series of applied linguistics: stylistics by hasan m. s. jaashan

8/13/2019 Series of Applied Linguistics: Stylistics by Hasan M. S. Jaashan

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Lkfut teg Lutefr

Mr. Elslj @. ^. Ollselj cs lj Lsscstljt Qrfdgssfr (Lpphcgm

Hcjiucstcns) cj teg Mgplrt`gjt fd Gjihcse !lnuht" fd

Hljiuligs ljm #rljshltcfj $cji $elhcm %jc&grsct" ^lumc

Lrlkcl. 'j ** eg +fr,gm ls l -csctcji Lsscstljt Qrfdgssfr cj

teg Mgplrt`gjt fd Gjihcse Hctgrlturg ljm Hcjiucstcns ltlr

%jc&grsct" ltlr. !rf` / tf * Eg +fr,gm cj teg

Mgplrt`gjt fd Gjihcse Lh1`le+ggt nfhhgig fd Gmunltcfj

^ljl


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Mgmcnltgm

]f ` !cms

4ldcm @lhl, ljm 4lielm


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2fp"rciet " Elslj Ollselj

#eg rciet fd Elslj Ollselj tf kg cmgjtcdcgm ls lutefr fd tecs +fr,

els kggj lssgrtgm k" ec` cj lnnfrmljng +cte sgntcfj 88 ljm 80 fd

teg 2fp"rciet Mgscijs ljm Qltgjts Lnt *>00.

Lhh rciets rgsgr&gm. 3f plrt fd tecs pukhcnltcfj `l" kg

rgprfmungm stfrgm cj l rgtrcg&lh s"stg` fr trljs`cttgm cj lj"

dfr` fr k" lj" `gljs ghgntrfjcn `gneljcnlh peftfnfp"cji

rgnfrmcji fr ftegr+csg +ctefut teg prcfr pgr`csscfj fd teg

pukhcsegrs.

Lj" pgrsfj +ef nf` cts lj" ujlutefrc:gm lnt cj rghltcfj tf tecspukhcnltcfj `l" kg hclkhg tf nrc`cjlh prfsgnutcfj ljm nc&ch nhlc`s

dfr ml`ligs.

L 2'Q nltlhfiug rgnfrm dfr tecs tcthg cs l&lchlkhg drf` teg 5rctcse

Hckrlr".

'^53 >80 *6>/? 6/ *

+++.lustcj`lnluhg".nf`

!crst Qukhcsegm (*6)

Lustcj @lnluhg" Qukhcsegrs Htm.

A 2ljlml ^ulrg

2ljlr" Kelrd

Hfjmfj

G*6 AH5


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Q # g $ l n g

#eg tgr`s st"hcstcns ljm mcsnfursg ljlh"scs el&g lttrlntgm teg

lttgjtcfj fd hcjiucsts ljm hctgrlr" nrctcns lhc,g cj teg hlst dg+

mgnlmgs. #egsg tgr`s lrg mgdcjgm ljm cjtgrprgtgm cj l +cmg

rljig ljm tegcr cjtgr1rghltcfjsecp els kggj mcsnussgm &gr"

strfjih" drf` mcddgrgjt ljihgs ljm pfcjts fd &cg+.

'j lpphcgm hcjiucstcns +g lpph" teg hcjiucstcn tegfrcgs tf

teg stum" fd mcddgrgjt `fmgs ljm usgs fd hljiulig. #f stum" lhljiulig `gljs tf fddgr l nf`phgtg s"stg`ltcn stum" fd

hljiulig strunturgs lt lhh hljiulig hg&ghs= pefjfhfi"

`frpefhfi" s"jtlN sg`ljtcns gtn. #eg sncgjtcdcn stum" els

lhsf lmlptgm ctsghd tf if kg"fjm +frms ljm sgjtgjngs tf

lnnfujt dfr teg nf``ujcnltc&g prfngss fd +efhg tgNts ljm

mcsnfursg. ^t"hcstcns ls l krljne fd lpphcgm hcjiucstcns

sefuhmgrs teg rgspfjsckchct" fd prf&cmcji l sncgjtcdcn stum" fd

teg hljiulig fd hctgrlturg. #eg st"hcstcncljs gNphlcj

sncgjtcdcnlhh" teg hcjiucstcn strunturgs fd hctgrlr" tgNt +frm

frmgr plttgrj fd sfujm ljm re"te` nefcngs fd &fnlkuhlr"

ctg`s gtn. !fr teg hctgrlr" +rctcji cs l nrgltc&g usg fd

hljiulig. #egrgdfrg teg hcjiucsts +fuhm &cg+ hljiulig ls l

`gmcu` fd hctgrlturg ljm l sukgnt `lttgr fd hcjiucstcns.

#ecs kff, cs nf`pchgm drf` tergg `lcj sfurngs= fjg plrt cs

l `fmcdcgm &grscfj fd `" QeM tegscs lnngptgm k" tegMgplrt`gjt fd Hcjiucstcns Lhcilre @ushc` %jc&grsct" 'jmcl.

#eg sgnfjm fjg cs l plpgr prgsgjtgm cj ':`cr %jc&grsct" fd

Gnfjf`cns #ur,g". #eg tecrm plrt cs teg nfhhgntcfj fd `"

`lstgr hgnturgs fj st"hcstcns. 't cs cjtgjmgm dfr teg stumgjts fd

lpphcgm hcjiucstcns. 't lc`s tf gNphlcj teg klscn nfjngpts fd

st"hg ljm `l,g stumgjts dl`chclr +cte teg dujml`gjtlhs fd

st"hcstcns ljm mcsnfursg ljlh"scs cj l nhglr `ljjgr. 't cs mc&cmgm

cjtf sg&gj nelptgrs. 2elptgrs * ljm gNphlcj teg tegfrgtcnlhkln,irfujm fd st"hg ljm st"hcstcns. 2elptgrs ?6A/ ljm 8 lrg

gNpfsctfr" ljm gNphljltfr" +cte gNl`phgs. Lhh gNl`phgs lrg

tl,gj drf` Gjihcse hctgrlturg ljm ljlh":gm lt mcddgrgjt hg&ghs fd


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hcjiucstcns. #eg prcjncphgs fd hljiulig stum" +ecne el&g kggj

lmfptgm cj tecs kff, (^t"hcstcn Mg&cngs) lrg lpphcnlkhg tf lj"

hljiulig cj igjgrlh. ' efpg telt teg stumgjts fd st"hcstcns +ef

lrg cjtgrgstgm cj teg nrgltc&g ljm lgstegtcn lspgnts fd hctgrlr"

mcsnfursg +chh dcjm tecs kff, cjtgrgstcji ljm chhu`cjltcji.

Elslj. @. ^. Ollselj

**


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L % % # g & c l t c f j s

#eg dfhhf+cji lkkrg&cltcfjs lrg nf``fjh" usgm cj tecs kff,=

Lm D Lmgntc&g

Lm& D Lm&grk

!#L D !lrg+ghh tf Lr`s

!K5# D !fr Kef` teg 5ghh #fhhsI3M D Igrujm

'jd D 'jdcjctc&g

3 D 3fuj

D kgnt

@^ D #eg hm @lj ljm teg ^gl

Q D Qrfjfuj

Qpe D Qrgpfsctcfjlh

Q& D Qlssc&g &fcng

^ D ^ukgnt

^M D ^t"hcstcn mg&cng

- D -grk


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N e l ' t g # (

() *elt cs ^t+cstcns,

2r"stlh (*>0A) mc&cmgm teg +frm st"hcstcns cjtf t+f plrts

(styhg-, -stcns). ^t"hg `gljs teg +l" fd +rctcji hctgrlturg ljm

1stcns `gljs teg sncgjtcdcn stum". ^f st"hcstcns cs teg sncgjtcdcn

stum" fd st"hg. 2f``fjh" st"hcstcns cs l krljne fd lpphcgm

hcjiucstcns +ecne stumcgs teg dglturgs fd sctultcfjlhh"

mcstcjntc&g usgs (&lrcgtcgs) fd hljiulig. 't trcgs lhsf tf gstlkhcseprcjncphgs nlplkhg fd lnnfujtcji dfr teg plrtcnuhlr nefcngs

`lmg k" cjmc&cmulhs ljm sfnclh irfups cj tegcr usg fd hljiulig.

