small satellite utility: present and...
TRANSCRIPT
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November 21st , 2007
Aaron Q. Rogers
Small Satellite Utility:
Present and Future
Session #2: Small Satellite Key
Technologies for Remote Sensing
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 2
Acknowledgements
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 3
Agenda
�Background
�Small Satellite Utility Studies
�Focus Areas
�Obstacles vs. Enablers
�“Good Enough”
�Definitions
�Conclusions
�Mid-Term
Key Technology Enablers
�Aperture Drivers
�Power Systems
�Ground Operations
�Common Spacecraft Platform
s and Standards
�Current NASA Study Effort
�Summary & Hand-Off
GISTDA THEOS
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 4
APL Overview
•Not-for-profitDoD chartered “University
Affiliated Research Center”, a UARC
•Founded in 1942
•Staffing:4,000+ employees
(70% scientists & engineers)
� ���Space Department ~ 600 staff
•Business areas:
Air & Missile Defense
Biomedicine
Civilian Space
Homeland Protection
Infocentric Operations
National Security Space
Precision Engagement
Science & Technology
Strategic Systems
Undersea Warfare
Warfare Analysis
Successfully designed, built, and operated
> 64 spacecraft and 200 instruments
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 5
EO Remote Sensing…En Route to Mercury
http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 6
Small Satellite Studies
�JHU/APL engaged in a number of industry,
government, academia studies
�Reviewed/analyzed features and elements of
small satellite systems:
�Obstacles vs. Enablers
�Required vs. “Good Enough”Capability
�Program Lifecycle
�Utility vs. “Disruptability”
�Technology Enablers
�Ground Systems and CONOPS
Government
Industry
APL
Concept Development
�Problem Definition
�System Concept
�Critical Technology Identification
�Demo., Validation, Prototyping
Requirements Definition
�System Design Requirements
�Design Development with
Government & Industry
�Technical Evaluation
�Coord. of Integration Testing
Production & Deployment
�Transition of Prototype Design
�Follow-on Review and
Requirements
�Utility Assessment
�Adjust TTPs
System Engineering
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 7
Obstacles vs. Enablers
�Obstacles:
�Funding (always!)
�Planning “Useful”Missions
�Launch Access
�Operations
�Enablers:
�New Commercial Launch Providers, Classes
oExamples: Space-X Falcon 1/9 and ISRO PSLV-C8
oSecondary and multi-payload adapters: Falcon-
class RideShare Adapter (RSA)
�New spacecraft subsystem technologies
oLow(er) cost
oReduced mass, volume, power
o“Good enough”parameters
�New design tools and methods for small satellites
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 8
“Good Enough”
�Utility assessment of small satellites depends
critically on establishing what is “good
enough”
�Small satellites satisfy different portions of
access-persistence-quality trade space than
exquisite systems
�Mixed architectures (small/large) can provide
flexibility to match needs
�Other design variables can be relaxed
oPerform
ance
oReliability: Shorter (advertised) lifetime, MTBF
oRadiation tolerance
�Demand for small sat solutions necessary to
drive many elements of operational
responsiveness
�Inadequate attention given to ground systems,
CONOPS, and tasking, processing, exploitation
& dissemination
�Satellites get the attention
�Current infrastructure development and upgrades
focused on large satellites
Courtesy MIT/LL
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 9
Small Satellite Working Definition
Experiment
& University
Class
Science &
Technology
Class
Demo &
Emerging
Systems
Mature &
“Exquisite”
Systems
ION2
CP4
QuakeSat
Cube
Sats
Tiungsat-1
Maroc-Tubsat
Thai-Phutt
Nano
Sats
Beijing-1
TopSat
Lapan-Tubsat
RapidEye 1-5
Micro
Sats
QuickBird-2
KOMPSAT-2
SAR-Lupe 1-5
Form
oSat-2
Small/
Mini
Sats
IRS P6
Yaogan-2
Cosmo-Skymed 1
Large
OpSats
1 kg
5 kg
50 kg
200 kg
1000 kg
5000 kg
UTILITY
Accepted/
Proven
Hidden
Debated/
Emerging
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 10
Current Satellite Cycle Contrasts
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 11
Mission Utility Study Conclusions
�Small satellites have clear utility
for:
�EO Remote Sensing, Space
Weather, Technology and
CONOPs demonstrators
�Simple ground infrastructure
�Smaller apertures, lower power
�LEO
�Small sats provide minimal
near-term
utility for:
�PNT, Wide-bandwidth
communications, Radar
�Compatibility with large numbers
of ground term
inals
�Higher power, larger apertures
�Continuous coverage, MEO/GEO
Courtesy MIT/LL
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 12
Mid-Term
Key Technology Enablers
�Increase access/persistency, reduce constellation size by
going to higher altitude
�Aperture: Low-mass large optics and antennas, coherent
combination of small apertures
�Power: Mass-efficient solar power conversion & storage
�Radiation: Rad-tolerant sensors & electronics
�Improve achievable small sat perform
ance
�Sensors: Large arrays, reconfigurable sensors
�Processing: Capable onboard processors
�Bus: Low-mass structure & stabilization
�Innovate C3 for constellations
�Ground Systems: Automated processing and product distribution
�Operations: On-board autonomy; tool-aided rapid ground system
composition
�Communications: Standard space network USB-style “plug”
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 13
Aperture Drivers
�Low-Mass Optics
�Folded Optics
�Coherent Combo of Small (Sparse) Apertures
�Low-Mass Antennas
Traditional
Compound Lens
“Folded”Optic
Courtesy UC San Diego
Courtesy QinetiQ
Courtesy Univ. of Rochester
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 14
Power Systems
�High efficiency cell technology
�State of industry vs. theoretical
�Thin-film photovoltaics (TF-PV)
�State of industry and near-term
projections
�Key properties
�Applications
�TacSat-2: FITS
�DSX: PowerSail
Courtesy Lockheed Martin
Courtesy MSI
Courtesy AFRL
DSX
TacSat-2
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 15
Ground Operations
�Distributed and virtual operations
centers: Federated ground network
�Standardized commanding: XTCE
�What
�Why
�How
�Autonomous commanding and
data/TT&C
Courtesy SSTL
Courtesy NRL
Network
Infra-
structureInternet
Mission Control Center
Courtesy SSDL
Satellite Factory
Common Formats
Facilitate Transition to
Operations and Data
Exchange
Mission Ground System
Mission Ground System
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 16
Why Build A Common Platform
?
