smartcity malaga -...

Smartcity MalagaA model of sustainable energy management for cities of the future

0. PREFACE 4

1. SMARTCITY MALAGA 8

1.1. Smart Grid Concept 20

1.2. Smartcity Malaga Project:

Background, objectives and structure 13

1.2.1. Background 16

1.2.2. Objectives 16

1.2.3. Structure 18

1.3. Consortium 22

2. AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION

GRID 24

2.1. The initial distribution grid 25

2.2. Description of the Malaga smart grid 30

2.2.1. ICT 30

2.2.2. Remote management 35

2.2.3. Grid automation

(protection, self-healing and monitoring algorithms) 39

2.2.4. Distributed generation 43

2.2.5. Energy efficiency and demand management 55

2.2.6. Electric vehicles (V2G) 58

3. NEW SERVICES PROVIDED

BY THE PROJECT 64

3.1. For society 65

3.2. For companies 67

Index

4. NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS

IN THE SMARTCITY MALAGA PROJECT 72

4.1. New products in the ICT sector 73

4.2. New products for the protection and automation

of the distribution grid 81

4.2.1. MV grid 81

4.2.2. LV grid 85

4.3. iNode-iSocket 89

4.4. New products for the distributed generation and storage sector 96

4.4.1. Distributed generation 96

4.4.2. Energy storage systems 100

4.5. New products for efficient demand management 113

4.5.1. Applications for SMEs 113

4.5.2. Applications for buildings 116

4.5.3. Applications for homes 116

4.6 New products in the electric vehicles sector 119

5. THE SMARTCITY MALAGA PROJECT IN FIGURES 126

6. IMPACT OF THE PROJECT 132

7. THE ELECTRIC GRID OF THE FUTURE 144

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 150

INDEX OF FIGURES 153

INDEX OF TABLES 165

SMARTCITY MALAGA4

Preface

The dawn of the 21st century has brought us new challenges in the way we

understand and manage our energy resources. As a society, we are becoming

increasingly aware of our responsibility towards the environment and future generations.

In order to cope with these challenges, utilities play an essential role, not only by

reducing emissions and finding new ways to optimise electricity generation and

distribution processes, but also by influencing society and leading consumers towards a

more responsible use of electricity.

Today we have the capabilities to reach these goals. During recent years we have

enjoyed important technological achievements. Just to name a few:

• Information and Communication Technologies now play a major role in electricity

management, allowing us to gather and analyse data in order to optimize distribution

networks management and better understand customer behaviour;

• Electric vehicles, which will not only represent a major leap in terms of mobility

efficiency, but thanks to their storage capacity will become an important part of the

whole electricity sector adding complexity to the traditional structure of the static

electricity business;

• Efficient lighting technologies, which allow public administrations to optimise

resources while delivering a world class service to their citizens;

• Energy efficiency applications and devices that allow reduction of electricity

consumption and active demand management in buildings and homes, while

maintaining modern life levels of comfort.

Such technological advances plus the development of a new segment of “prosumers”

(customers who are able to produce and consume electricity and to store energy, that

could reshape the centralised, one-way power sector business model) together with

the increasing awareness regarding environmental responsibility made Smart Cities a

major trending topic in literature and forums alike, although with few field deployments

so far. That is what makes Smartcity Malaga such a relevant project. It has successfully

developed a Smartcity in a real, large scale, a unique lab formed by:

5

• Thousands of users: 11,000 residential, 900 commercial and 300 industrial;

• Installation of 40 km of PLC communication network pm 72 distribution substations;

• Renewable generation facilities (trigeneration, cogeneration, micro-wind,

photovoltaic): 13 MW in MV and 95 kW in LV;

• Storage facilities (lithium polymer batteries): 106 kWh in MV and 24 kWh in LV;

• Efficient lighting: more than 200 public lightings points with LED technology, remote

management and integrated with renewable energy (both wind and solar);

• Energy efficiency technologies (Such as consumption monitoring, selected control and

demand response management) deployed in 50 residential homes, 3 buildings and 8

SME, providing information, control and demand response functionalities;

• 2 electric vehicles and 2 charge points, including one vehicle and one charge point

with V2G capabilities.

By coupling state of the art technologies with large scale dimensions, Smartcity

Malaga represents a world milestone in the development of a new paradigm of

electricity management, with brilliant results: power consumption has been reduced

by approximately 20%, proving the huge potential of Smart Grids and the concept

of Smartcity. This important achievement has been reached thanks to the effort and

the commitment of all the partners of the consortium, lead by Endesa, towards more

responsible and sustainable cities.

This white paper that I am honoured to introduce presents the challenges, achievements

and opportunities derived from Smartcity Malaga and, moreover, the great effort made

by partners and participants in the project. We all hope it will be useful not only to other

utilities and companies in the industry, but also to public administrations and regulators,

so we may all share the potential of Smart Cities and consequently find the best way to

support and favour their development in the near future.

Andrea Brentan

CEO Endesa

SMARTCITY MALAGA6

Five years ago we wondered how we could contribute, from the electricity

distribution standpoint, to the development of a new energy model for the cities of

the future. At that time the concept of “Smart Grid” was emerging as a stimulus for

improving the electricity grid as a whole, enabling the actions of all the agents involved

(conventional producers, renewable producers, retailers, aggregators, customers,

markets, etc) and optimising their contributions.

We are already living the transformation of the energy environment that we predicted,

that in turn requires the development of distribution grids: the new challenges posed by

the 20-20-20 goals of the European Union, the increasing number of mini-generators

connected to medium and low voltage grids, the increasing complexity in the operation

of the network with large amounts of unmanaged energy generation, the emergence

of new users such as electric vehicles, applications and services for energy saving

and efficiency, the development of electronic meters that open the door to demand

management and domestic generation, or the increasingly demanding levels of

service quality.

