jh fJ;ejkDh dh w[Zy gkso oki e"o fgzv dh ;ogzu pD ;eh. n"os ƒ wod d/ pokpo doik fwbDekoB j[D n"os dZph^x[N BjhA ojh fi; ƒ eJh soQK d/ jEezv/ tos e/ dpkfJnk ik ;edkj't/. jK ;wki dk fJe spek n"os dh fJ; soZeh ƒ t/y e// \[P BjhA. T[; dh wkBf;esk BjhApdbh. T[j pkjoh s"o ’s/ i/ n"os ƒ B[e;kB gjz[ukT[D ftu ;cb BjhA j' ;edk sK T[; d/ tXd/edwK ƒ o'eD bJh o[ektNK Io{o yVQhnK eo fdzdk j?. fJj ejkDh fJ;/ jh ;Zu ƒ T[xkVdh j?.

;kv/ ;wki ftu tkgo u[ZehnK eJh xNBktK fJfsjk; pD u[ehnK jB. fiBQK ƒ b'e :kdeofdnK fJj efj e/ u[Zg eo iKd/ jB fe fJj T[BQK t/fbnK dh rZb j?. j[D fJj th phs u[Ze/;w/A dh jh rZb j' iKdh j? fiE/ f;o| wod jh ;ogzu pD ;ed/ ;B. oki e"o dk ;j[ok fgzvdk ;ogzu ;h. go j[D fJ; fgzv d/ ;ogzu dh ;hN n"os bJh okythA eo fdZsh iKdh j?. T[;dk ;j[ok fJj ukj[zdk j? fe fJ; ;hN T[go fe;/ seV/ T[whdtko ƒ yVQk ehsk ikt/ fi; T[goT[; dk o'np oj/ ns/ T[j nkgDh woIh Bkb T[; ƒ ubk ;e/. nkgD/ g[Zso jopho d/ efjD ’s/fe oki e"o ƒ fJj u'D bVkJh ikt/ sK T[j ;'uD bJh wip{o j' iKdk j/. fJe soQK Bkb T[j\[P th j? fe oki e"o d/ ;ogzu pDB Bkb ;ogzuh th xo ftu jh oj/rh ns/ T[j nkgDh woIhnB[;ko ;ko/ ezw th eotk bt/rk.

oki e"o fJe gVQh fbyh ;[bMh e[Vh j?. T[j pV/ ;[uZi/ Yzr Bkb fgzv d/ ;ko/ ezw eodh j?fi; Bkb BthA ghVQh T[; Bkb yV' iKdh j?. T[j fgzv dhnK j'o n"osK dh wdd Bkb fgzv ftu'ABfPnK dh tos'A, XZe/Pkjh, foPtsy'oh, fGqPNkuko s/ ;wki ftu c?b/ e[eowK ƒ o'edh j?. fJjf;oV tkbh e[Vh nkgDk ;ogzuh dk ekb g{ok eodh j?. go, nrbh u'D bJh fgzv dk wkj"b fJj'fijk pDk fdZsk iKdk j? fe T[j d[pkok u'D Bk bV ;e/.

oki e"o dk gsh jopho nkgD/ fgsk ƒ g[ZSdk j? fe nrbh tkoh fe; ƒ ;ogzu pDk oj/jB sK T[j T[~so fdzdk j?, “n?sehA sK w?ƒ jh yVQk j'Dk g?D?. oki' B/ sK p/Vk jh roe eo fdZsk.

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rbhnK BkbhnK pDtk e/, ;VeK dh w[ozws eotk e/ Bh ;ogzuh fiZs j[zdh. f;nk;s dh th ;wMukjhdh j?. fJj sK EkD/dko jh uzrk nk frnk HHH. fJedw u[Zg eo ikD s'A pknd fco efjzdkj?, “fJ; tko sK ;kok \ouk gZfbUA jh eoBk g?D?. ewbh B/ fJe nkBk Bh ewk e/ fdZsk.” T[;/t/b/ joBkwh i' fe ;ogzu dh u'D t/b/ oki e"o d/ fto'X ftu yVQh j'Jh ;h, nk iKdh j?. T[joki e"o d/ ;j[o/ ƒ efjzdh j?, “s[;hA tkX{ rZbK SZv', ;kok fgzv w/oh ƒj dh f;|s eod?.” “wz{js/ jh f;|sK j[zdhnK B/. wro'A d/yhA b'e eh fejk eoBr/.” “b'e fejk eoBr/, fJj T[BQK t/fbnKdh rZb j? id'A oki e"o ;kv/ fgzv dh ;ogzu j[zdh ;h.” ;kok NZpo tZYykDh joBkwh d/ wz{j tZbt/y fojk ;h.

fJBQK gziK ejkDhnK ftu n"osK ƒ tZy^tZy ;fEshnK Bkb i{MfdnK ftykfJnk frnk j?.ejkDhekoK B/ n"os d/ ihtB d/ tZy^tZy gfjb{nK ƒ nkgDhnK ejkDhnK ftu S'fjnk j?. ejkDhf;ZXh ;gkN beho BjhA j[zdh. ejkDheko rkbgfBe sZsK Bkb ftP/ ƒ nkgDh ejkDh ftu r[zddkj?. eJh ejkDheko ejkDh d/ nzs ftu eJh nD;[bM/ gqPB SZv fdzdk j? ns/ nk; eodk j? fegkme nkg fJBQK gqPBK ƒ jZb eoB.

fJj ;Zu j? fe ejkDheko ƒ ejkDh efjD dk Yzr nkT[Dk ukjhdk j?, go fJj th T[~ek jhIo{oh j? fe gkme ƒ ejkDh gVQB dk iK ;[DB dk Yzr th nkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. ejkDh e/tb wB'oziBbJh jh BjhA gVQh iKdh, T[; ftub/ ;Zu ƒ ikDB bJh th gVQh iKdh j?. fizB/ ;[fjod s[;hA gkmej't'r/, s[jkv/ nzdo fizBh fifrnk;k ejkDh d/ ;Zu ƒ ikDB dh j't/rh, T[FzBk jh s[;hA ejkDh ƒ jzYkT[r/$nkBzd wkD'r/.

Gkr^II

fJ; nfXnkfJ ftu eEk irs dhnK ejkDhnK ‘fszB fdB dk p/JhwkB’, ‘fsbu"bh’, ‘shih rZb’,‘o'b Bzpo’, ‘;t/o j''D sZe’, ‘nkgDk nkgDk fjZ;k’ ns/ ‘po| dk dkBt’ d/ ftfPnk dh gVu'behsh rJh j?. ejkDhnK ƒ g[;se d/ eqw nB[;ko BjhA ;r'A ftfPnK d/ gZy s'A ftukfonk j?. joouBk dk ftPk ouBk d/ nko^gko c?fbnk jz[dk j?. fJe ;[fjod gkme ouBk ftu'A ftP/ ƒ tZyeoe/ T[; ƒ ;wM b?Adk j?.

‘fszB fdB dk p/JhwkB’ fJe wB'ftfrnkBe ejkDh j?. ;ftzdo f;zx T[~gb B/ fJ; ejkDh ftuwZXtorh gfotko Bkb ;zpzfXs ejkDh d/ w[Zy gkso ;fszdo BkE dhnK wB'^nt;EktK ƒ tZy^tZy;fEshnK ftu do;kfJnk j?. ;wkfie B?fse edoK^ehwsK ftu'A wB[Zyh nkuoB dk tZvk r[DJhwkBdkoh wzfBnk frnk j?. ejkDheko dZ;Dk ukj[zdk j? fe JhwkBdko nkdwh jw/Pk |\o Bkbf;o T[~uk eo e/ ubdk j?. Iwho ’s/ fgnk p'M T[; ƒ ihtB Go T[~uk BjhA T[mD fdzdk. ;fszdoBkE pVh \[Ph Bkb nkgDk wekB pDk fojk j?. T[j ;oekoh d|so ftu nf;;N?AN j?. T[; B/wekB pDkT[D bJh d|so s'A fszB wjhB/ dh S[ZNh bJh. wekB pDkT[D bJh p?Ae s'A eoIk fbnk.d' e[ jIko T[; e'b th ;B. wekB dk YKuk pDkT[D se sK T[; B/ szrh wfj;{; Bk ehsh. go,jkb/ pj[s ezw ;h. B"ps fJj nk rJh fe T[; e'b fw;soh ƒ d/D bJh g?;/ BjhA ;B. fJe fdB

56

T[; ƒ f\nkb nkfJnk fe vke\kB/ ftu T[; d/ e[M g?;/ gJ/ jB. vke\kB/ dh ekgh ftu gzMho[gJ/ pekfJnk fby/ j'J/ ;B. T[; B/ ekgh dk fj;kp g{ok eoB bJh vke\kB/ ftu ekgh fdZsh.T[; ƒ fJj gzMh o[gJ/ th tZvh oew ikg ojh ;h. ekgh fwbD ’s/ T[j fJj d/y e/ j?okB ofjfrnk fe ekgh ftu pekfJnk fJe ;" nmkJh o[gJ/ gzikj g?;/ fby/ ;B. gfjbK sK T[; ƒ GrtkBnkg pj[fVnk ikfgnk. go, T[; B/ ek|h ;w/A s'A vke\kB/ ftu g?;/ iwQK BjhA eotkJ/, fJj T[juzrh soQK ikDdk ;h. T[; dk fdb ehsk fe vke\kB/ d/ pkT{ ƒ fJj rbsh ;'XD bJh nky/ gofco ;'uD brk, ‘GrtkB nkg pj[fVnk j?. fJ; ;w/A w?ƒ g?;/^g?;/ dh b'V j?. w/o/ tork p/te{|e"D j't/rk i' nkg G[Zyk wo fojk j't/ s/ nkJh bePwh ƒ nkg XZe/ d/t/.’ T[j fezBk fuo dtzdftu fojk fe ‘d;/ iK Bk d;/’ go e'Jh |?;bk Bk eo ;fenk s/ fpBK ej/ vke\kB/ dh ekgh b?e/ xo nk frnk.

xo gj[zu e/ T[; dk fdb ehsk fe T[j fJj \[P\poh nkgDh gsBh ƒ d/t/, go fco e[M ;'uDbr fgnk, ‘eh fi; nZr/ w?A nZi she nkgDh fdnkBsdkoh dhnK vhArk wkodk fojk jK, nZi T[;/dhnK BIoK ftu ;" o[gJ/ fgS/ p/JhwkB pD e/ Ibhb j'tK. BjhA, fJj rZb w?A edh th BjhA eoBh.Bkb/ T[; ƒ fJj G/d dZ;D dk e'Jh bkG th s/ BjhA.’

;fszdo BkE fJj rZbK nkgD/ nkg Bkb eodk e[M Bk e[M ;'udk ik fojk j?. T[j nkgD/ nkgBkb i{M fojk j?. T[j nkgD/ wB ftub/ fJ; c[oB/ T[go ekp[ gkT[D dk g{ok :sB eo fojk j?fe T[; ƒ ;" o[gJ/ bJh p/JhwkB BjhA pDBk ukjhdk. T[; B/ sK jw/Pk fdnkBsdkoh Bkb ezw ehskj?. nZi T[j p/JhwkB d/ P?skB ƒ nkgD/ nzdo'A feT[A BjhA eZY gk fojk. T[j fJj th ;'udk j?fe fJBQK o[fgnK pko/ gsBh ƒ Bk dZ; e/ T[; s'A d{o j' ikt/rk. fJ;/ iZd'ifjd ftu T[j |?;bkeodk j?, “fJj ;" o[fgnk gkg dh iVQ pD e/ w/oh nkswk o{gh Xosh ftu jw/Pk bJh EK pDkT[Dkukj[zdk j? sK i' fJj w?ƒ jo G?Vh rZb eokT[D t/b/ fJj p/JhwkBh u/s/ eok e/ jw/PK jw/PK bJhdp'[u ;eK. BjhA BjhA w?A fJzi BjhA j'D fdnKrk.”

T[j gsBh ƒ dZ;D bJh o;'Jh ftu iKdk j?, Bk fwbD ’s/ ;'udk j?l ‘p/JhwkB sK w?A pD u[ZekjK. gsBh dhnK BIoK ftu j[D w?A nkgDh fJj p/JhwkB^Bhns dZ; e/ JhwkBdko fet/A pD ;edkjK. uko ;kb p/JhwkB Bhns oyD tkbk th p/JhwkB s/ uko xzN/ tkbk th.’

T[; ƒ oks t/b/ ;[gBk nkT[Adk j? fe g[fb; tkb/ jZE ftu jZEeVhnK cVh T[; d/ xo dk okjg[ZS oj/ jB. T[j vo Bkb ezp e/ T[~m g?Adk j?. ;t/o/ T[~mfdnK jh T[; dh gsBh T[; ƒ efjzdhj? fe w[[zv/ ƒ pj[s s/I p[\ko j?. T[j vkeNo ƒ b?D iKfdnK ;'udk j? ‘fJj ;kok g[nkVk T[;;" o[gJ/ B/ jh gkfJnk ikgdk j?. jkbK T[j jokw dk o[fgnk xo nkfJnk BjhA s/ fJj jkbs j?s/ id'A nk ikJ/rk sK fco gsk BjhA eh r[b fybkJ/rk.’ T[; B/ nkgD/ nkg Bkb gqD ehsk feT[j nZi jh vke\kB/ ik e/ ;G mhe eo d/t/rk. vke\kB/ s'A jh T[; ƒ gsk ubdk j? fe fJjg?;/ T[; d/ nkgD/ jB. go, fJBQK g?f;nK B/ T[; ƒ fszB fdB dk p/JhwkB pDkJh ofynk.

ejkDheko B/ wBpuBh ftXh Bkb p/JhwkBh s/ JhwkBdkoh ’s/ ftP/ ƒ pVh \{p;{osh Bkb g/Pehsk j?.

wfjzdo f;zx ;oBk dh ejkDh ‘o'b Bzpo’ th ejkDh d/ w[Zy gkso ;odko jop/b f;zx dh wB'dPk

57

dk jh fusoB eodh j?. nzso f;o| fJzBk j? fe ‘fszB fdB dk p/JhwkB’ ejkDh dk w[Zy gkso;fszdo BkE ;wkfie B?fse w[ZbK Bkb i{Mdk wkBf;e dtzd G'rdk j? id'A fe jop/b f;zx nkgD/nzdo gkb u[Ze/ fJe Gow ekoB wkBf;e dtzd G'rdk j? ns/ ;ohoe gZy'A th ePN G'rd/ jB.fJj ;Zu j? fe tfjw dk e'Jh fJbki BjhA. ‘fszB fdB dk p/JhwkB’ dk ;fszdo BkE th nkgD/wkBf;e ePN ƒ nkgDh gsBh Bkb BjhA tzvdkl ‘o'b Bzpo’ dk jop/b f;zx th nkgD/ tfjw ƒnkgD/ gfotko Bkb ;KfMnk BjhA eodk.

jop/b f;zx ƒ ikgdk j? fe j[D T[; dh w"s dh tkoh j? feT[Afe iwks ftu T[; dk o'b Bzpouko ;h. d' o'b Bzpo sK gfjbK jh wo u[Ze/ jB. okw oZyk fi; dk o'b Bzpo fszB ;h, T[; dhw"s th j' rJh j?. j[D T[; dh tkoh j?. jop/b f;zx B/ nkgDh fIzdrh ftu eJh d[Zy d/y/ ;B,go ihT{D dh bkb;k T[;/ soQK jh ekfJw ojh ;h. T[; B/ nkgD/ gfotko ƒ edh th v'bD BjhAfdZsk ;h. tfjwK GowK s'A jw/Pk d{o ofynk. go, okw oZyk dh w"s s'A pknd T[j wkBf;e s/;ohoe s"o ’s/ ewI'o wfj;{; eodk j?. T[; dh fJj jkbs s'A gfotko d/ ;ko/ w?Apo d[yh s/go/PkB jB. go, T[j efjzdk j?, “w?ƒ Bk ebgkU. w?A xVhnK gbK dk gqkj[Dk i/. t/yd/ BjhAw/ok ;oho fwZNh fwZNh j'Jh iKdk j?. nZyK pzd eodk jK sK ikgdk j? j[D phs frnk fe j[D/ phsfrnk. BjhA ukok ubdk s[jkE'A s/ Bk ;jh, go w?ƒ szr Bk eo'.” vkeNo ƒ p[bkT[D ’s/ T[j nkydkj?, “;ohoe s"o s/ fJBQK ƒ e'Jh phwkoh BjhA. pbZv gq?Po Bkowb j?, jkoN mhe mke j?. n;bftu ;kƒ fJBQK ƒ o'rh BjhA ;wMDk ukjhdk. ikgdk j? e[M fuzsktK, e[M vo, e[M s"yb/ fJBQK d/wB ftu eZm/ j' rJ/ jB fiBQK Bkb fJBQK dk Bot; f;;Nw m'efonk frnk j?. fJj Bk^y[PhnKs/ fuzsktK eh jB, fJj s[;hA w/o/ Bkb'A uzrk ikDd/ j' s/ w/o/ Bkb'A uzrk T[BQK ƒ bZG e/ T[BQK ƒ d{oeo ;ed/ j'. s/ i/ ;kv/ ;GBK d/ :sBK Bkb th ;odko ;kfjp mhe Bk j'J/ sK fe;/ wB'ftfrnkBewkfjo dh ;bkj b?Dh gt/rh.”

ejkDh d/ nzs dh ;fEsh nozGbh ;fEsh s'A fpbe[b T[bN j?. nozGbh ;fEsh ftu jop/b f;zxokw oZyk fi; dk o'b Bzpo fszB ;h, dh w"s Bkb N[ZN iKdk j/ s/ nzsbh ;fEsh ftu d';s tvGkrf;zx tb'A fJj dZ;D s/ fe ;qH ;[yu?B f;zx dh w"s j' rJh j? fi; dk o'b Bzpo ;skoK ;h,jop/b f;zx d/ fujo/ ’s/ fJe o"De ;h. w"s dk tfjw T[BQK d/ nzdo'A fBeb u[Zek ;h. fJj ejkDhfJe ;zd/P th fdzdh j? fe ;kƒ tfjwK GowK s'A d{o ofjDk ukjhdk j? ns/ w"s fIzdrh dk ;Zu j?fJ; gqsh ;kvk fdqPNhe'D ;ekokswe j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

w'jB Gzvkoh dh ejkDh ‘fsbu"bh’ ftu th T[; B/ fJZe fJj' fij/ w[Zy gkso ƒ g/P ehsk j?i' b'eK dh fJew[Zmsk dh Pesh d/ pko/ ;'u e/ G?Ghs j' iKdk j?. fJ; vo ekoB T[; dh i' wB';fEshj?, ejkDheko B/ T[; ƒ fuzBQkswe o{g ftu g/P ehsk j?. ejkDh dk w[Zy gkso o"De wZb jZvGzBthAfwjBs eoe/ xo dk r[Ikok ubkT[Adk j?. xotkbh d/ jZEK dh o'Nh yk e/ T[j nkgDh ;koh EektNG[Zb iKdk j? ns/ u?B dh BhAd ;"Adk j?. fiT[A^fiT[A T[; e'b g?;k nkT[Dk P[o{ j[zdk j?, j'o ewkT[Ddh bkb;k T[; ftu tXdh iKdh j?. fJ; bkb;k ƒ g{ok eoB bJh T[j fgzv Sv e/ Pfjo nk iKdkj?. Pfjo nk e/ T[j o"De wZb s'A u"Xoh o"De wZb pD iKdk j?. g?;k ewkT[D bJh T[j eJh rbsYzr th ngDkT[Adk j? fi; ekoB T[; d/ eJh fto'Xh th pD iKd/ jB. e[M r[zv/ T[; dk g?;k jVg

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th iKd/ jB. go, T[j T[BQK fto[X e[M BjhA eo ;edk. T[j T[; ƒ vokT[Ad/ jB. fi; ekoB T[jnkgD/ wB dk u?B y'j b?Adk j?. T[; ƒ fJe goskgh ;zs fwbd/ jB i' T[; ƒ wB dh PKsh bJho'I v[Zpd/ ;{oi Bkb ehfVnK dh G"D ’s/ fsbu"bh gkT[D bJh nkyd/ jB. T[j fJzi eoBk nkgDkB/w pDk b?Adk j?.