^cjng teg *>As teg tgr` st"hcstcns els kggj lpphcgm tf

nrctcnlh prfngmurgs +ecne trcgm tf rgcjstltg teg c`prgsscfjcs`

ljm sukgntc&ct" fd stljmlrm hljiulig +cte l sncgjtcdcn ljm

fkgntc&g ljlh"scs fd hctgrlr" tgNt. #eg st"hcstcncljs lksfrkgm

teg mgsnrcptc&g `gtefms fd sg&grlh jg+ hcjiucstcn tegfrcgs sunels Gurfpglj ljm L`grcnlj ^trunturlhcs` #rljsdfr`ltcfjlh

Irl``lr 2lsg Irl``lr !ujntcfjlh Irl``lr gtn. Murcji

teg tc`g drf` teg *>As tf teg *>8s st"hcstcns kgnl`g

rgnfijc:gm ls lj lnlmg`cn mcsncphcjg +cte cts f+j spgnclhc:gm

furjlhs rgdgrgjng iucmgs mcsncphcjlr" ecstfrcgs ljm igjgrlh

f&gr&cg+s. ^t"hcstcncljs cj tecs pgrcfm prfmungm gNtgjsc&g

trglt`gjt fd tfpcns hc,g CQfgtcn -fnlkuhlr"< (@chgs *>/6)

C-csulh !fr` cj Qfgtr"< (Efhhljmgr *>8A) fujm ^"`kfhcs`8/).

^t"hg ls l tgr` cj nrctcncs` elm kggj +cmgh" usgm dfr l hfji

tc`g kgdfrg fdtgj cj l rltegr c`prgsscfjcstcn +l". 't lttg`pts

tf mrl+ teg lttgjtcfj tf teg nelrlntgrcstcns fr pgnuhclr usg fd

hljiulig cj l spgncdcn tgNt k" l spgncdcn lutefr cj l plrtcnuhlr

pgrcfm. @fmgrj st"hcstcns cs l +l" tf lpprflne teg ugstcfj fd

st"hg fj strcntgr ljm `frg `gtefmcnlh hcjgs. 't cs jft sf `une lmcsncphcjg cj ctsghd ls l nrfssf&gr pfcjt kgt+ggj hcjiucstcns dfr

+ecne hctgrlr" tgNts lrg fjh" ctg`s fd cjtgrgst cj teg krflm stum"

fd hljiulig ljm hctgrlr" nrctcncs`. 't stlrts drf` teg prfpfsctcfj


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telt lj" cmgl fr nfjngpt `l" kg gNprgssgm cj fjg fr l ju`kgr

fd mcddgrgjt +l"s ljm telt lj lutefr gNgrncsgs l nefcng

(nfjsncfus fr ujnfjsncfus mcntltgm k" pgrsfjlh tlstg fr teg

mg`ljms fd teg rglmgr) cj mgtgr`cjcji teg prgncsg dfr` fd teg

+frms tf kg usgm. ^une l prfpfsctcfj cs cjncmgjtlhh" ljlteg`l

tf jg+ nrctcncs` +ecne rgdusgs tf mcstcjiucse kgt+ggj teg dfr`

ljm nfjtgjt fd hctgrlturg +elt cs +rcttgj cs +rcttgj. Hcjiucstcn

st"hcstcns pfsgs ctsghd teg lsscij`gjt fd nhlsscd"cji teg rljig fd

hcjiucstcn nefcngs telt lrg l&lchlkhg tf teg lutefrs. 't lhsf

cmgjtcdcgs teg +l"s cj +ecne dglturgs fd teg hcjiucstcns `l" nlhh

lttgjtcfj tf teg`sgh&gs tegsg dglturgs `l" mg&cltg drf` teg

lnngptgm jfr`s cj tegcr `ljjgr fd gNprgsscfj. #egsgnhlsscdcnltcfjs `l" kg lpphcnlkhg tf l plrtcnuhlr tgNt fr ju`kgr

fd tgNts cj sune l +l" ls tf eciehciet tegcr pgnuhclr &grklh

nelrlntgrcstcns.

()( [g+ltcfj %gt-ggj +cj./cstcns ljm +ctg#lt/#g

#egrg cs l nfjtrf&grsclh mgkltg lkfut teg rghltcfjsecp kgt+ggj

hcjiucstcns ljm hctgrlturg. ^f`gfjg `l" sl" telt hcjiucstcns ljm

hctgrlturg lrg lhc,g ljm sc`chlr kgnlusg teg" kfte mglh +ctehljiulig ljm teg hljiulig cs teg `lcj nfjngrj fd teg` kfte.

5ut teg hcjiucsts stfppgm tecs jftfrcfus lriu`gjt ljm teg"

lirgg fj teg cmgl telt hcjiucstcns ljm hctgrlturg lrg t+f

mcddgrgjt dcghms. #eg" nhglrh" mcddgrgjtcltg kgt+ggj hcjiucstcn

ljm hctgrlturg. #eg" sl" telt hctgrlturg cs nfjngrjgm +cte

tefuiet ljm c`licjlr". Lj"tecji +ecne cs c`licjlr" cs nlhhgm

hctgrlturg. #eg klscs fj +ecne hctgrlturg cs rghltgm tf hcjiucstcnscs hljiulig. Hljiulig sgr&gs ls teg nfjtgjt fd hcjiucstcns. ^f

teg hcjiucsts mgdcjg hcjiucstcns ls teg sncgjtcdcn stum" nfjtgjt

ljm sukgnt `lttgr fd hljiulig. ^f hljiulig phl"s l mulh rfhg

ls teg `gmcu` ljm nfjtgjt `gmcu` cj hctgrlturg ljm nfjtgjt cj

hcjiucstcns. Hctgrlturg cs fjg fd teg dcjg lrts sune ls plcjtcji

ljm snuhpturg. 'j plcjtcji +g jggm l spgnclh `gmcu` tf plcjt

telt cs nfhfur. #eg sl`g tecji +cte snuhpturg +g jggm rfn,

`lrkhgs gtn. ^c`chlrh" cj sl"cji hctgrlturg +g jggm l spgnclh`gmcu` tf mf ct telt cs hljiulig. #eg selpg kghf+ sef+s telt

hljiulig phl"s t+f rfhgs fjg cj hctgrlturg ljm teg ftegr cj

hcjiucstcns. 'j hcjiucstcns hljiulig cs teg nfjtgjt fr teg sukgnt


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`lttgr ljm cj hctgrlturg hljiulig cs teg `gmcu`. #eg snfpg

telt nfjjgnts kgt+ggj hcjiucstcns ljm hctgrlturg cs nlhhgm

st"hcstcns sf st"hcstcns cs fjg fd teg lpphcgm hcjiucstcn lrgls. 't

stumcgs teg hljiulig fd hctgrlturg dfr` teg hcjiucstcn pfcjt fd

&cg+. 't tghhs us ef+ teg hljiulig dujntcfjs cj hctgrlturg c.g.

teg mcddgrgjt tegfrcgs fd hcjiucstcns lrg lpphcgm tf teg hljiulig

fd hctgrlturg tf ic&g us l dcghm nlhhgm st"hcstcns.

^elpg (*) rghltcfj kgt+ggj hcjiucstcns ljm hctgrlturg

()1 L''#flnegs tf +ctg#lt/#g

Hctgrlturg cs sf`gtecji telt nlj kg lpprflnegm drf` mcddgrgjt

ljihgs ljm &lrcfus pfcjts fd &cg+. 't nlj kg stumcgm drf`

pechfsfpecnlh ps"nefhficnlh lgstegtcn ljm hcjiucstcn pfcjts fd

&cg+. Kelt nfjngrj us egrg lrg fjh" tergg lpprflnegs tf

hctgrlturg telt el&g rghltcfj tf hcjiucstcns.

* 1 Hcjiucstcn lpprflne tf hctgrlturg.

1 Lgstegtcn lpprflne tf hctgrlturg.

? 1 ^g`cftcn lpprflne tf hctgrlturg.


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#eg dcrst t+f lpprflnegs lrg rghltgm tf st"hcstcns. #eus

teg" +chh kg mcsnussgm cj mgtlch kghf+. #eg tecrm lpprflne cs

`gjtcfjgm egrg ust dfr ,jf+hgmig. 't cs mcsnussgm ujmgr

ljftegr krljne fd lpphcgm hcjiucstcns nlhhgm sg`cftcns.

