small arms & light weapons:africa- a resource guide for religions for peace

7/31/2019 Small Arms & Light Weapons:Africa- A Resource Guide for Religions for Peace

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blwd odhimd pbd qdlvijx i hbinhd nj mixp hijgnhpx nj

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Xdhpnij nn; _dXVij`njA pi XmLCC L_mX Lj` CnABp QdLVijX

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pbd _icd i _dcnanij

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ricd nj himolpnja pbd vricndrlpnij lj` ddhpx i xmlcc lrmx lj`

cnabp qdlvijx* Ximdpnmdx pbd~ lrd ij pbd rijp cnjdx i cihlc

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lx lrmx hiccdhpnij xnpdx* Pd~ blwd vtp nj vclhd `dwdcivmdjp

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`dmlj` ir xmlcc lrmx* Glnpb himmtjnpndx pdj` pi pbd wnhpnmx

i atj wnicdjhd o~ vriwn`nja mthb jdd`d` md`nhlc hlrd lj`

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lj` rdnjpdarlpnij*

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djaladmdjp lj` cdl`drxbnv pblp rdlhbdx lhrixx oir`drx lj`

hlj mioncn{d lnpb-olxd` hijwnhpnijx# dvdrndjhdx lj` rdcnanitx

hijxpnptdjhndx pi l`wljhd pbd ailc i hijpriccnja xmlcc lrmx*

biq pi Txd pbnx _dxiT_Hd aTn`d

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pi pbd mlj~ vriocdmx vixd` o~ xmlcc lrmx lj` cnabp qdlvijx#

lx qdcc lx pbd nxxtdx pblp tdc pbdnr txd lj` prl`d* Np nx lcxi mdljp

pi vtp pbnx nxxtd nj pbd hijpdp i ipbdr vriocdmx qd lhd# lj`

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qbncd np ihtxdx ij Lrnhl# mlj~ dcdmdjpx i pbnx mljtlc lrd

lvvcnhlocd pi ipbdr rdanijx i pbd qirc`*

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lx qdcc lx hijjdhpnijx pi ipbdr nxxtdx xthb lx `dwdcivmdjp#bdlcpb lj` adj`dr* Np lcxi itpcnjdx ximd nmvirpljp larddmdjpx

lmija xplpdx pblp aiwdrj pbd prl`d nj xmlcc lrmx* Pd xdhij`

xdhpnij itpcnjdx itr p~vdx i rdxvijxdx pi xmlcc lrmx* Pd~

lrd iraljn{d` pi bdcv tx xdd pblp rdxvijxd hlj od rim pbd

vdrxvdhpnwd i dmlj`# lwlncloncnp~# xtvvc~ lj` ln`nja wnhpnmx i

lrmd` wnicdjhd* Gnjlcc~# pbd pbnr` xdhpnij vriwn`dx bdcvtc l`wnhd

ij biq pi pled lhpnij pbritab l`wihlh~# md`nl djaladmdjp#

mioncn{nja ~itpb lj` rlnxnja vtocnh lqlrdjdxx*

–Hijwdjpnijlc qdlvijx lrd lcxinjxprtmdjpx i `dlpb lj` ivvrdxxnij*Blcpnja pbd xvrdl` i mncnplrn{lpnijlj` pbd himmdrhnlc dvcinplpniji `dwdcivnja hitjprndx o~ prl`d njlrmx cdl`nja pi mncnplr~ lj` vicnpnhlc`dvdj`djh~ nx l hrthnlc vlrp i itrhimmnpmdjp pi `nxlrmlmdjp*”

‐ _caix ir Vlh Qir` lmo~ @hrpni# <>20

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xm lrm j` cnbp Qdvij; lgrnh l _ditrhd atn`d gir _cax r Vl0

V_icnd_lpnij lj` ddHpx

Pd rlvn` miwdmdjp i xmlcc lrmx lhrixx pbd qirc` nx njhrdlxnjac~

`nhtcp pi prlhd lj` blx cija-clxpnja ddhpx ij btmlj xdhtrnp~*

Idj xmlcc lrmx odhimd lwlnclocd nj l rdanij ir wlcn` lj`

cdalc rdlxijx rdclpd` pi jlpnijlc xdhtrnp~# vdlhdeddvnja ir clq

djirhdmdjp* Nj lhp# mthb i pbd prl`d nj lrmx nx cdanpnmlpd lj`

lhhitjpd` ir5 np nx l qdcc-dxplocnxbd` lj` vrixvdritx nj`txpr~*

Cned ipbdr nj`txprndx# np blx odhimd njhrdlxnjac~ aciolcn{d`* Mixp

qdlvijx lrd jiq lxxdmocd` rim himvijdjpx xitrhd` rim

mlj~ hitjprndx* Pd rdxtcp i pbnx rlvn` aciolc dvljxnij nx pblp

qdlvijx# pbdnr vlrpx lj` lmmtjnpnij lrd mird dlxnc~ `nwdrpd`

rim pbdnr njpdj`d` `dxpnjlpnij* Pd~ ml~ dj` tv nj hitjprndx

pblp blwd dq hijpricx iwdr biq pbd~ qncc od txd`* Xtrvctx ir

viirc~ atlr`d` mncnplr~ qdlvijx j` mlredpx nj qlr-pirj ir

vixp-hijgnhp jlpnijx# ir lrd xpicdj lj` dj` tv nj pbd blj`x i

jij-xplpd lrmd` aritvx ir pdrrirnxpx* Nccnhnp oriedrx lrd locd pi

mljnvtclpd pbd njhijxnxpdjhndx lj` ciivbicdx odpqddj jlpnijlc

lrmx prl`d clqx* Xmlcc lrmx hlj hrixx rim xplpd pi vrnwlpd iqjdrx

mlj~ pnmdx iwdr*

Ijhd qdlvijx djpdr lj lrdl# pbd~ hlj rdmlnj pbdrd ir mlj~

~dlrx* Atjx nj vlrpnhtclr blwd l tjhpnijlc cndpnmd i mlj~

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lratmdjp njpi l prlad`~# lj` od txd` lalnjxp hnwncnljx xddenja pi

vripdhp pbdmxdcwdx* Nj ximd hitjprndx hijxn`drd` pi od lp vdlhd#

pbd cdwdc i xmlcc lrmx wnicdjhd hlj od lx bnab lx nj qlr {ijdx#

lj` pbdnr vrdxdjhd nx lj lhejiqcd`ad` mdljx pbritab qbnhb

`imdxpnh wnicdjhd ihhtrx*

Xmlcc lrmx lj` cnabp qdlvijx lrd rdxvijxnocd ir pbd mlkirnp~ i

olppcd-rdclpd` hijgnhp `dlpbx‐lj dxpnmlpd` 76‟>6 vdrhdjp i lcc

`nrdhp hijgnhp wnhpnmx lrd enccd` qnpb rdlrmx* Clrad jtmodrx

i mdj# qimdj# ic`dr vdivcd lj` hbnc`rdj `nd nj`nrdhpc~ rim

pbd ddhpx i lrmd` hijgnhp ij pbd dhijim~# rtnjd` bdlcpb lj`

xdhtrnp~ njrlxprthptrdx# `nxdlxd lj` lmnjd* Nj l``npnij# mlj~

mird vdivcd lrd ml`d rdtaddx ir lrd njpdrjlcc~ `nxvclhd`#

njktrd` ir lotxd`* Lrmx tdc hijgnhp* Hijgnhp tdcx njxploncnp~ lj` viwdrp~*

Wnicdjhd idx jip jdhdxxlrnc~ odanj qnpb l qdlvij# otp np njhrdlxdx

`rlmlpnhlcc~ qbdj qdlvijx lrd vrdxdjp# vlrpnhtclrc~ nj lcrdl`~

wiclpncd djwnrijmdjpx rnd qnpb viwdrp~# mnxprtxp ir njktxpnhd*

pbd l_nHlj Hijpdrp

Xmlcc lrmx vricndrlpnij blx oddj vlrpnhtclrc~ `dwlxplpnja nj

Lrnhl# qbdrd mlhbnjd atjx# rngdx# ardjl`dx# vnxpicx lj` ipbdr

xmlcc lrmx blwd enccd` lj` `nxvclhd` mlj~ hnwncnljx lhrixx pbd

hijpnjdjp* Pdxd qdlvijx blwd oddj txd` nj dl`c~ hijgnhpx nj

Xt`lj# Talj`l# Xndrrl Cdijd# _qlj`l# Ljaicl# pbd @dmihrlpnh

_dvtocnh i Hijai# Ximlcnl lj` ipbdr Lrnhlj hitjprndx* Pd~

lrd rd|tdjpc~ rdh~hcd` rim hitjpr~ pi hitjpr~# lj` pbdnr

iqjdrxbnv nx prljxdrrd` lmija abpdrx# xdhtrnp~ irhdx lj`

qlr vripddrx*

Xdhpnij n

L Xlcc Lrx l Cab Qlvx "XLCQ.

Nj pbd jirpbdrj vlrpx i Edj~l# qimdj lrd tjlocd pi ddhpnwdc~ lppdj` pi pbdnr `lnc~

hbirdx td pi dlr i atj wnicdjhd* Pd~ bdlr atjxbipx lcc pbd pnmd* @dwdcivmdjp vrikdhpxnj pbd lrdl blwd xplccd`* L rdhdjp dlmvcd nx l qlpdr vrikdhp# qbnhb lnmd` lp hijjdhpnjal vtmv pi l jdlro~ xhbiic* Pd vrikdhp xplccd` odhltxd qbncd pbd vdivcd qdrd pr~nja pirdvlnr l qlpdr vnvd# olj`npx enccd` 0 i pbdm*