eJh fdBK s'A u"Xoh o"De wb fJe nihp swkPk t/ydk j?. fJe tZvk ehVk S'fNnK ehfVnKe'b'A fsbbZrh Peo dh fupeh o'Vh y'j e/ b? iKdk ;h. go fJe fdB T[; B/ t/fynk fe T[; tb'APZeo dh vbh ;[ND ’s/ fiT[A jh tZv/ ehV/ B/ T[; vbh ƒ S'N/ ehfVnK e'b'A y'jD dk :sB ehsksK gzi S'N/ ehfVnK B/ tZv/ ehV/ e'b'A T[j vbh y'j bJh ns/ y[Zv tb b? ik oj/ ;B. fJ; xNBkB/ T[; ƒ ezpk fdZsk. Pkw dk ;wK s/ T[go'A fJ; xNBk B/ T[; ƒ G?Ghs eo fdZsk.

ejkDh d/ nkozG ftu jh ejkDheko B/ ejkDh dk nzs dZ; e/ ejkDh ƒ nozfGnk j?. fJ; Bkbgkme fJ; ;fesh fgS/ S[g/ ;Zu ƒ ikBD bJh T[sktbk j' iKdk j?. fJ; ejkDh okjhA ejkDhekodZ;Dk ukj[zdk j? fe ;wK pdb u[Zek j?. j[D nwho nkgDh wBwoIh BjhA eo ;ed/. T[j b'eK ƒdpk e/ BjhA oy ;ed/. T[BQK ftu ikfrqsh nk u[Zeh j?. gqrshtkd dk ;wK j?. d/P ftu b'eszsoj?. b'eK B/ nkgDh Pesh ƒ gfjukD fbnk j?. b'eK dh skes nZr/ nwho wIp{o j' ikDr/.

r[opuB f;zx G[Zbo dh ejkDh ‘shih rZb’ Pfjoh ihtB Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. fJj ejkDh fdZbhtor/ Pfjo ftu cb?NK ftu ofjzd/ b'eK d/ ihtB ƒ fusoB d/ Bkb Bkb ftfdnk d/ wjZst ƒ T[ikroeoB tZb o[fus j?. ejkDh dk w[Zy gkso dhBk BkE fi; cb?N ftu ofjzdk j?, T[j ftuekobk j?.T[j cb?NK dh gVu'b eofdnK ;'udk j? fe j/mb/ |b?N ftu ofjD tkb/ b'eK d/ g?o IwhB ’s/ jBgo nzpo T[BQK e'b BjhA. T[gob/ |b?N ftu ofjD tkfbnK dk nzpo nkgDk j?, go g?oK j/m IwhBBjhA. ftuekob/ cb?N ftu ofjD tkfbnK e'b Bk nkgDh Xosh j? ns/ Bk jh nzpo. T[BQK e'bi/ e'Jh ;[Zy j? sK T[j j? cb?N dh pkbe'Bh fi; ftu p?m e/ dhBk BkE j/mK ;Ve T[~s/ ubD tkfbnKƒ t/ydk ofjzdk iK fco cb?N dh fgSbh esko d/ j/mb/ cb?N ftu ofjzd/ jhok bkb dhnK nkdsKT[; ƒ nkgD/ tZb fyudhnK. fJ; soQK fdZbh nk e/ dhBk BkE ƒ fszB rZbK B/ nkgD/ tZb fyfunk.fJe cb?N f;;Nw B/, d{ik jhok bkb dh fJ; nkds B/ fe E'Vh d{o ;fEs d[ekB s'A f;roN fbnkT[DbJh eko ’s/ ikDk. shih rZb fi; B/ ;G s'A tZX T[; ƒ gqGkfts ehsk T[j ;h T[; d/ nkgD/g's/^g'sh dk ;e{b ikDk ns/ pZfunK dhnK N'bhnK dhnK N'bhnK dk ;e{b gVQB ikDk. i' T[; d/;hB/ ftu mzY gkT[Adk ;h. fJ;/ fgS/ ekoiphB T[; dh gVQB dh ofj rJh nX{oh fJZSk g{oh j[zdhikgdh ;h. T[j fJ; rZb ƒ pVh fPZds Bkb wfj;{; eodk j? fe ni'e/ ;w/A ftu ftfdnk wB[Zydk shik B/so j?.

dhBk BkE dh fdbh fJZSk j? fe ;ko/ pZu/ gVQB. go, jhok bkb d/ g[Zso ƒ fJXo^T[Xo x[zwfdnK,ftrV/ j'J/ pZu/ dh soQK toskU eofdnK t/ydk j? sK T[j pj[s d[yh j[zdk j?. pkbe'Bh ftu'A jhokbkb d/ xo dk ;kok fdqP T[; ƒ ftykJh fdzdk j?. T[j ;wM u[Zfenk j? fe T[j nwho j? ns/xo ftu ;kohnK ;[Zy^;[ftXktK w"i{d jB. T[; ƒ fuzsk j? fe T[; dk w[zvk i/ nBgVQ ofj frnksK T[j nkgD/ fgsk d/ tgko ƒ fet/A ;zGkb/rk feT[Afe nZi d/ ;w/A ftu tgko eoB bJh th gfVQnkfbfynk j'Dk Io{oh j?. T[j ukj[zdk j? fe jhok bkb d/ w[zv/ s/ T[; d/ d';sK d/ xo ik e/ T[BQK

59

ƒ ;wMkJ/, go, fjzws Bk j'Jh. fJe fdB jhok bkb dh gsBh jh T[BQK d/ xo nk rJh. T[;dh ƒj ;[d/P B/ id'A T[; e'b'A w[zv/ dh gVQkJh pko/ g[fSnk sK bePwh (jhok bkb dh gsBh) B/bkgotkjh Bkb T[~so fdZsk, “G?D ih, eh d;K ` wz{j fejVk eod? feskpK tb. fiT[A p;sk ;[ZNe/ xo'A fBebd?, ntkIK wko^wko EZe ikJhd?.”

;[d/P, “cV e/ fpmkfJnk eo' T[jƒ. j[D nebK fpBK r[Iko/ BjhA. nBgVQK ƒ J/; IwkB/ ftuY'Jh feZE/.”

bePwh, “nebK fpBk sK r[Ikok BjhA, go T[j t/b/ sK rJ/, G?D ih, id'A b'e efjzd/ ;h, nebs'A fpBK j'o ;G e[M \ohfdnk ik ;ed?. j[D sK neb th rbh^rbh ftedh n?. nkgDh Bkj't/, pzdk \ohd bt/.”

“n"j s[jkv/ j/mfbnK d/ w[zv/ ƒ jh d/y bU. wo^wo e/ fJzihBhnoh ehsh s/ B"eoh eodk n?fJe nBgVQ m/e/dko e'b.”

“;kv/ tkfbnK dh G{nk dk g[Zs, G?D ih, fvrd/^Yfjzd/ B/ w;K d;thA gk; ehsh. gVQkJh s'AfpBK T[Ai pVk j[fPnko n? s/ g?;/ dh th ;[y Bkb e'Jh E'V BjhA. j[D cohdkpkd nkgDk Bof;zrj'w pDkfJnk n?, n?Bk tXhnk fe s[jkƒ eh dZ;K. uzr/^uzr/ vkeNo T[jB/ B"eo oZy/ j'J/ B/.”

;[d/P, “s[jkvhnK fJj ;G rZbK nkgDh EK mhe B/. go nkgDh neb sK, G?D ih, nkgDhjh j[zdh j?. ftZfdnk ƒ f;nkfDnK B/ shik B/so n?t/A sK BjhA fejk.”

bePwh, “J/; shi/ B/so ƒ sK G?D w/ohJ/, J/; IwkB/ ftu fd;dk jh e[M BjhA. ;'bQK^;'bQKgVQ/ ezXK^e'fBnK Bkb tid/ fcod/ B/. j[D sK shik B/so g?;k j?.”

fJBQK d'jK dh tkoskbkg dhBk BkE ƒ j?okB^gq/PkB eo fdzdh j?. fi; shih rZb ekoB T[j\[[P ;h T[; dh \[Ph b'g j' iKdh j?. fJ; ƒ ikgdk j? fe gfjbhnK d' rZbK s'A tZX shih rZbtX/o/ gq/PkB eoB tkbh j?.

fJ; tkoskbkg s'A ejkDh dk ftPk T[xV e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[Adk j?. go, Bkb jh ejkDhekoftnzrkswe ftXh dh tos'A Bkb ;kv/ ;wki ftu c?b/ fGqPNkuko, p/o[Irkoh dh ;wZf;nk ns/ ni'e/;w/A ftu g?;/ d/ tX oj/ wjZst s/ p'b^pkb/ ƒ th T[ikro eo frnk j?.

‘po| dk dkBt’ ejkDh i;pho G[Zbo dh fbyh j'Jh j?. fJ; ejkDh dk ftPk c"ihnK d/ ihtBBkb ;zpzfXs j?. fJ;/ ftP/ dh u'D fgS/ ejkDheko dk fJe ftP/P T[d/P ikgdk j?. n;b ftub/ye B/ bzw/ no;/ se c"i ftu B"eoh ehsh j?. T[; dhnK pj[s ;kohnK ejkDhnK c"ih ihtBBkb ;zpzfXs jB. fJ; ejkDh ftu b/ye B/ d/P dh ofynk eo oj/ T[BQK B"itkBK d/ ihtB d/ fJegfjb{ ƒ fJe xNBk okjhA fpnkB ehsk j? i' T[uhnK u'NhnK d/ po|hb/ gjkVK T[~s/ s?Bks jB.ejkDh dk nkozG b/ye d/ fpnkB Bkb jh j[zdk j? fi; ftu pj[s e[M tkgo u[Zek j? ns/ nr'A pj[se[M tkgoB dh ;zGktBk j?. rb/Phno d/ cND ekoB po| d/ nzpko uko'A gk;/ c?b/ j'J/ jB. fJenzpko ftu'A ;|/d d;skB/ gkJ/ j'J/ d' jZE pkjo fBebd/ jB. po| ftu'A pkjo fBebd/ jh;{p/dko g{oB f;zx ƒ :kd nkT[Adk j? fe T[; dh N'bh ftu pkoQK ;B ns/ j[D T[j feE/ jB <gqPB fIjB ftu'A T[mdk j?. id'A T[j nkgDh N'bh ƒ b? e/ s[fonk ;h T[; ;w/A nzpo ’s/ sko/ uweoj/ ;B. e[M d{oh ’s/ ikD s'A pknd w";w d/ ftrVB eoB rb/Phno s'A po| fvrDh P[o{ j' rJh

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ns/ Bkb jh d[PwD d/ s'gykB/ dk r'bk th fvfrnk. T[; B/ r'bhpkoh th P[o{ eo fdZsh. g{oBf;zx B/ th roB/v wkfonk b/feB po| dh rko Bkb ;ko/ dZpD/ P[o{ j' rJ/. T[j ikDdk ;h ferb/Phno f;o| po| BjhA ;h, fJ; T[go bkPK dh |;b T[rdh ;h. nkgD/ nk; gk; bkPK ƒt/y e/ T[; dk fttjko gkrbK tKr j' frnk. po| Bkb T[j mo fojk ;h. T[; B/ pVh fjzwsehsh fe T[j fe;/ soQK fJ; po| d/ efjo s'A pu fBeb/ b/feB T[; dk ;oho T[; dk ;kE BjhAfdzdk. T[j fvZr iKdk j? ns/ Pjhd j' iKdk j?.

fJj ejkDh fJe fJj' fij/ c"ih dh dk;skB j? i' po| ftu cf;nk j'fJnk j?. w"s T[; d/B/V/ j?. T[; ftu fjzws j?, go T[E'A pu e/ fBeb ikDk T[; d/ t; ftu BjhA. ejkDheko B/ PpdKokjhA fJj fpzp fJ; soQK T[;kfonk j? fit/A ;G e[M gkmeK d/ ;kjwD/ tkgfonk j't/. fJj ejkDhgkmeK bJh gq/oBk ;o's th j? ns/ c"ihnK bJh ;fseko dh GktBk th g?dk eodh j?. fJ; ejkDhdk T[d/P gkmeK ƒ c"ih ihtB s'A ikD{ eotkT[Dk j? ns/ frnkB d/Dk j? fe d/Ptk;hnK dh ofynkbJh c"ihnK ƒ fezBK w[;hpsK dk ;kjwDk eoBk g?Adk j?.

“eEk irs” g[;se dhnK d' j'o ejkDhnK jB ‘;t/o j'D se’ ns/ d{ih ‘nkgDk nkgDk fjZ;k’.fJj d't/A ejkDhnK gzikp d/ g/Av{ fe;kBh ihtB Bkb ;zpzfXs jB. fgzv dk fe;kB tor eoVh fwjBseoB d/ pkti{d fet/A szrh^s[oPh dk ihtB r[Ikodk j?. d[Zy G'rdk fJj do;kT[Dk fJBQK ejkDhnKdk T[d/P j?. ejkDhnK dhnK ;fEshnK tZyohnK jB. xNBktK th tZy^tZy jB.

;zs'y f;zx Xho dh ejkDh ‘;t/o j'D se’ d/ nozG ftu oks dk ;wK j?. fit/A fe ejkDhd/ f;ob/y s'A jh gsk brdk j? fe xNBk d/ tkgoB dk ;wK oks s'A ;t/o j'D se dk j?. xNBktkgodh BjhA, go xNBk tkgoB dh ;zGktBk pDh ofjzdh j?. ejkDh dk w[Zy gkso uzBD f;zx fe;kBhfeZs/ Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. fJ; feZs/ ftu e[dos th nkgDk wjZstg{oB o'b ndk eodh j?.fJe so| ;z;koe pzdPK, nkofEe szrh ns/ d{i/ gk;/ jkV d/ wjhB/ dk ezw w";w T[go fBoGoeodk j?. fJ; ejkDh ftu jkV d/ wjhB/ dk ;wK fbnk frnk j?. fJ; wjhB/ i/ fpikJh ;w/A f;oj' iKdh j? sK mhe j? BjhA sK ;ktD dh MVh |;b ƒ fgS/ gk ;edh j?. uzBD f;zx ;kok fdBy/sK ftu ezw eoB s'A pknd oks d/o Bkb xo nkT[Adk j?. oks dh o'Nh yk e/ T[j rowh s'AS[Nekok gkT[D bJh e'm/ T[go ;"D bJh iKdk j?. fJ; s'A pknd g{oh ejkDh dh T[;koh tkoskbkgftXh okjhA ehsh rJh j?. T[; d/ xo d/ Bkb j'o fe;kBK d/ xo jB. T[BQK dh nkg;h rZbpkss'A jh gsk ubdk j? fe fe;kB fezBh fwjBs eodk j?. T[; ƒ oks t/b/ nkokw dh b'V j?. go,g?;/ dh szrh ekoB T[; ƒ ihtB dhnK ;[Zy^;[ftXktK gqkgs BjhA j'D ekoB T[j nkgDh fJ; b'Vƒ g{ok BjhA eo gkT[Adk. ejkDh ftubhnK j/m fbyhnK s[eK ejkDh d/ ftP/ ƒ T[xkVdhnK jB L

puB', “pZdb, nZi c/o y"o/ wzi/ j/mK b[jk e/ jN/.”uzBD, “;"Dk fejVk fwbd? ;j[ok BhAd Go e/ HHH d' oksK j' rJhnK fJ;/ soQK.”“wyK ;hp' d/ pkg{ HHH.” puB' B/ bbeko e/ nkfynk, “wzi/ sK bkj[D/ jh g?Dr/ mkjK.”“Bh wyK gJ/ oj'^fes/ BQhA gob' nkT[Adh.” uzBD B/ y/;h j'o T[~s/ fyZu e/ ;[nko bJh.“c/o jpV dpD g? ikDh n?A HHH.” puB' fceo Bkb xkpodh ;h.“fes/ BQhA g?Adh^sz{ gJh oj[HHH.”

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jkb/ T[j rZb eo jh oj/ ;B fe w'N/ w'N/ eD/ g?D/ P[o{ j' rJ/. d/yd/ jh d/yd/goBkb/ ubD br gJ/. wzi/ j/mK T[sko/ rJ/. ;ko/ dbkB ftu fes/ Bk fes/ fvZrgJ/. fit/A fJedw tkSV dk whAj nkfJnk s/ fJedw ubk th frnk. whAj d/ o[eDBkb j/mK j[zw; tX rJh, wZSoK B/ szr eoBk P[o{ eo fdZsk. c/o nkg; ftunKY^r[nKY ;bkj eo e/ e'm/ ’s/ wzi/ uVQKd/ jB. puB' dh gfjbK nZvh w'x/ ftuX; rJh, T[E'A nZvh eYD s'A pknd g?o fc;b frnk. T[; B/ p[Vp[VkT[AfdnK fejk,“e? r/b fej? d'ieh ƒ, o'Dh nkbh feZeo tZY e/ d' yV T[~s/ SZs b?B/ nK^Bkb/ e'mVhdhnK eVhnK MkV bKr/^iZN B/ fJe Bk ;[Dh^b'ehA n?PK b[Ndh n?HHHn?E/ i{B eZNDhHHH.”

jtk d/ o[weD Bkb ;G ƒ BhAd nk rJh. e[S d/o pkd pZdb dh roiD B/c/o ;G ƒ T[mk fdZsk. puB' mmzpo e/ T[~mdh p'bh, uzdok pkd fJ g? frnk nZi HHHypo BQhA feXo'A nk frnk uVQ e/ HHH.” uzBD ƒ efjzdh j?, “j[D sz{ p?mk eh ;'ud?A,wzi/ sK Eb/ bkj[D/ g?Dr/ c/o HHH.”

“nZi BQhA pJh ;"D fdzdk uzBDk.” eDhnK s'A ekDs e/ x[Zdk p'fbnk.“U ;kvh sK i{B Jh wkVh n? HHH Bk fdB ƒ u?B, Bk oks ƒ BhAd.” uzBD dhnK

nZyK ftu o'V oVe oj/ ;B.“w"iK sK u[pkfonK nkb/ b[ZNd/ B/ HHH.” uhBhnK d/ u[pko/ ftu dht/ dh b'n

d/y e/ x[Zd/ B/ Jhoyk Bkb fejk.“e[dos n? GkJh wkbe dh HHH.” uzBD B/ jT[ek fbnk.eDhnK o[Ze rJhnK. e[M jh ;w/A ftu e[eVK dh pKr B/, pbdK dhnK NbhnK

B/ ;t/o j'D dk nfj;k; eotk fdZsk.

fJj xNBk fe;kB d/ g/Av{ ihtB d/ :EkoEe fuZso ƒ jk;wJh Yzr Bkb g/P eodh j?. fJ;ejkDh ftu gzikph GkPk dh g/Av{ Ppdktbh dh tos'A tX/o/ j'Jh j?, fJj ejkDh dh wzr th j?.go, Pfjoh ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ th g/Av{ gzikph ;fGnkuko s/ m/m gzikph Ppdktbh s'A ikD{ eotkT[Dkth b/yeK dk jh |oI j?.

‘nkgDk nkgDk fjZ;k’ ejkDh tfonkw f;zx ;zX{ dh j?. fJj ejkDh th fJe rohp fe;kB dhnkofEe ;fEsh ns/ nwho GoktK s/ rohp Gok ftukb/ tX oj/ gkV ƒ fpnkB eodh j?. g?;/ekoB \{B d/ foPs/ g/sb/ j[zd/ ik oj/ jB. fJj jh fJ; ejkDh dk ftPk j?. fJ; ejkDh ftubhtkoskbkg th ejkDh dh xNBk ƒ fpnkB eo fdzdh j?. fJe rohp fe;kB d/ fszB g[Zso s/ fJeXh j?. tZvk gVQ fby e/ uzrh B"eoh eodk Pfjo ftu ofj fojk j?. d{ik xZN gfVQnk, s/I, ubkes/ ;wMdkoh ekoB g?;k ewkT[D ftu ;cb j' iKdk j?. fJ; bJh fgzv d/ bkrb/ e;p/ ftu ofjzdkj?. shik x[Zd{ nBgVQ E'VQh fijh IwhB s/ nkgD/ fgsk Bkb tkjh eodk nkgD/ gfotko Bkb rohphdk ihtB pshs eo fojk j?. Xh puB' ftnkjh j'Jh j?. IpkB dh s/I j?. T[; dk xo ftu pVkd\b j?. T[j nkgD/ tZv/ GoktK dk ;kE fdzdh j? feT[Afe T[j T[; ƒ e[S Bk e[S fdzd/ ofjzd/ jBfi; ekoB T[; d/ ;j[o/ gfotko ftu T[; dh fJIs j?. xo ftu ;wZf;nk T[; ;w/A g?dk j[zdh j?