()1)( Hcj./cstcn l''#flne tf +ctg#lt/#g

Hcjiucstcn lpprflne tf hctgrlturg cs l &gr" +cmg lpprflne. #eg

hcjiucsts mcsnuss ct ujmgr teg dfhhf+cji nltgifrcgs=

()1)()( Hcj./cstcns ljm +ctg#lt/#g

L) Hcjiucstcns ls +g ,jf+ cs teg sncgjtcdcn stum" fd hljiulig.

'j hcjiucstcns teg hljiulig cs stumcgm ljm ljlh":gmsncgjtcdcnlhh". ^cjng hcjiucstcns cs teg sncgjtcdcn stum" fd l

hljiulig ct cs lhsf teg s"stg`ltcn ljlh"tcn ljm fkgntc&g stum"

fd hljiulig ls +ghh. 'j teg hcjiucstcn lpprflne tf hctgrlturg +g

lhsf `l,g ljlh"tcn sncgjtcdcn ljm s"stg`ltcn stum" fd teg

hctgrlr" hljiulig.

5) L hljiulig nlj kg stumcgm ljm ljlh":gm lt &lrcfus

hg&ghs fd hcjiucstcns sune ls= pefjfhfi" `frpefhfi" s"jtlN

ljm sg`ljtcns. 'j teg sl`g +l" +g nlj ljlh":g teg hljiuligfd hctgrlturg lt pefjfhficnlh `frpefhficnlh s"jtlntcnlh ljm

sg`ljtcn hg&ghs.

2) #eg prc`g nfjngrj fd hcjiucstcns cs hljiulig. 'j teg

hcjiucstcn lpprflne tf hctgrlturg lhsf teg `lcj nfjngrj cs

hljiulig. #ecs lpprflne nfjngrjs ctsghd +cte teg hcjiucstcn

stum" fd teg hljiulig fd hctgrlturg. Hctgrlturg cs l +fr, fd lrt

hc,g ftegr +fr,s fd lrt sune ls plcjtcji snuhpturg `uscn gtn.ct ic&gs us lgstegtcn phglsurg. 'j ftegr +frms +egj +g rglm

hctgrlturg fur eglrt cs dchhgm +cte phglsurg ljm gjf"`gjt. #ecs

nlj kg mgsnrckgm ls lgstegtcn phglsurg. Kegj +g igt phglsurg

cj rglmcji hctgrlturg +g lpprgncltg ct. 'j l hcjiucstcn lpprflne

tf hctgrlturg +g tr" tf mcsnf&gr teg lgstegtcn phglsurg terfuie

teg mgsnrcptcfj fd hljiulig.

()1)()1 Hcj./cstcns mgsn#c%gs ljm ljl+


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pfgts ljm hctgrlr" +rctgrs nrgltg st"hg k" uscji hljiulig. 't cs

tegrgdfrg uctg hficnlh tf stum" ljm mgsnrckg teg st"hg ljm teg

hljiulig fd hctgrlturg. Hcjiucstcnlhh" +echg `l,cji teg

hcjiucstcn mgsnrcptcfj fd hctgrlr" tgNt +g mf teg dfhhf+cji=

L) Lpph" teg tegfrgtcnlh ,jf+hgmig mgrc&gm drf`

hcjiucstcns.

;) %sg teg hcjiucstcn drl`g fd rgdgrgjng.

N) %sg teg tgr`cjfhficgs fd hcjiucstcns.

()1)()> Nfjt#c%/tcfj f$ +cj./cstcns tf teg st/m f$ +ctg#lt/#g

Hcjiucstcns cs fjg fd teg `fst c`pfrtljt lrgls +egrg teg

lpphcnltcfj fd ct nlj kg `lmg pfssckhg. Hcjiucstcns nljnfjtrckutg l irglt mglh tf fur ujmgrstljmcji fd hctgrlturg.

Hcjiucstcns lpprflne tf hctgrlturg tegrgdfrg eciehciets teg

dfhhf+cji pfcjts=

L= Hcjiucstcns gjeljngs fur lgstegtcn gNpgrcgjng fd

hctgrlturg. #ecs nlj kg jftcngm +egj rglmcji l +fr, fd

hctgrlturg sune ls l jf&gh pfg` fr phl". #eg ,jf+hgmig fd

hcjiucstcns eghps us tf gjf" `frg ljm igt `frg lgstegtcn

phglsurg.;) Hcjiucstcns prf&cmgs &fnlkuhlrcgs `gtefmfhfi" ljm l

drl`g fd rgdgrgjng terfuie +ecne +g nlj sef+ ef+ fur

lgstegtcn gNpgrcgjng cs mgrc&gm drf` cts &grklh strunturg

(hcjiucstcn strunturg).

N) Hcjiucstcns nlj lhsf sfh&g `lj" prfkhg`s fd hctgrlr"

cjtgrprgtltcfj. #erfuie hcjiucstcn `gtefm +g nlj sef+ +e"

fjg strunturg cs pfssckhg kut ljftegr cs jft cj hctgrlr" tgNt.

()1)()7 Nel#lntg#cstcns f$ +cj./cstcn l''#flne tf +ctg#lt/#g

#eg hcjiucstcn lpprflne tf hctgrlturg els `lj" dglturgs. ^f`g

fd tegsg lrg=

L) #ecs lpprflne mglhs +cte hctgrlr" ljm pfgtcn dujntcfjs

fd l hljiulig.

;) 't cs nfjngrjgm +cte st"hg ljm nrgltc&g `gljs fd

hljiulig.N) #ecs lpprflne cs nrgltc&g ljm ljlh"tcnlh cj jlturg.

M) 't cs klsgm fj teg mcrgnt fksgr&ltcfj fd hctgrlturg.


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G) 't cs tgNt1frcgjtgm. #eg tecjis +ecne hcg kg"fjm teg tgNt

sune ls teg hcdg ljm pgrsfjlhct" fd teg +rctgr ecs lig fr ecs

sfncgt" lrg ic&gj jf c`pfrtljng cj hcjiucstcn lpprflne.

D) #eg nfjnhuscfjs lkfut teg hctgrlr" tgNt lrg mrl+j fj teg

klscs fd hcjiucstcn ljlh"scs.

()1)()4 9gtefms /sgm cj teg +cj./cstcn l''#flne tf

+ctg#lt/#g

L= Hcjiucstcn tffhs ljm tgr`cjfhficgs lrg usgm. #eg hcjiucstcn

drl`g fd rgdgrgjng cs lmfptgm ls +ghh.

;=^tltcstcnlh `gtefm cs usgm cj drgugjn" nfujts.

N=#gNts lrg ljlh":gm lt &lrcfus hcjiucstcn hg&ghs sune lspefjfhfi" `frpefhfi" s"jtlN ljm sg`ljtcns.

M) #eg mcddgrgjt dglturgs fd st"hg lrg cmgjtcdcgm.

()1)1 Lgstegtcn l''#flne tf +ctg#lt/#g

#eg +frm lgstegtcn rgdgrs tf teg kglut" fr teg lpprgncltcfj fd

kglut" fr kglutcduh tecjis. #eg lgstegtcn lpprflne tf hctgrlturg

cs nfjngrjgm +cte teg mcsnf&gr" fd tegsg ghg`gjts +ecne `l,g

teg pcgng fd hctgrlturg kglutcduh ljm lttrlntc&g.'t `l" kg pfcjtgm fut telt teg `lcj purpfsg fd hctgrlturg cs

tf ic&g lgstegtcn phglsurg ljm ct cs mgrc&gm drf` teg

kglutcdcnltcfj. #eg pcgng fd hctgrlturg gspgnclhh" pfgtr" cs

nlhhgm l kglutgfus tecji. 't cs teg fk fd l nrctcn tf mcsnf&gr lhh

teg ghg`gjts fd kglut" cj hctgrlturg ljm tf ljlh":g teg`. Lj

lgstegtcn lpprflne tf hctgrlturg cs klscnlhh" mcsnf&grcji teg

prfngss fd kglutcdcnltcfj cj hctgrlturg.