Pixd anwnja mncnplr~ lj` btmljnplrnlj lxxnxpljhd lrd odnja enccd`# cdlwnja pbd wtcjdrlocd mird wtcjdrlocd* Nccnhnp xmlcc qdlvijx lrd vcdjpntc lj` dwdr~qbdrd* Np nx jip ktxp hlppcd rtxpcnja‐vdivcd lrd cixnja pbdnr cnwdx ir jipbnja*xitrh; Pii Enp i xm lrm ` cnbp Qvi# vri`th` o~ Pb _ni dhtmnh Qiren aritv i xm lrm gir dp lgrnh# jnrion "?660.*



xm m lr vrxlc qlvx bl l vrl

c vrx* pb xlcc c rwcwrx# xc-

cla vxcx# rx# xlb ax l cab lbax* L v rrx blw lb ax#

bl-bc r-lrrc l arl clbrx#

vrlc clbrx ll l llrrl xxc

xx# l rlrx cxx bl <66 lcr*


Njh lh# mlj~ cnwdx blwd oddj cixp pbritab

hijgnhp lj` npx rdclpd` ddhpx* Pd nrrdatclr qlrlrd pblp blx oddj

himmij pbdrd nj rdhdjp `dhl`dx nx qdcc xdrwd` o~ pbdxd enj`x

i qdlvijx# qbnhb lrd dlxnc~ lwlnclocd lj` ximdpnmdx hixp cdxx

pblj ii` npdmx* Nj <>>0# lj njprldpbjnh hijgnhp nj _qlj`l cd

mird pblj 266#666 vdivcd mtr`drd`# mixpc~ qnpb xmlcc lrmx#njhct`nja mlhbdpdx* Lj dxpnmlpd` 866#666 hnwncnljx blwd lcxi

cixp pbdnr cnwdx pbd xlmd ql~ nj Otrtj`n* Biqdwdr# pbd irdnaj

xtvvc~ i lrmx pi oipb aiwdrjmdjpx lj` rdodc aritvx hijpnjtdx

pi ariq nj nccnhnp# tjaiwdrjd` ir viirc~ hijpriccd` prljxlhpnijx*

Pd xmlcc lrmx pblp lrd lcrdl`~ nj pbd xtordanij miwd dlxnc~

lhrixx oir`drx‐pbd oir`drx odpqddj Hlmdriij# Hbl` lj` pbd

Hdjprlc Lrnhlj _dvtocnh blwd oddj n`djpnd` xvdhnhlcc~ lx

lrdlx i bnab vricndrlpnij*

Xmlcc lrmx lj` cnabp qdlvijx lrd qn`dc~ lwlnclocd nj t

lh* Hnwnc lj` njpdrxplpd hijgnhpx `rnwd `dmlj` ir xmlcclrmx lj` hrdlpd l viic i qdlvijx pblp hlj od txd` pi himmnp

wnicdjp hrnmd lx qdcc lx tdc hijgnhp* Mixp qdrd prljxdrrd` pbdrd

`trnja pbd Hic` Qlr# otp ximd ipbdrx irnanjlpd rim qnpbnj

pbd rdanij* Xitpb Lrnhl mlnjplnjx l xn{locd lrmx vri`thpnij

nj`txpr~* Pdrd nx lcxi ljipbdr lxvdhp pi pbd nxxtd bdrd‐pbd

htcptrlc xnajnhljhd i pbd LE-01 pi pbd irmdrc~ hicijn{d`

vdivcdx i xitpbdrj Lrnhl* Ldr `dhl`dx i txd o~ ljpnhicijnlc

lj` ljpnlvlrpbdn` miwdmdjpx# pbd viqdrtc qdlvij blx himd

pi od lxxihnlpd` qnpb cnodrlpnij* Gir dlmvcd# pbd xncbitdppd

i l atj nx dlptrd` ij pbd Mi{lmonhlj gla* Grdd`im xijaxrim pbd xprtaacdx lalnjxp mnjirnp~ rtcd nj Jlmnonl# Xitpb

Lrnhl# [nmoloqd lj` Ljaicl idj dpiccd` pbd wnrptdx i

pbd LE-01# lj` pbixd i pbd abpdrx hlrr~nja np* _dhiajn{nja

pbd vriocdmx vixd` o~ npx vricndrlpnij# mlj~ hitjprndx lrd

njwicwd` nj hiir`njlpd` lhpnij# mlnjc~ qnpbnj pbd rlmdqire i

pbd Xitpbdrj Lrnhlj @dwdcivmdjp Himmtjnp~ "XL@H.*

Pd dxpnmlpd` 2 mnccnij xmlcc lrmx pblp lrd hnrhtclpnja

pbritabitp lh vcl~ l hdjprlc ricd nj ixpdrnja

njxploncnp~* @dmlj` ir xmlcc lrmx nj Qdxp Lrnhl nx mipnwlpd`

o~ qdle aiwdrjljhd# njxdhtrnp~ lj` viwdrp~* Pd xtvvc~ himdxmixpc~ rim dpdrjlc xitrhdx* Pd~ blwd oddj txd` nj lrmd`

rioodrndx# njprl- lj` njpdrhimmtjlc dt`x# cihlc qlrx# lrmd`

njxtrrdhpnijx# lrmd` rdodc lhpnwnpndx lj` pdrrirnxm* Pd~ lrd

txd` pi lhncnplpd `rta prlhenja# xmtaacnja lj` ipbdr xthb

hrnmdx* Iwdrlcc# xmlcc lrmx mlnjplnj l adjdrlc xplpd i dlr* Lx l

rdxtcp i pbd lrmd` hijgnhp nj pbd rdanij# mlj~ vdivcd blwd oddj

enccd`# mlj~ ipbdrx `nxvclhd` ir ml`d rdtaddx lj` vrivdrp~




\TnHe lHpx

pbr lr lvvrlc 706 cc 

xlcc lrx b qrc‐ r wr

<6 vvc lrb

jlrc 76 vr b qrc„x grlrx 

lr b blx vrwl {x*

2 cc q ax lr a 

llr wr lr l clx

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xc r cx qrcq

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clr vr x-Xlblrl

Lrl rx 01 vr ra b cl

<>>6x# qbc c vl cc r 46

lrx 07 lrx

mr bl 466#666 vvc lr cc  

xlcc lrx lb lr

Hhh xm lm

c h o~; Xlcc lrx lr rclwc cq-

b cx qlr# l xl-rw l# br lr

qcc wr 766 xvvcrx lr b qrc* Qb r bl 446

cc rcl‐qbbr qc vr# c|l

qx{a clrx r rcl r ‐

xlcc lrx lr vxw l lxc x*

nhr cc~; pbd jrdlxja lwlclc~ i rlv`-grd

mclr~ lxxltc rdx# ltiml vxicx lj` xtmlbjd

atjx lj` bdr `xrtij i jij-xld lirx blwd awdj

xtb lirx l grdviqdr bl idj ddd`x bl i vicd ir

mclr~ irdx* pbd lìvij i jdqc~ lwlclcd dbjicia~

ji xbitc`dr-grd` riedx# mirlrx lj` cab ljlje

qdlvijx blx mlajgd` bd vrdxdjd i qlrrja lijx

j wc ijx*

xmvh~ tro~; Xmlcc lrmx lr lx~ i mll#

r|r cc xvvir l` ml~ clx xwrlc `hl`x* pb~ r|r

lcmix i rla i x hwc~# arlc~ hrlxa br x

hihx wicwa irmlc mclx l` hbc`r*

Vroc~; pbd iq i xmlcc lrmx x drdmdc~ `gtc

i rle ir mijir* Xmlcc lrmx lj` cab qdlvijx lj d

lrrd` ~ l xjacd xic`dr ir cab wdbcd# lrd dlxc~ xbvvd`

ir xmtaacd` i lrdlx i ij lj` lj d ddwdc~ lbd`

j cdamld lrai# qlrdbitxdx ir bd itìirx# idj j bd

blrxbdx i cmldx*

Mr~# vh h t; tce mlkir hiwilc

qlvix# xmlcc lrmx l` cab qlvix hrixx b `wà c

xvlrla mclr~ l` vich irhx rim b hwcl vivcli*

n ml~ hirx# br blx o l `rlmlh hrlx b

mor l` x{ i vrwl mclx l` xhr~ grmx bl#

ml~ hlxx# lr |vv` qb mclr~-~v qlvix*




`dxpri~d`* Dwdr~ hitjpr~ nj Qdxp Lrnhl blx dvdrndjhd`

qn`dxvrdl` wnicdjhd nj qbnhb xmlcc lrmx qdrd l lhpir*

HijjdHpnja pi ipbd_ nxxTdx

Pd vricndrlpnij i xmlcc lrmx lj` cnabp qdlvijx blx qn`d-rljanja ddhpx lj` pithb tvij mlj~ ipbdr vriocdmx pblp

jlpnijx lj` xihndpndx lhd* Ximdpnmdx pbdxd hijjdhpnijx lrd

xi njpdarlpd` pblp np hlj od blr` pi nxiclpd n pbd qdlvijx lrd

pbd xitrhd i pbd vriocdm ir mdrdc~ l x~mvpim i ipbdr nxxtdx*

Tj`drxplj`nja ximd i pbdxd hijjdhpnijx nx lj nmvirpljp rxp

xpdv nj lhncnplpnja hbljad*

xm lm `vm

Xtxplnjlocd `dwdcivmdjp nx l himonjlpnij i dhijimnh ariqpb

lj` xihnlc vriardxx pblp mddpx pbd jdd`x i pbd vrdxdjp qnpbitp

himvrimnxnja pbd loncnp~ i tptrd adjdrlpnijx pi mddp pbdnr

iqj jdd`x* Np nx lcxi tj`djnloc~ cnjed` pi pbd vriocdmx i xmlcc

lrmx lj` lrmd` wnicdjhd* Xmlcc lrmx ldhp `dwdcivmdjp nj pbd

mixp olxnh ql~ odhltxd pbd~ lrd pbd piicx i hijgnhp* @trnja

hijgnhp# vb~xnhlc lj` btmlj rdxitrhdx lrd `dxpri~d`5 prljxnp

ritpdx ir drpncd lrdlx lrd ocihed` lj` `nwdrpd`5 lj` ximdpnmdx

jlpnijlc nj`txprndx lrd hirrtvpd` ir pledj iwdr o~ lrmd`

aritvx* Girdnaj njwdxpirx lj` ln` ladjhndx lrd `nxhitrlad`

rim vrihdd`nja qnpb dxxdjpnlc vrikdhpx lj` xtvvirp* Lcc i

pbnx tj`drmnjdx# blcpx ir vrdwdjpx `dwdcivmdjp* Nj @lrtr# ir

dlmvcd# xdhtrnp~ `dpdrnirlpd` rlvn`c~ nj ?664 lx lrmd` irhdx

pdrrirn{d` hnwncnljx* Mlj~ dwdcivmdjp iraljn{lpnijx qnpb`rdq

pbitxlj`x i vdrxijjdc qbi bl` oddj `dcnwdrnja hrnpnhlc olxnh

xdrwnhdx pi `nxvclhd` hnpn{djx* Pd hixp i hijgnhp ij Lrnhlj

`dwdcivmdjp qlx lvvrinmlpdc~ $866 onccnij odpqddj <>>6

lj` ?664# lhhir`nja pi jdq rdxdlrhb o~ Ilm Njpdrjlpnijlc#

NLJXL lj` Xldrqirc`* Pd rdvirp xbiqx pblp ij lwdrlad# l

qlr# hnwnc qlr ir njxtradjh~ xbrnjex lj Lrnhlj dhijim~ o~ <4

vdrhdjp* Pd hijpnjdjp cixdx lj lwdrlad i lritj` $<2 onccnij l

~dlr `td pi lrmd` hijgnhp*

Blc i pbd hitjprndx dmdranja rim qlr rdxtmd hijgnhp vlrpnlcc~

`td pi njl`d|tlpd vixp-hijgnhp `dwdcivmdjp lj` rdnjpdarlpnij

vriarlmx# lj` pbd lwlncloncnp~ i lrmx xtvvirpx pbnx rdardxxnij*

Nj vixp-hijgnhp xihndpndx# clrad jtmodrx i irmdr himolpljpx

gii` pbd kio mlredp ijc~ pi `nxhiwdr l clhe i dhijimnh

ivvirptjnpndx* D-xic`ndrx# p~vnhlcc~ xpncc lrmd`# idj ptrj pi

hrnmd lx pbd ijc~ mdljx i xtrwnwlc*

Pd Tjnpd` Jlpnijx# aiwdrjmdjpx lj` ln` ladjhndx lrd cnjenja

`dwdcivmdjp lj` `nxlrmlmdjp pbritab pbdnr vriarlmmnja

mird rd|tdjpc~* Mlj~ ihtx ij hbljanja pbd lppnpt`dx lj`

odblwnirx i qitc`-od xmlcc-lrmx txdrx nj ir`dr pi rd`thd pbd

`dmlj` ir qdlvijx* Ipbdr vrikdhpx pled l mird vrlamlpnh

lvvrilhb pnd` pi pbd hiccdhpnij lj` `dxprthpnij i qdlvijx#idj nj dhbljad ir `dwdcivmdjp njhdjpnwdx# pi vrdwdjp pbdnr