62

id'A xo dh pI[or n"os fJBQK pZfunK dh wK wo iKdh j?. tZv/ d't/A Gok nkgDh j?;hns ekoBwK dk tZvk eoBk ukjz[d/ jB, go fJj th nk; eod/ jB fe T[BQK dk Gok x[Zd{ th fJ; ezw ftufjZ;k gkt/. ;ko/ iD/ fgzv ftub/ xo ftu fJeZm/ j[zd/ jB—Gok ;toB f;zx, eow f;zx, fgUfpPB f;zx, puB' s/ T[; dk xo tkbk ns/ x[Zd{ (Xow f;zx). wK dk tZvk eoB dk \ouk s/ wKdh phwkoh T[go j'J/ \ou/ d/ fjZ;/ eoB T[go j' ojh uouk ekoB wkj"b sDkU g{oB j' iKdk j?.rZb tXdh t/y e/ eow f;zx tksktoB PKs eoB bJh rZb ƒ x[wkT[AfdnK x[Zd{ ƒ nkydk j? feT[j wK d/ c[Zb rzrk b? ikt/. x[Zd{ gfjbK jh ;G dhnK rZbK ;[D e/ pj[s d[yh j?. nB/eK ftukoT[; ƒ nzdo'A SbDh eo oj/ ;B. T[j r[zw ;z[w p?mk ;G e[M ;[D fojk ;h. nukBe T[; B/ yVQ/j' e/ fejk, “t/y' ih ` s[jkv/ s'A e'Jh r[ZMh fSgh rZb BQhA HHH nkgK nK wo'V/ HHH nkgD/ s'A sK ni/BQhA i/ fJj rzrk r[zrk g[ZrdhnK HHH”, T[j gb Go bJh o[fenk. ;zx ’u o[fenk E[Ze bzxkfJnk s/f;o MNe e/ p'fbnk, “i/ pj[sh rZb n? HHH sK p[ZYVh d/ c[Zb s[;hA rzrk gk fdU HHH s/ n?j p[YVkp?mk s[jkv/ ;kjwD/ fiT[Adk ikrdkHHH”, T[; fpPB f;zx tb fJPkok ehsk, “fJjd/ w?A eZbk Jh rzrkgk nkT{A HHH.”

“;Zuh rZb nk HHH ni/ nkgDh g[Zis BQhA HHH s/ i/ fJj ;"dk BQhA wBI{o sK ;odko ih HHH n"jfeZbh ’s/ w/o/ shi/ fjZ;/ d/ c[Zb fbnk e/ Nzr fdU HHH id'A w/oh gj[zu gJh HHH w?A nkg/ gknkT{A HHH.” fJj efj e/ T[j xo d/ nzdo ubk iKdk j?. fJ; Bkb jh ejkDh dk nzs j' iKdkj?. ejkDh dhnK fJj nzsbhnK gzeshnK x[Zd{ dh wB';fEsh ƒ pk\{ph g/P eodhnK jB.

fJj ejkDh ;kv/ ;wki T[go fJe ftnzr j?. ;wki ftu g?;k gqXkB j' frnk j?. ;ko/ foPs/Bks/ n;hA fSZe/ ’s/ Nzr fdZs/ jB. g?;k tZvk s/ n;hA S'N/ j[zd/ ik oj/ jK. fJj ejkDh foPfsnKftu nk ojh doko ƒ th ;fji/ jh g/P eodh j?.

fJ; g[;se dhnK ;kohnK ejkDhnK ftP/ gZy'A wB[Zy dh o'IwZok fIzdrh d/ B/V/ jB fJ; bJhtk;sfte ihtB dk MkT[bk gkT[AdhnK jB.

63

ejkDh^nfXnkgB ;zpzXh gkm^:'iBk

s/fizdo e"onfXnkge dk BK L s/fizdo e"oiwks L pkoQthAftPk L gzikphfwsh L;wK LT[gftPk L fszB fdB dk p/JhwkB (;ftzdo f;zx T[~gb d[nkok ofus ejkDh)

nkw T[d/P L

1H ;kfjs d/ o{g ^ ‘ejkDh’ s'A ikD{ eokT[Dk.2H uzrh ejkDh d/ r[D dZ;Dk.3H ftfdnkoEhnK d/ frnkB ftu tkXk eoBk.4H ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ fe;/ xNBk iK ;fEsh s/ nkXkfos ejkDh fbyD bJh gq/fos eoBk.5H ftfdnkoEhnK dh ebgBk s/ f;oiBkswe PeshnK dk ftek; eoBk.

\k; T[d/P L

1H ejkDh okjhA ihtB s/ ;wki d/ pdbd/ :EkoE s'A ikD{ eokT[Dk.2H ejkDheko ;ftzdo f;zx T[~gb dh gzikph ejkDh irs ftu EK fBPfus eoBk.3H wB[Zyh ihtB d/ w{b ;o'eko Bkb ;zpzfXs ejkDh ‘fszB fdB dk p/JhwkB’ pko/ dZ;Dk. fJe

JhwkBdko fJB;kB nkgD/ xo gfotko dhnK Io{osK ns/ ;wki ftu nkgDh EK pDkT[D bJheJh tko E'VQ/ fij/ o[fgnK ekoB p/JhwkB pDB ƒ fsnko j' iKdk j? go T[; dk wB T[;ƒ bkjBsK gkT[Adk ofjzdk j?.

;jkfJe ;w~roh L

pb?e^p'ov, uke, MkVB, gkm^g[;se ‘eEk irs’.

g{ot frnkB dh goy L

ftfdnkoEh nZi se pj[s ejkDhnK gVQ u[Ze/ jB. T[j ejkDh o{g s'A ikD{ jB. T[jBK s'A fJjgqPB g[ZS/ ik ;ed/ jB L

64

1H T[jBK B/ fejV/^fejV/ ejkDhekoK dhnK ejkDhnK gVQhnK jB <2H eh T[jBK B/ ejkDheko ;ftzdo f;zx T[~gb dh e'Jh ejkDh gVQh j? <

G{fwek iK ikD^gSkD L‘fszB fdB dk p/JhwkB’ ejkDh vkH ;ftzdo f;zx T[~gb dh ouBk j?. fJj fJe gkso gqXkB

ejkDh j?, fi; d/ ufoZso d[nkok ‘fszB fdB dk p/JhwkB’ ejkDh d/ ftP/ t;s{ dh g/Pekoh j'Jhj?. ejkDh d/ ;ko/ t/ot/ T[; d/ d[nkb/ x[zwd/ jB. pZfuU ` nZi s[jkƒ ‘fszB fdB dk p/JhwkB’ ejkDhgVQkJh ikt/rh. ejkDheko B/ gkso T[;koh pV/ :EkoEe ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe gZXo T[~s/ ehsh j?.

ftPk gqt/P LpZfuU ` eh s[;hA edh M{m p'fbnk j? < eh s[;hA edh e'Jh ;Zu b[ekfJnk j? < nZi n;hA

fijVh ejkDh dk gkmrs ns/ ;zdoGrs nfXn?B eoB ik oj/ jK T[j j? ‘fszB fdB dk p/JhwkB’.fJj ejkDh fJe nfij/ JhwkBdko wB[Zy dh ejkDh j? i' Bk ukj[zfdnK j'fJnK th p/JhwkBh dk fPekoj' iKdk j?. nkofEe szrhnK JhwkBdko pzd/ ƒ p/JhwkB pDB bJh wip{o eo fdzdhnK jB.

g/Pekoh L

ftPk t;s{ nfXnkge ekoi w[bKeD

gkm g[;se‘eEk irs’ftu'A ejkDh‘fszB fdB dkp/JhwkB’ s/nyho;oekohd|so HHHp/JhwkBpDkJh ofynk;h.

PpdkoE ftXh, ftnkfynk ftXh, gqPB'so ftXh, ftek;ftXh, ;whfynk ftXh

fJjBK ;G ftXhnK dh obh^fwbh tos'A Bkb nfXnkge fJ;ejkDh ‘fszB fdB dk p/JhwkB’ d/ ftP/, w[Zy ;wZf;nk ns/ ejkDhd/ T[d/P ƒ ;gPN eoB dk isB eo/rh.

ejkDh fJe n?;h ftXk j? i' pZfunK s'A b? e/ p[ZfYnK sZe Gktjo T[wo d/ ftnesh ƒ GkT[Adh j?. ns/ \k; eoe/ id'A ejkDhpj[s tXhnk sohe/ Bkb ;[DkJh ikt/. fJ; bJh ejkDh d/ gkmrsns/ ;zdoGrs nfXn?B s'A gfjbK ejkDh d/ ;ko ƒ ikBD bJhnfXnkge fJ; ejkDh ƒ ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ ;[DkT[Dr/.

fJ; ejkDh ftu b/ye B/ fJe JhwkBdko wB[Zy (;fszdoBkE) dh rZb ehsh j?. T[j fJe ;oekoh d|so ftu fJenf;;N?AN bZfrnk j'fJnk ;h. nyho T[; B/ nkgDk wekBpDkT[D dh ;bkj pDk bJh. T[; B/ ;;s/ ;w/A ftu d' ;" rIdk gbkN \ohd ofynk ;h. T[; ƒ ;oeko tb'A nZm jIko dkeoIk th fwb frnk ;h ns/ T[; B/ dcso'A fszB wjhB/ dh S[ZNhth b? bJh. ;fszdo B/ wekB dh T[;koh P[o{ eotk fdZsh. jZEfyZu e/ oZyD d/ pkti{d T[; d/ g?;/ j"bh^j"bh \sw j' oj/ ;B.T[; dh gsBh T{Pk nkgD/ w[jZb/ ’u'A ;G s'A tXhnk wekB T[;koBk

gqH ejkDh dk wZ[ygkso eh ezweodk j? <

gqH ;fszdo BkE B/fezB/ o[gJ/ dkeoIk fbnk <

65

ukj[zdh j?. go ;fszdo T[; ƒ ;wMkT[Adk j? fe b'ehA eJhgkf;nK s'A g?;/ e[sod/ jB go n;hA JhwkBdko jK. gsBhefjzdh j? fe s[;hA nkgDh JhwkBdkoh uZNd/ ofjDk.

;fszdo BkE d/ wekB dh T[;koh j' u[eh ;h. T[gobhfNg^Nkg dk ezw ns/ T[; d/ \ou/ ;fszdo BkE ƒ szr eo oj/;B. T[; e'b g?;/ seohpB \sw j' u[Ze/ ;B. nkofEe szrhekoB wekB dk ezw nZX^guZXk SZvDk, T[; bJh Bw'Ph dh rZb;h feT[Afe T[BQK B/ j[D ;koh fIzdrh fJ;/ w[jZb/ ftu jh ofjDk;h. ;kok fdB wekB ekoB GZid"V ns/ i/pK \kbh, pVh p[ohjkbs ;h ;fszdo BkE dh. ;jh efjzd/ jB fe ftnki, wekBns/ w[eZdw/ ftu c; e/ ftnesh Bk nZr/ dk ofjzdk j? s/ BkfgZS/ dk. ;?AeV/ o[gJ/ youD tkbk ;fszdo j[D nkB/^d[nkBhnKƒ pVk ;'u^;'u e/ \oudk.

pZfuU ̀ fJj ejkDh pj[s g[okD/ ;w/A d/ ;wki dk fuZso g/P eodhj?. nZi Bkb'A pj[s ;;sk ;h ;G e[M. wekB pDkT[D bJh nZm jIkoo[gJ/ dk eoIk fbnk. nkB/^d[nkBhnK dh rZb j' ojh j?.

fJe fdB nukBe T[; ƒ :kd nkT[Adk j? fe vke\kB/ ftuT[; d/ e[M g?;/ iwQK jB. v/Y^d' ;kb s'A T[; ftu gzMh o[gJ/pekfJnk ;B. gk; p[e t/yD s/ nZi T[; ƒ fJj gzMh o[gJ/pj[s tZvh oew bZrh. T[; B/ fj;kp dh spdhbh bJh ckow Goe/ gk; p[e vke\kB/ iwQK eotk fdZsh, j|s/ pknd gk; p[e fwbhsK vke\kB/ tkfbnK pekfJnk oew fJe ;" nmkJh o[gJ/ gzikjg?;/ pDk fdZsh ;h. J/B/ g?;/ t/y e/ T[; dk fdb fJe tkoh eo/fe ik e/ vke\kB/ tkfbnK ƒ rbsh ;'XD bJh nky/ go d{ihtkoh ;'u/ fe w?ƒ g?f;nK dh b'V j?, T[; fijk w{oy e'Jh j't/rk i' fe xo nkJh bePwh ƒ XZek d/t/.

;fszdo BkE fJ;h d[fuZsh ftu fgnk ofjzdk j? fe ‘eheoK <’ T[j ;'udk j? fe fJj \[P\poh gsBh ƒ dZ;K go T[; ƒbZrdk j? fe fes/ T[j fJj rZb pkjo Bk dZ; d/t/ d{ik, gsBh ;kjwD/JhwkBdkoh dhnK vhArK wkodk jK s/ nZi ;" o[gJ/ fgZS/ T[; ;kjwD/Ibhb BjhA j'Dk ukj[zdk. fco T[; ƒ bZrdk j? fe vke\kB/ ik e/dZ; d/tK fes/ eboe Bkb rohp wko Bk j' ikt/. T[; dk fdbehsk fe j[D/ jh vke\kB/ ubk ikt/, go Pkw d/ S/ tZi u[Ze/ ;B,vke\kBk pzd j' u[Zek j't/rk. nrb/ fdB n?stko ;h.

n?stko ƒ ezw pzd ofjD d/ fezB/ fdBK fgZS'A fw;soh B/ nkT[Ad/


gqH ;fszdo BkE B/eoIk feT [ Afbnk <

gqH wXtorh gfotkoftZu wB[Zy feBQKnkofEe szrhnKdk fPeko j[zdkj?<

gqH ‘T[; fijk w{oye'Jh j't/rk i'fe xo nkJhbePwh ƒ XZekd/t/’ fJjBK;soK ftZu;fszdo dh ehGktBk T[ikroj[zdh j? <

gqH ;fszdo BkEvkeykB/ tkbhrZb nkgDhXow gsBh Bkb;KMh feT[A BjhAeodk <

66

jh g?f;nK dh wzr eo bJh fe g?f;nK dk fJzsIkw j'fJnk j? feBjhA. ;fszdo BkE ƒ pVh p/fJZIsh wfj;{; j'Jh go feT[Afe T[;B/ T[; d/ g?;/ d/D/ ;B fJ; bJh u[Zg eo frnk ns/ eZbQ nk e/ g?;/b? ikD bJh fejk ns/ pekfJnk ezw th S/sh w[ekT[D bJh fejk.

fw;soh Bkb ehs/ tknd/ pknd ;fszdo BkE fco T[BQK ;"o[fgnK pko/ ;'uD bZrk fe w?A fezBK vog'e jK fe ;" of[gnk BjhAguk ;edk, b'e jIkoK o[gJ/ veko e/ th gsk BjhA bZrDfdzd/. nrb/ fdB gfjbh skohy ;h Xow gsBh B/ xo dh Io{osKd/ \ou/ frDkJ/, wekB tyok eu{wo eZY fojk ;h. T[; B/ gfjbhskohy ƒ d|so f;o| sBykj b?D ikDk ;h. T[; B/ ;'funk fevke\kB/ d/ g?f;nK ƒ th jIw ehsk ikt/. d|so s'A tkg;ht/b/ vke\kB/ ftu ;" o[gJ/ iwQk eo d/t/ sK eboe dh BIoPkfJd gfjbK j'Jh G[Zb T[~s/ BjhA gt/rh, fJzi jh j'fJnk. eboeB/ vke\kB/ dh w'jo bki e/ ekgh ;fszdo BkE ƒ d/ fdZsh. T[jnkgDh ukbkeh s/ pVk \[P j'fJnk. go fJj p/JhwkBh dk ezwT[; ƒ tko^tko d[yh eodk fojk, T[j ukjz[dk j'fJnk th T[;fdB th nkgDh gsBh ƒ e[M Bk dZ; ;fenk.

nrb/ fdB ;t/o/ T[mD s/ gsBh B/ dZf;nk fe w[zv/ ƒ p[\koj' frnk j?. ;fszdo BkE xpok iKdk j?, vkeNo ƒ ;Zddk j? i'pZu/ ƒ Nhek brk e/ ubk iKdk j?. gsBh ƒ T[; dh n;kXkoBxpokjN dk ekoB pZu/ dk p[\ko ikgdk j? go n;b ftu ;fszdoBkE ƒ bZrdk j? fe T[; B/ p/JhwkBh ehsh j? fJ; bJh PkfJd T[;dh ;Ik T[; d/ pZu/ ƒ p[\ko d/ o{g ftu j'Jh j?. T[j fpBK e[Mej/ vke\kB/ ubk iKdk j?. vke\kBk ni/ pzd ;h. vke\kBk y[ZbDs/ pkT{ ƒ gk; p[e ftubh ;" o[gJ/ dh rbsh pko/ dZ;dk j?. pkT{gk; p[Ze rj[ Bkb iKuD s'A pknd dZ;dk j? fe v/Y ;kb gfjbKvke\kB/ tZb'A rbsh j'Jh ;h ns/ fe;/ pkT{ e'b'A ;" o[gJ/ xZN fbfynkfrnk ;h. fJj ;[Dd/ ;ko ;fszdo BkE dk xpokjN dk p[\ko T[sofrnk. go T[; ƒ wfj;{; j'fJnk fe fJ; ;" o[gJ/ B/ T[; d/ nkgD/j[zd/ j'J/ th T[; ƒ fszB fdB p/JhwkB pDkJh ofynk ;h.

ejkDh ;[DkT[D s'A pknd iwks ftu fJ; ejkDh d/ ftP/,T[d/P, f;ob/y pko/ ftfdnkoEhnK Bkb uouk ehsh ikt/.

pZfuU ` fJ; ejkDh ftu ejkDheko B/ fJe ;oekoh d|sod/ nf;;N?AN dh JhwkBdkoh ƒ nkgDk ftPk pDkfJnk j?. fi;B/ wekB pDkT[D bJh ;oeko e'b'A eoIk fbnk, d|so'A S[ZNh


gqH fw;soh ;fszdoBkE T[~s/ ehefj e/ ftnzreZ;dk j? <

gqH ;fszdo ƒ fe;B/ fszB fdB dkp/JhwkB pDkJhofynk ;h <

f t f dn k o E h;koh uouk ƒfXnkB Bkb;[DBr/ ns/uouk dk fjZ;kpDBr/.