()1)1)( *elt cs %gl/t cj +ctg#lt/#g,

5glut" cj hctgrlturg els spgncdcn &cg+s. @lj" nrctcns lirgg fj

teg &cg+ telt kglut" cs teg sl`g fd guchckrcu` frmgr ljm

lrrljig`gjt ct els lhsf kggj slcm Bkglutcduh nfhfurB ljm hciet

cs kglutcduh ftegrs sl" Bsc`phcnct" cs kglut"B. 5ut igjgrlhh"

spgl,cji kglut" cs teg nf`kcjltcfj fd ulhctcgs +ecne ic&g

phglsurg tf teg sgjsgs (gspgnclhh" tf g"g ljm glr) fr tf teg`cjm.

Lh`fst lhh teg tecj,grs ljm pechfsfpegrs lirgg telt kglut"

ic&gs phglsurgs ljm dchhs fur eglrts +cte f". 't cs kgnlusg fd


15/28

tecs kglut" telt teg hctgrlturg kgnf`gs l dfujtlcj fd f" ljm

phglsurg ljm ct lttrlnts teg pgfphg.

()1)1)1 Ef- %gl/t cs `ljc$gstgm cj +ctg#lt/#g

't cs c`pfrtljt tf ,jf+ ef+ kglut" cs `ljcdgstgm cj hctgrlturg.

#eg `ljcdgstltcfj fd pfgtr" cj hctgrlturg tl,gs t+f selpgs=

L) #eg kglut" fd tefuiets

5) #eg kglut" fd gNprgsscfjs

()1)1)1)( ]eg %gl/t f$ tef/.ets

#eg kglut" fd hctgrlturg cs jft nfjtlcjgm fjh" cj gNprgsscfj fr

prgsgjtltcfj kut cj `lttgr fd tefuiet lhsf. 'j lj lgstegtcnlpprflne tf hctgrlturg teg kglut" fd tefuiet fr nfjtgjt els teg

sl`g &lhug fr c`pfrtljng ls teg kglut" fd gNprgsscfj. @lj"

nrctcns nfjscmgr telt hctgrlturg c`phcgs irgltjgss fd tefuiet

lhfji +cte teg kglut" fd gNprgsscfj. #eg lgstegtcn lpprflne tf

hctgrlturg ic&gs gulh c`pfrtljng tf tefuiet prfngssgs

nfjtlcjgm cj teg hctgrlr" pcgng fd +fr,.

()1)1)1)1 ]eg %gl/t f$ g5'#gsscfjs't mglhs +cte ef+ teg kglutcduh cmgl els kggj gNprgssgm ljm

ef+ +frms perlsgs ljm gNprgsscfjs nfj&g" teg cmgls

kglutcduhh". #eg usg fd prfpgr +frms ljm tegcr prfpgr

lrrljig`gjt cs tegrgdfrg teg irglt nfjngrj fd teg lgstegtcn

lpprflne tf hctgrlturg. #eg +frms ljm tegcr frmgr ljm

lrrljig`gjt sefuhm kg sune sf telt teg" nfuhm prfmung

ùscnlhct". #eg gupefj" (phglscji sfujms) ljm teg ùscnlhct"fd +frms `l,g teg pcgng fd hctgrlturg gspgnclhh" pfgtr"

kglutcduh. #eg kglut" fd ùscnlhct" cs prfmungm +egj tegrg cs

re"`cji gupefj" ljm elr`fj" fd sfujms. #egrg lrg sf`g

dglturgs +ecne lrg g&lhultgm cj teg lgstegtcn lpprflne tf

hctgrlturg tegsg dglturgs lrg lhsf dfujm cj iffm prfsg. 't cs slcm

telt iffm prfsg +egj rglm lhfum sefuhm hff, hc,g pfgtr".

5glut" fd gNprgsscfj cs lhsf nrgltgm +egj l +rctgr usgs

mcddgrgjt t"pgs fd dciurltc&g spggnest"hcstcn mg&cngs sune lssc`chg `gtlpefr pgrsfjcdcnltcfj `gtfj"`" lhhctgrltcfj

nfjsfjljng lssfjljng gtn. Lhh tegsg nfjtrckutg tf teg kglut"

fd gNprgsscfj cj hctgrlturg ljm ic&g lgstegtcn &lhug tf ct.


16/28

()1)1)1)> Nel#lntg#cstcns f$ teg lgstegtcn l''#flne tf

+ctg#lt/#g

L) #ecs lpprflne mglhs +cte tefsg `lttgrs +ecne nrgltg kglut"

cj hctgrlturg gspgnclhh" cj pfgtr".

5) #eg nrctcns tr" tf dcjm fut teg ghg`gjts fd f" ljm teg

kglut" cj teg +fr,s fd hctgrlturg.

2) #eg nrctcns gNl`cjg tefsg `gtefms k" +ecne teg pfgts

c`licjltcfj cs gNprgssgm.

M) 'j tecs lpprflne teg c`pfrtljng cs ic&gj tf cjtuctcfj.

'jtuctcfj cs l iucmcji dlntfr cj tecs lpprflne.

G) #eg nrctcn cjmuhigs cj c`prgsscfjcs`. 'j ftegr +frmsteg nrctcns lttctumg tf+lrms hctgrlturg cs c`prgsscfjcstcn.

!) 'j tecs lpprflne lgstegtcn &lhugs lrg teg umicji &lhugs.

#elt cs teg umi`gjts lrg klsgm fj teg klscs fd teg lgstegtcn

`gtefm.

()1)1)1)7 9gtefms /sgm cj teg lgstegtcn l''#flne tf

+ctg#lt/#g

#eg hcjiucsts nl`g fut +cte teg `lcj `gtefms usgm cj tecslpprflne. ^f`g fd teg` lrg=

L) #eg nrctcn `l,gs teg ljlh"scs fd st"hg ljm tgnejcugs fd

gNprgsscfj.

5) #eg nrctcn `l,gs teg stum" fd nefcng ljm teg kglut" fd

+frms. #eg" stum" tegcr frmgr lrrljig`gjt re"te`

`uscnlhct" ljm pefjcn gddgnts ls +ghh.

2) #eg nrctcn prfpfsgs teg kglut" fd tefuiet ljm cts gddgnt.M) #eg +rctgr cs umigm drf` teg lgstegtcn &lhugs pfcjt fd

&cg+.

()> ^t+cstcns ljm sfncf+cj./cstcns

@fst fd teg hljiulig tegfrcgs lirgg fj teg cmgl fd teg nhfsg

rghltcfjsecp kgt+ggj teg nfjngpt fd st"hg ljm teg pegjf`gjl

fd hljiulig &lrcltcfj. Lnnfrmcjih" st"hcstcns ls l hcjiucstcn

lntc&ct" nf`gs nhfsgr tf sfncfhcjiucstcns scjng kfte g`pelsc:g&lrcfus ,cjms fd hcjiucstcn &lrcltcfj. #eg mcddgrgjng kgt+ggj l

hctgrlr" st"hg ljm l sfncfhcjiucstcn st"hg +fuhm kg fjg fd

nfjtgNtulhc:ltcfj +cte teg dfr`gr ic&cji us hctgrlr" `gljcji


17/28


18/28

N e l ' t g # 1

1) Hlj./l.g f$ +ctg#lt/#g

1)( ]eg $glt/#gs f$ teg +lj./l.g f$ +ctg#lt/#g

Ls +g ,jf+ hljiulig cs l `gljs fd nf`ùjcnltcfj. Ljm

terfuie hljiulig +g nfj&g" fur cmgls ljm tefuiets tf glne

ftegr. #egrg lrg t+f `lcj t"pgs fd nf`ùjcnltcfj=

L) G&gr"ml" nf`ùjcnltcfj

5) Hctgrlr" nf`ùjcnltcfj#eg hljiulig fd g&gr"ml" nf`ùjcnltcfj cs mcddgrgjt drf`

teg hljiulig fd hctgrlr" nf`ùjcnltcfj. #eg hljiulig fd g&gr"

ml" nf`ùjcnltcfj cs nlhhgm nf``fj &grklh gNneljig. 'j

fppfsctcfj tf tecs tegrg cs teg spgnclh usg fd hljiulig cj

hctgrlturg. #eg hljiulig cj hctgrlturg fr hctgrlr" hljiulig cs

teg spgnclh hljiulig fr teg spgnclh usg fd hljiulig.