rdhnrhtclpnij* Nj Xndrrl Cdijd# ir dlmvcd# himmtjnp~ lj`

hbtrhb aritvx blwd bdcvd` pbd aiwdrjmdjp lj` pbd TJ hlrr~

itp lj –Lrmx ir @dwdcivmdjp” vriarlm nj qbnhb qdlvijx lrd

dhbljad` ir himmtjnp~-olxd` dwdcivmdjp njhdjpnwdx*

xm lm Vtoh b

Vtocnh bdlcpb hlj od ardlpc~ ldhpd` o~ pbd vricndrlpnij lj`

mnxtxd i xmlcc lrmx* Wnicdjhd cdl`x pi njktr~5 njktr~ rd|tnrdx

hlrd lj` qbdj pbdrd nx qn`dxvrdl` njktr~# np nx lcc pii dlx~

ir bdlcpb hlrd x~xpdmx nj `dwdcivnja hitjprndx pi odhimd

iwdrqbdcmd`* dj`nja pi wnhpnmx i lrmd` wnicdjhd hlj lcxi

`nwdrp md`nhlc rdxitrhdx lql~ rim pbixd qbi lrd ncc ir jdd`

ipbdr lppdjpnij* Pd hixp i md`nhlc hlrd ir pbdxd nj`nwn`tlcx

hlj od iwdrqbdcmnja lj`# ir ximd# ml~ clxp l cndpnmd*

Mirdiwdr# np nx jip tjhimmij ir lrmd` aritvx pi plradp bdlcpb

qiredrx# bixvnplcx# lmotcljhdx lj` hcnjnhx* Nj mlj~ hijgnhp

{ijdx# prljxvirplpnij ritpdx txd` ir pbd `nxprnotpnij i ii`

lj` md`nhnjd lrd njxdhtrd `td pi pbd vricndrlpnij ir pbrdlp i

xmlcc lrmx# lj` xljnplpnij lj` qlpdr vtrnhlpnij x~xpdmx ordle

`iqj# cdl`nja pi itpordlex i `nxdlxdx xthb lx hbicdrl*

xm lm a

Pd vricndrlpnij i xmlcc lrmx lj` cnabp qdlvijx# vlrpnhtclrc~

atjx# hijprnotpdx pi adj`dr njd|tlcnp~ lj` wnicdjhd lalnjxp

qimdj lritj` pbd qirc`* Mdj lrd pbd vrnmlr~ txdrx lj`

wnhpnmx i atjx# otp qimdj lrd hijpnjtlcc~ wnhpnmn{d` o~ pbdm

pi l `nxvrivirpnijlpd dardd*

Nj hijgnhp lj` vixp-hijgnhp {ijdx# qimdj lj` anrcx xtdr rim

l wlrndp~ i blrmtc ddhpx rdclpd` pi pbd pbrdlp lj` mnxtxd i xmlcc lrmx* Gir dlmvcd# xdtlc wnicdjhd xthb lx rlvd# xdtlc

xclwdr~ lj` irhd` nmvrdajlpnij‐pbd himmij plhpnhx i qlr‐

txtlcc~ ihhtr lp pbd olrrdc i l atj* Nj pbd hitrxd i pbd lrmd`

hijgnhp nj dlxpdrj @dmihrlpnh _dvtocnh i Hijai "@_H.# pdjx i

pbitxlj`x i qimdj lj` anrcx qdrd rlvd` lj` xdtlcc~ lxxltcpd`

o~ qdcc-lrmd` himolpljp irhdx* Nj pbd @l`llo rdtadd hlmv

nj jirpbdrj Edj~l# 14 vdrhdjp i rdvirpd` rlvdx lj` xdtlc




lxxltcpx ihhtrrd` lp pbd blj`x i lrmd` lxxlncljpx* Xnajnhljpc~#

lrmd` wnicdjhd blx xihnidhijimnh ddhpx pblp lrd dvdrndjhd`

o~ qimdj nj ql~x `ndrdjp pblj mdj* Pd~ odhimd pbd mlnj

ordl`qnjjdrx nj l lmnc~ qbdj pbdnr mlcd rdclpnwdx lrd enccd`

ir mlnmd` nj himolp# otp lcxi rdplnj pbdnr ricd lx hlrdanwdrx*

Qimdj lrd `nxvrivirpnijlpdc~ ldhpd` o~ pbd `lmlad pibdlcpb# d`thlpnij lj` ipbdr xihnlc xdrwnhdx* Dwdj nj pnmdx i

vdlhd qimdj rdmlnj xtokdhp pi wnicdjhd lj` njpnmn`lpnij#

idj nj pbdnr bimdx* Qimdj lrd mthb mird cnedc~ pi od xbip

qnpb l cdalcc~ bdc` qdlvij o~ ximdijd pbd~ ejiq qdcc pblj o~

lj ljij~mitx lxxlncljp* L atj njhrdlxdx pbd hbljhd i `dlpb

o~ <? pnmdx himvlrd` pi ipbdr mdljx i wnicdjhd* Dwdr~ xn

bitrx nj Xitpb Lrnhl# l qimlj nx xbip `dl` o~ bdr htrrdjp ir

irmdr vlrpjdr*

Qimdj nj mlj~ hitjprndx blwd pledj ij xprija cdl`drxbnv

ricdx nj himolpnja atj wnicdjhd pbritab lqlrdjdxx-rlnxnjalj` atj hiccdhpnij vriarlmx# o~ cioo~nja aiwdrjmdjpx ir

atj clq rdirm# lj` hijprnotpnja pi l jtmodr i hrdlpnwd lj`

hitrladitx njnpnlpnwdx* @dxvnpd pbdxd dirpx# qimdj lrd xpncc

tj`drrdvrdxdjpd` nj `dhnxnij-mlenja vrihdxxdx* Lj nmvirpljp

xpdv irqlr` blx oddj pbd TJ Xdhtrnp~ Hitjhnc„x _dxictpnij <8?4

ij Qimdj# Vdlhd lj` Xdhtrnp~# qbnhb qlx vlxxd` nj Ihpiodr

?666* Np mlrex pbd rxp pnmd pbd Xdhtrnp~ Hitjhnc l``rdxxd`

pbd `nxvrivirpnijlpd lj` tjn|td nmvlhp i lrmd` hijgnhp

ij qimdj5 rdhiajn{d` pbd tj`drwlctd` lj` tj`drtpncn{d`

hijprnotpnijx pblp qimdj mled piqlr` hijgnhp vrdwdjpnij#vdlhdeddvnja# hijgnhp rdxictpnij lj` vdlhd-otnc`nja5 lj`

xprdxxd` pbd nmvirpljhd i pbdnr d|tlc lj` tcc vlrpnhnvlpnij lx

lhpnwd ladjpx nj vdlhd lj` xdhtrnp~*

xm lm ^t

Hbnc`rdj lrd vlrpnhtclrc~ lj` tjn|tdc~ wtcjdrlocd pi pbd

vricndrlpnij lj` mnxtxd i xmlcc lrmx* Gir iownitx rdlxijx# pbd~

blwd dqdr ddjxdx pi lrmd` lpplhex lj` lrd mird xtxhdvpnocd pi

en`jlvvnja ir njktr~* Vx~hbicianhlcc~# dlrc~ dvixtrd pi wnicdjhd

jtmox vdivcd„x xdjxnpnwnp~ pi np* Pnx hlj od l ed~ njgtdjhd ij

l hbnc`„x `dhnxnij pi odhimd l himolpljp# ir txd l qdlvij clpdr

nj cnd* Pd ddhp i pbnx ij lj djpnrd adjdrlpnij i ~itja vdivcd

hlj blwd ardlp njgtdjhd ij pbd `dwdcivmdjp i l jlpnij*

Pd prltml pblp lrmd` wnicdjhd hltxdx `dxpri~x lmnc~ xprthptrdx

lj` nxrtvpx pbd vriwnxnij i olxnh xdrwnhdx tvij qbnhb hbnc`rdj

`dvdj`* Pnx njhct`dx ii` lxxnxpljhd# pbd blrwdxpnja i ii`

ir bdlcpb hlrd lj` np lcxi dpdj`x pi d`thlpnij* Xhbiicx hljjip




tjhpnij lx pbd~ xbitc` lj` ximdpnmdx odhimd plradpx ir

lrmd` aritvx xddenja hbnc` rdhrtnpx* Nj adjdrlc# pbd vivtclpnij

`nxvclhdmdjp pblp lp pnmdx lhhimvljndx hijgnhp mledx hbnc`rdj

mird xtxhdvpnocd pi `nxdlxd# wnicdjhd# mncnplr~ rdhrtnpmdjp lj`

xdtlc lxxltcp*

Nj lp cdlxp ?6 hitjprndx lritj` pbd qirc`# hbnc`rdj lrd `nrdhp

vlrpnhnvljpx nj qlr* @djnd` l hbnc`bii` lj` idj xtokdhpd` pi

birrnh wnicdjhd# btj`rd`x i pbitxlj`x i hbnc`rdj lrd xdrw-

nja lx xic`ndrx# idj ir jij-xplpd lrmd` aritvx* Pdxd ~itja

himolpljpx vlrpnhnvlpd nj lcc lxvdhpx i hijpdmvirlr~ qlrlrd*

Pd~ qndc` LE-01x lj` M<7x ij pbd rijp cnjdx i himolp# xdrwd

lx btmlj mnjd `dpdhpirx# vlrpnhnvlpd nj xtnhn`d mnxxnijx# hlrr~

xtvvcndx# lj` lhp lx xvndx# mdxxdjadrx ir ciieitpx* Ximd i pbdxd

hbnc`rdj lrd lo`thpd` qbncd lp xhbiic lj` hidrhd` njpi xdrwnhd#

lj lhpnwnp~ ml`d dlxndr o~ qdledjd` lmnc~ lj` xihnlc xprth-

ptrdx# lj`# i hitrxd# dlr i pbdnr lo`thpirx qbi lrd qndc`njapbdnr iqj qdlvijx* Mirdiwdr# qbdj pbdrd lrd dq dmvci~mdjp

ivvirptjnpndx lwlnclocd# pbd ivpnij i xdrwnja l mncnpnl ir lrm~

lj` odcijanja pi ximdpbnja nx mird lvvdlcnja pblj np ipbdrqnxd

qitc` od* Nj pbd prdj` i txnja hbnc` xic`ndrx# ijd xddx pbd prlanh

njpdrxdhpnij i xmlcc lrmx vricndrlpnij lj` pbd hblccdjadx i

`dwdcivmdjp*

Ij l vixnpnwd jipd# pbd Tjnpd` Jlpnijx Hbnc`rdj„x Gtj` "TJNHDG.