67

bJh. go fit/A fejk iKdk j? wekB sK y{{j j[zd/ jB fezBK thg?;k bkU gsk jh BjhA ubdk j? fe feZE/ frnk, \ou/ w[ed/ jhBjhA. fJjh jkb ;fszdo BkE dk j?. T[;dhnK i/pK \kbh j'rJhnK jB. fJZE'A sZe fe T[; ƒ vke\kB/ ftu gJ/ gzMh o[gJ/tZvh oew ikg ojh j? ns/ fj;kp spdhbh d"okB T[jh oew fJe;" nmkJh o[gJ/ gzikj g?;/ pDB s/ T[j d[fuZsh ftu j? fe rbsh;'XD bJh eboe ƒ ej/ iK BjhA. ejkDheko ;fszdo dh ;fEshdk fusoB eod/ j'J/ d;dk j? fe g?;/ dh szrh uzr/ Gb/ pzd/ dhBhns ƒ pdBhs eo fdzdh j?.

fJ; ejkDh dk f;ob/y pVk Y[etK j?. feT[Afe ;fszdo BkEPBhtko ƒ vke\kB/ s'A gk; p[e g{oh eotk e/ fbnkT[Adk j? fi;ftu ;" o[gJ/ tZX fby/ j[zd/ jB go T[j g?;/ dh E[VQ ekoBiZe'^sZeh ftu ofjzdk j? fe T[j vke\kB/ tkfbnK ƒ dZ;/ iK BjhA.vke\kB/ d/ pzd j'D dk ;wK th j' u[ek ;h nrb/ fdB n?stko;h i' fe p/JhwkBh ns/ JhwkBdkoh dhnK ;'uK dh ePweP ftuphsdk j?. ;'wtko gfjbh skohy ƒ T[j sB\kj ftu'A ;" o[gJ/vke\kB/ ftu iwQK eotk e/ nkgDh p/JhwkBh ƒ dpkJh oyDkukjz[dk j? ns/ T[j dZph th ofj iKdh j?. T[j nkgDh fJ; fiZss/ \[P th j? go nrbh ;t/o wzrbtko ƒ pZu/ d/ p[\ko dh \poBkb T[; dh Iwho ikr T[mdh j? ns/ T[j vke\kBk y[bQd/ jhpkT{ ƒ ;" o[gJ/ dh rbsh pko/ dZ;dk j?. Gkt/A fJj ;" o[gJ/dh rbsh n;b ftu v/Y d' ;kb gfjbK vke\kB/ tkfbnK e'b'Ajh j'Jh ;h ns/ fJj g?;k ;fszdo BkE dk jh ;h, go T[j fszBfdB sK fco th p/JhwkB jh pfDnk fojk ;h.

ejkDh pko/ nkb'uBkswe ftuko th iwks ftu gqrN ehskikDr/ fe ‘fszB fdB dk p/JhwkB’ ejkDh vkH ;ftzdo f;zx T[~gbdh fbyh j'Jh j?. fJj fJe gkso gqXkB ejkDh j?. fi; d/ufoZso d[nkok ejkDh d/ ftP/ t;s{ dh g/Pekoh j'Jh j?. ejkDhd/ ;ko/ t/ot/ T[; d/ d[nkb/ x[zwd/ jB. ejkDh dk gkso ;fszdofJe ;oekoh d|so dk nf;;N?AN j? T[j wekB pDkT[D bJheoIk th b?Adk j?, T[j JhwkBdkoh d/ dwrI/ wkodk j? go ;"fSbVK fgZS/ p/JhwkB j' iKdk j? go wro'A T[j ;" fSbV T[; d/nkgD/ jh fBebd/ jB i' pkT{ dh rbsh ekoB T[; dh gk; p[eftu fbyD'A S[ZN rJ/ ;B. ejkDheko B/ gkso T[;koh pV/:EkoEe s/ wB'ftfrnkBe gZXo T[~s/ ehsh j?.


gqH vkeykB/ ftZugk; p[e g{oheokT[D s'AgfjbK fezB/o[gJ/ ;B <

gqH ;fszdo fszBfdB dkp/JhwkB fet/ApfDnk fojk <

gqH fe; ekoB s'A;fszdo BkEp/ ^ JhwkBpfDnk<

68

w"B gkm L

;koh ejkDh ;[DkT[D ns/ T[; T[go jo gZy'A uouk eoB s'A pknd nfXnkfgek iwks ftuftfdnkoEhnK ƒ w"B ofj e/ ejkDh gVQB bJh ej/rh sK i' T[j ejkDh ƒ nkgD/ nkBzd ns/ frnkBjk;b eoB bJh nkgD/ nzdkI ftu gVQB. fJwfsjkB ftZu ejkDhnK dhnK N{eK ns/ tkoskbkgnkXkfos gqPB th g[ZS/ iKd/ jB fJ; bJh ftfdnkoEh fXnkB Bkb ejkDh ƒ gVQBr/.

d[jokU L

ftfdnkoEhnK T[~s/ ejkDh dk gqGkt ikBD bJh ns/ fJj ikBD bJh fe T[jBK B/ gVQkJh d"okBiwks ftu fezBK fXnkB fdZsk, nfXnkgek e[M gqPB g[ZS/rh ^

1H ‘fszB fdB dk p/JhwkB’ ejkDh fe; w[Zy ;wZf;nk Bkb ;zpzfXs j? <2H ejkDh ftubk BkfJe fe; wkBf;e d[fpXk dk fPeko j' iKdk j?.3H wXtorh gfotko ftu wB[Zy feBK nkofEe szrhnK dk fPeko j[zdk j? <4H T{Pk fej' fijk wekB T[;koBk ukjz[dh ;h <5H ;fszdo BkE vke\kB/ tkbh rZb nkgDh Xow gsBh Bkb ;KMh feT[A BjhA eodk <

xo bJh ezw L

j/m fbyhnK N{eK ƒ gVQ e/ j/mK fdZs/ gqPBK d/ T[~so fdU L^(T) fJ; ;w/A w?ƒ g?;/^g?;/ dh b'V j?. w/o/ tork p/te{| e"D j't/rk i' nkg G[Zyk wo fojk

j't/ s/ nkJh bePwh ƒ XZe/ d/t/.gqPB L fJj p'b fe; d/ jB <gqPB L fJjBK ;soK ftu ;fszdo BkE dh fejVh GktBk T[ikro j[zdh j? <gqPB L ‘nkJh bePwh ƒ XZe/ d/D’ s'A eh Gkt j? <

(n) ;fszdo B/ fJzi wfj;{; ehsk fit/A T[; dk p[\ko bZE frnk j't/. Gkt/A fJj ;" o[fgnk T[;dk nkgDk jh ;h go T[; wfj;{; ehsk fit/A fJ; B/ T[; ƒ fszB fdB dk p/JhwkB pDkJhofynk ;h.gqPB L ;fszdo B/ eh wfj;{; ehsk <gqPB L fJj p'b ;fszdo B/ ed'A ej/ <gqPB L ;fszdo ƒ fe; B/ fszB fdB dk p/JhwkB pDkJh ofynk ;h <

69

gzikph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk;

vkH e[btho

nkfd ekb

ftdtkBK ftu fJ; rZb ƒ b? e/ nkg; ftu wsG/d oj/ jB fe gzikph ;kfjs dk w[ZY ed'ApZfMnk < ;kfjs dk wkfXnw GkPk j[zdk j?. ;' ;kfjs f;oiDk dk ;zpzX ;zpzXs GkPk d/ T[sgshs/ ftek; Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. gzikph ;kfjs d/ nkozG dk w;bk gzikph GkPk dh T[sgsh s/ftek; ƒ ;wMD Bkb jh jZb j' ;edk j?. gzikph dk ;zpzX nkX[fBe nkohnk GkPktK Bkb j?. gzikphGkPk, T[~soh Gkos dhnK j'o GkPktK Bkb'A e'Jh 1000 ;kb gfjbK nkgDh tZyoh j'Ad pDkT[D d/okj g?AdhnK jB. gqf;ZX GkPk ftfrnkBh okj[b ;zeoskfJB dk wZs j? fe 8thA ;dh se d/;h p'bhnKftu ;kfjs fbyD dh gozgok nkozG j' rJh ;h. fJ;/ ;w/A se gzikph GkPk th j'Ad ftu nk u[Zeh;h fi; eoe/ fJ; ;w/A se gzikph GkPk ftu ;kfjs ou/ ikD dh ;zGktBk dbhbg{ote bZrdh j?.e'Jh th GkPk j"bh^j"bh ftek; eoe/ nkgDk fJe tZyok ;o{g pDkT[Adh j?. ftdtkB fJ; wZs Bkb;fjws jB fe 8thA, 9thA ;dh ftu BkE i'rhnK d[nkok ou/ ;kfjs Bkb gzikph ;kfjs dk w[ZYpZM frnk ;h.

fbysh iK ftPPN ;kfjs dh f;oiBk s'A gfjbK b'e ;kfjs w"i{d j[zdk j?. ;' BkE i'rhnK d/;kfjs pko/ uouk eoB s'A gfjbK b'e ;kfjs pko/ uouk eoBk pDdk j?. b'e ;kfjs b'eK d[nkokf;ois T[j ;kfjs j[zdk j? i' wz{j^IpkBh fJe ghVQh s'A d{ih ghVQh se gZ[idk j?. fJ; ftu b'e;w{j dhnK GktBktK dk gqrNk j[zdk j?. ;wK, ;EkB pdbD Bkb fJ; dk ozr o{g pdbdk ofjzdkj?. b'e ;kfjs dh ouBk eJh o{gkekok fit/A tkoK, pkowkj, nbkj[DhnK, f;ZmDhnK s/ SzdK ftuj'Jh fwbdh j?.

wZXekb ftu fJBQK b'e ekft^o{gK ƒ nkXko pDk e/ r[o{ ;kfjpkB B/ ouBk ehsh. b'e eEktK,b'e nykD s/ w[jkto/ th b'e ;kfjs dk tZvk \IkBk jB. nkfd ekb ftu fwbdhnK b'e tkoK ƒgzikph tko ekft gozgok dk w[ZYbk fto;k fejk ik ;edk j?. tko o{gkeko ftu fe;/ :[ZX dk toBDeftsk d/ o{g ftu ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ftu fe;/ tho BkfJe d[nkok pjkdoh Bkb fe;/ ybBkfJeT[~s/ gqkgs ehsh fiZs dk fIeo j[zdk j?. nkfd rzqE ftu doi 22 tkoK ƒ b'e tkoK dh X[Bh ’urkT[D dk nkd/P j?. e[M gqf;ZX b'e tkoK fJ; soQK jB L

70

1H okJ/ ewkb wT[i dh tko2H N[zv/ n;oki/ dh tko3H f;ezdo fJpokjhw dh tko4H bZbk pfjbhwk dh tko5H j;B/ wfjw/ dh tko6H w{;/ dh tko

T[go'es b'e tkoK dk e'Jh fbysh Bw{Bk BjhA fwbdk. fJj tkoK GZNK iK YkvhnK d[nkokT[ukohnK iK rkJhnK j'JhnK jB. fJBQK ftu T[; ;w/A d/ ;odkoK dh fyZu'skD dk Mbekokg?Adk j?.

gzikp dk w[ZY BkE i'rhnK d/ ;kfjs Bkb 8thA, 9thA ;dh ftu pZMdk j?. fJj BkE i'rh 8thA,9thA s/ 10thA ;dh ftu gzikp s/ oki;EkB nkfd y/soK ftu x[zwd/ fcod/ ofjzd/ ;B. fJe irQks'A d{ih irQk fBozso GqwD eod/ ofjD eoe/ fJBQK dh GkPk ftu eJh j'o GkPktK d/ PpdK dk obknj'Dk ;[Gkte ;h.

BkE pkDh dk w'Yh r[o{ r'oy BkE ƒ wzfBnk iKdk j?. gzikph ;kfjs Bkb ;zpzXs j'o BkE^i'rhuogN BkE, wSzdo BkE, osB BkE, u"ozrh BkE nkfd jB. BkE i'rhnK dh ouBk Pb'eK, d'fjnKiK gfdnK d/ o{g ftu fwbdh j?. BkE i'rh fJ;soh ƒ nfXnkswe ftek; d/ okj ftu tZvh o[ektNwzBd/ jB. r'oy BkE dhnK j/m fbyhnK ;soK fJ;/ rZb dh rtkjh GodhnK jB L

“dkw ekY pkxD b? nkfJnkwkT{ ej/ w/ok g{s fpnkfJnk]”

BkE i'rhnK dk ;kfjs p/Pe eow eKv s/ iksh gqEk dk fto'Xh ;h go fJ;soh s/ rqfj;EhihtB gqsh BKjw[yh j'D eoe/ fJsokI s'A w[es BjhA j' ;fenk.

BkE i'rhnK s'A fJbktk ftdtkBK B/ pkpk P/\ |ohd dh ouBk ƒ th nkfd ekb nXhB oZye/ ftukfonk j?. pkpk P/\ |ohd dh pkDh Bkb gzikph dk ;{|h ekft^Xkok dk w[ZY pZMdk j?. pkpk|ohd dk ihtB ekb 1173 JhH s'A 1266 JhH se dk pDdk j?. nkg ih ƒ gzikph ;{|h ekft Xkokdk w'Yh eth j'D dk s/ Bkb^Bkb gzikph dk gfjbk gqwkfDe ;kfjseko wzfBnk iKdk j?. feT[Afegzikph p'bh nkgD/ m/m ozr ftu gfjbh tko pkpk P/\ |ohd dh ouBk Bkb jh ;kjwD/ nkT[Adhj?. nkg ih dh pkDh ƒ ;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ftu Pkwb j'D dk wkD jk;b j?. r[o{ rzqE ;kfjpftu nkg ih d/ BK j/m 132 ;b'e doi jB. fJBQK ftu'A 112 ;b'e nkg ih d[nkok ofus jBidfe pkeh 20 ;b'e r[o{ ;kfjpkB (r[o{ BkBe d/t ih, r[o{ nwodk; ih, r[o{ noiB d/t ih)d/ jB i' |ohd dh ouBk T[~s/ fNZgDh ti'A doi jB. fJ; s'A fJbktk nkg ih B/ okr nk;k s/;{jh ftu d' PpdK dh ouBk ehsh j?. pkpk |ohd dh pkDh gqwkswk dh j'Ad ƒ ;op^ftnkge wzBdhj?. pkpk |ohd B/ nkgDh ouBk ftu ;z;koe BkPwkBsk dh rZb eod/ j'J/ wB[Zy ƒ uzr/ eow eoBns/ B?fse s"o ’s/ T[~uk T[~mD dk ;zd/P fdZsk. pkpk |ohd B/ nkgD/ ekft^;zd/P ƒ ;zukoB bJhgzikph iB ihtB s/ gqfeose wkj"b ftu gkJh iKdh ;wZroh ƒ gqsheK ti'A tofsnk.

71

ftdtkB nkfd ekb ftu e[M nfijhnK ouBktK dk fIeo th eod/ jB i' r[zw r[nku rJhnKjB. fJBQK ftu w;T{d dk ‘dhtkB’, g[P: eth dk ‘feZ;k ;Z;h g[ƒ’, w[ZbK dkT{d dk ‘uKd Bkwk’nkfd. ftdtkB fJBQK ouBktK dk j'D pko/ ;ze/s sK eod/ jB go fJj ouBktK T[gbpX BjhA jB.

r[owfs ekft^Xkok

r[owfs ekft^Xkok wZXekbhB gzikph ;kfjs dh fJe gqw[Zy ekft^Xkok j? fi; d/ w'Yh r[o{ BkBed/t ih j'J/ jB. fJ; ekft^Xkok ftu f;Zy r[o{ ;kfjpkB s'A fJbktk ;zsK s/ GrsK dh pkDh nk iKdhj? fiBQK ƒ r[o{ noiB d/t ih B/ nkfd rzqE ftu Pkwb ehsk. fJ; soQK fJ; ekft^Xkok dk ekby/so pkoQthA ;dh s'A b? e/ nmkothA ;dh se c?fbnk j'fJnk j?. nkfd rzqE s'A pkjob/ pkDheko r[o{r'fpzd f;zx s/ GkJh r[odk; dh ouBk ƒ th fJ;/ tor ftu ofynk ik ;edk j?. e[M ;zsK s/ GrsKfit/A L epho, Bkwd/t, XzBk, oftdk; nkfd B/ p/Pe gzikph GkPk ftu pkDh BjhA ouh go nkfd rzqEftu Pkwb j'D eoe/ r[owfs ekft^Xkok d/ nzsors jh ftukfonk ik ;edk j?.

r[owfs ekft^Xkok B/ nkgD/ s'A gfjbK w"i{d ftukoXkoe s/ ;kfjse gozgoktK Bkb ;ztkdoukT[Ad/ j'J/ fJe Bt/A ihtB doPB dh BhAj oZyh. r[owfs ekft^Xkok B/ pqkjwDh eow eKv s/iks^gqEk dk fBy/X eod/ j'J/ pokpoh s/ ;KMhtkbsk dk ;zd/P fdZsk. pj[^d/tsktkd dh EK fJeJhPto dh XkoBk dk ;zebg fdZsk. r[owfs ekft^Xkok B/ ;or[D dh EK fBor[D pqjw dk ;zebgg/P ehsk. BkE pkDh Bkb ftukoXkoe ;ztkd oukT[Ad/ j'J/ r[owfs ekft^Xkok B/ t?okr dh EK okrs/ T[dk;h ihtB dh EK rqfj;Eh ihtB ƒ gfjb fdZsh. r[opkDh B/ f;ZXK d/ G'r^;kXBK s/ BkEKd/ :'r^;kXBk dh irQk Bkw^;kXBk dk BtK ;zebg T[;kfonk. r[opkDh d/ nfXnkswe ;'fwnK ftuGrsh bfjo s/ t/dKs dk th wjZstg{oB :'rdkB j?. Grsh wkor ftu ;or[D s/ fBor[D Grshd/ d' w[y G/d jB. fBor[D Grsh ntskotkd dk fBy/X eoe/ fBokeko pqjw dh rZb eodk j?.fBor[D Grsh B/ ndt?s t/dKs d/ dkoPfBe ;zebgK fit/A iht, irs, pqjw, w[esh nkfd gq:'reoe/ fJ; Bkb nkgDh ;KM d/ ;p{s fdZs/ jB. fJ;bkw Xow B/ th pj[^d/tsktkd s/ p[Zs^g{ik dkfto'X eoe/ fJe JhPto dh XkoBk g/P ehsh i' fBor[D pqjw dh XkoBk Bkb w/b yKdh j?. r[owfsftukoXkok B/ ekw, eq'X, b'G, w'j, jzeko nkfd ftP? ftekoK s'A w[es j' ;Zuk^;[Zuk ihtB ihT[Ddh gq/oBk fdZsh. r[opkDh wB[Zy ;kjt/A fJj gqPB yVQk eodh j? fe ;funko fet/A j'fJnk ikJ/ <nkdoPe wB[Zy Gkt r[ow[y j'D bJh r[o{ dh nfXnkswe nrtkJh ƒ bkIwh wzfBnk frnk j?.

ojZ;tkd ns/ B?fsesk r[owfs ihtB doPB d/ d' gqw[Zy sZs jB. r[owfs ekft^Xkok nkgD/nfXnkswe ;zd/P d/ ;zuko bJh gqrhs ns/ T[gd/Pkswe ekft^o{gK ƒ nkXko pDkT[Adh j?.

r[owfs ekft^Xkok d/ gqw[~y pkDheko

r[o{ BkBe d/t ih (1469 ^ 1539 JhH) L

r[owfs ekft^Xkok d/ w'Yh pkDheko r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ tZy^tZy ekft^o{gK s/ SzdK ftu pkDhdh ouBk ehsh. ;qh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp d/ 31 okrK ftu'A nkg ih B/ 19 okrK ftu pkDh ouh. gZNh,

72

pkokwkj s[ykoh, dZyDh Unzeko, f;fX r'PfN, gjo/, fEsh, e[uZih, ;[uZih, nkosh, nbkj[DhnK, fszBtkoK (wbQko, nk;k s/ wkM) nkg ih dhnK w[y pkDhnK jB. ig[ih ƒ ;ko/ r[owfs ;kfjs dk ;kofejk iKdk j?. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d[nkok T[;ko/ f;XKsK s/ ;zebgK dk T[BQK s'A pkd ftu nkT[Dtkb/ r[o{ ;kfjpkB B/ nB[;oB ehsk. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ nkgD/ ;w/A d/ tfjwK GowK s/ gkyzvKdk fszB tkoK \k; eoe/ nk;k dh tko ftu toBD ehsk. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ nkgD/ ;wekbhB;wki, Xow s/ okiBhsh (pkpotkDh) Bkb ;ztkd oukT[Ad/ fJe T[~u/^;[Zu/ ihtB doPB s/ nkdoPKƒ g/P ehsk.

r[o{ nzrd d/t ih (1508 ^ 1552 JhH) L

r[o{ BkBe d/t ih s'A pknd r[o{ nzrd d/t ih r[orZdh ’s/ fpokiwkB j'J/. T[BQK B/ 62 ;b'eKdh ouBk ehsh, i' r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ftu doi jB. T[BQK dh pkDh dk ftPk fBowkDsk, PoXk, gqG{Grsh d[nkb/ e/Ados fojk. nkg dh pkDh dh e/Adoh ;[o r[o{ wfjwk j?. r[ow[yh toBwkbk ;'Xe/ ftfdnk bJh gqufbs eoB dk f;jok th nkg ih ƒ jh iKdk j?.

r[o{ nwodk; ih (1479 ^ 1574 JhH) L

r[o{ nowdk; ih B/ fpoX nt;Ek ftu pkDh dh ouBk P[o{ ehsh. r[o{ nwodk; B/ 18 okrKftu pkDh dh ouBk P[o{ ehsh. ‘nBzd ;kfjp’ torh nd[Zsh ouBk s'A fJbktk nkg ih B/‘nbkj[DhnK’, ‘gZNh’ s/ uko tkoK (r{ioh, ;{jh, okwebh s/ wko{) dh ouBk ehsh. nkg ih B/ r[o{BkBe pkDh d[nkok f;oi/ ekfte^wkvbK dk jh nB[;oB ehsk. nkg ih B/ r[owfs d/ gquko bJhtZy^tZy fJbkfenK ftu pkDh w;zdK ƒ ;Ekgs ehsk.

r[o{ okwdk; ih (1534 ^ 1581 JhH) L

r[o{ okwdk; ih dh pkDh nkfd rzqE ftu 29 okrK ftu doi j?. fJBQK dhnK gqw[y ouBktKjB L u"gd/, nPNgdhnK, Szd, ;'jb/, nZmtkoK, ;b'e, gfjo/, tDiko/, eojb/ s/ x'VhnK nkfd.nkg ih B/ r[owfs fto;/ ƒ nkgDh pkDh ouBk dk nkXko pDkfJnk. nzfwqas;o d/ fJfsjk;e ;o'todh T[;koh nkg ih d/ ihtB ekb ftu jh ehsh rJh.

r[o{ noiB d/t ih (1563 ^ 1606 JhH) L

nkg ih B/ r[owfs ftukoXkok d/ gqshfBX rzqE ‘nkfd rzqE’ dk 1604 JhH ftu ;zgkdB eoe/ftPt ƒ fJe nd[Zsh d?th rzqE fdZsk. nkg ih dh pkDh 30 okrK ftu doi j?. ‘;[ywBh’ nkgih dh Pkjeko ouBk j?. nkg ih dhnK gqw[y ouBktK jB L pkokwKj, fdBo?fD, pktB nZyoh,;[ywBh, fEsh s/ tkoK. w[y o{g ftu nkg ih B/ gfdnK, nPNgdhnK, SzsK s/ ;b'eK d/ o{g ftuouBk ehsh. nkg ih B/ r[opkDh gozgok d[nkok ;Ekgs ;zebgK s/ ftukoK ƒ nkgDh pkDh f;oiDkdk nkXko pDkfJnk.

