Tropical Zoology 13: 159-170, 2000

Neotype designation and a diagnostic account for the centipede, Scolopendra gigantea L. 1758, with an account of S. galapagoensis Bollman 1889 (Chilopoda Scolopendromorpha Scolopendridae)R.M. SHELLEY 1 and S.B. KISER 2Research Lab, North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, 4301 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA 2 Bat Conservation International, Inc., 500 Capital of Texas Highway N, Building 1, Austin, Texas 78746, USAReceived 7 October 1999, accepted 25 January 20001

The oldest species-group name in the chilopod order Scolopendromorpha and family Scolopendridae, Scolopendra gigantea Linnaeus 1758, is stabilized in accordance with the current concept by designating a neotype specimen from northern Venezuela. The species occurs in northern Colombia and Venezuela, and on Trinidad, Isla Margarita, Curaao, and Aruba; records from the US Virgin Islands, Haiti, Mexico, and Honduras are deemed to represent accidental human importations or labeling errors. Scolopendra galapagoensis Bollman 1889 occurs in Cocos Island, the Galpagos Islands, and along the Pacific Coast of South America and the western slope of the Andes from Ecuador to southern Peru. Scolopendra gigantea weyrauchi Bcherl 1950 is placed in synonymy under S. galapagoensis Bollman 1889.KEY WORDS:

Scolopendra gigantea, Scolopendra gigantea weyrauchi, Scolopendra galapagoensis, centipede, Galpagos Islands.

Introduction . . . . . . . . Systematic accounts . . . . . . Scolopendra gigantea Linnaeus 1758 . Scolopendra galapagoensis Bollman 1889 Acknowledgements . . . . . . References . . . . . . . .

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159 161 161 166 169 169

INTRODUCTION

The fourth species-group name proposed by LINNAEUS (1758) under the chilopod genus Scolopendra L. 1758, after names that refer respectively to a polyxenid milliped and a lithobiomorph and a scutigeromorph centipedes, is S. gigantea L.

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1758. It was assigned to an illustration and short verbal account of a large-bodied centipede that occurred on the wharves of Kingston, Jamaica (BROWNE 1756). BROWNEs sketch of a dorsolateral view of this chilopod is inadequate for a species determination and is anatomically incorrect. It has 19 rather than 21 pedal segments and 19, rather than 21, legs on the right side and only 18 on the left (Fig. 1), but it shows the general body form of a representative of the order Scolopendromorpha; with ocelli on the cephalic plate lateral to the bases of the antennae, the species is referrable to the family Scolopendridae. Scolopendra gigantea is thus the oldest binomial for a representative of the Scolopendridae and holds priority over all subsequent species-group names in the family except for S. morsitans L. 1758, proposed immediately after S. gigantea and selected as type species in Opinion 454 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. There is no evidence that there ever was a preserved or dry specimen, which today would be the holotype, to support LINNAEUS proposal; there is none in the Linnaean Collection at the Linnean Society of London nor in any major American or European natural history museum. Consequently, a neotype should be designated to settle the identity of S. gigantea and provide stability to binomials in the Scolopendridae. In its current concept, most recently articulated by ATTEMS (1930), S. gigantea refers to the truly giant scolopendrid occur ring in northern South America. As this chilopod can grow to over a foot (12 inches, 30 cm) in length, this referral is logical and appropriate. However, there is no evidence that this particular species ever occurred on Jamaica, either natively or as a human importation. The citations of Jamaica in accounts by KRAEPELIN (1903), CHAMBERLIN (1918), and ATTEMS (1930) merely refer to LINNAEUS original description. The first author has examined material conforming to ATTEMS concept of S. gigantea from every known institution housing specimens without seeing one from Jamaica. Individuals have been examined from the US Virgin Islands, Haiti, Mexico, Honduras, Colombia, Venezuela (including Margarita Island), Aruba, Curaao, and Trinidad, but not Jamaica. The only scolopendrids that he has seen from Jamaica are S. alternans and S. subspinipes, both authored by LEACH (1815), which are common on Caribbean islands and often found in urban areas. The species for which LINNAEUS proposed S. gigantea may have been either of these, as BROWNEs sketch shows no diagnostic features; if so the oldest name strictly applicable to S. gigantea (sensu auctorum) would be S. gigas Leach 1815, which was POCOCKs position (1895). As this can never be known, the simplest action is to assume that the species currently known as S. gigantea was encountered on Jamaica as a short-term introduction and to stabilize the name by designating a neotype in harmony with accustomed usage. Accordingly, we designate as the neotype a specimen at the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, from Valencia, Edo. Carabobo, Venezuela; while not the largest individual, this one is in excellent condition and possesses all its legs. As part of this study it was necessary to evaluate the subspecies, S. gigantea weyrauchi Bcherl 1950, and the large-bodied species, S. galapagoensis Bollman 1889, which can be as large as S. gigantea. We found that S. galapagoensis and S. gigantea weyrauchi are synonymous with the former name holding priority, and we therefore extend its range to the Pacific Coast of South America. The occurrences of S. galapagoensis on the Galpagos Islands and also Cocos Island are thus explainable by rafting from the proximate part of the continent. The key anatomical features of these chilopods are the number of sparsely hirsute antennomeres and the number of legs with femoral spurs. Scolopendra gigantea has 7-10 sparsely hirsute antennomeres, proximal to those that are densely