lj` mlj~ ipbdrx blwd cltjhbd` vriarlmx pi bdcv lìcdxhdjpx

cdlrj loitp pbd `ljadr i xmlcc lrmx lj` lcpdrjlpnwdx pi atj

wnicdjhd nj mlj~ hitjprndx lhrixx Lrnhl* Pd vrikdhpx himonjd

olxnh atj xldp~ d`thlpnij qnpb cdl`drxbnv `dwdcivmdjp#

wihlpnijlc prlnjnja lj` hijgnhp-rdxictpnij pdhbjn|tdx pi anwd

oi~x lj` anrcx rdlc lcpdrjlpnwdx pi cnwdx i wnicdjhd lj` dlr*

xm lm Hm

@i qdlvijx hltxd hrnmd9 Ir ìdx hrnmd vdrvdptlpd pbd txd i

qdlvijx9 Pd ljxqdr nx jip dlx~ lj` vdrblvx wlrndx nj `ndrdjp

cihlpnijx# otp pbd~ lrd xprijac~ hijjdhpd`* Iownitxc~ pbd~ lrd

txd` nj mlj~ hrnmnjlc lhpnwnpndx o~ oipb nj`nwn`tlcx lj` x~j`n-

hlpdx* Mirdiwdr# qbdrd pbdrd nx viwdrp~ lj` dxvdrlpnij ir iiìr ipbdr rdxitrhdx# hbdlv qdlvijx mled np lr dlxndr pi xdhtrd

pbixd npdmx pbritab irhd lj` njpnmn`lpnij* Np blx oddj jipd`

nj `ndrdjp xpt`ndx pblp nj ximd vlrpx i Lrnhl# np nx hbdlvdr pi

ot~ l atj pblj pi ot~ l vndhd i ordl`* Lrmd` hrnmd nx mird

himmij nj trolj djwnrijmdjpx lj` nx xpncc l vclatd nj ximd

hitjprndx pblp mnabp ipbdrqnxd od hijxn`drd` lp vdlhd*

Pd vrdwnitx xdhpnij lcrdl`~ jipd` pbd wtcjdrloncnp~ i ~itpb lj`

lrmx nj rdclpnij pi hijgnhpx# otp lcc pii idj ~itja vdivcd lrd pbd

ijdx mixp wtcjdrlocd pi txnja lrmx lj` plenja tv hrnmd# qbnhb

hlj njhct`d lj~pbnja rim xpdlcnja ii` ir mijd~# ir kinjnja

l alja* Pdrd nx ljipbdr `nmdjxnij lx qdcc* îtja mdj lrd pbd

vrnmlr~ txdrx i qdlvijx nj hrnmnjlc lhpx# lj` lrd pbdrdird

lcxi idj pbd wnhpnmx* Pd `dlpb lj` njktr~ i xi mlj~ ~itjavdivcd bnj`dr `dwdcivmdjp o~ rd`thnja pbd jtmodr i d`thlpd`

vdivcd djpdrnja pbd qireirhd# nwdrpnja rdxitrhdx lql~ rim clq

djirhdmdjp ir lxxnxpnja pbixd nxlocd` o~ atj wnicdjhd* Hrdlpnja

dmvci~mdjp ivvirptjnpndx lj` pdlhbnja pblp hrnmd lj` pbd txd i

qdlvijx nx jip pbd rnabp vlpb nj cnd lrd pbd pqi mixp nmvirpljp

lhpnijx ijd hlj pled pi hirrdhp pbnx xnptlpnij*

clqx lj` la_ddMdjpx

aiwd_jnja xMlcc l_Mx

O~ rdhiajn{nja pblp qdlvijx lh|tnrd` ir jlpnijlc xdhtrnp~ hlj

od `nwdrpd` lj` mnxtxd` pi njhrdlxd viwdrp~ ir xtdrnja# aiw-

drjmdjpx hlj qire nj hcixd hiir`njlpnij pi miwd piqlr` l bt-

mlj xdhtrnp~ lvvrilhb pi jijvricndrlpnij lj` `nxlrmlmdjp*

Np qncc jdwdr od dlxnocd pi olj mixp xmlcc lrmx# otp np nx wdr~

vixxnocd pi vtp nj vclhd xprnhpdr larddmdjpx ir pbdnr txd# rdatcl-

pnij lj` prl`d pblp qncc eddv xmlcc lrmx lql~ rim pbdnr lotxdrx

lj` vrdwdjp nccnhnp prljxdr lj` `nwdrxnij* Odciq nx lj itpcnjd i

pbdxd larddmdjpx*

p T j Vrrmm g lh

"?66<.

Ldr mthb vrdcnmnjlr~ njwdxpnalpnij nj pbd nmvlhp i xmlcc

lrmx ij hnwncnljx lj` xihndpndx lritj` pbd qirc`# pbd Tjnpd`

Jlpnijx hijwdjd` l hijdrdjhd nj ?66<* Pd vtrvixd i pbd

hijdrdjhd qlx pi `dhn`d ij xpdvx pblp jlpnijx xbitc` pled

pi vrdwdjp pbd nccnhnp prl`d nj xmlcc lrmx* Jijaiwdrjmdjplc

iraljn{lpnijx vlrpnhnvlpd` o~ vrdxdjpnja dwn`djhd ij pbd

`nhtcp~ nj xdvlrlpnja cdalc lj` nccdalc prljxdrx# lj` hlccnja

ir pitab hijpricx ij oipb xplpd lj` jij-xplpd qdlvijx xdccdrx*

Pd rdxtcp i pbd ?66< hijdrdjhd qlx l Vriarlmmd i Lhpnij pi

Vrdwdjp# Himolp lj` Drl`nhlpd pbd Nccnhnp rl`d nj Xmlcc Lrmx

lj` Cnabp Qdlvijx nj Lcc Npx Lxvdhpx "VIL.*

Pd VIL rdgdhpx pblp pbd vriocdm i xmlcc lrmx prljxhdj`x

vicnpnhlc oir`drx# lj` pblp xictpnijx mtxp od mtcpnclpdrlc

lj` mtcpncdwdc* Ximd i pbd mlkir himmnpmdjpx i pbd TJ

Vriarlmmd i Lhpnij njhct`d pbd icciqnja;




q~ n _t l

nmv

iwr <46 rax qr cc l ll b

All rlx lv or Lax <8# ?660*

L lrrax rwr l b x b

lxxlr bl xlv qb x a br

llrr r r llr# lx qcc lx br

lr vr* n r rllc xllrx

lra# rr-va l rla xlcc lrx bl

vcl# qc blw vxxc

b v l qbb bx qlvx qr wr

b blx b lr arvx bl vrvrl b

lxxlr* `rlqa v l vca xb xllrx

qcc vrw r wrxx*

Mled nccnhnp atj vri`thpnij)vixxdxxnij l hrnmnjlc idjxd 

Dxplocnxb l jlpnijlc hiir`njlpnij ladjh~ ij xmlcc lrmx 

N`djpn~ lj` `dxpri~ xpihex i xtrvctx qdlvijx 

Eddv prlhe i ihnlcc~ bdc` atjx 

Nxxtd dj`-txdr hdrpnhlpdx ir dvirpx)prljxnp 

@nxlrm# dmioncn{d lj` rdnjpdarlpd "@@_. d-himolpljpx# 

njhct`nja hiccdhpnja lj` `dxpri~nja pbdnr qdlvijx

Mlre atjx lp pbdnr vinjp i mljtlhptrd ir n`djpnhlpnij 

lj` prlhnja

Mlnjplnj rdhir`x i atj mljtlhptrd 

Njhct`d hnwnc xihndp~ iraljn{lpnijx nj dirpx pi vrdwdjp 

xmlcc lrmx vricndrlpnij

Pd VIL ìdx blwd l dq qdlejdxxdx* Xvdhnhlcc~# np nx jip

onj`nja lj` idx jip nj`nhlpd biq pi rdatclpd xmlcc lrmx lmija

hnwncnlj vivtclpnijx* Jir idx np hijxn`dr jij-xplpd lhpirx# xplpd

ihnlcx„ mnxtxd ir lrmx# pbd ricd i vtocnh bdlcpb lj` adj`dr

hijxn`drlpnijx ir btmlj rnabpx*

dHiqlx H xm lm

c qv# p lmmt i _ M

Pd Dhijimnh Himmtjnp~ i Qdxp Lrnhlj Xplpdx "DHIQLX.

piie pbd cdl` nj `dwnxnja xprlpdandx pi hijpric pbd xvrdl` lj`

mnxtxd i xmlcc lrmx nj Lrnhl* Nj ?667 mdmodr xplpdx xnajd`

l Hijwdjpnij ij Xmlcc Lrmx lj` Cnabp Qdlvijx# Pdnr

Lmmtjnpnij lj` Ipbdr _dclpd` Mlpdrnlcx* Np nx l cdalcc~ onj`nja

ìhtmdjp pblp qlx vrd`lpd` o~ pbd DHIQLX Mirlpirntm* Np

djpdrd` njpi irhd nj Xdvpdmodr ?66>*

Bnabcnabpx i pbd Hijwdjpnij njhct`d pbd icciqnja;

L olj ij njpdrjlpnijlc xmlcc lrmx prljxdrx "dhdvp pbixd 

ir cdanpnmlpd xdc-`ddjxd lj` xdhtrnp~ jdd`x# ir ir vdlhd

xtvvirp ivdrlpnijx.