73

GkJh r[odk; L

nkfdekb d/ pkDhekoK s'A fJbktk r[owfs ftukoXkok d/ T[gkPeK ftu GkJh r[odk; ih dkBkw nfjw j?. nkg nkfd rzqE dh phV d/ gfjb/ fbykoh jB. nkg ih B/ 40 tkoK s/ 556 efps;t:? ou/. nkg ih B/ nkgDhnK tkoK ftu r[owfs f;XKsK s/ ftukoXkok d/ p[fBnkdh gZyK dhftnkfynk ehsh.

r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih (1621 ^ 1675 JhH) L

B"t/A r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih B/ PpdK s/ ;b'eK ftu pkDh dh f;oiBk ehsh. nkg ih B/ 59 Ppds/ 56 ;b'e ou/. nkg d/ ;b'eK ftu e/Ado ;[o t?okr s/ ;z;koe BkPwkBsk dh j?.

r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih (1666 ^ 1708 JhH) L

r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih f;ZyK d/ d;t/A r[o{ jB. nkg ih dh pj[s ouBk fpqi GkPk ftu j?.n"ozrI/p ƒ fbyh ouBk ‘I|oBkwk’ |ko;h GkPk ftu j?. ‘uzvh dh tko’ dh ouBk eoe/ nkg ihB/ pho o;h ekft^gozgok ƒ f;yo gqdkB ehsh. ykb;k gzE dh f;oiBk eoe/ nkg ih B/ ghVsb'ekJh ftu BtK iIpk Gfonk.

;{|h ekft^Xkok

;{|h ekft^Xkok wZXekbhB gzikph ;kfjs dh fJe gqw[Zy ekft Xkok j?. gzikph ;{|h ekft^Xkokdk wZ[Y pkpk P/\ |ohd dh ouBk Bkb pZMdk j? fi; dk ;wK pkoQthA ;dh wzfBnk frnk j?. pkpk|ohd s'A pknd Pkj j[;?B, p[ZbQ/ Pkj s/ ;[bskB pkj{ nkfd ;{|h ethnK B/ ;{|h ekft^Xkok ƒ f;\o’s/ gj[zukfJnk. ;{|htkd d/ fBek; pko/ nB/eK ws gqufbs jB. e[M ftdtkB ;{|hws ƒ fJ;bkwd/ nzdo'A T[gih nfXnkswe bfjo wzBd/ jB. e[M ftdtkBK dk wZs j? fe fJ;bkw T[go :{BkBhdoPB, Jh;kJh ws s/ p[ZX ws d/ gqGkt ti'A ;{|hws dk fBek; j'fJnk. ;{|h ftukoXkok dh fJeftP/Psk fJj j? fe fJj P[o{ s'A nyho se fJ;bkw d/ w{b f;XKsK Bkb i[Vh ofjzdh j?. ;{|h wsB/ fJ;bkw d/ pkjow[yh eoweKvK dh nzdo{Bh P[ZXsk ’s/ I'o fdZsk. gzikph ;{|h ethnK B/ fJPewikIh dh EK fJPe jeheh ’s/ I'o fdZsk. ;{|hnK B/ PoQk d/ pkjoh G/yK dh ;Zu/ fJPe T[~s/ I'ofdZsk. ;{|hws fJ;bkw d/ e/Adoh f;XKs ‘s'jhd’ Gkt ‘y[dk dh J/esk’ Bkb rfjoh soQK i[fVnkj'fJnk j?. gzikp ftu ;{|hws dk gqt/P w[;bwkB jwbktoK d/ Bkb j'fJnk wzfBnk iKdk j?. gzikpdk fJ;bkw Bkb gfjbk ;zgoe 712 Jh;th ftu w[jzwd fpB ek;w d/ jwb/ Bkb j'fJnk. fJ;s'A pknd wfjw{d rIBth s/ fco T[; d/ g[Zso wk;{d B/ gzikp ’s/ jwbk ehsk. fJBQK oki;h jwfbnKBkb ;{|hnK dk gzikp ftu gqt/P P[o{ j'fJnk.

gzikph ftu ;{|h eftsk dk nkozG pkpk P/\ |ohd (1168 ^ 1273 JhH) s'A wzfBnk iKdk j?.T[j ouBk ƒ ;zrhsesk gqdkB eodk j?. P/\ |ohd dh pkDh ƒ r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ftu Pkwb j'Ddk wkD jk;b j?. gzikph ;kfjs d/ fJfsjk;eko pkpk P/\ |ohd ƒ nkfd ekbhB gzikph ;kfjs

74

d/ nzsors oyd/ ftukod/ jB. pkpk P/\ |ohd s'A pknd fijV/ w[y ;{|h ethnK B/ ;{|h ekft^Xkokƒ fte;s eoB ftu nfjw :'rdkB gkfJnk T[j fJ; soQK jB L

Pkj j[;?B (1539^1599 JhH) L

pkpk P/\ |ohd s'A pknd fi; ;{|h eth dh ouBk gqkgs j[zdh j? T[j Pkj j[;?B j?. Pkj j[;?Bdh tX/o/ ouBk ek|hnK d/ o{g ftu gqkgs j[zdh j?. Pkj j[;?B dk ;zzpzX ;{|hnK d/ ‘wbkwsh ;zgqdkfJ’Bkb j?. Pkj j[;?B dhnK ek|hnK ftu fpojk dk ozr T[xVt/A o{g ftu j?. Pkj j[;?B dhnK ek|hnKftu fJPe ftdo'j dk o{g th Xkodk j?. Pkj j[;?B dhnK ek|hnK fgnko s/ t?okr d/ shpo Gktƒ gqrN eodhnK jB. T[; ftu gqG{ ftu bhB j'D dh shpo fJZSk j?. T[j nkgD/ GktK ƒ gqrNkT[DbJh gzikph iB ihtB s/ ;fGnkuko ’u'A gqshe b?Adk j?.

;[bskB pkj{ (1631^1691 JhH) L

Pkj j[;?B s'A pknd ;[bskB pkj{ dk ;{|h ekft^Xkok ftu nfjw ;EkB j?. pkj{ B/ nkgDhnfXnkswe f;Zfynk jphpT[bk ekdoh ns/ ;:d npd[b ofjwkB s'A gqkgs ehsh. pkj{ noph |ko;hd/ ftdtkB ;B. gzikph ftu fJBQK d/ ou/ j'J/ d'jV/ fwbd/ jB. dtJhJ/ Szd ftu ou/ d'jfVnKftu s[e d/ nzs s/ ‘j{’ Ppd tofsnk frnk j?. fJj ‘j{’ Ppd T[; dh ouBk ƒ ;zrhsesk gqdkBeodk j?. pkj{ nB[;ko fJPe s/ fJbw dk e'Jh w/b BjhA. T[; nB[;ko fJPe dh BwkI tZyohj?. T[; nB[;ko G/d^Gkt f;ykT[D tkbk fJbw ;kƒ n;b/ s'A e'jK d{o b? iKdk j?.

g/ gVQ^gVQ fJbw jIko feskpKnkbw j'J/ ;ko{ jz{.fJe so| fJPe dk gVQ Bk ikDB,G[b/ fcoB fpjko/ jz{.

Pkj Po| pNkbth (1640^1724 JhH) L

Pkj Po| pNkbth dk iBw pNkbk (fIbQk r[odk;g[o) ftu j'fJnk. nkg B/ P/\ w[jzwd |kfIbekdoh s'A nfXnkswe f;Zfynk gqkgs ehsh. T[; dh ouBk d'jfVnK s/ ek|hnK d/ o{g ftu fwbdhj?. T[; d/ ebkw ftu gq/w, fpoj'A s/ B?fsesk e/Adoh Gkt^;o'eko pDd/ jB. T[; B/ nkgDhnKouBktK ftu ny"sK s/ w[jktfonK dk pj[s gq:'r ehsk.

p[~bQ/ Pkj (1680^1758 JhH) L

p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ouBk Bkb ;{|h ekft^Xkok nkgD/ f;\o ’s/ g[Zidh j?. T[; dk ;zpzX ekdoh f;bf;b/Bkb ;h. Pkj fJBkfJs Pkj ƒ T[; B/ r[o{ Xkfonk. T[; d/ woB fgZS'A p[ZbQ/ pkj T[; dh rZdh ’s/p?fmnk. p[ZbQ/ Pkj B/ 156 ek|hnK, 3 ;hjochnK, 40 rzYK, 49 d'jV/, fJe pkokwkj s/ fJe nmtkokftu ouBk ehsh. p[ZbQ/ Pkj B/ nkgDh ouBk okjhA Xow d/ ;z;Ekrs ;o{g dk vN e/ fto'X ehsk.

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p[ZbQ/ Pkj B/ PoQk dh pikJ/ fJPe ƒ T[u/ok doik fdZsk. T[; B/ pkjoh eoweKvK dh EK wB[Zy ƒnzdo'A P[ZX j'D dh f;Zfynk fdZsh. T[; dhnK ek|hnK ftu fpoj'A e[mh nkswk dk th \{p;{os fusoDj'fJnk j?. p[ZbQ/ Pkj B/ fBo'b feskph frnkB dk fBy/X ehsk. T[; B/ nkgDh ouBk ftu ;wekbhnt;Ek dk th fusoB ehsk.

p[ZbQ/ Pkj s'A fJbktk nbh j?do, y[nkik |od |eho s/ tihd nkfd ;{|h ethnK B/ ;{|hekft^Xkok d/ fJfsjk;e ftek; ftu nkgDk :'rdkB gkfJnk.

nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk

nkX[fBe gzikph ;kfjs dk wZXekbh gzikph ;kfjs s'A ekfbe fBy/Vk 1850 s'A wzfBnk iKdk j?id nzro/IK B/ gzikp ’s/ nkgDk oki ;Ekgs eo fbnk ;h. 1850 s'A 1900 JhH se ;wK gzikph;kfjs d/ fJfsjk; ftu o{gKsoB ekb nytkT[Adk j?. fJ; d"o ftubhnK okiBhfse s/ ;fGnkukoexNBktK nkX[fBe gzikph ;kfjs d/ w[ZY bJh ;N/i fsnko eodhnK jB. gq'H ;[fszdo f;zx B{o‘izrBkwk f;zxK s/ cozrhnK’ d/ eosk Pkj w[jzwd ƒ gfjbk nkX[fBe eth wzBd/ jB. go gqubss/ Gko{ wZs GkJh tho f;zx ƒ nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk gfjbk eth wzBd/ jB. 1850 s'A pkdgzikph eftsk j"bh^j"bh o{gKsoB ’u'A r[Iodh j'Jh BtK o{g rqfjD eodh j?. nkX[fBe gzikph eftskdk gfjbk d"o 1901 s'A 1935 se wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; nkozGb/ d"o dh eftsk ftu wZXekbhBs/ nkX[fBesk d'jK d/ nzP fwbd/ jB. gfjb/ d"o dh eftsk Gkt/A g{oh soQK wZXekbh u/sBk s'A w[esBjhA j[zdh go fco th fJj BtK w[jKdok rqfjD eodh j?. fJ; d"o dh eftsk ftu ;[Xkotkdh gqftoshGko{ ofjzdh j?. GkJh tho f;zx nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk d/ w'Yh eth j'J/. GkJh tho f;zx ƒ ‘fBZehnKeftsktK dk tZvk eth’ j'D dk wkD jk;b j?. GkJh tho f;zx B/ eftsk s'A Bktb, BkNe, fBpzXns/ wjKekft o{gkeko ftu th f;oiBk ehsh. GkJh tho f;zx dhnK e[M w[y ekft^g[;seKjB L ‘bfjoK d/ jko’, ‘wFNe j[bko/’, ‘fpibhnK d/ jko’, ‘gqhs thDk’, ‘ezpdh ebkJh’, ‘w/o/ ;kJhnKihU’ nkfd. GkJh tho f;zx dk wBGkT[Adk ftPk e[dos dk y/Vk fojk. T[; B/ r[owfs f;XKsK dhnkX[fBe ekft^o{g ftZu g[Bo^f;oiBk ehsh.

GkJh tho f;zx s'A pknd d{ik tZvk eth g'qH g{oB f;zx j? fi; B/ nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk d/ftek; ftu wjZstg{oB :'rdkB gkfJnk. gq'H g{oB f;zx gfjbk gzikph eth j? fi; B/ y[ZbQh eftskfbyD dh fgos gkJh. T[; B/ gzikp, gzikph s/ gzikphns dk ihtzs fusoB ehsk. ‘y[ZbQ/ ozr’, ‘y[ZbQ/x[zv’ s/ ‘y[ZbQ/ n;wkBh ozr’ T[; dhnK w[y ekft^g[;seK jB. XBh okw ukfsqe th gfjb/ d"o dkfJe nfjw eth j? fi; B/ m/m gzikph p'bh ftu gzikp s/ gzikphns ƒ g{oh ebkswesk Bkbfusfonk. T[; B/ ;wekbh ihtB :EkoE d/ \{p;{os fuZso T[bhe/. ‘uzdBtkVh’, ‘e/;o fenkoh’,‘BtK ijkB’ ns/ ‘;{|hykBk’ T[; dhnK w[y ekft g[;seK jB. XBh okw ukfsqae s'A fJbktk bkbkfeogk ;kro, vkH w'jB f;zx dhtkBk s/ vkH dhtkB f;zx ekb/gkDh fJ; d"o d/ j'o nfjw eth jB.

nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk nrbk ftek; gVkn 1935^1960 JhH se dk j? fi; ftZu gqrshtkdhekft^Xkok dh fgZmG{wh ftu wkoe;tkdh |b;|k ekoiPhb ;h. Pq/Dh ;wki, Pq/Dh ;zxoP, fJBebkps/ wkBt w[esh fJ; d/ e/Adoh ;zebg pD/. fJ; eftsk d/ w'Yh eth gq'H w'jB f;zx s/ nzfwqsk gqhsw

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j'J/. gq'H w'jB f;zx B/ ‘;kt/ gZso’, ‘nXtkN/’, ‘eZu ;Zu’, ‘tZvk t/bk’, ‘izdo/’, ‘i?who’, ‘ntkIKs/ p{j/’ nkfd ekft^g[;seK dh ouBk ehsh. T[; dh eftsk gqrshtkdh ftukoXkok s/ o[wKfNe ozrd'jK dh gqXkBsk j?. T[; dh eftsk ;t? s'A ;w{j se c?bdh j?. gq'H w'jB f;zx s'A fJbktk nzfwqskgqhsw th fJ; d"o dh nfjw eftsoh j?. P[o{ ftu T[; dh eftsk fBZih ghVk ƒ T[gGkte gZXos/ g/P eodh BIo nkT[Adh j?. pkd ftu T[j gqrshtkdh ftukoXkok Bkb i[V e/ ouBk eodh j?.Bkohtkdh ;zt/dBk ƒ PeshPkbh o{g ftu T[GkoB tkbh T[j gfjbh Bkoh eftsoh j?. ‘nzfwqs bfjoK’,‘ihT[Adk ihtB’, ‘U rhsK tkfbnk’, ‘pZdbK d/ gZb/ ftu’, ‘;zM dh bkbh’, ‘b'e ghV’, ‘gZEorhN/’, ‘;[B/jV/’, ‘ekrI s/ e?Bt;’ T[; d/ gqf;ZX ekft^;zrqfj jB. pktk pbtzs B/ nkgD/ ekft^;zrqfj‘pzdorkj’, ‘;[rzX ;who’, ‘wjKBku’ s/ ‘nwo rhs’ okjhA gqrshtkdh eftsk ƒ f;\o gqdkB ehsh.T[; B/ gqrshtkdh ftukoXkok d/ f;XKse s/ ftjkoe gZyK ƒ ebkswesk ;fjs g/P ehsk. pkpkpbtzs s'A fJbktk fJ; d"o ftu gqhsw f;zx ;|ho, jfozdo f;zx o{g, ntsko f;zx nkIkd, fgnkokf;zx ;fjokJh nkfd fJ; d"o d/ j'o wjZstg{oB eth jB. 1947 ftu nIkdh gqkgsh s'A pkndgqrshtkdh ekft^Xkok ftu d[jokU tX frnk s/ j"bh^j"bh j'o ekft^XkoktK ;kjwD/ nkT[D bZrhnK.

nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk sh;ok d"o 1960 s'A pknd tkbk j?, id ;[jitkdh ekft Xkok,gq:'rtkdh ekft Xkok s/ i[Mkotkdh ekft Xkok ;kjwD/ nkT[AdhnK jB. ekft f;oiDk gZy'A tzB^;[tzBskdk d"o j?. fJj T[j d"o j? id nzso^okPNoh gZXo s/ sh;o/ ;z;ko d/ w[be nkg' nkgD/ :EkoEBkb T[God/ jB. Gkos ftu nIkdh d/ 20 ;kb dk wkj"b ;[gB/ dh g{osh dh EK n;zs[PNsk s/w'j Gzr ƒ iBw fdzdk j?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx, ;H;H whPk, i;tzs f;zx B/eh, fPt e[wko pNkbth,skok f;zx nkfd ethnK dh eftsk ƒ ;[jitkdh gzikph eftsk efj fbnk iKdk j? i' ;w{j dh pikJ/ftnesh e/Adfos ;h. vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ nkX[fBe gz{ihtkdh d"o d/ bx{ wB[Zy d/ d[yKse gfjb{nKs/ ;zeNK ƒ pkoheh Bkb fusfonk. ‘bk;K’, ‘nXo?Dh’, ‘Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/A’, ‘;Ve d/ ;c/ s/’, ‘N[ZehnKihGK tkb/’, ‘wZEk dht/ tkbk’ nkfd T[; dhnK w[y ekft^g[;seK jB. i;tzs f;zx B/eh B/ nkgDhnKekft^g[;seK ‘fJj w/o/ ;z;/ fJj w/o/ rhs’, ‘eo[Dk dh S'j s'A wro'A’ nkfd ekft^g[;seK okjhAdkoPfBe s/ wB'ftfrnkBe S'jK tkbh eftsk fbyh. ;H;H whPk B/ ‘u[oZ;sk’, ‘d;se’, ‘eZu d/t;so’ nkfd g[;seK okjhA nkX[fBe wZX Pq/fDe wB[Zy d/ dzGK, dtzdK ƒ ftnzr Bkb fusfonk. fPte[wko pNkbth fJ; d"o dk ;G s'A wep{b PkfJo j?. T[; B/ n;cb fgnko s'A T[gi/ d[yKs ƒgqrhs ftu Ykb e/ f;yoK ’s/ gj[zukfJnk. T[; B/ nkgDhnK eftsktK gzikph b'eXkokJh ;wZrohdk Gog{o gq:'r ehsk. ‘ghVK dk gokrk’, ‘bkitzsh’, ‘nkN/ dhnK fuVhnK’, ‘w?ƒ ftdk eo'’, ‘fpojksz{ ;[bskB’ nkfd T[;dhnK nfjw ekft g[;seK jB. fPt e[wko pNkbth s'A fJbktk skok f;zx,gqGi's e"o nkfd fJ; d"o d/ j'o nfjw eth jB.

thjthA ;dh d/ ;Zst/A djke/ ftu gq:'rtkdh gzikph eftsk s/ i[Mkotkdh gzikph eftsk ftP/Puouk dk ftPk pDdhnK jB. gq:'rtkdh gzikph ekft Xkok d/ ;zukbe vkH i;pho f;zx nkjb{tkbhnks/ oftzdo oth jB. fJBQK B/ gqrshtkdh gzikph ekft Xkok nzdobh yV's ’s/ gqPB brkJ/. gq:'rtkdhekft Xkok B/ ;[u/s s"o ’s/ nkX[fBe gz{ihtkdh d"o d/ wjKBroh wB[Zy dh fdPkjhDsk, noEjhDsks/ fJebkg/ ƒ fusfonk. gqrshtkdh eftsk dh f;oiBk fgZS/ wkoe;tkdh ftukoXkoe u"yNk ezw

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eodk ;h. gq:'rtkdh eftsk B/ tkd^w[es ‘w?A w{be’ eftsk ƒ Pfjoh ihtB ’u'A Bt/A fppK gqsheKd/ wkfXnw okjhA f;ofink. i;pho f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk, oftzdo oth s'A fJbktk nikfJp ewb,;[ygkbtho j;os fJ; ekft Xkok d/ nfjw eth jB. fJj ekft Xkok pj[s d/o nkgD/ g?o fNekBjhA ;eh.