L mcstcjntcfj cs lhsf `lmg kgt+ggj teg hctgrlr" ljm jfj1

hctgrlr" hljiulig. #eg gNl`phgs fd jfj1hctgrlr" hljiulig lrg

lj gssl" fj sncgjng l hgnturg fj pechfsfpe" fr nf``gjtlr" fj

ltehgtgs. 'j lhh tegsg tegrg cs teg nf`ùjcnltc&g &lhug fd

hljiulig c.g. sf`gtecji cs kgcji nfj&g"gm ljm sf`g

cjdfr`ltcfj cs kgcji plssgm fj kut teg hljiulig fd hctgrlturg

mfgs jft purgh" sgr&g teg nf`ùjcnltc&g purpfsg. 't cs jft

lh+l"s usgm tf nf`ùjcnltg sf`gtecji. #eg nf`ùjcnltc&g

&lhug cj teg hctgrlr" hljiulig cs rgmungm tf l `cjcù`. #eghctgrlr" hljiulig cjstglm el&cji nf`ùjcnltc&g &lhug

g`kfmcgs lgstegtcn ljm pfgtcn &lhug.

#eg nf``fjh" ln,jf+hgmigm dlnt rgilrmcji hctgrlr"

hljiulig cs telt ct mcddgrs drf` teg mlch" usg fd hljiulig +ecne

cs nlhhgm nf``fj &grklh gNneljig. Ljm ct cs ls +ghh mcstcjnt

drf` Cjfj1hctgrlr" hljiulig


19/28

#egsg dglturgs lrg jft lpphcnlkhg g`phf"gm cj teg g&gr"ml"

uslig fd hljiulig fr jfj1hctgrlr" hljiulig. #eus +g `l"

sldgh" cmgjtcd" teg nelrlntgrcstcn dglturgs fd teg hljiulig fd

hctgrlturg cj teg dfhhf+cji=

-Hctgrlry hljiulig els suprl-hctgrlh `gljcjis

#eg hcjiucstcn ctg`s sune ls +frms perlsgs nhlusgs ljm

sgjtgjngs el&g suprl1hctgrlh `gljcjis +ecne lrg ujmgrstffm

terfuie teg nfjtgNt cj l hctgrlr" +fr,. #eg" sl" `frg telj teg"sgg` tf sl". #eg `gljcji fd l +frm cj hctgrlturg nljjft kg

tl,gj hctgrlhh" ls cj teg nlsg fd g&gr"ml" hljiulig. Ef+g&gr ct

nlrrcgs ljftegr `gljcji kg"fjm teg hctgrlh fjg.

=-Hctgrlry hljiulig cs mg-lutf`ltczgm?

@u,lJf&s,F (*>8) prfpfujms l mcstcjntcfj kgt+ggj

g&gr"ml" hljiulig ljm hctgrlr" hljiulig. #eg dfr`gr cs

nfjstruntgm spfjtljgfush" +ctefut tecj,cji lkfut teg +frmsperlsgs ljm sgjtgjngs. 'j ftegr +frms tegrg cs teg lutf`ltcn

usg fd hcjiucstcn ghg`gjts cj mlch" uslig fd hljiulig. Eg nlhhs

ct lj lutf`ltc:gm hljiulig. j teg ftegr eljm teg hlttgr cs mg1

lutf`ltc:gm. #elt `gljs teg pfgts ljm +rctgrs lrg nfjsncfus

ljm l+lrg fd +frms perlsgs ljm sgjtgjngs teg" usg. #eg" tr"

tegcr kgst tf put teg rciet +frm cj cts rciet phlng. 'j dlnt teg

&cfhltcfj fd teg lnngptgm jfr`s fd hljiulig cs nlhhgm mg1

lutf`ltc:ltcfj. #eg `frg lj lnt cs lutf`ltc:gm teg hgssnfjsncfush" ct cs gNgnutgm +egrgls teg `frg ct cs

dfrgirfujmgm teg `frg nf`phgtgh" nfjsncfus mfgs ct kgnf`g.


20/28

kgntc&gh" spgl,cji lutf`ltc:ltcfj sneg`ltc:gs lj g&gjt ljm

mg1lutf`ltc:ltcfj `gljs teg &cfhltcfj fd teg sneg`g.

7-Hctgrlry hljiulig cs nfjjftltcvg

#eg hljiulig fd sncgjng cs mgjftltc&g kgnlusg tegrg cs l

rgdgrgjtclh ljm hctgrlh usg fd hljiulig. !fr gNl`phg cj sncgjng

fjg phus fjg `l,gs t+f kut cj teg hctgrlr" usg fd hljiulig

fjg phus fjg `l" jft `l,g t+f kgnlusg cj hctgrlturg tegrg cs

jf rgdgrgjtclh ljm hctgrlh sgjsg fd hljiulig. 't cs nfjjftltc&g

ljm lssu`gs l ju`kgr fd lssfncltc&g `gljcjis ftegr telj tegcr

hctgrlh `gljcjis.

4-Hctgrlry hljiulig els nuhturlh hflms

Hctgrlr" hljiulig cs &gr" rcne cj nuhturg ljm lssfncltc&g`gljcjis. #elt `gljs ct els nuhturlh hflms +egrgls teg

sncgjtcdcn hljiulig duhh" mcsnlrms teg nuhturlh hflms. Egjng ct

sf`gtc`gs kgnf`gs &gr" mcddcnuht tf trljshltg l pcgng fd

hctgrlturg drf` fjg hljiulig cjtf ljftegr.

9-]eg hctgrlry hljiulig cs l`kciufus

^f`gtc`gs teg hctgrlr" hljiulig cs jft prgncsg kut

l`kciufus ljm &liug. #elt cs +e" tegrg `l" kg &lrcfus

cjtgrprgtltcfjs fd l scjihg hctgrlr" tgNt. Lj" hctgrlr" tgNt cs fpgjgjmgm sg`ljtcnlhh". #elt cs cj teg cjtgrprgtltcfj fd l hctgrlr"

pcgng fjg nlj usg fjgs f+j pgrsfjlh gNpgrcgjng kln,irfujm

ljm tefuiet.

5-Hctgrlry hljiulig cjvfhvgs nrgltcvcty

#eg hljiulig fd hctgrlturg lkfujms cj nrgltc&ct". #eg

hctgrlr" lutefr `l,gs nrgltc&g usg fd hljiulig. Eg nrgltgs jg+

+frms gNprgsscfjs ljm sf`g nf`kcjltcfjs fd +frms cj frmgrtf suct teg `gljcji +ecne egseg +ljts tf nfj&g". 5" mfcji

sf teg +rctgr durtegr gNtgjms teg hljiulig kfujmlr" ljm

nfjtrckutgs tf teg gjrcne`gjt fd teg trlmctcfjlh `gljs fd

gNprgsscfj. 5" mfcji telt ls #rluiftt ljm Qrltt (*>0) pfcjt

fut teg +rctgr cs lhsf lkhg tf prfmung ljm ujmgrstljm

uttgrljngs +ecne el&g jg&gr kggj eglrm kgdfrg kut lrg pfssckhg

+ctecj teg s"stg` fd l hljiulig.

3-Hctgrlry hljiulig cs gxprgsscvg ljm lgstegtcnL hctgrlr" +rctgr `l,gs teg hljiulig fd hctgrlturg lgstegtcn

ljm gNprgssc&g kgnlusg fd teg usg fd mcddgrgjt ^Ms tf nrgltg l

kglut" cj teg hljiulig. #eg lgstegtcn usg fd hljiulig `l,gs


21/28

teg rglmgrs lpprgncltg hctgrlturg. #eg rglmgrs mf jft rglm

hctgrlturg dfr teg sl,g fd igttcji ,jf+hgmig kut dfr teg sl,g fd

lpprgncltcfj. 'j hctgrlturg tegrg cs lhsf teg gNprgssc&g usg fd

hljiulig terfuie +ecne l +rctgr gNprgssgs ecs dgghcji g`ftcfj

ljm sgjtc`gjt. GNprgssc&g usg fd hljiulig ic&gs lj g`ftc&g

&lhug tf hctgrlturg.