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hirsute, and usually numerous legs with femoral spurs. The latter number is highly variable and difficult to determine because most specimens are missing several legs, but it ranges as high as 15. Scolopendra galapagoensis, however, has from 4-7 sparsely hirsute antennomeres and only the first pair of legs with one femoral spur apiece. The examined specimens from South America corresponding to S. gigantea weyrauchi match the attributes of S. galapagoensis from the Galpagos Islands, showing that the names are synonymous. Acronyms of sources of preserved specimens are as follows:AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA. BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom. FSCA Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, USA. MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. MNHP Musum National dHistoire Naturelle, Paris, France. NCSM North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, USA. NMNH National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA. NMV Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. SMF Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt, Germany. ZMA Zoological Museum, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ZMB Museum fr Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitt, Berlin, Germany. ZSBS Zoologisches Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Munich, Germany. ZMUC Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNTS

Scolopendra gigantea Linnaeus 1758 (Figs 2-5)Scolopendra gigantea LINNAEUS 1758: 638. GERVAIS 1847: 279. NEWPORT 1844: 400-401; 1856: 50. KOCH 1863: 9-10, pl. 65, fig. 133a-c. SAUSSURE & HUMBERT 1872: 195. KRAEPELIN 1903: 233. CHAMBERLIN 1918: 156; 1921: 8. ATTEMS 1930: 39. BCHERL 1942: 287-288; 1974: 105. Scolopendra gigas LEACH 1815: 383. GERVAIS 1847: 278. NEWPORT 1844: 399-400; 1856: 49-50. SAUSSURE & HUMBERT 1872: 197. KOHLRAUSCH 1881: 119. MEINERT 1886: 191-192. POCOCK 1895: 14. Scolopendra insignis GERVAIS 1847: 278-279, pl. 43, fig. 4; 1859: fig. 1, 1a-b. NEWPORT 1856: 50. WOOD 1862: 32. SAUSSURE & HUMBERT 1872: 197. Scolopendra prasinipes WOOD 1861: 11. Scolopendra epileptica WOOD 1861: 11-12. Scolopendra gigantea gigantea: BCHERL 1950: 176-177.