;Zst/A djke/ d/ wZX ftu i[Mkotkdh gzikph eftsk PeshPkbh o{g ftu T[~Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[Adhj?. Gkosh efwT{fB;N bfjo 1966 ftu d[ckV j' iKdh j?. pzrkb ftu Be;bpkVh fgzv ftu wId{ofe;kB jfEnkopzd ftdo'j eo fdzd/ jB. f;ZN/ ti'A jfEnkopzd fJBebkph bfjo gzikp ftu thT[~mdh j?. fJ; bfjo d/ j[zrko/ ti'A gzikph ftu ftdo'jh ;[o tkbh eftsk fbyh ikD bZrh. fJ;ekft Xkok B/ gqrshtkdh ekft Xkok d[nkok g/P ehs/ eqKsh d/ o'wKfNe ;[gB/ dk yzvB ehsk. fJ;ekft Xkok B/ g/Av{ iBihtB u'A fpzp gqshe b? e/ eqKshekoh ekft dh f;oiBk P[o{ ehsh. fJ; ekftXkok B/ wZX^Pq/Dh d/ dzGh feodko, p[oI{nk P/qDh d/ P'PD s/ gz{ihtkdh b'eszso dk fsZy/ ;[o ftufBy/X ehsk. fJ; ekft Xkok d/ w[y eth gkP, bkb f;zx fdb, ;zs okw T[dk;h, joGiB jotkoths/ nwoihs uzdB j'J/ jB. fJ; ekft Xkok Bkb i[V/ eth Be;bpkVh bfjo Bkb i[V/ j'J/ ;BfiBQK ƒ T[; d"o dh ;Zsk B/ ipoh dpk fdZsk.

1980 JhH s'A pknd gzikph ftu f;Zy ykVe{ bfjo dk T[Gko gzikp dh PKsh ƒ Gzr eo fdzdkj?. fJ; d"o ftu wkBttkdh ;[o tkbh eftsk T[Godh j?. 1990 s'A pkd gzikp ftPtheoB dhbg/N ftu nk iKdk j?. fJ; d"o ftu ;wkBKso eJh ozrK dh eftsk fbyh ikD bZrdh j?. fJ;d"o ftu fgnko ekft, dfbs ekft s/ Bkoh ekft nkfd eJh soQK d/ ;[o T[God/ jB. eftsk ftuw?A w{be ;[o Gko{ j[zdh j?. nkX[fBe d"o ftu gzikph eftsk dk fJe tZvk fjZ;k pd/PK ftu ofjzd/gzikph ethnK d[nkok f;ofink ik fojk j?, fi; ƒ gotk;h gzikph ekft tb'A ftukfonk iKdk j?.

nkX[fBe gzikph Bktb dk fJfsjk;

nkX[fBe gzikph Bktb th gzikph d/ pkeh o{gkekoK tKr gZSwh ;kfjs d/ gqGkt nXhB g?dkj'fJnk. wZXekbh gzikph ;kfjs ftu fposKse ekft^XkoktK fit/A fe feZ;k ekft, tho ekft s/izrBkwk nkfd fwbdhnK jB go Bktb tork e'Jh o{gkeko BIo BjhA nkT[Adk. fJ; eoe/ gzikphBktb gZZSwh ;kfjs d/ gqGkt dh jh T[gi j?. gzikph BktbekoK T[~s/ wZXekbhB eEk^o{VhnK dkrfjok gqGkt j? fi; ƒ gzikph Bktb ’u'A ;fji/ jh sbkfPnk ik ;edk j?. gzikph T[~s/ nzro/Ih;kwoki dh ;EkgBk s'A pknd gzikp rzGho ;zeNK ftu c; frnk. nzro/Ih ;kwoki dh ;EkgshBkb Jh;kJh fwPBohnK B/ Jh;kJh ws d/ gquko bJh Bktb tor/ nkX[fBe o{gK dk nk;ok b?DkP[o{ eo fdZsk. fJ; gqsheow ti'A gzikph ftu th Bktb f;oiDk dk d"o P[o{ j[zdk j?.

gzikph GkPk ftu ;G s'A gfjbK nB[tkds Bktb gqekPs j[zd/ jB. gzikph GkPk ftu gfjbkgqekPs Bktb ‘f:;{Jh w[;kco dh :ksok’ j? fi; dk b/ye ikB pBhnB j?. fJj Bktb gfjbhtko 1839 JhH ftu ‘fgbfrqwI gq'r?;’ f;ob/y nXhB gqekPs j'fJnk. d{ik Bktb ‘i:'fso[d:’ 1882JhH ftu gqekPs j'fJnk. fJj d't/A BktbK dk gqekPB Jh;kJh fwPBohnK d/ b[fXnkD/ d/ fwPBgq?~; tb'A ehsk. gzikph ftu w"fbe Bktb dk nozG GkJh tho f;zx d/ Bktb ‘;[zdoh’ d/ 1897 JhH

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ftu gqekPB Bkb j[zdk j?. ;z[doh s'A fJbktk GkJh tho f;zx B/ ‘;stzs e"o’, ‘fpi? f;zx’ s/ ‘pkpkB'X f;zx’ BktbK dh ouBk ehsh. GkJh tho f;zx B/ nkgD/ BktbK ftu Jh;kJh Xow d/ w[ekpb/f;Zy fJfsjk; d/ 18thA ;dh d/ r"otPhb fJfsjk; dk g[Bo^f;oiB ehsk. GkJh tho f;zx B/ gZSwhihtB s/ ;fGnkuko dh EK d/;h ;fGnsk dh wjZssk ƒ T[ikro ehsk. GkJh tho f;zx d/ BktbXkowe ;[Xkotkdh P?bh tkb/ jB.

GkJh tho f;zx s'A fJbktk w'jB f;zx t?d s/ uoB f;zx Pjhd gfjb/ d"o d/ d' nfjw BktbekojB. w'jB f;zx t?d B/ ‘;[Phb ƒj’, ‘;[Gkr e"o’, ‘;[Phb ftXtk’, ‘dzgsh fgnko’ nkfd BktbKdh ouBk ehsh. w'jB f;zx t?d d/ Bktb f;Zy ;wki ftubhnK ;wZf;nktK d/ ;[Xko Bkb ;zpzXsjB. uoB f;zx Pjhd B/ ‘db/o e"o’, ‘oDihs e"o’, ‘d' tj[NhnK’ nkfd BktbK dh ouBk ehsh.T[; d/ Bktb Xkowe, ;wkie ;[Xkotkdh fdqPNh tkb/ jB. fJ; d"o ftu JhPto uzdo Bzdk dkBktb ‘w[okd’ s/ r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh dk Bktb ‘nDftnkjh wK’ th gqekPs j[zd/ jB.

gzikph Bktb dk d{ik gVkn 1935^1963 se dk wzfBnk ik ;edk j? fi; ftu gzikph BktbeEk^t;s{ s/ eEk^fdqPNh gZy'A pj[s ftek; eodk j?. fJ; d"o ftu gzikph Bktb gqrshtkdhfdqPNhe'D Bkb i[Vdk j?. gqrshtkd d/ gqGkt nXhB gzikph Bktb ;wki ƒ iwksh fdqPNhe'D s'ArqfjD eoe/ fJ; ftub/ P'PD s/ ;zeN ƒ fusoB tb o[fus j[zdk j?. d{i/ d"o d/ gzikph Bktb ftuBkBe f;zx ;G s'A tZX b'efgqnsk jk;b eoB tkbk Bktbeko j?. BkBe f;zx B/ gzikph Bktb ƒXkofwe tbrDK s'A pkjo eZY e/ ;wkie :EkoE d/ tzB^;[tzB/ gZyK Bkb i'fVnk. GkJh tho f;zxB/ gzikph Bktb ƒ ;zgqdkfJe fdqPNh s'A th w[es ehsk. GkJh tho f;zx p/Pe gqrshtkdh fdqPNhtkbk Bktbeko BjhA fejk iKdk go T[; d/ BktbK dk ftPk t;s{ gqrshtkd d[nkok T[Gko/ w;fbnKBkb ;zpzXs fojk. BkBe f;zx B/ tZvh frDsh ftu Bktb f;oiDk ehsh. ‘fuZNk bj{’, ‘gftZso gkgh’,‘fJe fwnkB d' sbtkoK’, ‘nkdwy'o’, ‘g[ikoh’, ‘rohp dh d[BhnK’, ‘fgnko dh d[BhnK’ nkfd T[;d/ e[M gqf;ZX Bktb jB. BkBe f;zx ;wZf;nktK dk jZb ftnesh d/ ufoZso gfotosB ftut/ydk j?.

;[fozdo f;zx Bo{bk gzikph Bktb d/ d{i/ d"o dk nfjw Bktbeko j?. T[; d/ Bktb ‘fgT[ g[Zso’ƒ gzikph dk gfjbk :EkoEtkdh Bktb fejk iKdk j?. ‘fgT[ g[Zso’ s'A fJbktk T[; B/ ‘ozr wfjb’,‘iroksk’, ‘Bhbhpko’ nkfd BktbK dh f;oiDk ehsh. ;[fozdo f;zx Bo{bk dh rbg^fdqPNhwkoe;tkdh fuzsB s'A rfjoh soQK gqGkts ;h. ;zs f;zx ;/y'A B/ th gqrshtkdh fdqPNhe'D s'A Bktbou/ fiBQK ftu ‘bj{ fwZNh’, ‘pkpk n;wkB’ w[y jB. fJ; d"o ftu BkBe f;zx s'A pkd b'efgqnskjk;b eoB tkbk Bktbeko i;tzs f;zx eztb j?. eztb B/ ‘;Zu ƒ cK;h’, ‘gkbh’, ‘g{oBwkPh’,‘oks pkeh j?’, ‘jkDh’, ‘fwZso fgnko/ ƒ’ nkfd BktbK dh ouBk ehsh. i;tzs f;zx eztb dh P[o{d/ BktbK ftu rbg fdqPNh o[wKfNe nkdoPtkdh ;h s/ pkd ftu T[; B/ wkoe;tkdh fuzsB d/ gqGktnXhB Bktbh f;oiDk ehsh.

fJ; d"o dk fJe j'o wjZstg{oB Bktbeko Bfozdogkb f;zx j?, fi; B/ nkgD/ BktbK ftufgnko, o[wK; s/ f;Zy fJfsjk; ƒ ftPk t;s{ pDkfJnk. nzfwqsk gqhsw B/ ‘vkeNo d/t’, ‘fgzio’,‘nkbQDk’, ‘uZe Bzpo SZsh’ nkfd BktbK dh ouBk eoe/ gfjbh fJ;soh Bktbeko j'D dk wkD jk;b

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ehsk. T[; B/ nkgD/ BktbK ftu Bkoh^;o'ekoK ƒ fusfonk. fJ;/ d"o ftu eosko f;zx d[ZrbB/ ‘nKdoK’, ‘Bj[z wk;’, ‘T[; dhnK u{VhnK’, ‘fJe fdb ftekT{ j?’ s/ ‘jkb w[ohdK dk’ nkfd BktbKdh ouBk ehsh. eosko f;zx d[Zrb dh ouBk fdqPNh cokfJv s'A gqGkts j?.

1965 s'A pkd gzikph Bktb dk sh;ok d"o P[o{ j[zdk j?. fJj T[j d"o j? id ;wki tZvhnKspdhbhnK u'A r[Iodk j?. 1947 s'A pkd nkIkdh gqkgsh dk ;[gBk yzfvs j'D bZrdk. b'eszsoegqpzX fJe' t/b/ T[whdK s/ fBokPk d/ w"e/ g?dk eodk j?. fJ; d"o ftu d{ih ghVQh d/ pj[s ;ko/Bktbeko Bktbh f;oiDk ftu o[ZM/ ofjzd/ jB. pj[s ;ko/ Bt/A BK Bktbh f;oiDk ftu gqt/P eod/jB. ;'jD f;zx ;hsb f;Zy fJfsjk; Bkb ;zpzXs Bktb ‘f;Zy oki fet/A frnk’, ‘g[oksB ;odkoxokD/’, ‘f;Zy fw;bK’, ‘P/o/ gzikp wjkokik oDihs f;zx’ Bkb nkgDk ftP/P EK pDkT[Adk j?.r[ofdnkb f;zx gzikph Bktb ƒ :EkoEtkdh fdqPNh s'A ftPkbsk gqdkB eodk j?. ‘wVQh dk dhtk’,‘nZX ukBDh oks’, ‘nDj'J/’, ‘go;k’ nkfd BktbK okjhA irhodkoh ftt;Ek s'A gz{ihtkdh ftt;Ekftu tkgoB tkb/ o{gKsoB s'A T[gi/ ;zeN ƒ nkgD/ BktbK dk ftPk pDkT[Adk j?. w'jB ekjb'A ‘wZSbhfJe dfonk dh’, ‘p/Vh s/ po/sk’, ‘god/;h o[Zy’, ‘r'oh Bdh dk rhs’ BktbK dh ouBk Bkb nkgDhgfjukD pDkT[Adk j?. ;[ypho wjKBroK d/ ihtB :EkoE ƒ BktbK ftu g/P eoB tkbk Bktbekoj?. ‘gkDh s/ g[b’, ‘oks dk fujok’, ‘;VeK s/ ewo/’, ‘rodP’, ‘nZX/ g"D/’ T[; d/ uofusBktb jB. ;[oihs f;zx ;/mh gzikph Bktb ftu Bt/A gq:'r eodk j?. fJ; gZy'A ‘fJe ykbh fgnkbk’,‘nkpok Bdkpok’, ‘eZb th ;{oi BjhA uV/rk’ ftP/P wjZst oyd/ jB. fBoziD s;Bhw th fJej'o gq:'rtkdh Bktbeko j? fi; B/ nkgD/ BktbK ftu nkX[fBe wB[Zy d/ wB'dtzdK ƒ fusfonk.‘goSkt/A’, ‘sq/VK s/ o{g’, ‘jB/ok j'D se’, ‘e;e’ s/ ‘o/s Sb’ w[y Bktb jB.

dbhg e"o fNtkDk B/ nkgD/ BktbK ftu Bkoh ;wZf;nktK ƒ Bkoh fdqPNhe'D s'A fusfonk.‘nrBh gqhfynk’, ‘fJj[ jwkok ihtDk’, ‘bzx rJ/ dfonk’, ‘eEk ej' T[otPh’ T[; d/ gqf;ZX BktbjB. okw ;o{g nDyh B/ nkgD/ BktbK ftu fe;kBh dhnK ;wZf;nktK ƒ ftPk t;s{ pDkfJnk.‘;[brdh oks’, ‘e'm/ yVe f;zx’, ‘goskgh’ nkfd T[; d/ gqf;ZX Bktb jB. nihs e"o fJe j'ofJ;soh Bktbeko j? fi; B/ ‘g'';N wkoNw’, ‘ckbs{ n"os’ nkfd BktbK ftu fJ;soh dhnK;wZf;nktK ƒ fusfonk.

;wekbh d"o ftu tZvh gZXo s/ Bktb dh f;oiDk j' ojh j?.

nkX[fBe gzikph fB~eh ejkDh

nkX[fBe ejkDh ƒ fBZeh ejkDh, S'Nh ejkDh s/ ejkDh th efj fbnk iKdk j?. nkX[fBe gzikphejkDh d/ nkozG pko/ th eJh XkoBktK gqufbs jB. fJe ws nB[;ko fBZeh ejkDh ;kvh gozgokftu ub ojhnK b'e eEktK dk jh nkX[fBe o{g j?. go fi; ƒ nkX[fBe ejkDh fejk iKdk j?T[j gozgoe b'e ejkDh Bkb'A nkgDhnK ouBkswe ftXhnK eoe/ tZyoh j?. pj[s/ ftdtkB nkX[fBegzikph ejkDh dk nozG GkJh tho f;zx iK w'jB f;zx t?d s'A wzB b?Ad/ jB. go fJBQK pko/ nkb'ueKdk w[y fJsokI fJj j? fe fJBQK b/yeK dhnK ejkDhnK gZSwh wkgdzv tkbh nkX[fBe ejkDh T[gomhe BjhA T[sodhnK. vkH r[op\P f;zx co?Ae, ;zs f;zx ;/y'A s/ ;[[ikB f;zx ƒ nkX[fBe gzikph

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ejkDh d/ w'Yh wzBdk j?. nkX[fBe gzikph ejkDh j'o ;kfjs o{gK tKr gZSwh gqGktK dh jh T[gij?. nkX[fBe gzikph ejkDh dk wz{j^w[jKdok gZSwh nkX[fBe ejkDh Bkb'A tZyok j?. ;' fJ; eoe/GkJh tho f;zx dhnK ejkDhnK ƒ nkX[fBe gzikph ejkDh dk w[ZYbk o{g wzfBnk ik ;edk j?.fInkdkso ftdtkB w'jB f;zx t?d iK uoB f;zx Pjhd s'A nkX[fBe gzikph ejkDh dk w[ZY pzfBQnkwzBd/ jB. GkJh w'jB f;zx t?d d/ ‘jho/ dhnK eDhnK’, ‘ozr fpozr/ c[Zb’, ‘fe;ws dk uZeo’ fszBejkDh^;zrqfj jB. T[j nkgDhnK ejkDhnK ftu Xkowe ;[Xko okjhA wkBt w[esh dh rZb eodkj?. uoB f;zx Pjhd dk ejkDh ;zrqfj ‘j;d/ jzM{’ j?. T[;dhnK ejkDhnK ftu jk;o; s/ ftnzrgqXkB j?. gzikph ejkDh d/ w[Yb/ d"o ftu j'o pj[s ;ko/ ejkDheko fit/A r[ofds f;zx, nG? f;zx,bkb f;zx ewbk nekbh, jhok f;zx dod nkfd dk wjZstg{oB :'rdkB j?.

nkX[fBe gzikph ejkDh d/ nrb/ d"o ftu BkBe f;zx dk nfjw :'rdkB j?. ‘jzM{nK d/ jko’,‘mzYhnK SktK’, ‘fwZX/ j'J/ c[Zb’, ‘;[gfBnK dh epo’ nkfd T[; d/ w[y ejkDh ;zrqfj jB. T[; B/nkgDhnK ejkDhnK ftu ;wkie ;wZf;nktK ƒ T[Gkfonk. T[j nkdoPe gksoK dh f;oiDk tbo[fus fojk. r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh nkgDhnK ejkDhnK ftu nkgD/ fgnko f;XKs, ‘fgnko epIkBjhA gfjukD j?’ dk gquko ehsk. ‘nB'y/ s/ fJeZb/’, ‘Bkr gqhs dk ikd{’, ‘Gkph w?Bk’ nkfd T[;d/ w[y ejkDh ;zrqfj jB. r[ow[y f;zx w[;k|o B/ d/P Grsh s/ okPNotkdh GktBktK tkbhnKejkDhnK dh ouBk ehsh. ‘r[Nko’, ‘nkbQD/ d/ p'N’, ‘nZbk tkb/’ nkfd T[; d/ w[Zy ejkDh ;zrqfjjB. fJ;/ soQK B"ozr f;zx B/ g/Av{ ekfwnK s/ fe;kBK dhnK ;wZf;nktK ƒ nkgDhnK ejkDhnK dkftPk t;s{ pDkfJnk. ‘p'Mb gzvK’ s/ ‘G[ZyhnK o{jK’ T[; d/ d' ejkDh ;zrqfj jB.