8) nlhhs tecs ,cjm fd +rctcji dfrgirfujmcji

+ecne cs lilcjst kln,irfujm. 't `gljskrcjicji tf lttgjtcfj fr

`l,cji sf`gtecji jg+. G&gr" hljiulig els cts hcjiucstcn

kln,irfujm ljm teg usgrs fd telt hljiulig dfhhf+ telt

kln,irfujm. 5ut l hctgrlr" +rctgr usgs l hljiulig lilcjst cts

kln,irfujm ls l rgsuht fd +ecne ecs hljiulig kgnf`gs

dfrgirfujmgm.


22/28

els ecsegr f+j cmcfs"jnrltcn st"hg. #ecs st"hg nlj kg

rgnfijc:gm k" l spgncdcn nf`kcjltcfj fd hljiulig `gmcl ljm

^Ms +ecne cj tegcr cjtgrlntcfj nelrlntgrc:g teg cjmc&cmulh

ujcugjgss ljm prgsgjt ljftegr jg+ s"stg` tf teg hljiulig.

#ecs jg+ s"stg` frcicjlhh" cs mgrc&gm drf` teg hctgrlr" jfr`s

ljm teg igjgrlh prcjncphgs fd teg ic&gj pgrcfm. #eg tlhgjtgm

+rctgr `l,gs sf`g lmlptltcfj fd teg nljfj fd teg hljiulig k"

+ecne eg `l,gs teg rglmgrs dggh teg +l" eg +ljts teg` tf dggh.

#eus lnnfrmcji tf Ilhpgrcj (*>88) lj ^M nlj kg mgdcjgm ls l

mghckgrltg ljm nfjsncfus cjtgjscdcnltcfj fd sf`g t"pcnlh

strunturgs fr sg`ljtcn prfpgrt" fd hljiulig ujct (jgutrlh fr

`gljs) prf`ftgm tf l igjgrlhc:gm stltus ljm teus kgnf`cji ligjgrltc&g `fmgh. #ecs `gljs ^Ms lrg lj lkstrlnt plttgrj fr

hgt fjg sl" l `fuhm cjtf +ecne lj" nfjtgjt nlj kg pfurgm.

#eg" lrg hljiulig tffhs +ecne lrg usgm k" teg hctgrlr" +rctgrs

tf nrgltg st"hg. #eg" `l,g teg +fr,s fd hctgrlturg kglutcduh ljm

lttrlntc&g ljm teg rglmgrs ecieh" lpprgncltg ct.

1)1 ^t+cstcns2 cts mg$cjctcfjs ljm snf'g

1)1)( Mg$cjctcfjs f$ st+cstcns#eg st"hcstcncljs mgdcjgm st"hcstcns cj mcddgrgjt +l"s. ^f`g fd

tegsg mgdcjctcfjs lrg=

(C) ^t"hcstcns cs teg sncgjtcdcn stum" fd st"hg. 'j hcjiucstcns ct

cs teg sncgjtcdcn stum" fd hljiulig. #eg tgr` st"hcstcns els tcns

ls l suddcN +ecne `gljs teg sncgjtcdcn stum". ^t"hcstcns cs

sncgjtcdcn kgnlusg tegrg cs fkgntc&ct" prgncscfj ljm

gNphcnctjgss +egj +g stum" teg hctgrlr" hljiulig. 't cs lhsf ljg`pcrcnlh s"stg`ltcn ljm ljlh"tcnlh stum". Kegj +g sl"

st"hcstcns teg ugstcfj lrcsgs +elt cs tegj st"hg\ #eg tgr`

st"hg cs jft gls" tf kg mgdcjgm prgncsgh". Lnnfrmcji tf ^pgjngr

(*>/6) st"hg cs l ecieh" nf`phgN pegjf`gjfj ljm nlj kg

&cg+gm drf` `lj" mcddgrgjt pfcjts fd &cg+. #eg tgr` st"hg els

l `uhtcphcnct" fd mgdcjctcfjs. ^t"hg cs nf``fjh" mgdcjgm ls l

`ljjgr fd +rctcji kut `lj" hcjiucsts el&g mgdcjgm st"hg ls

nefcng kgt+ggj lhtgrjltc&g gNprgsscfjs. ^f`g ftegr snefhlrsel&g mgdcjgm st"hg ls mg&cljt drf` teg jfr`.


23/28

#egrg cs jf mgj"cji teg dlnt telt st"hg dfr`s teg nfjtgjt fr

teg sukgnt `lttgr fd st"hcstcns ls teg hljiulig cs teg sukgnt

`lttgr fd hcjiucstcns.

(CC) ^t"hcstcns `l" lhsf kg mgdcjgm ls teg stum" fd teg usg

fd hljiulig cj hctgrlturg fr teg hctgrlr" usgs ljm dujntcfjs fd

hljiulig. Ls +g ,jf+ telt hljiulig cs l `gljs fd

nf``ujcnltcfj fur dgghcji g`ftcfj ljm tefuiet lrg

gNprgssgm terfuie hljiulig. Hljiulig cs usgm dfr mcddgrgjt

purpfsgs. 't cs usgm cj nfj&grsltcfj rghcicfus mcsnfursg hl+

spfrts `lss `gmcl ljm cj gmunltcfj. Hljiulig cs lhsf usgm cj

hctgrlturg. #eg usg fd hljiulig cj hctgrlturg cs mcddgrgjt drf`

ftegr usgs fd hljiulig. 't `l" kg pfcjtgm fut telt cj hctgrlturgtegrg cs teg spgnclh usg fd hljiulig. Kegj teg pfgts fr teg

+rctgrs usg hljiulig cj hctgrlturg teg" `fmcd" ct. #eg" `l,g

&lrcfus neljigs cj teg hljiulig s"stg`. #eg" lhsf nrgltg jg+

gNprgsscfjs ljm jg+ nf`kcjltcfjs fd +frms. Lhh tegsg tecjis

`l,g teg hljiulig spgnclh ljm teg stum" fd sune t"pgs fd

hljiulig cs nlhhgm st"hcstcns. 't `l" kg nhlrcdcgm egrg telt

st"hcstcns cs jft sc`ph" teg stum" fd hctgrlturg. 't cs lhsf jft

sc`ph" teg stum" fd hljiulig. 't cs teg stum" fd teg usg fdhljiulig cj hctgrlturg. r cj ftegr +frms ct cs teg stum" fd

hctgrlr" hljiulig fr hctgrlr" dujntcfjs fd hljiulig.

(CCC) ^t"hcstcns cs lj lrgl fd lpphcgm hcjiucstcns. 'j st"hcstcns

teg ,jf+hgmig fd hcjiucstcns cs lpphcgm tf teg stum" fd

hctgrlturg. Hcjiucstcns prf&cmgs teg tegfrgtcnlh ,jf+hgmig dfr

teg stum" fd teg strunturg fd hljiulig. Kegj sf`g hcjiucstcn

,jf+hgmig cs lpphcgm tf teg stum" ljm ljlh"scs fd teg strunturgfd hctgrlr" hljiulig ct cs nlhhgm st"hcstcns. #eg lpphcnltcfj fd

hcjiucstcns ljm lpphcgm hcjiucstcns rgdgrs tf teg dfhhf+cji=

L1 #eg usg fd teg mcsnf&grcgs ljm teg tegfrgtcnlh

,jf+hgmig fd hcjiucstcns.

51 #eg usg fd hcjiucstcn drl`g fd rgdgrgjng.

21 #eg usg fd tgr`cjfhficgs fd hcjiucstcns tf sgr&g teg

purpfsg fd ljftegr lrgl fd teg stum".

'j st"hcstcns teg mcsnf&grcgs ljm `gtefms fd hcjiucstcns lrglpphcgm tf teg stum" fd hctgrlturg. #eg hcjiucstcn drl`g fd

rgdgrgjng ljm hcjiucstcn tgr`cjfhficgs lrg lhsf usgm +echg

`l,cji teg st"hcstcn stum" fd hctgrlturg. Hctgrlturg cs fjg fd teg


24/28

`fst c`pfrtljt lrgls +egrg teg lpphcnltcfj fd hcjiucstcns nlj

kg pfssckhg.