L olj ij prljxdrx i xmlcc lrmx pi jij-xplpd lhpirx pblp 

lrd jip ltpbirn{d` o~ pbd nmvirpnja mdmodr xplpd

Vrihd`trdx ir xblrd` njirmlpnij 

L xprnjadjp rdatclpir~ xhbdmd ir lj~ijd qnxbnja pi 

vixxdxx xmlcc lrmxXprija mljladmdjp xplj`lr`x pi djxtrd pbd xdhtrnp~ i  

qdlvijx xpihevncdx

Pd Hijwdjpnij rlqx lppdjpnij pi adj`dr vdrxvdhpnwdx lj` cihlc

mljtlhptrd i xmlcc lrmx lj` cnabp qdlvijx* Pd Hijwdjpnij

cd` pi pbd hrdlpnij i pbd DHIQLX Xmlcc Lrmx Tjnp# rdxvijxnocd

ir vicnh~ nxxtdx rdclpd` pi pbd Hijwdjpnij* Pd DHIQLX Xmlcc

Lrmx Vriarlmmd "DHIXLV. qlx lcxi hrdlpd` nj ?667 lx wd-

~dlr hlvlhnp~-otnc`nja vriarlm olxd` nj Mlcn*

p jo VhNj ?660# << xplpdx xnajd` pbd Jlnrion Vripihic# l cdalcc~ onj`nja

ìhtmdjp pblp xprdjapbdjx pbd Jlnrion @dhclrlpnij i ?666

lj` himmnpx xnajlpir~ xplpdx pi hijhrdpd lhpnijx# njhct`nja

mlj`lpir~ atj rdanxprlpnij lj` l olj ij pbd hnwncnlj iqjdrxbnv

i mncnplr~ lxxltcp rngdx "cned pbd LE-01.# pi `dlc qnpb pbd

vriocdmx hltxd` o~ xmlcc lrmx nj pbd Ardlp Cledx lj` Birj

i Lrnhl rdanijx* Np rd|tnrdx pbdxd hitjprndx pi njhirvirlpd




vriwnxnijx njpi pbdnr jlpnijlc clqx# njhct`nja pbd icciqnja;

L olj ij hnwncnlj iqjdrxbnv i ltpimlpnh lj` 

xdmnltpimlpnh rngdx

_danxprlpnij i lcc atjx 

_datclpnij i atj xpirlad lj` himvdpdjh~ pdxpnja ir 

vrixvdhpnwd iqjdrx

_dxprnhpnijx ij pbd jtmodr i atjx l vdrxij hlj iqj 

L olj ij vlqjnja atjx 

Tjnirm mnjnmtm xplj`lr`x rdatclpnja pbd mljtlhptrd# 

hijpric# vixxdxxnij# nmvirp# dvirp# prljxnp# prljxvirp lj`

prljxdr i xmlcc lrmx

Xplj`lr`n{d` mlrenja lj` n`djpnhlpnij i xmlcc lrmx 

_datclpnij i xdhtrnp~ himvljndx 

Tjnirm pitab xdjpdjhnja ir tjcnhdjxd` atj vixxdxxnij 

Pd Vripihic nx mijnpird` lj` nmvcdmdjpd` o~ l Xdhrdplrnlp

ejiqj lx pbd _danijlc Hdjprd ij Xmlcc Lrmx "_DHXL.# qbnhb

qirex lhpnwdc~ qnpb hnwnc xihndp~*

p xl`H Vh m#

lmmt _ MPd Xitpbdrj Lrnhlj @dwdcivmdjp Himmtjnp~ "XL@H.

l`ivpd` l vripihic pi hijpric pbd giq i xmlcc lrmx lj` cnabp

qdlvijx nj pbd xtordanij hlccd` pbd XL@H Vripihic ij pbd

Hijpric i Gnrdlrmx# Lmmtjnpnij lj` ipbdr _dclpd` Mlpdrnlcx*

Np djpdrd` njpi irhd nj ?660* Pd mlnj ailc i pbnx Vripihic nx

pi vrdwdjp# himolp lj` drl`nhlpd pbd nccnhnp mljtlhptrnja i

rdlrmx# lmmtjnpnij lj` ipbdr rdclpd` mlpdrnlcx# lj` rdatclpd

pbd nmvirp lj` dvirp i cdalc xmlcc lrmx* Lmija pbd Vripihic„x

vriwnxnijx nx pbd xplj`lr`n{lpnij i cdanxclpnij ij vrnwlpd

iqjdrxbnv# lj` blrmijn{d` rdhir`-eddvnja i xplpd-iqjd`

atjx# lcija qnpb pbd dxprthpnij i xtrvctx xplpd qdlvijx* Np lcxi

njhct`dx rdatclpnij i oriedrx lj` vriwnxnijx ir mlrenja lj`

rdhir`-eddvnja*

j c

Pd loiwd-mdjpnijd` larddmdjpx rd|tnrd jlpnijlc cdanxclpnij

ir pbdm pi blwd lj ddhp# lj` np nx dwdj mird bdcvtc n pbixd

clqx lrd blrmijn{d` odpqddj xplpdx* Dwdj n pbd~ lrd jip vlrp

i l xtordanijlc larddmdjp# aiwdrjmdjpx xbitc` pled lhpnij

pi djxtrd rdxvijxnocd txd lj` prl`d# lj` njxpnptpd vriarlmx pi

rd`thd pbd lmitjp i qdlvijx nj hnrhtclpnij* Pdxd ailcx hlj

od lhbndwd` nj l wlrndp~ i ql~x* Cnmnpnja hnwncnljx„ lhhdxx pi

njlvvrivrnlpd qdlvijx lj` njxpnptpnja cnhdjxnja vrihdxxdx‐

xnmnclr pi l `rnwdr„x cnhdjxd‐nx ijd tj`lmdjplc xpdv irqlr`#

lx nx djxtrnja pbd xld xpirlad i xmlcc lrmx# mlrenja lj`

rdanxpdrnja jdqc~ ml`d atjx# rdanxpdrnja lcc atjx pi pbdnr iqjdrx

lj` vcl~nja l clradr ricd nj lcc lxvdhpx i njpdrjlpnijlc prl`d*



xm lrm j` cnbp Qdvij; lgrnh l _ditrhd atn`d gir _cax r Vl?

Nmlanjd pbd cnd xvlj i l atj* Np nx mljtlhptrd` nj l `dwdcivd`

hitjpr~ hijxn`drd` pi od lp vdlhd# lj` vtrhblxd` cdalcc~ o~ ljipbdr hitjpr~ ir jlpnijlc ddjxd* Pnx hitjpr~ nx hijxn`drd`

–`dwdcivnja#” lj` ktxp wd ~dlrx lai qlx dmorincd` nj l `imdxpnh

hijgnhp* Pd atj lccx njpi pbd vixxdxxnij i xplpd irhdx* Biqdwdr#

hirrtvp ihnlcx vdrmnp pbd ciipnja i l xpihevncd hijplnjnja pbd

atj ir vdrxijlc vrip* Np# lcija qnpb mlj~ ipbdr qdlvijx# nx

xic` pi l xmlcc lrmd` aritv pblp nx ivdrlpnja itpxn`d pbd clq lj`

nx otnc`nja ij vivtclr `nxhijpdjp pi iwdrpbriq pbd aiwdrjmdjp*

Pnx aritv blx itj` np dlx~ pi vcl~ ij pbd dlrx i pbixd nj xmlcc

wnccladx lj` piqjx pi rdhrtnp mdmodrx* Xt` djc~# pbnx atj nx jiq

odnja txd` nj rlvdx lj` lxxltcpx*

Biq hlj vdivcd djxtrd pblp pbnx jdwdr blvvdjx lalnj9 Ijd|tnhe ljxqdr qitc` od pi pnabpdj prl`d rdatclpnijx lj` vrihd-

`trdx* Ljipbdr qitc` od pi l``rdxx aiwdrjmdjplc hirrtvpnij*

Ximdijd dcxd mnabp xtaadxp pblp d`thlpnja vdivcd lj` vriwn`-

nja dmvci~mdjp vrdwdjpx pbdm rim lccnja tj`dr pbd njgt-

djhd i lrmd` aritvx*

Hcdlrc~# pbdrd nx ji dlx~ rdxvijxd pi vriocdmx hltxd` o~ XLCQ*

Pd icciqnja xdhpnijx ncctxprlpd pbnx o~ itpcnjnja lj` xtaadxpnja

itr vixxnocd lhpnijx lj` vdrxvdhpnwdx pblp njhct`d `dmlj`#

lwlncloncnp~ lj` pbd xtvvc~ i qdlvijx# lx qdcc lx pbd jdd` pi

bdcv pbd qitj`d` lj` rdhijhncd himmtjnpndx lj` jlpnijx pblp

lrd `nwn`d`*

_d`THnja `dMlj`; _dwd_xnja

pbd HTcpT_d i wnicdjHd

I lcc pbd loiwd-mdjpnijd` lhpnwnpndx# np blx idj oddj xln`

pblp rd`thnja pbd `dmlj` ir rdlxijx ir txnja qdlvijx nx pbd

ijd pblp nx mixp loitp vdivcd# lj` loitp himmtjnpndx* Mlj~

ddc pblp qirenja pi rd`thd pbd `dmlj` nx lj dlxndr lj` mird

lhhdxxnocd ql~ pi hijprnotpd* _dcnanitx njxpnptpnijx blwd mthb

pi idr pbnx qire* Pd~ blwd l tjn|td vipdjpnlc pi hbljad vtocnh

lppnpt`dx# xblvd himmtjnp~ wlctdx lj` odhimd l vtocnh winhd

lalnjxp lrmd` wnicdjhd*

Tj`drxplj`nja pbd xitrhd i pbd `dmlj` ir qdlvijx nx pbdxplrpnja vinjp ir lj~ lhpnij* Ximdpnmdx# `dmlj` ir qdlvijx

hlj od prlhd` pi dlr i wnicdjhd nj qbnhb qdlvijx lrd vdrhdnwd`

lx l mdljx pi njhrdlxd vdrxijlc xdhtrnp~* Ximd vdivcd hbiixd

atjx ir ipbdr qdlvijx pi rdlxxdrp pbdnr vdrxijlc qirpb lj`

djxtrd pbdnr xldp~# otp ipbdrx pbdj lcxi pled tv lrmx ir pbdnr

iqj vripdhpnij* Np lcxi lhncnplpdx l htcptrd i wnicdjhd nj qbnhb

pbd txd i atjx ir ipbdr xmlcc lrmx nx cdanpnmn{d` lj` xddj

lx xihnlcc~ lhhdvplocd* Pdrd nx l `ljadritx cnje pi nxxtdx i

mlxhtcnjnp~ lj` xprdjapb* Viir xihnidhijimnh hij`npnijx lrd l

xdhij` rdlxij ir dmlj`* Np nx idj pbd hlxd pblp cdxx dwdcivd`

himmtjnpndx lrd tjirptjlpdc~ mird wnicdjp# mird cnedc~ pi txd

Xdhpnij nn

_xva p Xlcc Lrx l Cab Qlvx

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lr rt Otrt Htrh

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rr alrr vc xvvr r b llc xlr-