;[ikB f;zx s/ ;zs f;zx ;/y'A d/ gqt/P Bkb gzikph ejkDh gfjbh ejkDh s'A tZyok ;o{g rqfjDeodk j?. fJj d't/A UgB wkoe;tkdh ftukoXkok s'A gqGkt rqfjD eoe/ ejkDh ouBk eod/ jB.;[ikB f;zx B/ ‘d[y ;[y’, ‘wB[Zy s/ gP{’, ‘BoeK d/ d/ts/’ nkfd ejkDh ;zrqfj fby/. T[; B/;[u/s s"o s/ gqrshtkdh ejkDh fbyh. ;zs f;zx ;/y'A B/ gzikph ejkDh ƒ seBhe s/ fdqPNh d'jKgZyK s'A ftPkb ehsk. T[; B/ nkgDhnK ejkDhnK ftu iB ;kXkoB dhnK ;wZf;nktK ƒ gqrshtkdhfdqPNhe'D s'A g/P eofdnK fgSKjfyZu{ ftukoK dk vN e/ fto'X ehsk. ‘;wkuko’, ‘ekw/ s/ :'X/’,‘nZXh tkN’ s/ ‘shik gfjo’ nkfd T[; d/ w[y ejkDh ;zrqfj jB.

gq'H w'jB f;zx B/ ‘fBZeh fBZeh tkPBk’ ejkDh ;zrqfj ftu fJ;soh^wod ;zpzXK ƒ wB'ftfrnkBefdqPNh s'A fusfonk.

d/ftzdo ;fsnkoEh B/ ‘e[zr g'P’, ‘d/tsk fvZr fgnk’, ‘fszB p{fjnK tkbk xo’ ejkDh ;zrqfjKftu ftfGzB gqeko d/ b'eK dhnK ;wZf;nktK ƒ b'eXkokJh ozr ftu g/P ehsk. vkH w'jB f;zx dhtkBkB/ ‘d/ftzdo psh;h’, ‘gokdh’, ‘ozr swkP/’ nkfd ftu ;wkie ;wZf;nktK ƒ nkdoPtkdh fdqPNhe'Ds'A g/P ehsk.

eosko f;zx d[Zrb d/ gqt/P Bkb gzikph ejkDh shi/ d"o ftu gqt/P eodh j?. T[; B/wB'ftfrnkBe fdqPNh s'A ejkDh ouBk ehsh. ‘;t/o ;ko’, ‘fgZgb gZshnK’, ‘vzro’, ‘fJe fSZN ukBDdh’ nkfd T[; d/ w[y ejkDh ;zrqfj jB. T[j ‘ebk ebk bJh j?’ f;XKs dk XkoBh j?. T[; d/T[go cokfJv d/ wB'ftfrnkBe f;XKsK dk rfjok gqGkt j?.

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nkX[fBe gzikph ejkDh d/ y/so ftu fJe e[btzs f;zx ftoe dk tZvk BK j?. T[; ƒ ;kXkoBgkmeK dh ;kXkoBsk fusoB tkbk ejkDheko fejk iKdk j?. T[; B/ nkgDhnK ejkDhnK ftu fe;/f;XKs iK ftukoXkok ƒ f;ZX/ o{g ftu BjhA gq;kfonk. T[; B/ irhodkoh gqpzX s'A gz{ihtkdh gqpzXftu gqt/P eo oj/ ;wki ftub/ sDkU ƒ pj[s pkoheh Bkb fusfonk. ‘Skj t/bk’, ‘s{Vh dh gzv’,‘SZgV’, ‘J/e; e/ jw pkfoe’ T[; d/ w[y ejkDh ;zrqfj jB.

Bts/i f;zx B/ eqKshekoh o[wKfNe fdqPNh s'A gzikph ftu ejkDh ouBk ehsh. ‘d/P tkg;h’,‘pk;wsh dh wfje’ s/ ‘ukBD d/ phi’ T[; d/ w[y ejkDh ;zrqfj jB. ;zs'y f;zx Xho th shi/ d"od/ ejkDhekoK ftu nfjw ;EkB oydk j?. T[; B/ wkoe;tkdh fuzsB d/ gqGkt nXhB rohpK, wId{oKs/ fe;kBK d/ j' oj/ P'PD ƒ fusfonk. ‘f;ZfNnK dh SK’, ‘;t/o j'D se’, ‘;KRh ezX’ nkfd T[;d/ w[y ejkDh ;zrqfj jB. Xho s'A fJbktk ;[fozdo f;zx Bo{bk, i;tzs f;zx eztb, r[ouoB f;zxnkfd fJ;/ d"o ftu ejkDh ouBk ftu nkgDk BK pDkT[Ad/ jB.

;[oihs f;zx ;/mh fJe gq:'rtkdh b/ye j? fi; B/ wB'ftfrnkBe P?bh ftu ejkDhnK fbyhnK.T[; B/ nkX[fBe wZX tor d/ ihtB d/ ftfGzB gZyK ƒ fusfonk. ‘wjhAtkb’, ‘e"V/ x[N’, ‘nzro/Inzro/I ;B’ nkfd T[; d/ w[y ejkDh ;zrfj jB.

nzfwqsk gqhsw, dbhg e"o fNtkDk s/ nihs e"o fszB w[y fJ;soh ejkDheko jB. nzfwqsk gqhswB/ fJ;soh j'Ad Bkb i[V/ w;fbnK ƒ ekftwJh P?bh ftu g/P ehsk. dbhg e"o fNtkDk B/ ‘sqkNK’,‘t?okr/ B?D’, ‘s{z j[zrkok GohA’ nkfd ejkDh ;zrqfjK okjhA n"os dh j'Ad ’s/ j'Dh d/ dodBke fuZsoT[bhe/. nihs e"o B/ nkgDhnK ejkDhnK ftu fJ;soh wod d/ foPfsnK dhnK gosK ƒ fBPzrj' e/ fusfonk. ‘ckbs{ n"os’, ‘nZXk nkdwh ;kps nkdwh’, ‘fdT[o GkphnK’ nkfd T[; d/ e[Mw[y ejkDh ;zrqfj jB.

okw ;o{g nDyh B/ BktbK d/ Bkb^Bkb ejkDh ouBk th ehsh. ‘;[Zsk Bkr’, ‘wBZ[y dh w"s’, ‘Nh;hdk p/o’ nkfd T[; d/ w[y ejkDh ;zrqfj jB. T[; B/ nkgDhnK ejkDhnK ftu vokJhtoK, ezveNoKs/ ;e{b wk;NoK d/ ihtB :EkoE d/ eJh b[et/A gfjb{ g/P ehs/. fJ;/ d"o ftu i;tzs f;zx ftodh,oxpho f;zx Yzv nkfd ejkDheko th ejkDh ouBk d/ y/so ftu nkgDh tZyoh gfjukD pDkT[Ad/ jB.

r[opuB f;zx G[Zbo B/ wkbtk y/so d/ fe;kBh ihtB^;fGnkuko Bkb ;zpzXs ejkDhnK fbyhnK.T[j wkoe;tkdh fuzsB s'A gq/oBk rqfjD eoB tkbk b/ye j?. ‘fJehthA ;dh’, ‘dht/ tKr pbdh nZy’,‘w?A rIBth BjhA’ nkfd T[; d/ w[y ejkDh ;zrqfj jB.

w'jB Gzvkoh gqshekswe P?bh ftu fbyD tkbk ejkDheko j?. T[; B/ wkbtk y/so d/ G{whjhDtor dhnK nkoEe ;wZf;nktK T[go ejkDhnK fbyhnK. ‘w?ƒ N?r'o pDk d/’ T[; dh pj[ uofusejkDh j?.

shi/ d"o d/ ejkDhekoK ftu tfonkw ;zX{ s/ gq/w gqekP B/ ;G s'A tX wkBsk gqkgs ehsh.tfonkw f;zx ;zX{ B/ GkPk dh gqshekswe tos'A okjhA pj[gosh ejkDh fbyh. ‘nzr ;zr’, ‘GZihnKpkjhA’ T[; d/ gqf;ZX ejkDh ;zrqfj jB. gq/w gqekP B/ gz{ihtkdh ftt;Ek s'A T[gih wZX Pq/Dh d/ nkdoPftj{D/ ihtB ;zeN ƒ nkgDhnK ejkDhnK dk ftPk t;s{ pDkfJnk. ‘Bwkih’, ‘w[esh’, ‘Pt/sKpoB/ fejk ;h’ T[; d/ w[y ejkDh ;zrqfj jB.

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;wekbh d"o ftu gzikph ejkDh d/ y/so ftu fiZE/ pj[s ;ko/ Bt/A ejkDheko ejkDh ouBkeo oj/ jB T[~E/ g[okDh ghVQh th nkgDk :'rdkB gk ojh j?. feogkb eIke, gq/w r'oyh,nsoihs, r[ogkb fbN, dbpho u/sB, vkH i;ftzdo f;zx, ;[yihs, pbfizdo B;okbh,pbftzdo ro/tkb, i;pho s/ ;Ktb Xkwh s'A fJbktk tZvh frDsh ftu ejkDheko ejkDh ouBk eooj/ jB.

nkX[fBe gzikph BkNe

BkNe d{;o/ ;kfjs d/ w[ekpb/ fJe tZyoh soQK dh ;kfjs ftXk j?. fJe ifNb s/ fwPosgqfeosh tkbh ebk j?. BkNe ;kfjs j'D d/ Bkb^Bkb fJe ozrwzuh ebk j?. ;|b BkNe T[;/ƒ jh ;wfMnk iKdk j? fi; ƒ ;|bskg{ote ozrwzu ’s/ y/fvnk ik ;edk j't/. BkNe fJe nfijk;kfjs o{gkeko j? i' tkoskbkgK ftu fbfynk iKdk j?. ;kv/ nkb'ue BkNe d/ w[ZY ftu iVQKt?fde ekb ftu ou/ ;z;feqs BkNe se b? iKd/. gZuh ;" ;kb gfjb/ ofunk Gos w[Bh dk ‘BkN:Pk;so’ ;z;feqs BkNe d/ f;XKs pko/ uouk eodk j?. ;z;feqs BkNe s/ nkX[fBe gzikph BkNeftu e'Jh f;ZXk foPsk ;Ekgs eoB bJh ;kv/ e'b gqwkfDe t/ot/ BjhA jB. BkNe Bkb ;zpzXsd{;oh gozgok b'e^BkN dh j?. b'e BkN gozgok ftu BebK, swkP/, okw bhbQk, ok; bhbQk,g[sbh^Bku nkfd nk iKd/ jB. fJj ftuko soe ;zrs BjhA fe b'e BkNe B/ jh nkX[fBe gzikphBkNe ƒ iBw fdZsk.

nkX[fBe gzikph BkNe d/ iBw fgZS/ gzikp T[~s/ nzrq/Ih ;kwoki dh ;Ekgsh s'A pkd dhnK g?dkj'JhnK ;fEshnK tZX fIzw/tko jB. ;e{bK, ekbiK dh ;Ekgsh Bkb ftZfdnk gq;ko dk ezw P[o{j'fJnk. fJ; B/ gkm^g[;seK dh wzr ƒ g?dk ehsk. d{;ok Jh;kJh fwPBohnK d/ Xow gquko B/gko;h EhJ/Noheb ezgBh B/ gzikph ozrwzu bJh w[ZYbh IwhB fsnko ehsh. vkH uoB f;zx B/ekbhdk; d/ BkNe ‘Pe[zsbk’ dk gzikph nB[tkd ehsk. fJ; s'A pkd wkB f;zx B/ ekbhdk; d/ BkNe‘fteq'w'otPh’ dk, pbtzs f;zx s/ Bo?D f;zx B/ P?e;ghno d/ BkNe ‘fezr bhno’ dk gzikph nB[tkdehsk. ;' gzikph BkNe dk w[ZY nB[tkds BkNe Bkb pZMdk j?.

wZ[Yb/ d"o ftu pj[s ;kok BkNe fbfynk frnk. go seBheh s/ ozrwzuh T{DK eoe/ nkb'ueKB/ fJ; ƒ nkX[fBe ti'A g{oh soQK BjhA gqtkfBnk. GkJh tho f;zx dk ‘okik bZydksk f;zx’ gzikphd/ w[ZYb/ w"fbe BkNeK ftu'A fJe j?. Xkowe ;[Xkotkdh fdqPNh s'A fby/ fJ; BkNe ftu seBhehgZy'A eJh xkNK ;B. GkJh tho f;zx s'A pkd frnkBh fdZs f;zx, pktk pZ[X f;zx, bkbk feogk ;kros/ fpqi bkb Pk;soh nkfd gzikph b/yeK B/ gzikph BkNe dk w[ZY sK pzfBQnk go fJjBK d/ BkNeseBheh gZy'A T{DskJhnK s'A w[es BjhA j' ;e/.

nkX[fBe gzikph BkNe dk n;b w'Yh JhPto uzdo Bzdk ƒ wzfBnk iKdk j?. T[; B/ 1913 JhHftu seBheh gZy'A gfjbk ;|b fJeKrh ‘;[jkr’ fbfynk. gzikph BkNe d/ T[sgsh s/ ftek; ftufJe tZvk :'r nkfJoP n"os B'ok fouovI dk j? fi; dh gq/oBk ekoB jh JhPto uzdo Bzdk okjhA:EkoEtkdh BkNe fbyD dh fgos g?Adh j?. Bzdk B/ ‘to xo’, ‘;'Pb ;oeb’, ‘;kw{ Pkj’ nkfdg{o/ BkNe fby/. fJ; s'A fJbktk ‘Mbeko/’, ‘fbPeko/’ s/ ‘uweko/’ BK j/m fszB fJeKrh ;zrqfj

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fby/. T[;B/ gzikph BkNe ƒ ;wkie ftfPnK Bkb i'fVnk. nkgD/ BkNe ftu T[; B/ g[okDh s/ BthAghVQh d/ ftukoK d/ NeokU ƒ g/P ehsk.

1913 s'A 1947 se d/ d"o ftu nkJhH;hH Bzdk s'A fJbktk jouoB f;zx, pbtzs rkorh, ;zsf;zx ;/y'A, r[ofdnkb f;zx c[Zb nkfd B/ gzikph BkNe ƒ BthA fdPk d/D ftu wjZstg{oB G{fwekfBGkJh. nkJhH;hH Bzdk s'A pkd d{ik tZvk BkNeeko jouoB f;zx j?. T[; B/ wkBttkdh gqrshtkdhfdqPNh okjhA tzB ;[tzB/ ftfPnK T[~s/ BkNe fby/. ‘ewbk e[wkoh’, ‘eZb nZi s/ Gbe’, ‘fJfsjk;i[nkp wzrdk j?’, ‘fjzd dh ukdo’, ‘P'Gk Pesh’ nkfd T[; d/ e[M wjZstg{oB BkNe jB. jouoBf;zx B/ gzikph ozrwzu ƒ th fte;s eoB ftu wjZstg{oB :'rdkB gkfJnk. T[; dh gsBh gfjbhn"os j? fi; B/ gzikph EhJ/No ftu ps"o fJe fJ;soh ebkeko d/ s"o ’s/ Gkr fbnk. jouoBf;zx s'A pkd ;zs f;zx ;/y'A B/ gqrshtkdh fdqPNhe'D okjhA gzikph ftu p"fXe BkNe fbyD dh fgosgkJh. T[; B/ fJfsjk; fwfEjk; dh nkX[fBe gq;zr ftu g[Bo^ftnkfynk ehsh. ‘ebkeko’, ‘Bkoeh’,‘tko;’, ‘w'fJnK ;ko Bk ekJh’ nkfd T[; d/ e[M w[y BkNe jB.

fJ; d"o ftu gzikph BkNe s/ ozrwzu ƒ BthnK fdPktK d/D ftu fJe tZvk :'rdkB pbtzsrkorh dk j?. ‘b'jk e[ZN’, ‘eDe dh pZbh’, ‘X{Dh dh nZr’, ‘;"AeD’ nkfd T[; d/ e[M gqf;ZX BkNejB. n"os dhnK nfsqgs ekwBktK T[; d/ BkNeK dk e/Adoh ftPk fojk. T[; B/ ftP/, seBhe s/ozrwzu gZy'A gzikph BkNe ftu pj[s siop/ ehs/.

1947 ftu d/P tzv dk d[yKs ;kfjs f;oiDk ƒ rfjoh soQK gqGkts eodk j?. nrb/ d"o d/BkNeK ftu d/P^tzv dk d[yKs gzikph BkNeK dk BkN^t;s{ pDdk j?. 1965 JhH se gzikph ftu:EkoEtkdh BkN^P?bh Gko{ ojh. 1965 JhH d/ d"o ftu gzikph BkNeK ftu Bt/A gq:'r dk d"o j?.1965 JhH s'A pkd :{Bhtof;NhnK ftu EhJ/No ftGkr y[ZbQd/ jB fi; eoe/ BkNe d/ y/so ftuub ojhnK nzso^okPNoh rshftXhnK pko/ uouk fSVdh j?. gzikph BkNe fJ; dh n?p;ovBkN^P?bh, po?ys dk n?fge^EhJ/No s/ nko's dk ozrwzuh EhJ/No dk uouk fSVdk j?. BkNeK ftutoePkgK s/ ;?whBko j'D/ nozG j[zd/ jB.

eg{o f;zx x[zwD B/ P[o{ ftu p/Pe :EkoEtkdh P?bh ftu BkNe fby/ go pkd ftu T[jgZSwh BkN^P?bhnK d/ gqGkt nXhB fuzBQkswe BkNe fbydk j?. ‘fiT{Adh bkP’, ‘wkB; eh J/e iks’,‘nshs d/ gqSkt/A’, ‘ft;wkd Bkd’ nkfd T[; d/ gqw[Zy BkNe jB. ;[oihs f;zx ;/mh ƒ BkNes/ ozrwzu pko/ vz{xh f;XKs ;wM ;h. T[; B/ BkNe s/ ozrwzu ftu nB/eK Bt/A gq:'r ehs/.‘ekdo:ko’, ‘Gfonk^Gfonk ;ZyDk^;ZyDk’, ‘wod wod BjhA shthA shthA BjhA’, ‘fezr fwoIk s/;g/ok’ T[; d/ e[M gqf;ZX BkNe jB. ;/mh T[go wB'ftfrnkB d/ f;XKsK s/ n?p;ov BkN^P?bh dkrfjok gqGkt fojk.

r[ouoB f;zx i;{ik s/ joPoB f;zx :EkoEtkdh BkN^P?bh s'A gqGkts j' e/ BkN^f;oiDk eod/jB. r[ouoB f;zx i;{ik B/ gz{ihtkdh noE ftt;Ek ekoB g?dk j'JhnK ;wZf;nktK ƒ gqsheksweo{g ftu fusfonk. ‘ufVQnk ;'XD Xos b[ekJh’, ‘pkdPkj dot/P’, ‘wZyD Pkj b[pkDk’ nkfd T[;d/ w[y BkNe jB. joPoB f;zx wkoe;tkdh fdqPNh fpzd{ s'A ;wZf;nktK ƒ g/P eoB tkbk BkNeekoj?. T[; B/ j/mb/ Pfjoh wZX tor s/ vokfJtoK nkfd d/ w;fbnK ƒ nkgD/ BkNeK dk BkN^t;s{

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pDkfJnk j?, ‘ngokXh’, ‘c[b e[wbk frnk’, ‘bzw/ ;w/A dk Boe’, ‘T[dk; b'e’ nkfd T[; d/ w[yBkNe jB.