•The availability of a common platform
will improve the
speed of acquisition, and enable a faster response to
changing needs
�Using a common platform
eliminates Non-Recurring
Engineering (NRE) Expenses of subsequent vehicles, by
perform
ing the engineering and design only once for a
large block build
�Note that a single platform
class can only support a finite
variety of payloads and capabilities
�Using a common platform
for many missions involves
varying degrees of inefficiency
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 17
Common EO Platform
s: An Example
Courtesy of Nothrup Grumman
Courtesy of Nothrup Grumman
Global Hawk is a Common Platform
, utilizing an
Open Architecture to support a variety of Payloads
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 18
Standardization Concepts and Term
s
�Standard Interfaces
�Pre-specified boundary and limits for interaction across
boundary
�Standard Parts
�Units with identical form
and function that form
a distinct
portion of different systems
�Standard Architectures (Common Bus, Standardized
Bus, Scalable Bus, Modular/Reconfigurable Bus)
�Defined ways of configuring and connecting parts of system
�Standard Integration and Assembly (e.g. Iridium)
�Set process for building up systems
�Standard Verification Process (e.g. MIL-STD-1540)
�Repeatable methods for determ
ining requirements satisfaction
for different systems
Design Integration, Assembly
& Test
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 19
Standard SC Bus Approaches
�Fixed/Common Bus
�Designed to envelope all potential payloads
�Identical bus builds with different payloads from the same user (e.g. EOS)
�Identical planning and documentation for testing and verification (using worst-case
envelope)
�Can use one set of qual units / EMs / spares for multiple buses
�Standardized Bus
�Designed to envelope all potential payloads
�Uses standard interfaces to different payloads from different users (e.g. STEP)
�Partial commonality in testing / qual approach (different users)
�Scalable Bus
�Maintains standard interfaces within bus, but parts are resized to fit mission
�Modular Bus
�Modularity removes need for a single bus designed for all potential payloads
�Uses standard architectures to configure parts of the system
�Each module has a series of options with different levels of capability
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 20
Standards Efforts
�PnPSat: Complete system
modularity
�Applique Sensor Interface
Module for “COTS-PnP-retrofit”
�F6: Future Fast, Flexible,
Fractionated, Free-Flying
Spacecraft united by Inform
ation
eXchange
�Complete abstraction of traditional
monolithic design
�SIV: Standard Bus + Flexible
Payload Interface
�Bus capable of operating
in virtually any
LEO orbit
�Prescribed payload
mass, power, env.
limits ensure
compatibility and
manifest.
�ORS: Capability on Demand
�TacSat series of experiments
�Established interface standards for
all system segments
Courtesy ATK
Courtesy NRL
& JHU/APL
Courtesy Ball & AeroAstro
Courtesy DARPA
Courtesy AFRL
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 21
Standardization Summary
�Standardization can be applied to spacecraft design to varying
degrees through parts, interfaces, and architectures
�Experience with spacecraft standardization has met with varied
success over the last several decades
�Typically most successful when the range of applicability is relatively
narrow (bus is used for missions it was originally designed for)and there
is high volume (demand for key mission)
�There are some common themes that have been observed
�Flexibility, if desired, must be planned for from the onset of the program
(design spacecraft to perform
ance envelope)
�Missions and payloads tailored to capabilities of bus (limit in perform
ance
traded for standardization benefits to cost, schedule, reliability)
�Development of spacecraft design standards require upfront investm
ent in
order to achieve benefits in long term
(return on investm
ent notrealized
until several spacecraft have been built)
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 22
NASA Small Satellite Study
�Small Explorer Program Office interested
in current and new small satellite
capabilities:
�Spacecraft systems
�Component technologies
�Draw from industry, gov., international
�Ready or “near-term
”availability:
�Technology Readiness Level (TRL) ≥4
�Results will be utilized to inform
government and industry community:
�Offerings
�Potential gaps for future investm
ent
�Will be openly published ~ April 2008
� ���Your input needed!
Component
and/or
breadboard
validation in
laboratory
environment
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International Workshop on Earth Observation Small Satellites forRemote Sensing Applications
Session #2: Small Satellite Key Technologies for Remote Sensing
Slide 23
Summary & Hand-Off
�Small Satellite Utility
�Currently:
oObstacles: Access to space
oNiche market, missions, and applications
oProvide “Good Enough”capability
oComplementary to large systems
oR&D focused on key technology enablers
oStandard platform
s being revisited � ���
potential cost savings
�Future:
oNew launch and manifest options poised
oTechnology advances reducing capability as ƒ ƒƒƒ(sc size) gap
oStandard and modular interfaces � ���
access, flexibility, schedule
oCommunity embracing approach