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blx q rvrl b lc lwx

b brbx*




qdlvijx lj` pi blwd l ardlpdr `dmlj` ir pbdm* Qbdj pbdrd

nx tjdmvci~mdjp# dq ivvirptjnpndx lj` cnppcd d`thlpnij# np nx

dlxndr pi odhimd njwicwd` nj hrnmnjlc lhpnwnpndx itp i jdhdxxnp~*

Pnx nx prtd ir xihndpndx nj mlj~ jlpnijx# qbdpbdr pbd~ lrd

`dwdcivd` ir `dwdcivnja# lp qlr ir lp vdlhd*

Vriarlmx ir njnpnlpnwdx pblp plradp `dmlj` rd`thpnij lrd ximd-

pnmdx cnjed` pi hijgnhp rdxictpnij# himmtjnp~ `dwdcivmdjp#

dmvci~mdjp ivvirptjnpndx# vdlhd-otnc`nja lj` vriarlmx ir

~itpb* Ximdpnmdx pbdxd ipbdr dcdmdjpx lrd qdchimd xn`d ddhpx

lj` ximdpnmdx pbd rdwdrxd* Dxplocnxbnja vdlhd d`thlpnij vri-

arlmx hlj cdl` pi oril`dr vtocnh lqlrdjdxx i vdlhdtc lcpdrjl-

pnwdx lj` dwdjptlcc~ lj lppnpt`d hbljad pblp qncc cdl` pi wictj-

plr~ `nxlrmlmdjp lj` `nxxictpnij i l htcptrd i wnicdjhd*

@dmlj` rd`thpnij nx jip lj dlx~ plxe# otp odhltxd rdcnanitx

cdl`drx lj` himmtjnpndx lrd idj lmija pbd mird njgtdjpnlc

lj` prtxpd` i cihlc aritvx# pbd~ hlj pled lj lhpnwd lj`

nmvirpljp ricd nj rdhijhncnlpnij lj` otnc`nja hij`djhd lj`

prtxp lmija himmtjnpndx*

\t gh;

Biq lrd xmlcc lrmx txd` nj ~itr himmtjnp~9 Qb~ lrd 

pbd~ txd` lj` qbi txdx pbdm9

Qblp lrd pbd xitrhdx i njxdhtrnp~ ir nj`nwn`tlcx nj ~itr 

rdcnanitx jdpqire9

Qblp lrd pbd lppnpt`dx i ~itr himmtjnp~ lj`)ir 

rdcnanitx jdpqire piqlr` wnicdjhd# lrmd` hijgnhp lj`

txd i qdlvijx9 Qncc rd`thnja pbdxd vriocdmx mddp qnpb

rdxnxpljhd ir xtvvirp9

Pritab qblp mdpbi`x ir lhpnwnpndx hlj ~it vrimipd vdlhd 

d`thlpnij lj` hijgnhp rdxictpnij9

Qblp wlctd hlj rdcnanij l`` pi dnxpnja vriarlmx pblp ihtx 

ij rd`thnja pbd `dmlj` ir xmlcc lrmx9

Lrd pbdrd ipbdrx nj ~itr rdcnanitx jdpqire ir himmtjnp~  

qnpb qbim ~it hlj qire9 Nx np odjdhnlc pi djalad

qnpb itpxn`d himmtjnpndx pi iwdrhimd mtptlc

mnxtj`drxplj`njax lj` xitrhdx i hijgnhp9

@i aiwdrjmdjpx nj ~itr rdanij blwd lj l`d|tlpd 

tj`drxplj`nja i lrmx vricndrlpnij# hijgnhp mljladmdjp

lj` `dmlj` ir qdlvijx9 Qblp vicnhndx dnxp lj` qblp

nx jdd`d`9

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xr x bl qr rx r a-

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lh ;

N`djpn~ pbd xitrhdx i `dmlj` ir xmlcc lrmx nj ~itr 

himmtjnp~ ir rdanij* Hijxtcp qnpb pbd txdrx i xmlcc lrmx

pi odppdr tj`drxplj` pbdnr mipnwlpnij lj` qblp hblccdjadx

~it qncc lhd

Hij`dmj pbd txd i xmlcc lrmx ij mirlc lj` pbdicianhlc aritj`x 

dlhb vdivcd loitp pbd wlctd lj` `najnp~ i btmlj cnd 

Xdjxnpn{d pbd himmtjnp~ loitp pbd `ljadrx i pbd 

vricndrlpnij i xmlcc lrmx lj`# ir pbixd nj hijgnhp-vrijd

lrdlx# ij pbd jdd` ir jdaipnlpnij

Xprdjapbdj pbd xdc-qirpb# n`djpnp~ lj` vixnpnwd xihnlc ricdx 

ir nj`nwn`tlcx# dxvdhnlcc~ hbnc`rdj lj` ~itpb# vlrpnhtclrc~

oi~x

Lxxnxp himmtjnpndx nj xddenja lcpdrjlpnwd mdljx i cnwdcnbii` 

o~ njnpnlpnja lj` xtvvirpnja rdcdwljp dwdcivmdjp vriarlmx

lj` njhimd-adjdrlpnja vrikdhpx

Hij`thp rdatclr qirexbivx lj` xdxxnijx# njhct`nja hijgnhp 

mljladmdjp prlnjnja lj` nrdhp njpdraritv vdlhd-otnc`nja#

pblp nmvriwd pbd hlvlhnp~ i pbixd nj ~itr himmtjnp~ pi

rdxicwd hijgnhp vdlhdtcc~

Hiccloirlpd qnpb xhbiicx lj` pdlhbdrx 

_d`THnja lwlnclOncnp^; qdlVijx

HiccdHpnij lj` aTj-_dd [ijdx

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dlxnc~ lhhdxxnocd ir txd ir xlcd* L xihndp~ qnpb dqdr qdlvijx

iwdrlcc qncc jlptrlcc~ rd`thd pbd rnxe i pbdm odnja `nwdrpd`

lj` txd`# lj` qncc bdcv pi otnc` hij`djhd nj pbd rtcd i clq*

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pi htro `dmlj`*

Ijd xpdv nx t~ xlcq hh)th vm

nj qbnhb rdxvijxnocd aiwdrjmdjpx# hnwnc xihndp~ lj`)ir

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pi wictjplrnc~ xtrrdj`dr cdalc lj`)ir nccdalc qdlvijx pblp lrd

jip rd|tnrd` ir pbd vtrvixdx i jlpnijlc ir njpdrjlc xdhtrnp~#

lj` ml~ od tjxld ir tjqljpd`* Pd~ idr pbd ivvirptjnp~ pi

nmvriwd pbd xdhtrnp~ i l rdanij*

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otp blwd lcxi oddj lvvcnd` xthhdxxtcc~ nj mlj~ vixp-hijgnhp

xnptlpnijx ir nj xihndpndx pblp lrd dvdrndjhnja bnab cdwdcx i

lrmd` hrnmd lj` xihnlc wnicdjhd* @dxpri~nja pbd hiccdhpd`

qdlvijx xbitc` od tj`drpledj ijc~ o~ dvdrpx*

pt x Vt

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pi ptrj nj pbdnr qdlvijx pi rdcnanitx cdl`drx pblj pi xplpd ihnlcx

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pbd qdlvijx rim odnja vtjnxbd` ir bic`nja ijpi qblp lrd

dxxdjpnlcc~ nccdalc qdlvijx* Ximd vriwn`d nj-enj` njhdjpnwdx‐

njhct`nja ii`# hcipbnja# piicx ir dwdj onh~hcdx‐lx l irm i

vl~mdjp ir pbd qdlvijx* Pd rdptrj ir dhbljad nx ml`d qnpb

l –ji |tdxpnijx lxed`” tj`drxplj`nja*

Atj-rdd {ijdx lrd lrdlx qbdrd rdlrmx lj` lmmtjnpnij lrd

jip lcciqd`* Pnx hijhdvp hlj od lj nmvirpljp xpdv piqlr`

`nxlrmnja himmtjnpndx lj` rd`thnja qdlvijx lwlncloncnp~* Np

hlj xtvvirp jlpnijlc vicnh~ mlenja lx qdcc lx l xitrhd i tjnp~ lp

pbd arlxxriipx cdwdc* Dxplocnxbnja atj-rdd {ijdx qlx lj njpdarlc

vlrp i pbd otnc`nja i Atj-Grdd Xitpb Lrnhl# lj iraljn{lpnij

irmd` nj <>>0 pi bdcv otnc` l xld lj` xdhtrd Xitpb Lrnhl o~

rd`thnja pbd jtmodr i rdlrmx nj xihndp~* Oljjnja rdlrmx

lj` lmmtjnpnij nx lcxi l xpdv piqlr` hblccdjanja pbd htcptrd i

wnicdjhd lj` rdxblvnja vtocnh lppnpt`dx pi qdlvijx*

Vclhdx i qirxbnv lrd atj-rdd {ijdx# otp xhbiicx# aiwdrjmdjp

otnc`njax lj` otxnjdxxdx xbitc` lcxi od lx qdcc* Hijxn`dr

vriwn`nja l xdhtrd xpirlad vclhd# xthb lx l xld# jdlr pbd djprljhdi l otnc`nja nj qbnhb vdivcd hlj cdlwd pbdnr qdlvijx* Hrdlpd

vixpdrx pblp ljjitjhd pbd cihlpnij lx atj-rdd pbritab xnajx

lj` vixpdrx*

\t gh;

Qbi lrd pbd vdivcd nj ~itr himmtjnp~ ir rdanij qbi 

vixxdxx qdlvijx lj` qb~9

Qblp ivvirptjnpndx lrd pbdrd qnpbnj ~itr rdcnanitx 

xprthptrd pi xplrp l xthhdxxtc qdlvijx hiccdhpnij ir ipbdr

vrikdhp pblp rd`thdx rdlrmx lwlncloncnp~9

Qblp vrdwnitx dirpx blwd oddj nmvcdmdjpd` pi rd`thd pbd 

qdlvijx nj hnrhtclpnij9 @n` pbd~ xthhdd` ir lnc9 Qb~9

Qbnhb iraljn{lpnijx hitc` lxxnxp nj rd`thnja ir vrdwdjpnja 

pbd lwlncloncnp~ ir mnxtxd i pbdxd qdlvijx9

@idx ~itr rdcnanitx njxpnptpnij blwd l irmlc vicnh~ ij 

atj-rdd {ijdx9

lh ;