Type specimen. Neotype (ZMUC) collected by L.W. Schibbye on an unknown date at Valencia, Edo. Carabobo, Venezuela. Diagnosis. Cephalic plate with complete longitudinal sutures; prosternum with transverse groove; first 7-10 antennomeres sparsely hirsute; 1st tergite with procurved transverse groove; tergal margination beginning on tergites 4-5; femora of most legs with one or more dorsoapical spurs (Figs 2-5). Variation. As mentioned in the diagnosis, the number of sparsely hirsute antennomeres varies from 7-10, but the number in most individuals is 8-9. The most variable aspect is the number of legs with femoral spurs, which varies from

162

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Figs 1-5. Scolopendra gigantea. Fig. 1, reproduction of public domain drawing by BROWNE (1756). Fig. 2, forcipules and prosternum of specimen from Maracaibo, Venezuela, ventral view. Fig. 3, cephalic plate and first six tergites of the same, dorsal view. Fig. 4, caudalmost tergites and basal articles of last three leg pairs of the same, dorsal view. Fig. 5, coxosterna and basal articles of ultimate legs, ventral view. Scale lines = 1.00 mm.

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one with three legs missing to 15 with all legs present. The origin of the lateral tergal margination is rather constant, tergite 4 in all but three of the 57 specimens examined (Table 1). Distribution. Aruba, Curaao, Margarita Island, Trinidad, and northern Venezuela and Colombia (Figs 6-7). Specimens from the US Virgin Islands, Haiti, Mexico, and Honduras are assumed to represent accidental human importations or perhaps labeling errors; with only one individual from each of these areas, the species does not appear to be established in any of them. KRAEPELIN (1903) and ATTEMS (1930) cited Brazil and Chile for S. gigantea, which we herewith delete. In addition to the neotype, specimens were examined as follows:US Virgin Islands: St Thomas, 1 spec., date unknown, M. Sall (BMNH). Haiti: locality, date, and collector unknown, 1 spec. (ZMA). Mexico: state and locality unknown, 1 spec., June 1908, Dr v. Studt (ZMB). Honduras: province and locality unknown, 1 spec., date and collector unknown (NCSM). Colombia: Dept. Atlantico, Baranquilla, 2 spec., March 1879, Steindachner (NMV), and 1 spec., 3 August 1909, B. Heighton (BMNH). Dept. Bolivar, Carthagena, 2 spec., 1835, M. Buret (MNHP). Depts. Bolivar/Magdalena, lower part of Magdalena Val., 4 spec., 8 July 1903, K. Thompson (BMNH). Dept. Cordoba, Montera, 1 spec., May 1947, F.L. Gallego (NMNH). Dept. La Guajira, Riohacha, 1 spec., 19 January 1936, P.W. Hummelinck (ZMA). Dept. Magdalena, nr. Mamtoea, Santa Marta Mts, 1 spec., 30 July 1913, A.G. Ruthven, F.M. Gaige (MCZ); and nr. Rio Frio, 2 spec., 5 August 1928, P.J. Darlington (MCZ). Venezuela: Edo. Zulia, Maracaibo, 1 spec., date unknown, T. Ortiz (NMNH) and 1 spec., 13 May 1913, collector unknown (ZMUC). Edo. Aragua, Maracay, 1 spec., date and collector unknown (NMNH). Edo. Merida, Aricagua, 2 spec., 6 February 1952, J.L. Mendez (NMNH). Caracas, 1 spec., date unknown, F. Vogl (ZSBS) and 1 spec., date and collector unknown (ZMUC). Edo. Carabobo, Valencia, 7 spec., 1889, L.W. Schibbye (ZMUC). Edo. Lara, xerophytic zone, 3 spec., 21-25 July 1978, J.M. Osorio, H. da Unda (FSCA). Edo. Falcon, Paraguan Penin., 3 km N Moruy, off road in dry tropical rainforest, 1 spec., 1 December 1990, A.L. Markezich (MCZ). Edo. Anzoatequi, Naricual, 1 spec., 1885, Chaper (MNHP). Unknown estado, Orinoco, exact location unknown, 2 spec., date and collector unknown (MNHP). Isla Margarita, Porlamar, 7 spec., 25 May-5 August 1936, P.W. Hummelinck (ZMA). Aruba: top of Ammanota, 1 spec., 3 January 1937, P.W. Hummelinck (ZMA). Bubali, 1 spec., 6 November 1963, P.W. Hummelinck (ZMA). Dakota, 1 spec., 10 November 1948, P.W. Hummelinck (ZMA). Eagle Petroleum Co., 1 spec., 10 May 1955, P.W. Hummelinck (ZMA). Oranjestad, 2 spec., 22 December 1936, Fraters (ZMA); 1 spec., 5 February 1937, P.W. Hummelinck (ZMA); 1 spec., August 1949, J. van. Zijl (ZMA); 1 spec., 1963, I. Tjon Sie Fat (ZMA); and Heintje Kroes, 2 spec., 14-15 December 1936, P.W. Hummelinck (ZMA). Savaneta, 1 spec., 1955, J.G. v.d. Bergh (ZMA). Localities unknown, 1 spec., 17 October 1952, collector unknown (AMNH), 1 spec., 1 December 1949, J. v. Zijl (ZMA), and 1 spec., 1955, J.G. v.d. Bergh (ZMA). Curaao: Mt Altena, 1 spec., 1948, Lobato (ZMA). Carmabi, 1 spec., 12 April 1963, Meiboom (ZMA); and 1 spec., July 1963, collector unknown (ZMA). Cas Cora, 1 spec., 5 July 1947, B.A. Bitter (ZMA). Stenen-Koraal, 1 spec., 24 July 1970, B. de Jong (ZMA). Willemstad, 1 spec., July 1928, collector unknown (ZMA). Locality unknown, 1 spec., 2 May 1934, P.C. de Ruiter (ZMA). Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidad: Port of Spain, 1 spec., 11 July 1941, collector unknown (NMNH). Chaguanas, 1 spec., 5 April 1963, R.K. Wacring (FSCA). SW Gaspar Grande Island, 1 spec., 20 February 1970, C.B. Tench (FSCA). Southside of Gaspar Grande Island, 1 spec., 2 July 1965, E.N. Kjellesvig-Waering (FSCA). Centipede Island off Staubel Bay, exact location unknown, 1 spec., 5 July 1969, E.N. Kjellesvig-Waering (FSCA). Gasparillo Island, a small, uninhabited island ca 11.2 km W Port of Spain, 1 spec., 1 March 1969, U. Cross (FSCA). Locality, date, and collector unknown, 1 spec. each (NMV, ZMUC).