(C3) ^t"hcstcns cs lhsf mgdcjgm ls teg hcjiucstcn stum" fd

hctgrlturg. Egrg teg hctgrlturg cs stumcgm drf` teg hcjiucstcn

pfcjt fd &cg+ ljm hcjiucstcn stum" fd hctgrlturg cs `lmg lt

&lrcfus hg&ghs fd hcjiucstcns sune ls pefjfhfi" `frpefhfi"

s"jtlN ljm sg`ljtcns.

L? Qefjfhfiy. Lt teg pefjfhficnlh hg&gh +g ljlh":g

hctgrlturg cj tgr`s fd sfujms nfjtlcjgm cj l pfg`. L kglutcduh

pfg` `l" nf`prf`csg l kglutcduh nf`kcjltcfj fd sfujms

kgnlusg cj pfgtr" tegrg cs l irljm ujct" fd sf`g strunturg lt teg

pefjfhficnlh hg&gh tegrgdfrg +g gNphfrg teg kglut" fd sfujmcj hctgrlturg ljm +g nfjngjtrltg fj teg pefjfhficnlh nfegscfj

fd teg pfg`s.

K1 @frpefhfiy Hctgrlturg nlj lhsf kg ljlh":gm lt teg

`frpefhficnlh hg&gh. Lt tecs hg&gh +g lrg nfjngrjgm +cte teg

strunturg fd +frms. Kg pl" fur lttgjtcfj tf ef+ teg +rctgrs

el&g `lmg tegcr sghgntcfj fd +frms ef+ teg" el&g nrgltgm jg+

+frms ljm gNprgsscfjs ljm ef+ teg" el&g nf`kcjgm ngrtlcj

+frms.N- ^yjtlx ljm Irl``lr Lt tecs hg&gh +g stum" teg

hctgrlr" nfjstruntcfj fd sgjtgjngs. Kg pl" fur lttgjtcfj tf teg

nrgltc&ct" fd l hljiulig. 5" uscji teg gNcstcji sfurngs teg

pfgts ljm hctgrlr" +rctgrs nrgltg jf&gh gNprgsscfj ljm

sgjtgjngs +ecne lttrlnt teg rglmgrs. Qfgts ljm +rctgrs mg&cltg

drf` teg jfr`s +echg uscji +frms perlsgs ljm sgjtgjngs.

^f`gtc`gs teg" mf jft dfhhf+ teg ruhgs fd irl``ltcnlhnltgifrcgs ljm egjng teg" mg&cltg drf` teg jfr`.

- ^!`ljt"#$ Hctgrlturg nlj lhsf kg stumcgm lt teg hg&gh fd

sg`ljtcns. Egrg +g tr" tf dcjm fut teg &cfhltcfj fd teg

sghgntcfjlh ruhgs ljm ngrtlcj t"pgs fd sg`ljtcn mg&cltcfjs sune

ls 7teg flt wls `grry, C krfg teg suj...9 gtn. #eg stum" fd

hctgrlturg lt lhh teg hg&ghs fd hcjiucstcns cs nlhhgm teg hcjiucstcn

stum" fd hctgrlturg ljm sune stumcgs lrg jftecji kut st"hcstcns.

1)1)1 ^nf'g f$ st+cstcns

'j st"hcstcns tegrg lrg t+f ghg`gjts cj&fh&gm fjg ghg`gjt cs

hcjiucstcns ljm teg ftegr fjg cs hctgrlturg. Hcjiucstcns ls lj


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ghg`gjt prf&cmgs tffhs ljm `gtefmfhfi" ljm hctgrlturg

ujdfhms teg st"hg fd teg +rctgr. 5" uscji hcjiucstcn `gtefms ljm

tffhs st"hcstcns mgsnrckgs teg st"hg fd teg +rctgr +ecne cs

nfjtlcjgm cj hctgrlturg. ^t"hcstcns mcsnf&grs dglturgs fd teg st"hg

+ecne lrg kfujm cj teg +fr, fd hctgrlturg. 't cs ujmgr teg snfpg

fd st"hcstcns telt ct `ust dcjm fut +elt lrg teg st"hcstcns dglturgs

cj teg +fr, fd hctgrlturg. Ls +g ,jf+ telt st"hg cs nrgltgm k"

teg usg fd hljiulig cj hctgrlturg. 't cs tegrgdfrg teg snfpg fd

st"hcstcns tf stum" teg usg fd hljiulig cj hctgrlturg ljm tf

mcsnf&gr teg pegjf`gjfj fd st"hg ljm dcjm fut teg dglturgs fd

st"hg. ^t"hcstcns tegrgdfrg nfjscsts fd tecs dfr`uhl

(HL^D8^L=HLD Hcjiucstcn Ljlh"scs

^D D ^t"hg !glturgs

^LD ^t"hcstcns Ljlh"scs

#eg st"hcstcn ljlh"scs nf`prcsgs t+f tecjis=

*) Hcjiucstcn ljlh"scs fd teg pcgng fd hctgrlturg.

) Mcsnf&grcji teg st"hg dglturgs cj telt pcgng fd hctgrlturg.

@grg hcjiucstcn ljlh"scs nljjft kg nlhhgm st"hcstcn ljlh"scs.

'j st"hcstcn ljlh"scs dcrst fd lhh +g `l,g teg hcjiucstcn ljlh"scsfd hctgrlturg gctegr lt l pefjfhficnlh hg&gh fr `frpefhficnlh

hg&gh. Ldtgr +g el&g `lmg teg hcjiucstcn ljlh"scs tegj +g tr"

tf dcjm fut teg st"hg dglturgs cj telt pcgng fd hctgrlturg. ^t"hg

dglturgs lrg tefsg mcstcjntc&g dglturgs fd st"hg fr teg usg fd

hljiulig +ecne lrg dfujm cj hctgrlturg. 'j l jutseghh teg snfpg

fd st"hcstcns nlj kg su``lrc:gm ls dfhhf+s=

(1 ^t"hcstcns cs teg sncgjtcdcn stum" fd st"hg.11 ^t"hcstcns cs teg stum" fd teg usg fd hljiulig cj

hctgrlturg.

>1 ^t"hcstcns cs teg stum" fd teg dujntcfj fd hljiulig cj

hctgrlturg.

71 ^t"hcstcns cs teg lpphcnltcfj fd teg tegfrgtcnlh ,jf+hgmig

fd hcjiucstcns tf hctgrlturg. #elt cs +e" st"hcstcns cs nfjscmgrgm

ls l krljne fd lpphcgm hcjiucstcns.

41 ^t"hcstcns cs teg hcjiucstcn stum" fd hctgrlturg. 'jst"hcstcns hctgrlturg cs stumcgm ljm ljlh":gm drf` teg hcjiucstcn

pfcjt fd &cg+ lt teg &lrcfus hg&gh fd hcjiucstcns sune ls

pefjfhfi" `frpefhfi" s"jtlN gtn.


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01 L st"hcstcns lpprflne tf hctgrlturg dfr`s teg sncgjtcdcn

pfcjt fd &cg+. #elt cs tf sl" tegrg cs fkgntc&ct" prgncscfj ljm

gNphcnctjgss cj tecs lpprflne. #ecs lpprflne cs lhsf g`pcrcnlh

ljlh"tcnlh ljm s"stg`ltcn.

1)> ^t+cstcns ljm +ctg#l# n#ctcncs`

#eg hcjiucsts lirgg fj teg cmgl telt st"hcstcns ljm hctgrlr"

nrctcncs` lrg teg t+f lpprflnegs tf stum" hctgrlturg. Ef+g&gr

teg `lfr mcddgrgjng kgt+ggj teg` cs telt st"hcstcns cs teg

`fmgrj lpprflne tf stum" hctgrlturg ljm hctgrlr" nrctcncs` cs

teg trlmctcfjlh fr fhm lpprflne tf teg stum" fd hctgrlturg. #eg"

tr" tf mcsphl" sf`g ftegr mcddgrgjngs kgt+ggj st"hcstcns ljmhctgrlr" nrctcncs` ls dfhhf+s=

1)>)( ^t+cstcns

^t"hcstcns cs klscnlhh" teg hcjiucstcn lpprflne tf teg stum" fd

hctgrlturg kgnlusg st"hcstcns cs klsgm fj hcjiucstcns. Kegj +g

stum" hctgrlturg drf` teg hcjiucstcn pfcjt fd &cg+ +g mf teg

dfhhf+cji

L? Kg lpph" teg tegfrgtcnlh ,jf+hgmig fd hcjiucstcns tfteg stum" fd hctgrlturg.