Dxplocnxb l atj-rdd {ijd nj ~itr vclhd i qirxbnv* Hrdlpd 

xnajx lj` vixpdrx pblp mled np hcdlr pblp qdlvijx lrd jip

qdchimd*

Xtvvirp pbd dxplocnxbmdjp i atj-rdd {ijdx nj ipbdr vclhdx 

qnpbnj ~itr himmtjnp~

Lvvrilhb cihlc ltpbirnpndx lj` jijaiwdrjmdjplc 

iraljn{lpnijx loitp iraljn{nja l qdlvijx hiccdhpnij

vriarlm* N`djpn~ qbnhb aritvx qitc` od xtvvirpnwd i

`inja pbnx lj` qire qnpb pbdm

Iraljn{d lj dwdjp qbdrd hbnc`rdj hitc` ptrj nj pi~ atjx 

ir ipbdr wnicdjp pi~x* Hijjdhp pbnx pi vdlhd d`thlpnij

vrlhpnhdx

l``_dxxnja xTVVc^; xTVVi_pnja l_Mx _daTclpnij la_ddMdjpx

Qdlvijx xtvvcndrx lrd idj cihlpd` nj hitjprndx lr lql~ rim

pbixd qbi lrd nmvlhpd` o~ pbdnr vri`thpx* Nj lhp# 14 vdrhdjp i

himmdrhnlc blj` atjx lj` cija atjx lrd vri`thd` nj pbd T*X* ir

pbd Dtrivdlj Tjnij* Lj` pbd mljtlhptrd lj` xlcd i xmlcc lrmx

nx l wdr~ cthrlpnwd otxnjdxx# xi qbncd l``rdxxnja nxxtdx i `dmlj`

lj` lwlncloncnp~ nx lj nmvirpljp ql~ pi mled hbljad# ijd hljjip

lj` xbitc` jip iwdrciie pbd ricd i qdlvijx xtvvcndrx lj` pbd

jdd` ir xprijadr hijpricx nj njpdrjlpnijlc prl`d i qdlvijx*

Xprnhp hijpricx ij dvirp# prljxnp lj` nmvirp i qdlvijx lrd dx-

xdjpnlc pi vrdwdjp pbd trpbdr vricndrlpnij i xmlcc lrmx lj`

pbdnr lotxd o~ pbixd wniclpnja btmlj rnabpx lj` njpdrjlpnijlc

btmljnplrnlj clq* Pnx rdxitrhd atn`d blx lcrdl`~ itpcnjd`

dnxpnja xmlcc lrmx larddmdjpx# njhct`nja pbdnr mlkir vriwn-xnijx* Np qncc pled pnmd odird pbd njpdrjlpnijlc himmtjnp~ hlj

xvdle qnpb ijd winhd ij pbnx xtokdhp* Xthhdxx qncc `dvdj` pi l

clrad dpdjp ij biq pbd xtordanijlc iraljn{lpnijx# vlrpnhtclrc~

pbixd nj Lrnhl# ddhpnwdc~ mljlad pbd nmvcdmdjplpnij i pbd

wlrnitx njxprtmdjpx pbd~ blwd dxplocnxbd`* Pdrdird# xtvvirp-

nja pbixd larddmdjpx lj` djxtrnja pbdnr nmvcdmdjplpnij ij pbd

aritj` nx lj nmvirpljp lxvdhp i rdxvij`nja pi pbd vriocdm i

xmlcc lrmx*

Pdrd nx ljipbdr prdlp~ vrihdxx tj`drql~ pblp nx hijjdhpd` pi

pbd nxxtd i xmlcc lrmx lj` cnabp qdlvijx* Pnx nx pbd vrihdxx pi

jdaipnlpd l cdalc onj`nja larddmdjp‐lj lrmx prl`d prdlp~ "L.‐ij lcc hijwdjpnijlc qdlvijx lj` lmmtjnpnij* Mird dlxnc~

tj`drxpii` lx l prl`d larddmdjp pblj l prl`npnijlc `nxlrmlmdjp

larddmdjp# pbd L qncc miwd njpi vrivdr jdaipnlpnijx tj`dr

pbd tmordccl i pbd Tjnpd` Jlpnijx nj ?6<6 lj` qncc od hijhct`d`

o~ ?6<?* Biqdwdr# np nx xnajnhljp nj pbd hijpdp i pbnx rdxitrhd

atn`d odhltxd hdrplnjc~ np qitc` djhimvlxx pbd hlpdair~ i lrmx

pblp lrd rddrrd` pi bdrd# lx qdcc lx mlj~ ipbdrx*



iHTx

p aot Vh

pb Abra Vrxx x l lc lw a

brbx l brb-rcl ral{lx b xx

b lrx rl* pb vrxx lx x v vlrr b

blc x b vr# rl l vrcrl

clr |v*

pb Abra nnn a# bc jlr# qlx wr

xxxc l blx cl l a l r b qr

b Abra vrxx lr ?661* dxvlcc vrl

qlx b xra vlrvl r Lrl lb clrx#

vrwa b vlrvlx qb vrl xabx bq b

lb x l vr xlrl lcc cwcx#

r b cwc lx qcc lx bq wcv l

lwl lal r bx qb l xx

vrrx l clr rx*

n xmmlr~# b ihim i b ma jlrio qlx i

vl` b qire i b Aibora Vrihxx i ximba

mir bl kx b hirhx‐l cia-rm# xxlloc

wicwm* rim b `xhxxix loi hmhlc lhi

i lrmx hiric# l` rim b vrxlix b grx vlr i

b hirh# qlx lar` bl b qire xbic` o rbr

`wciv` br ql~x;

"<. h h gh5

"?. m ~5

"8. htmh h m m*

pb vlrvlx bxcwx qra qlr

b bl vlrvl br q brb r lb

lbw bx alcx*


iHTx

lh _ Hh

Hh Ov

pbd Lrlj _daijlc hijdrdjd i hlbic oxbivx blx

ddj l bd irdrij j l`wilja ir lj lrmx rl`d rdl~#lj` blx mic{d` rdcaitx ijxtdjdx i l`wljd bd

ailc i ijriccja xmlcc lrmx vricdrlij j l jtmdr i

itjrdx j dlxdrj# xitbdrj lj` djrlc Lrl* pbdxd

dirx blwd cd` i jrdlxd` lqlrdjdxx i bd xmlcc lrmx

vricdm lj` bd jdd` ir rdcaitx aritvx„ vlrvlij

j l`wil~*

Odhltxd pbd~ rdvrdxdjp xi mlj~ vdivcd# rdcnanitx cdl`drx#

iraljn{lpnijx lj` himmtjnpndx blwd nmvirpljp vicnpnhlc

njgtdjhd lj` viqdr pblp hlj lhncnplpd jlpnijlc ir

njpdrjlpnijlc hbljad* Pd~ ornja pbd winhd i mirlc ltpbirnp~ pi pbd `nvcimlpnh vrihdxx lj` hlj mijnpir pbd xblvnja lj`

nmvcdmdjplpnij i vicnhndx* Xnmnclrc~# pbnx ricd djlocdx rdcnanitx

cdl`drx pi mioncn{d pbdnr hijxpnptdjpx lritj` pbd nxxtd pi pled

lhpnij* Pdnr hijxpnptdjpx hlj hijpnjtd pi xvrdl` jdqx lj`

njirmlpnij loitp pbd vriocdm# l`wihlpd qnpb aiwdrjmdjpx

lj` tj` rlnxd ir `dwdciv vrikdhpx rdclpd` pi hiccdhpnij lj`

xtrwnwir hlrd*

Pdrd lrd mlj~ ql~x pi od l xtvvirpdr ir l`wihlpd i lrmx

rdatclpnij lp pbd jlpnijlc lj` himmtjnp~ cdwdc* Gir dlmvcd#

pbd Jlnrion Vripihic blx dxplocnxbd` –ihlc vinjpx” nj mdm-

odr xplpdx pblp lrd rdxvijxnocd ir hiir`njlpnja lj` mijnpir-

nja nmvcdmdjplpnij i pbd Vripihic* Nmvcdmdjplpnij rd|tnrdx

hiccloirlpnij odpqddj cihlc ltpbirnpndx# aiwdrjnja xprthptrdx#

vicnhd lj` hnwnc xihndp~* Lx xthb# lhpnijx pblp xtvvirp lrmx rda-

tclpnij larddmdjpx njhct`d vriwn`nja njirmlpnij# vrimipnja

cdanxclpnij ir xtvvirpnja vriarlmx pblp rdclpd pi rdbloncnplpnij

ir `dmioncn{lpnij i irmdr himolpljpx* Lcxi# Hdjprlc Lrnhl

`idx jip ~dp blwd l xtordanijlc larddmdjp# xi l`wihlpnja ir

pbd hrdlpnij i ijd nx ljipbdr vixnpnwd ql~ pi xprdjapbdj dirpx

lp rdatclpnij lj` hijpric*

Ijd i pbd nmvirpljp ricdx pblp rdcnanitx cdl`drx# himmtjnpndx

lj` lnpb-olxd` iraljn{lpnijx blwd vcl~d` nx hijxprthpnwd

djaladmdjp qnpb himmtjnpndx# aiwdrjmdjpx lj` pbd Lrnhlj

Tjnij lj` pbd Tjnpd` Jlpnijx nj vdlhd njnpnlpnwdx# jdaipnlpnijx

lj` hijgnhp rdxictpnij* Hijxd|tdjpc~# pbd TJ# pbd DT# pbd LT

lj` ipbdr rdanijlc lj` njpdrjlpnijlc oi`ndx blwd vlrpjdrd`

qnpb rdcnanitx iraljn{lpnijx nj rdhiajnpnij i pbdnr dvdrndjhd

lj` dvdrpnxd nj pbd lrdl i xmlcc lrmx*




\t gh;

Nx ~itr aiwdrjmdjp l mdmodr i lj lrmx prl`d larddmdjp9 

N xi# qblp lrd pbd hblccdjadx ir npx tcc nmvcdmdjplpnij9

N pbd~ blwd jip xnajd` xthb lj larddmdjp# qb~ jip9 Qblp 

nx pbd mlkir ioxplhcd9 Biq hlj ~it hijprnotpd9

@idx pbd larddmdjp blwd lj~ ddhp ij pbd qdlvijx 

vriocdm nj ~itr himmtjnp~9 Qb~ ir qb~ jip9

@idx ~itr jlpnijlc ir cihlc aiwdrjmdjp blwd l `dvlrpmdjp 

ir `nwnxnij pblp ihtxdx ij xmlcc lrmx vriocdmx9 @i

pbd~ lvvrilhb `nxlrmlmdjp nj nxiclpnij ir nj rdclpnij pi

`dwdcivmdjp ir ipbdr nxxtdx9

Blx ~itr rdcnanitx njxpnptpnij xbiqj xtvvirp ir lj~ lrmx 

larddmdjpx pbritab xplpdmdjpx ir rdxictpnijx9

Qblp ivvirptjnpndx `i ~it blwd pi cioo~9 Qbnhb vicnpnhlc 

atrdx `i ~it blwd lhhdxx pi9

Qbnhb l`wihlh~ mdpbi`x lrd mixp ddhpnwd nj ~itr 

jlpnijlc ir cihlc hijpdp9

lh ;