164Table 1.

R.M. Shelley and S.B. Kiser

Variation in size, antennal pilosity, tergal margination, and femoral spurs in Scolopendra gigantea. No. legs with femoral spurs (No. missing legs) L 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 9 4 5 10 7 7 7 2 8 7 3 6 13 5 5 14 10 15 9 7 5 6 3 2 7 9 4 1 10 12 6 5 4 10 6 8 12 5 6 12 7 8 15 (7) (5) (4) (2) (10) (7) (2) (1) (3) 12 3 6 6 3 13 5 0 4 4 4 2 13 6 6 10 12 13 8 7 3 6 7 3 4 8 5 3 7 11 11 6 3 10 11 8 13 3 3 9 9 7 12 R (5) (1) (6) (1) (3) (7) (3) (9) (10) (4)

Locality

L max W (mm) (mm)

Sparsely hirsute antennomeres L R 8 8 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 8 7 9 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 9 9 9 8 8 9 9 8 9

Margination begins

Haiti Mexico Honduras CO, Baranquilla CO, Baranquilla CO, Carthagena CO, Carthagena CO, Monteria VE, Aricagua VE, Aricagua VE, Caracas VE, Caracas VE, Lara Est. VE, Lara Est. VE, Lara Est. VE, Maracaibo VE, Maracaibo VE, Maracaibo VE, Maracay VE, Naricual VE, Orinoco VE, Valencia VE, Valencia VE, Valencia VE, Valencia VE, Valencia VE, Valencia (NT) VE, Valencia VE, La Goajira TR, Port of Spain TR, Chaquanas TR, Isl. Staubel Bay TR, Gasparillo I. TR, Gasparee I. TR, Gasparee I. TR, Gasparee I. AR, Ammanota AR, Bubali AR, Dakota AR, Eagle Pet. Co. AR, Oranjestad AR, Oranjestad AR, Oranjestad .