1975 gzikph BkN^f;oiDk dk fJe BtK d"o P[o{ j[zdk j?. 1975 ftu bZrh n?woi?A;h, 1980s'A pkd gzikp ftu ubh f;Zy ykVe{ bfjo gzikph ƒ rfjoh soQK gqGkfts eodh j?. fJ; d"o ftuniw/o n"by, nkswihs, r[oPoB f;zx, uoB dk; f;ZX{ nkfd BkNeeko gzikph BkNe ƒ ftek;dhnK BthnK bhjK T[go s'od/ jB.

niw/o f;zx n"by gzikp dh g/Av{ fe;kBh dhnK nkoEe s/ ;fGnkukoe ;wZf;nktK ƒ nkgD/BkNeK dk BkN^t;s{ pDkT[Adk j?. ‘prkB/ p'jV dh SK’, ‘s{Vh tkbk e'mk’, ‘fJPe fiBQK d/ jZvhAofunk’ T[; d/ w[y BkNe jB. nkswihs nkX[fBe wZZX tor d/ w;fbnK ƒ gqshekswe o{g ftuBkNeK ftu g/P eoB tkbk BkNeeko j?. ‘epo;skB’, ‘foPfsnK dk eh oZyhJ/ BK’, ‘w?A sK fJe;kozrh jK’, ‘sZsh sth dk ;Zu’ T[; d/ e[M gqw[y BkNe jB.

g/Av{ ozrwzu ƒ gqc[bs eoB ftu r[oPoB f;zx dk nfjw :'rdkB j?. T[; B/ B[ZeV s/ bx{BkNeK okjhA iB ;kXkoB ftu fJBebkph u/sBk g?dk eoB tkb/ BkNe fby/. ‘;h; sbh s/’, ‘N'fJnk’,‘oki ;kfjpk dk’, ‘gzx{Vk’ nkfd T[; dhnK e[M gqw[y ouBktK jB. uoB dk; f;ZX{ B/ nkgD/ BkNeKftu fBwB s/ wZX tor d/ b'eK d/ ihtB :EkoE ƒ fusfonk. ‘eZbQ ekbi pzd otQ/rk’, ‘pks cs{Mho dh’, ‘GkJh jkew f;zx’ nkfd T[; d/ e[M w[y BkNe jB.

;wekbh d"o ftu g[okDh ghVQh s'A fJbktk eJh Bt/A BkNeeko BkN f;oiDk eo oj/ jB.wBihsgkb e"o, ;shP e[wko towk, tfonkw w;s, dftzdo dwB s/ G[fgzdo gkbh ;w/s nB/eKj'o BkNeeko BkN f;oiDk eo oj/ jB.

nkX[fBe gzikph tkose

;kfjs d/ d' w[y o{g jB L eftsk s/ tkose. eftsk wB'GktK dk ;zrhskswe s/ b?npZXgqrNk j? id fe tkose wB[Zy dh p[ZXh dk gqrNk j?. ;' tkose ftu p"fXe sZs gqXkB j[zdkj?. tkose dk y/so pj[s jh ftPkb j?. gzikph tkose dk fJfsjk; pj[s g[okDk BjhA j?. gzikphtkose d/ ftek; pko/ eJh wZs gqubs jB. fInkdkso ;kfjs fJfsjk;ekoK dk wZs j? fegzikph tkose dk nozG 16thA ;dh r[o{ BkBe ih pko/ fbyhnK ;kyhnK Bkb j[zdk j?. ;'bQthA,;skoQthA s/ nmkoQthA ;dh ftu fwbdh tkose r[o{ ;kfjpkB d/ ihtB Bkb ;zpzXs j?. nmkoQthA;dh s'A gzikph tkose ftu tzB^;[tzBsk nkT[Dh P[o{ j' iKdh j?. ;kyh, gouh, puB nkfdBt/A tkose o{g ;kjwD/ nkT[Ad/ jB. 19thA ;dh d/ P[o{ ftu nB[tkd dk ezw P[o{ j' iKdk j?. 1849JhH ftu nzro/IK d/ gzikp T[~s/ epI/ Bkb nkX[fBe gzikph tkose ftek; d/ o;s/ ’s/ nrKjubdh j?.

w[ZYb/ d"o ftu nzro/IK nkgD/ oki^gqpzX dh b'VK fjs tkose d/ ftek; ftu :'rdkB gkfJnk.PoXk okw fcb"oh dhnK g[;seK ‘gzikph pksuhs’ s/ ‘f;ZyK d/ oki dh ftfEnk’ fJ;/ d"o dh T[gijB. fJBQK ƒ nkX[fBe gzikph tkose d/ w[ZYb/ Bw{B/ ti'A t/fynk ik ;edk j?. fJ;/ d"o ftu fpjkohbkb g[oh, gq'H r[ow[y f;zx, gzvs skok f;zx Bo'sw, vkeNo uoB f;zx nkfd fJ;/ d"o d/ gqw[y

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b/ye jB. nzro/Ih okI d"okB Jh;kJh fwPBohnK B/ nkgD/ Xow gquko bJh gzikph g[;seK d/gqekPB Bkb gzikph tkose d/ ftek; ƒ T[sPkj fwfbnk.

nkX[fBe gzikph tkose d/ w'YhnK ’u'A GkJh tho f;zx dk BK gqw[y j?. T[BQK B/ f;Zy Xow dhtfvnkJh fjs tkose ouBk ehsh. ‘r[o{ BkBe uwseko’, ‘ebrhXo uwseko’, ‘nPN r[o{uwseko’ nkfd T[BQK dhnK e[M w[y tkose g[;seK jB. GkJh tho f;zx s'A fJbktk GkJh w'jBf;zx t?d B/ gzikphnK ƒ ;ohoe s/ wkB;e s"o s/ Bo'nk oZyD fjs tkose ouBk ehsh. ‘eow:'r’,‘f;nkDh wksk’, ‘;[yh gfotko’, ‘gSsktk’ nkfd T[; dhnK gqw[y g[;seK jB.

d{ik d"o dh tkose dk nkozG g'qH g{oB f;zx d/ tkose y/so ftu gqt/P Bkb j[zdk j?. gq'Hg{oB f;zx gzikph tkose ƒ Xkofwe ftfPnK s'A w[es eok e/ nkX[fBe ftfrnkBe fdqPNh tkbhtkose fbyh. ‘y[ZbQ/ b/y’ T[; dh tkose g[;se ƒ ;kfjse b/yK dh gfjbh g[;se fejk iKdk j?.fgqz;hgb i'X f;zx B/ f;Zy Xow s/ f;XKsK ƒ gqrNkT[D bJh tkose ouBk ehsh. ‘r[owfs fBoD:’,‘f;Zyh eh j?’, ‘ihtB d/ noE’ nkfd T[; dh w[y tkose g[;seK jB. bkb f;zx ewbknekbh B/ th w[ZYbh nkX[fBe gzikph tkose d/ ftek; ftu ftP/P :'rdkB gkfJnk. 1926 JhH ftugqekPs T[; dh tkose ouBk ‘w/ok tb?sh ;|oBkwk’ gzikph dk gfjbk gqekPs ;|oBkwk j?. ‘w"sokDh dk x[zv’, ‘ihtB ehs/’, ‘wB dh w"i’ nkfd T[; dhnK j'o tkose g[;seK jB. fJ; d"oftu wk;No skok f;zx, feogk ;kro, nkJhH;hH Bzdk nkfd e[M j'o tkoseekoK B/ th gzikph tkoseƒ nwho pDkfJnk.

gzikph tkose dk nrbk d"o fgzqH s/ik f;zx, r[opyP f;zx s/ vkH pbpho f;zx nkfd tkoseb/yeK Bkb P[o{ j[zdk j?. fgqzH s/ik f;zx B/ nkX[fBe gzikph tkose ƒ Ne;kbh o{g ftu wjZstg{oBG{fwek fBGkJh. ‘;kfjs doPB’, ‘gzikph fet/A fbyhJ/’, ‘BthnK ;'uK’ nkfd e[M T[; dhnK w[ytkose g[;seK jB. gq'H ;kfjp f;zx B/ r[opkDh d/ Nhekeko ti'A tkose ouBk ehsh. ‘r[owfsgqekP’, ‘;ops dk Gbk’, ‘f;Zyh f;de’ nkfd T[; dhnK nfjw g[;seK jB.

r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh B/ tZvh frDsh ftu tkose ouBk ehsh. gZSwh frnkB s/ ftfrnkBdk frnksk j'D eoe/ T[; B/ nkX[fBe ;wki s/ ihtB Bkb ;zpzXs jo Bt/A ftP/ pko/ fbfynk. T[;B/ ;[szso gqhs |b;|/ dk oZi e/ gquko ehsk. ‘o'IkBk fIzdrh dh ;kfJz;’, ‘;kthA gZXoh fIzdrh’,‘Gydh ihtB uzfrnkVh’, ‘fIzdrh dh ok;’ nkfd T[; dhnK w[y g[;seK jB. eg{o f;zx B/ p"fXes/ dkoPfBe ozr tkbh tkose fbyD dh fgos gkJh. ‘gz[dqhe’, ‘pj[ ft;Eko’ s/ ‘;kuh ;kyh’ T[;dhnK w[y g[;seK jB. vkH pbpho f;zx, jfozdo f;zx o{g, JhPto fusoeko nkfd b/yeK B/ thfJ; d"o dh tkose f;oiDk ftu nfjw :'rdkB gkfJnk.

shi/ d"o d/ tkosekoK B/ tkose d/ nkX[fBe o{gK fBpzX, ;t?ihtBh, ihtBh, ;|oBkwk, o/ykfuZso nkfd dh f;oiDk ftu nfjw G{fwek fBGkJh. thjthA ;dh ftu 1965 JhH se w[y eoe/f;Zy Xow s/ fJfsjk; Bkb ;zpzXs ftP/; fBpzX ouBk dk nkXko pDd/ oj/. j"bh^j"bh ;wkie,nkoEe, okiBhfse, s/ y'i Bkb ;zpzXs ftP/ th fBpzX ouBk dk nkXko pDd/ oj/. vkH skoB f;zx,;H ;H nw'b, s/ik f;zx nkfd B/ w[ZYb/ d"o ftu fBpzX ƒ ftef;s eoB ftu :'rdkB gkfJnk.pkd ftu ;zs f;zx ;/y'A, r[opuB, Bfozdo f;zx eg{o, nkfd B/ nfjw G{fwek fBGkJh.

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gzikph ;|oBkwk dk nozG 1926 JhH ftu bkb f;zx ewbk nekbh d/ ‘w/ok tb?sh ;|oBkwk’Bkb j' iKdk j?. fJ; s'A pkd n?;Hn?;H nw'b dk ‘g?fo; ftu fJe Gkosh’, pboki ;kjBh dk‘w/ok gkfe;skBh ;|oBkwk’, pbtzs rkorh dk ‘gkskb dh Xosh’ nkfd nB/eK ;|oBkw/ j'Ad ftunkT[Ad/ jB. w"i{dk d"o ftu :{ogh d/PK pko/ nB/eK ;|oBkw/ fby/ j'J/ fwbd/ s/ fJBQK dh fBozsof;oiDk ikoh j?.

ihtBh s/ ;t?^ihtBh tkose dhnK d' j'o w[y tzBrhnK jB. gzikph dh gfjbh ;kfjse ;t?ihtBh fgqzH s/ik f;zx dh ‘nko;h’ ƒ wzfBnk iKdk j?. T[; s'A pkd BkBe f;zx dh ‘w/oh d[BhnK’,pboki ;kjBh dh ‘w/oh fcbwh nksweEk’, nzfwqsk gqhsw dh ‘o;hdh fNeN’, nihs e"o dh ‘e{VkepkVk’, ;odkok f;zx i"jb dh ‘ozrK dh rkro’, jfoGiB f;zx dh ‘u'bk NkehnK tkbk’ s'A fJbktknB/eK j'o b/yeK B/ ;t? ihtBhnK dh ouBk ehsh j?.

ihtB ;kfjs dk nozG fJe soQK Bkb ;kyh ;kfjs s'A jh j' iKdk j?. ihtBh fe;/ fJfsjk;ewjZst tkb/ ftnesh dh jh fbyh iKdh j?. o/yk fuZso fJe tkose tzBrh j?^fi; ftu fe;/ ftneshdh P\;hns d/ fBt/eb/ gZyK ƒ o"ue s/ ;zy/g P?bh ftu g/P ehsk iKdk j?. pbtzs rkorh B/ ‘fBzwd/ gZs/’, ‘;[ow/ tkbh nZy’, ‘e"vhnK tkbk ;Zg’ okjhA gzikph o/yk fuZso dk w[ZY pzfBQnk. e[bphoeKr B/ ‘pZdbK d/ ozr’, ‘gZEo bheK’, ‘f;oBkt/A fwZsoK d/’ nkfd f;ob/yK j/m o/yk fuZso dhnKg[;seK fbyhnK. nihs e"o B/ ‘sehJ/ dk gho’, r[opuB B/ ‘;kfjs d/ f;ezdo’ dh ouBk Bkbgzikph o/yk fuZso ftu :'rdkB gkfJnk.

gzikph tkose dh P[o{nks Xkofwe ftfPnK Bkb j'Jh. j"bh^j"bh fJ; dk y/so ftPkb j[zdkfrnk. ni'e/ d"o ftu tkose ftfrnkBe soewJh y/so ftu dkyb j' u[Zek j?. tkose dhnKtZy^tZy tzBrhnK b/y, fBpzX, ihtBh, ;t? ihtBh, o/yk nkfd ftu brksko ;kfjs f;oiDk j'ojh j?.

;jkfJe g[;seK

1H vkH irpho f;zx, “gzikph ;kfjs dk fJfsjk;”, r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh,nzfwqs;o, 1995

2H vkH gofwzdo f;zx, feogkb f;zx e;/b s/ vkH r'fpzd f;zx bKGk, “gzikph ;kfjs dhT[sgsh d/ ftek;”, bkj"o p[e Pkg, b[fXnkDk, 2004

3H vkH i;ftzdo f;zx s/ wkB f;zx YhAv;k, “nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk fJfsjk;”,gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk

4H ;shP e[wko towk, “gzikph BkNe dk fJfsjk;”, gzikph nekdwh, fdZbh, 2005

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e"wh okiXkBh fd~bh ’u gzikph GkPk gVQB d/ bkG

gqekP f;zx fr~b

d[BhnK ftu gzikph I[pkB p'bD tkfbnK dh frDsh bZyK^eo'VK nzdo j? T[E/ jh ;kv/ w[be Gkosnzdo \k; s"o s/ e"wh okiXkBh fdZbh ftu gzikph p'bh ƒ p'bD tkfbnK dh frDsh sK Gkt/A bZyKftu j't/ go gVQB tkfbnK dh frDsh fBr{Dh fijh j?. PkfJd b'eK dk fJj s"\bk fe gzikph gVQe/ B/Vb/ GftZy ftu fJ; dk e'Jh bkG BjhA j't/rk iK fco fJj o[Irko d[nkT[D ftu ;jkfJe BjhAj't/rh. idfe fJj rZb f;o| ;kv/ wB dk fJe soQK Bkb tfjw jh j?.

nZi 21thA ;dh d/ ftu id'A ezfgT{No dh gj[zu xo^xo ftu j' u[Zeh j? s/ rb'pbkJhI/PB d/:[Zr nzdo ;w[Zuk ;z;ko fJe fgzv dk o{g XkoB eo uZ[fenk j? sK gzikph GkPk dh soZeh d/ okjth nB/eK jh y[ZbQ u[Ze/ jB. j[D gzikph gVQB tkb/ w[zv/ e[VhnK ;|bsk Bkb o[Irko jk;b eo oj/jB f;o| o[Irko jh BjhA pbfe fJE'A sZe fe ;kv/ fjzd[;skB dk ;G s'A tekoh nj[dk th jk;beo oj/ jB. PkfJd fJj rZb n;hA nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ dZ;D ftu n;woE jK s/ fJ;/ eoe/;hBhno ;?ezvoh gZXo dhnK iwksK ftu gzikph gVQB tkb/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh frDsh fdB^gqsh fdBxNdh s[oh ik ojh j?. ;kƒ b'V j? fJ; gk;/ jzGbk wkoB dh sK fe ftfdnkoEh tZX s'A tZX fJ;GkPk ƒ gVQB bJh ikro{e j'D.

rZb ejhJ/ e"wh okiXkBh fdZbh nzdo jh gzikph GkPk ƒ gVQ e/ n;hA eh bkG b? ;ed/jK < fJ; rZb dk f;ZXk fijk itkp j? fe pkoQthA iwks sZe gzikph GkPk ƒ fJe ftP/ ti'A gVQe/ jh n;hA bkG T[mk ;ed/ jK^

1H n?~;H;hHJhHnkoHNhH tb'A ‘vkfJN’ (vhHnkJhHJhHNhH) nzdo pkoQthA iwks sZe gzikphftPk gVQB tkfbnK bJh 20 ;hNK okythnK oZyhnK rJhnK jB.

2H fdZbh ;oeko d/ ;ko/ ftGkrK Bkb gzikph GkPk ftu fbys^gVQs eoB dh ;j{bs fdZshrJh j?.

3H ;hHphHn?~;HJhH Bkb th gzikph GkPk ftu fbys gVQs eo ;ed/ jK.4H fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh d/ tZy^tZy ekbiK ftu pkoQthA iwks sZe gzikph gVQB tkfbnK ƒ

;j{bs fdZsh rJh j?.

88

fJjBK s'A fJbktk gzikph GkPk ftu w[jkos oZyD tkb/ B"itkBK bJh fgqzN whvhnk, fJb?eNq'fBewhvhnk, NqK;b/PB, Skg/ykfBnK (fgqzfNzr ftGkr) ftu p/nzs ezw eoB tkfbnK dh b'V ofjzdh j?.

‘ro?i{J/PB’ sZe gzikph gVQ/ j'J/ B"itkB i/eo ‘f;ftb ;oft;’ ftu ikDk ukj[zd/ jB Gkt‘nkJhHJ/Hn?~;H’ pDBk ukj[zd/ jB sK T[j gzikph whvhnw Bkb fJj gohfynk gk; eo ;ed/ jB.

j[D se T[~soh Gkos ftu'A uzvhrVQ, poBkbk s'A uko B"itkB gzikph wkfXnw Bkb fJj gohfynkgk; eoe/ nkJhHJ/Hn?~;H dh No/fBzr eo oj/ jB.

;oekoh B"eoh sK jo e'Jh ukj[zdk j? go fJ; bJh T[gokbk e'Jh th BjhA eoBk ukj[zdk. fJ;bJh i/eo n;hA ukjz[d/ jK sK ;kƒ tZX s'A tZX gzikph GkPk ƒ gVQBk ukjhdk j? s/ Bkb fJ; ƒfbysh o{g ftu tos'A nzdo fbnkT[Dk ukjhdk j?.

‘vke ftGkr’ ƒ e'Jh th pzdk gzikph ‘f;oBktK’ fby e/ gZso BjhA fbyDk ukj[zdk, w'pkfJbftu e'Jh th gzikph dh tos'A BjhA eoBk ukjz[dk, J/HNhHn?~wH s'A g?;/ eYkT[D bZfrnK gzikph dhtos'A BjhA eoBk ukjz[dk, j'o sK j'o ‘r?; f;bzvo’ dh p[fezr bJh th gzikph GkPk dh ;j{bs fdZshrJh j? go T[; dh tos'A th BjhA eoBk ukjz[d/. p?AeK ftu g?;/ iwQK eoB s/ eYkT[D ftu gzikphGkPk dh tos'A BjhA eodk. fco efjzd/ jB gzikph GkPk gVQB dk eh bkG.

j[D ;kEhU, s[;hA ;e{b ftu gVQB tkb/ ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ fJj ;/X d/Dh j? fe T[j nkgD/ fBZsftjko dh tos'A ftu gzikph GkPk ƒ ngBkT[Dr/ sK ;jh noEK ftu ‘gzikph’ nytkT[Dr/.

senior secondary-level (punjabi) teaching material

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