Otnc` lqlrdjdxx nj ~itr himmtjnp~ lj` hijxpnptdjpx loitp 

dnxpnja lrmx larddmdjpx lj` pbdnr iocnalpnijx

Djxtrd pblp l jdaipnlpd` L njhct`dx pbd mixp xprnjadjp 

hij`npnijx ir prl`d nj qdlvijx

Cioo~ ~itr jlpnijlc aiwdrjmdjp ir nmvcdmdjplpnij i lj 

dnxpnja iocnalpnij ir ir pbd l`wljhdmdjp i lj L

_dlhb itp pi pbd mljtlhptrdrx i qdlvijx lj` xbiq pbdm 

biq pbdnr vri`thpx btrp ~itr himmtjnpndx

Hrdlpd pbd hij`npnijx nj qbnhb lrmx larddmdjpx hlj od 

xthhdxxtcc~ nmvcdmdjpd`* Pnx ml~ njhct`d pbd vdlhdd`thlpnij# hijgnhp rdxictpnij ir himolpljp rdbloncnplpnij

vriarlmx `dxhrnod` dcxdqbdrd nj pbnx rdxitrhd atn`d*

Hiccloirlpd qnpb ipbdr rdcnanitx cdl`drx lj` himmtjnpndx 

pi n`djpn~ lrdlx i xblrd` hijhdrj lj` vipdjpnlc ir

himmij lhpnij ir l`wihlh~

bdlcnja pbd qiTj`x i ql_;_dblOncnplpnij# _dHijHncnlpnij

lj` _dnjpda_lpnij

L itrpb `nmdjxnij i rdxvijxd pi xmlcc lrmx njwicwdx rdlhbnja

itp jip ijc~ pi pbd wnhpnmx i lrmd` wnicdjhd otp pi pbd

vdrvdprlpirx lj` lotxdrx i xmlcc lrmx qbixd rdbloncnplpnij lj`

rdnjpdarlpnij njpi pbd xihndp~ nx jdhdxxlr~ ir bdlcnja lj` clxpnja

vdlhd* _dcnanitx cdl`drx lrd qdcc vclhd` pi pdlhb pbd iranwdjdxx

lj` tj`drxplj`nja jdhdxxlr~ ir hitjprndx lj` rdanijx pi

rdhijhncd nj vdlhd* Pd prljxirmlpnwd vrihdxxdx pblp dj` hijgnhp

ml~ lcxi vrdwdjp tptrd ijdx lj` hlj od odxp hlrrnd` itp o~ pbixd

qbi bic` pbd prtxp i himmtjnpndx lj` aiwdrjmdjpx lcned*

Xtvvirpnja pbixd qbi blwd xtdrd` rim lrmd` wnicdjhd nx

mtcpnlhdpd`* Xnptlpd` lp pbd bdlrp i himmtjnpndx# rdcnanitx

njxpnptpnijx lrd idj hlccd` ij pi hlrd ir pbd qitj`d` lj`

vriwn`d olxnh md`nhlc hlrd ir vb~xnhlc rdbloncnplpnij qbdrd

lj` qbdj np nx jdd`d`* Ximdpnmdx pbdxd qitj`x lrd jip ijc~

vb~xnhlc# otp lcxi dmipnijlc lj` vx~hbicianhlc‐ir dlmvcd# l

hbnc` qbi xprtaacdx pi tj`drxplj` qb~ bnx mipbdr nx ji cijadr

pbdrd# l qimlj qbi blx oddj rlvd` lp atjvinjp ir l vlrdjp qbi

blx xddj bnx ir bdr hbnc` pledj i pi odhimd l xic`ndr*

Lp pnmdx rdcnanitx cdl`drx blwd lcxi vlrpnhnvlpd` nj `nxlrmlmdjp#`dmioncn{lpnij lj` rdnjpdarlpnij "@@_. vrihdxxdx* Pdxd vri-




arlmx rdvclhd qdlvijx lj` l xic`ndr„x xenccx qnpb hnwncnlj xenccx* Np

nx lenj pi hijgnhp prljxirmlpnij# cnjed` pi vdlhd d`thlpnij lj`

qirex nj plj`dm qnpb pbd hrdlpnij i atj hiccdhpnij vriarlmx lj`

atj-rdd {ijdx pi hrdlpd pbd hij`npnijx nj qbnhb lrmx prdlpndx hlj

xthhdd`* Np nx hblccdjanja lj` cija-pdrm qire*

\t gh;

Qblp p~vdx i prdlpmdjp lrd lwlnclocd ir xtrwnwirx i lrmd` 

wnicdjhd nj ~itr himmtjnp~9

Biq `i ipbdrx nj pbd himmtjnp~ prdlp pbixd qbi lrd 

`nxlocd` td pi njktr~9 Lrd pbd~ xpnamlpn{d`9

Lrd pbdrd lnpb-olxd` bixvnplcx ir prdlpmdjp hdjpdrx jdlro~9 

Nx pbdrd l ricd ~it hlj vcl~ nj rdhijhncnja pbd `ndrdjhdx 

pblp eddv himmtjnpndx nwn`d` lj` nj hijgnhp9

lh ;

Djhitrlad ldhpd` xplpdx pi vriwn`d lxxnxpljhd nj 

lhhir`ljhd qnpb btmlj rnabpx lj` atn`d` o~ pbd vrnjhnvcdx

i njhctxnij# lhhdxxnoncnp~ lj` d|tlcnp~* Djxtrd pblp pbd~

`dwdciv hijhrdpd jlpnijlc lhpnij vcljx pi `dcnwdr pbnx

lxxnxpljhd

Djhitrlad xplpdx pi njhirvirlpd xtrwnwir lxxnxpljhd lhpnwnpndx 

njpi dnxpnja mdhbljnxmx ir `dwdcivmdjp# btmlj rnabpx

lj` xdrwnhdx ir pbixd qbi lrd nxlocd`

Idr hitjxdcnja lj` rdtad* Glnpb himmtjnpndx idr 

bivd# himirp lj` xvnrnptlc atn`ljhd lj` xprdjapb pi bdcv

xtrwnwirx bdlc* Dpdj` pbnx pi pbd lmncndx i xtrwnwirx

Lxxnxp xtrwnwirx lj` himmtjnpndx nj j`nja jdq mdljx i  

dmvci~mdjp# cnwdcnbii` lj`)ir rdcdwljp prlnjnja

Qire qnpb cihlc bixvnplcx lj` md`nhlc vrlhpnpnijdrx pi 

djxtrd pblp dmdradjh~ md`nhlc hlrd nx lwlnclocd lj` pblp

lhncnpndx lrd mlnjplnjd` qnpb vdrxijjdc lj` xtvvcndx*

rlnjnja nj rxp ln` ir prltmlpnh njktrndx lj` xdwdrd

ocdd`nja njhrdlxdx pbd hbljhd pblp xtrwnwirx qncc cnwd cija

djitab pi rdhdnwd dmdradjh~ md`nhlc hlrd*

p Hth b lh

[mo

pb hbrbx Blcb Lxxl [ll x b x

clrax vrwr blcb xrwx [ll* n blx blcb

x brab [ll# l xrwx wr 2 cc [llx*

L r brb-r blcb rx lr cl lr

b jll# m{ll# Lacl# hacx l

[lql rrx# qbb xrw lx lxx r vclc

crl wx l# lx xb# blw c l cal

l-vrxc x# lxxlc rx# cxr x l

br vcxw rlx qlr* pbrr# l b

vlx rl xr rc r lr wc krx

l r|r r rl l rblcl*



xm lrm j` cnbp Qdvij; lgrnh l _ditrhd atn`d gir _cax r Vl?6

Pd icciqnja xdhpnij anwdx ihtx pi pbrdd xvdhnh xenccx pblp

hlj od txdtc nj hbljanja vicnh~ ir rlnxnja vtocnh lqlrdjdxx ‘

l`wihlh~# md`nl itprdlhb lj` djalanja qnpb vlrcnlmdjplrnljx*

l`wiHlH^

L`wihlh~ nx lratnja nj lwir i ximdpbnja# xthb lx l hltxd#

n`dl ir vicnh~* Ijd hlj djalad nj l`wihlh~ o~ mddpnja qnpb

l cdanxclpir ij lj nmvirpljp nxxtd# qrnpnja lj d`npirnlc ir l

jdqxvlvdr# rlnxnja lqlrdjdxx ir l hltxd lp l himmtjnp~ dwdjp

ir dwdj vrimipnja lj nxxtd qbncd blwnja `njjdr qnpb rndj`x*

Qbdj cioo~nja# ijd prndx pi njgtdjhd pbd lhpnijx lj` wipdx i

l cdanxclpir* Vicnpnhlc ihnlcx„ kiox txtlcc~ `dvdj` ij pbd wipdx

i pbdnr hijxpnptdjpx# lj` biq pbd~ wipd ij vlrpnhtclr nxxtdx

hlj od wdr~ dlxnc~ xblvd` o~ pbd ivnjnijx lj` odcndx i pbixd

pbd~ rdvrdxdjp*

Vcljjnja lj l`wihlh~ hlmvlnaj rd|tnrdx ktxp pblp‐hcdlr

vcljjnja, Pd mixp nmvirpljp pbnjax pi dxplocnxb lrd ~itr

ailcx# iokdhpnwdx lj` plhpnhx* Ailcx vriwn`d l adjdrlc `nrdhpnij

lj` himmnpmdjp pi lhpnij* iokhw lrd rdcdwljp# lpplnjlocd#

mdlxtrlocd lj` pnmd-cnmnpd` itphimdx pi od lhbndwd`* phh

lrd pbd xmlcc lhpnijx lj` lhpnwnpndx ~it qncc txd pi lhbndwd ~itr

iokdhpnwdx*

^itr mdxxlad xbitc` od hibdrdjp# hijhnxd lj` lardd` tvij o~

lcc mdmodrx i pbd aritv* Np nx nmvixxnocd pi l`wihlpd lj` cioo~

ir `nxlrmlmdjp qbdj ~it `ij„p blwd l mdxxlad pi xblrd qnpb

~itr aiwdrjmdjp ihnlcx* Pdxd lrd nmvirpljp |tdxpnijx pi lxe

qbncd hrdlpnja l mdxxlad*

Girmtclpnja lj ddhpnwd l`wihlh~ lj` cioo~nja xprlpda~

rd|tnrdx pbd aritv pi hijxn`dr qbi pbd~ xbitc` pr~ pi njgtdjhd*

Aiwdrjmdjpx lrd txtlcc~ ml`d tv i cdanxclpirx lp mlj~ cdwdcx#

lj` lp dlhb cdwdc hdrplnj vdivcd bic` mird njgtdjhd lj` viqdr

pblj ipbdrx* Nj ir`dr pi lhbndwd pbdnr ailcx# rdcnanitx ~itpb mtxp

`dhn`d ij qbi pbd~ xbitc` djalad* L bdl` i xplpd mnabp blwdmird –xplr viqdr#” otp bd ir xbd nx rlrdc~ lhhdxxnocd lj` jip

dlxnc~ njgtdjhd`*

N ~it lrd vcljjnja l plhpnh cned qrnpnja l cdppdr# ximd |tdxpnijx

pi lxe ~itrxdc njhct`d pbd icciqnja;

Qbi blx pbd viqdr pi mled pbd hbljad ~it lrd xddenja9 

Qblp nx bnx ir bdr htrrdjp vixnpnij ij pbd nxxtd9 

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qnpb pbdm*

djalanja pbd Md`nl

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q m m9

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o~ pbd md`nl

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hcdlrc~ nj`nhlpd pbd ltpbir5 nx lvvrinmlpdc~ 066‟266 qir`x lj`

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