170.3 145.2 192.0 181.1 168.6 218.5 161.0 167.0 169.2 182.3 240.7 100.8 142.1 143.7 209.8 182.5 151.5 175.7 237.8 190.7 202.0 188.0 200.3 215.4 224.3 177.7 220.4 274.6 178.8 206.2 138.1 178.3 165.6 173.4 183.3 232.7 137.6 146.2 134.0 154.5 194.9 111.9 131.1

17.4 15.0 19.1 21.8 17.5 22.4 14.1 13.9 16.4 22.2 22.9 8.7 15.5 12.1 24.0 18.5 11.9 20.9 22.7 18.6 19.2 16.5 21.9 18.9 24.8 20.3 22.7 26.2 20.6 21.5 13.3 18.0 19.0 19.8 20.3 23.4 13.2 13.1 12.3 16.0 20.7 10.0 12.1

8 8 9 9 8 8 9 9 8 7 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 9 9 8 9

1/2

(3) (1) (8) (3) (2) (10) (5) (3)

(6) (7) (4) (4) (11) (1) (4) (1) (2) (1) (6)

1/2

1/2

(5) (3) (8) (1) (8)

(3)

(3)

(1) (7) (1)

(3)

(continued)

Neotype of Scolopendra giganteaTable 1. (continued)

165

Locality

L max W (mm) (mm)

Sparsely hirsute antennomeres L R 9 9 8 10 9 10 9 9 8 9 9

Margination begins

No. legs with femoral spurs (No. missing legs) L R 7 14 5 10 2 10 8 13 9 9 8 5 1 13

AR, Oranjestad AR, Oranjestad AR, Oranjestad AR, Oranjestad AR, Savaneta CU, Carmabi CU, Carmabi CU, Cas Cora CU, Mt Altena CU, Willemstad MA, Porlamar MA, Porlamar MA, Porlamar MA, Porlamar

162.7 174.2 133.5 120.4 171.2 158.7 196.1 207.4 179.2 164.6 168.8 128.5 166.8 161.7

18.0 20.0 11.8 10.0 17.8 16.8 22.1 24.2 21.9 15.4 20.5 14.2 18.6 16.1

10 9 9 8 9 10 9 9 9 8 9 9

1/2

1/2

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

9 11 7 12 2 17 10 15 11 8 14 5 1 12

(3) (1) (1)

(1)

(1) (1) (2) (1) (3) (1) (3) (3) (4) (3) (2)

(1) (3)

AR, Aruba; CO, Colombia; CU, Curaao; MA, Margarita Island; TR, Trinidad; VE, Venezuela; NT, Neotype.

Fig. 6. Distribution of S. gigantea. The question mark denotes the unknown location of the sample from the Orinoco.

Deletions. Chile and Brazil. Remarks. Scolopendra gigantea has been brought into the United States by arthropod/pet dealers for sale in pet stores. I have seen specimens incorrectly labeled as this species in a number of museums, and it should be noted that other large-bodied species of Scolopendra occur in the range of S. gigantea.

166 Scolopendra galapagoensis Bollman 1889

R.M. Shelley and S.B. Kiser

Scolopendra galapagoensis BOLLMAN 1889: 215. KRAEPELIN 1903: 237. ATTEMS 1930: 44. CHAMBERLIN 1913: 122; 1924: 139; 1944: 184; 1950: 135. KRAUS 1958: 99. BCHERL 1974: 105. SHEAR & PECK 1992: 2265-2266. Scolopendra gigantea weyrauchi BCHERL 1950: 174-177, figs 1-3; 1974: 105. KRAUS 1955: 173-174; 1957: 380. CHAMBERLIN 1957: 30. New synonymy. Hemiscolopendra galapagosa CHAMBERLIN 1955: 43.