;? Kg `l,g teg hcjiucstcn drl`g fd rgdgrgjng.

N? Kg `l,g usg fd teg tgr`cjfhficgs fd hcjiucstcns +echg

stum"cji hctgrlturg)

'j st"hcstcns +g lrg `lcjh" nfjngrjgm +cte teg ljlh"scs fd

teg st"hg fd teg hctgrlr" +rctgr ljm st"hg cs nrgltgm k" teg usg fd

hljiulig. #egrgdfrg st"hcstcns cs nfjngrjgm +cte hctgrlr" usg fdhljiulig. 2f``fjh" cj hctgrlturg tegrg cs spgnclh usg fd

hljiulig. G&gr" +rctgr els ecs ujcug usg fd l hljiulig. #eg

hctgrlr" hljiulig cs ecieh" frjl`gjtlh s"`kfhcn ljm duhh fd

dciurgs fd spggne. 'j lmmctcfj tf tecs hctgrlr" hljiulig lhsf

mg&cltgs drf` teg jfr`s ljm cj tecs +l" ct kgnf`gs l

hljiulig +ecne cs ecieh" dfrgirfujmgm. Lhh tegsg lspgnts fd

hctgrlr" hljiulig lrg tl,gj nlrg fd cj st"hcstcns.

^t"hcstcns cs lhsf l sncgjtcdcn lpprflne tf teg stum" fdhctgrlturg kgnlusg tecs lpprflne cs fkgntc&g s"stg`ltcn ljm

fksgr&ltcfjlh. #eg dfhhf+cji lrg teg nelrlntgrcstcns fd teg

st"hcstcn lpprflne tf hctgrlturg=


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*1 #ecs lpprflne cs fkgntc&g kgnlusg ct stumcgs teg

hljiulig fd hctgrlturg fkgntc&gh".

1 't cs l sncgjtcdcn ljm prlntcnlh lpprflne kgnlusg cj tecs

lpprflne teg mltl cs eljmhgm prlntcnlhh" ljm cts `gtefms lrg

sncgjtcdcn.

?1 't cs fksgr&ltcfjlh kgnlusg +g fksgr&g teg hcjiucstcn

mltl +echg `l,cji teg stum". 't cs jft klsgm fj c`licjltcfj cj

+ecne mltl nljjft kg fksgr&gm.

61 't cs l s"stg`ltcn lpprflne kgnlusg teg ljlh"scs fd

hctgrlr" hljiulig cs `lmg s"stg`ltcn.

A1 't cs l mltl1frcgjtgm lpprflne kgnlusg cj tecs lpprflne

+g dfnus fur lttgjtcfj fj mltl fd teg tgNt. Ljm fj teg klscs fdteg ljlh"scs fd teg mltl fd teg tgNt rgsuhts ljm nfjnhuscfj lrg

mrl+j. 'j tecs lpprflne +g mf jft nfjscmgr teg hcdg

pgrsfjlhct" lig ljm teg sfncgt" cj +ecne teg hctgrlr" +rctgr

hc&gs. #egsg lrg jft c`pfrtljt tecjis dfr st"hcstcns ljlh"scs fd

hctgrlturg. #eg c`pfrtljt tecji cs teg tgNt +ecne teg hctgrlr"

+rctgr els +rcttgj. #ecs tgNt `l" nf`prcsg pfg` sefrt stfr"

jf&gh phl" gtn.

1)>)1 Hctg#l# n#ctcncs`

Hctgrlr" nrctcncs` ls slcm glrhcgr cs l trlmctcfjlh lpprflne tf

teg stum" fd hctgrlturg. 't cs lhsf nlhhgm lj fhm ljm nhlsscnlh

lpprflne tf teg stum" fd hctgrlturg. Hctgrlr" nrctcncs` cs

prc`lrch" klsgm fj teg c`prgsscfjs +ecne nrctcns iltegr +egj

teg" if terfuie teg hctgrlturg. #ecs lpprflne cs klsgm fj teg

pgrsfjlh hc,cji ljm mcshc,cji fd teg nrctcn. #elt cs +e" hctgrlr"nrctcncs` cs nlhhgm c`prgsscfjcstcn nrctcncs` kgnlusg teg

hctgrlr" nrctcn cs iucmgm k" ecs c`prgsscfj. 'j hctgrlr" nrctcncs`

jft `une lttgjtcfj cs plcm tf hljiulig usgm k" teg pfgts ljm

+rctgrs. 't mglhs +cte teg ftegr lspgnts fd hctgrlturg sune ls

stfr" phft nelrlntgrs egrfgs egrfcjgs nhc`lN trligm"

nf`gm" gtn. @frgf&gr hctgrlr" nrctcns +echg `l,cji teg stum"

fd hctgrlturg lhsf mglh +cte teg hcdg ljm pgrsfjlhct" fd teg

lutefr. Eg lhsf dfnusgs ecs lttgjtcfj fj teg pgrcfm ljm tegsfncgt" cj +ecne teg +rctgr hc&gm. Hctgrlr" nrctcncs` tegrgdfrg cs

lj gjtcrgh" mcddgrgjt lpprflne tf teg stum" fd hctgrlturg. #ecs

lpprflne els teg dfhhf+cji dglturgs=


28/28

*1 Hctgrlr" nrctcncs` cs c`prgsscfjcstcn kgnlusg teg hctgrlr"

nrctcn cs &gr" ùne iucmgm k" teg c`prgsscfj +ecne eg dfr`s

+echg stum"cji hctgrlturg.

1 't cs l sukgntc&g lpprflne kgnlusg cj tecs lpprflne teg

pgrsfjlh hc,cji ljm mcshc,cji fd teg nrctcns `lttgrs l hft. 'd teg

nrctcn hc,gs l pfgt fr lj" pcgng fd hctgrlturg eg +chh lpprgncltg ct

tff ùne kut cd eg mcshc,gs l pfgt fr l pcgng fd hctgrlturg eg

+chh nf``gjt fj ct klmh".

?1 't cs teg lpprflne cj +ecne hctgrlr" tgNt cs jft ic&gj teg

ngjtrlh pfsctcfj kgnlusg lplrt drf` stum"cji hctgrlr" tgNt teg

nrctcn pl"s lttgjtcfj tf teg hcdg ljm pgrsfjlhct" fd teg pfgts ljm

+rctgrs. Eg lhsf mcsnussgs teg pgrcfm ljm teg lig cj +ecne tegpfgt+rctgr hc&gm.

61 't mfgs jft nfjngjtrltg duhh" fj hljiulig. 't mcsnussgs

`lttgr ftegr telj teg hljiulig sune ls teg`g stfr" nhc`lN

ljm nelrlntgrs prgsgjtgm cj hctgrlturg.

A1 't cs jft l sncgjtcdcn lpprflne tf teg stum" fd hctgrlturg

kgnlusg teg sncgjtcdcn `gtefms tf ljlh":g teg hctgrlturg lrg jft

dfhhf+gm cj tecs lpprflne +echg stum"cji hctgrlturg.

/1 #ecs lpprflne `l,gs tff ùne igjgrlhc:ltcfj ljm ctsdcjmcjis lrg jft mrl+j fj teg klscs fd teg ljlh"scs fd teg

hctgrlr" tgNt. 'j tecs lpprflne teg nrctcn cjmuhigs cj

gNliigrltcfj ljm teg" usg &gr" pf`pfus hljiulig +ecne cs

duhh fd &grkfsct". #eus +g dcjm telt tegrg lrg l hft fd

mcddgrgjngs kgt+ggj st"hcstcns ljm hctgrlr" nrctcncs`. 5fte

lpprflnegs selrg teg cmgl teg" stum" hctgrlturg kut teg" lrg

gjtcrgh" mcddgrgjt cj `lj" +l"s.

1)7 ^t+g cts mg$cjctcfj

17)( ]eg tg#` st+g

#eg tgr` st"hg els kggj mgrc&gm drf` teg Hltcj +frm 7stchus9

+ecne `gljs teg +rctcji cjstru`gjt fd teg 4f`lj. ^t"hg cs

igjgrlhh" nelrlntgrc:gm ls lj lutefr

series of applied linguistics: stylistics by hasan m. s. jaashan

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