Type specimen. Holotype and one paratype (NMNH) collected by an unknown person in the US Fish Commission during the voyage of the Albatross in 1887-1888 on Chatham Island, Galpagos Islands, Ecuador. One paratype (NMNH) collected on James Island on 11 April 1887-1888 and one (NMNH) collected on Albemarle Island on 10 April 1887-1888 by unknown people during the voyage of the Albatross. The type locality of S. gigantea weyrauchi is Pucara near Jaen in north Peru. Paratypes were collected on Campana Mountain near Trujillo and from Tambo Tingo over Chilete between Pacasmayo and Cajamarca on the western slope of the Andes (BCHERL 1950).

Fig. 7. Comparative distributions of S. gigantea (dots) and S. galapagoensis (squares).

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Diagnosis. Cephalic plate with complete longitudinal sutures; prosternum with transverse groove; first 4-7 antennomeres sparsely hirsute; 1st tergite with procurved transverse groove; tergal margination beginning on tergites 4-5; femora of usually first legs with one dorsoapical spur. Variation. As shown in Tables 2-3, specimens from South America that correspond to S. gigantea weyrauchi agree with ones of S. galapagoensis from the Galpagos islands in having 4-7 sparsely hirsute antennomeres and usually only one leg, the first one, with femoral spurs. These data show that weyrauchi is a synonym of S. galapagoensis instead of being a race of S. gigantea.

Table 2. Variation in size, antennal pilosity, tergal margination, and femoral spurs in Scolopendra galapagoensis. No. legs with femoral spurs (No. missing legs) L R

Locality

L max W (mm) (mm)

Sparsely hirsute antennomeres L R

Margination begins

Cocos I.

GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA,

I. unknown I. unknown I. unknown Isabela I. Isabela I. Isabela I. Isabela I. Isabela I. Isabela I. Baltra I. Baltra I. Baltra I. Baltra I. Beta I. Floreana I. Floreana I. San Cristobal San Cristobal San Cristobal San Cristobal San Cristobal Hood I. Hood I. Hood I. Hood I.

I. I. I. I. I.

146.6 164.4 166.1 143.5 36.5 56.4 58.2 52.2 83.2 97.3 153.2 76.2 134.0 115.1 200.5 150.0 125.0 149.2 63.6 65.3 160.7 72.7 78.2 38.283.6

59.9

13.0 18.1 17.1 13.3 2.2 3.7 4.2 4.3 6.4 6.4 14.7 7.8 10.6 10.2 16.3 14.0 11.8 12.8 5.1 4.5 16.0 5.3 7.0 2.67.1

5.0

5 7 7 6 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 4 5 6 6 6 45

4

5 7 7 6 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 4 5 6 6 45

4

4 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44

4

1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

1 (1)

(2) (1) (3) (6) (4) (1) (2) (5) (1)

(2) (3) (1) (5) (4) (6)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 (2)

(2) (4) (2) (6) (2)

(8) (1) (4) (1) (1)

(8) (7) (5) (8)

1 (2)

1 (5)

GA, Galpagos Islands.

168Table 3.

R.M. Shelley and S.B. Kiser

Variation in size, antennal pilosity, tergal margination, and femoral spurs in Scolopendra gigantea weyrauchi. No. legs with femoral spurs (No. missing legs) L 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 (6) 1 1 (1) 1 1 1 (1) R 0 (9) 1 (1) 0 0 2 1 (1)

Locality

L max W (mm) (mm)

Sparsely hirsute antennomeres L R 5 5 5 5 5 4

Margination begins

EC, PE, PE, PE, PE, PE,

Guayaquil Cajacay Cajacay Cajacay Cajacay Pueb. Coca.

104.1 82.2 82.7 96.2 42.6 129.4

10.4 7.8 7.5 7.9 3.2 12.6

5 5 5 5 5 4

EC, Ecuador; PE, Peru.

Distribution. Cocos Island, the Galpagos Islands, and the Pacific Coast of South America and the western slope of the Andes from central Ecuador to southern Peru (Fig. 7). In addition to the holotype and paratypes, specimens were examined as follows:Cocos Island: 1 spec., 25 April 1941, W.L. Schmitt (NMNH). Galpagos Islands: Isabela I., west coast, 2 spec., 9 March 1934, collector unknown (AMNH); and Iguana Cove, 4 spec., 31 December 1898, collector unknown (NMNH). Baltra I., 7 spec., date unknown, K. Vinton (NMNH). Beta I., 1 spec., 24 January 1942, W.H.W. Kruitz (NMNH). Floreana I., 5 spec., 1876, collector unknown (BMNH); 1 spec., August 1948, K. Vinton (NMNH); and Post Office Bay, 1 spec., 27 July 1938, collector unknown (NMNH). San Cristobal I., 1 spec., 29 March 1891, US Fish Comm., Steamer Albatross (NMNH); 1 spec., 27 May 1899 (NMNH); and 7 spec., July 1948, K. Vinton (NMNH). Hood I., 1 spec., 18 May 1899, collector unknown (NMNH); 1 spec., 27 April 1927, collector unknown (NMNH); and albatross rookery, 2 spec., 18 December 1934, W.L. Schmitt (NMNH). James I. under rock between lagoons, 18 April 1941, W.L. Schmitt (NMNH). Island unknown, 8 spec., 1 February 1878, Steindachner (NMV). Ecuador: Guayas Edo., Guayaquil, date and collector unknown (NMNH). Peru: Arequipa Edo., Pueblo Cocachacra on Tambo R., 1 spec., 1892, collector unknown (MNHP). Ancash Edo., Cajacay, Rio Fortaleza, 2650-2750 m, 4 spec., 3 June 1956, W.K. Weyrauch (SMF). Lima Edo., Lima, 1 spec., date and collector unknown (ZMB). The following additional literature records are available: Peru: between Lives and Mirador, between Lima and Lurin, and near San Bartolom (KRAUS 1955); Cajabamba, southwest of Cajamarca, and near Pariacoto between Casma and Huaras (KRAUS 1957); Mirador, Lives, Quebrada Verde near Lima, San Bartolom, and La Libertad (BCHERL 1974). Galpagos Islands: Sites on Espanola, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, and Wolf islands (SHEAR & PECK 1992).

Remarks. Repeated efforts to locate and borrow the holotype and paratypes of S. gigantea weyrauchi were unsuccessful, and we had to rely on BCHERLs original description (1950) for information on these specimens. BCHERL (1974) indicated that the holotype is at the Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru, but the curator

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169

there stated that there are no chilopod types at that institution. He stated that the holotype was originally in the private collection of W.K. Weyrauch (WKW 10.035), who probably deposited it in the Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina, where Weyrauch went after he left Peru. However, the Invertebrates Collection Supervisor at the latter institution informed us that they have no type material of S. gigantea weyrauchi, and our attempts to contact curators at the Instituto Butantan, So Paulo, Brazil, to borrow the paratypes that were deposited there (BCHERL 1950), were unsuccessful. The location of the holotype of S. gigantea weyrauchi is therefore unknown.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the following curators and collection managers for loaning or providing access to material from the indicated repositories: G.B. Edwards (FSCA), L. Leibensperger (MCZ), J.P. Mauris (MNHP), J.A. Coddington (NMNH), V. Stagl (NMV), M. Grasshoff (SMF), S. Navai (ZMB), H. Enghoff (ZMUC), and H. Fechter (ZSBS). Access to the Linnaean Collection was courtesy of G.L. Douglas, librarian of the Linnean Society of London; travel to London was supported in part by a grant from the American Philosophical Society. A prepublication review was provided by R.L. Hoffman. Figs 1-5 were prepared by R.G. Kuhler, NCSM Scientific Illustrator.

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