Smartcity Malaga has been since its inception in 2009, the testbed for the introduction

of Smart Grid technologies in our medium and low voltage grids, in order to respond to

these challenges and improve the effectiveness, efficiency, quality and sustainability of

the electricity system. It is a living laboratory built on a real distribution network which

has helped develop and implement features and technologies vastly superior to the

usual ones.

I am personally proud that Endesa has been at the helm of this project and I would

like to thank all participating individuals and institutions who have joined us in it: the

consortium of companies formed to develop the project that has been commissioned to

design and manufacture the equipment and systems deployed; CDTI, who has funded

it; and the central, regional and local administrations whose support made this possible.

The initiative has mobilised a considerable amount of resources, not only financial, but

also human, who have contributed their knowledge and have gained experience, in

these four years managing to train the large group of experts that today represent the

vanguard of this country in the field.

7

Among the contributions made by Smartcity Malaga, we would like to highlight

three aspects. Firstly, it has taken the electricity grid automation to a much higher

level than that offered by current standards. Incorporating information technologies

and telecommunications allows for example the optimal management of distributed

generation, smart metering and the charging infrastructure for electric vehicles.

Secondly, the project has helped develop new products that optimise the integration

of renewable generation, protection and remote operation of the distribution grid in

MV and LV and efficient management of demand in homes, buildings, SMEs and Public

Services. Finally, it has created new services for customers, providing them with detailed

information about their consumption and implementing saving measures and efficient

energy management.

At present, Smartcity Malaga is recognised worldwide as one of the largest projects in

the field of Smart Grids, both by its scope and the multiplicity of areas of work involved.

This is demonstrated by the numerous visits of authorities and organisations, both

public and private, who wanted to see up close this pioneering and industry-leading

initiative. In the same way, it is allowing us to participate actively in the working groups

of national and European legislators and regulators of the electricity business, providing

real data.

The infrastructure deployed, the existence of devices with the latest technology and all

the knowledge acquired in the field of smart grids, offer us the opportunity to continue

in the future with the R&D&I activities in the field of Smart Grids. There are already new

international projects, such as Zem2All and Green eMotion, being developed on the

path set in Malaga.

5 years ago, we dreamed of power distribution models appropriate for the cities of the

future. Today, Smartcity Malaga is a reality.

José Luis Marín

Distribution General Manager Endesa

SMARTCITY MALAGA8

Smartcity Malaga

9SMARTCITy MALAGA

What does the term Smartcity refer to? What is a Smart Grid? Why are we speaking of

the evolution or revolution of the electricity grid? What are the challenges that we face

in electricity distribution? Why is the current grid model becoming obsolete and why

does it require a major upgrade for the new technological applications? And the most

important, what is the future of the distribution of electricity and what steps are being

taken to achieve these goals?

It is difficult in a few words to summarise what the electricity grid of the future — or

the Smart Grid— involves, since this concept brings many new features and associated

technologies which shall bring solutions to the necessities that the distribution of

electricity presents today. Electricity is currently the form of energy most consumed by

the developed countries, with a growth rate that has not been constant but has been

consistent, and has enabled the increased well-being that society has today.

All of the facilities provided by electricity depend on the grid which allows the

distribution of this form of energy to all consumers. This grid is in permanent evolution,

but currently faces an unprecedented challenge: how to meet the European energy

objectives and to improve the efficiency of the core businesses to improve the nation’s

competitiveness. Smartcity Malaga has taken the first steps in response to these

challenges, with a focus on the Smart Grids.

The Smartcity is an application of the Smart Grids concept. Additionally, it is linked

to the efficient use of water, waste, and sustainable transport. The Smartcity Malaga

project is focused primarily on the Smart Grid.

This book intends to demonstrate the current benefits and functions, and the potential

that the Smart Grid has for society through this ground-breaking and real experience

in the city of Malaga. The Smartcity Malaga project is the first pilot project with a

large scale Smart Grid, which stands out, even today, as one of the largest Smart Grid

projects. This initiative is the beginning of the foundation for the future development

of the intelligent electricity distribution networks, which is fundamental to maintain our

quality of life and social well-being. In response to the questions raised, this book tells of

the experience and the results obtained in the Smartcity Malaga project.

SMARTCITY MALAGA10

In 2007, the European Union established an ambitious energy plan in its fight against

climate change and in order to create an energetically more efficient and sustainable

society. This plan focused on achieving the following objectives by the year 2020:

• Reduce greenhouse gases by 20% with respect to the 1990 levels.

• Increase energy efficiency, achieving a 20% savings with respect to the consumption

forecasted for 2020.

• Ensure that 20% of the total energy is from renewable energy sources.

The European Union, aware of the technological challenges that these objectives imply,

launched the Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET Plan) which gives a road map for

those technologies which will play an important role in the execution of the 2020

objectives. In the scope of the electrical energy distribution, both in medium and low

voltage, the emergence of the Smart Grid concept is due to the requirements of energy

savings and the incorporation of renewable energy, together with the needs of

enterprises for business optimisation through optimal investment and improving system

efficiency. To this we must add the emergence of the electric vehicle and the demand

for new products by consumers. Thus, the development of the Smart Grid is a priority

within this plan.

The energy savings or, put another way, increasing the energy efficiency in the

distribution grid involves the development of two new concepts:

• Telemanagement: the remote measurement and control in real time of the end user

consumption. This new functionality in the grid allows the behaviour of the users to

be known, enabling time-of-use management which allows the retailer to offer a

range of tariffs and services adapted to the users’ needs.

• Active demand side management: control, by the distributor, of some of the

end user’s loads following a protocol, priorities and financial benefits agreed upon

by the users. This functionality makes it possible to optimise the consumption of

a large customer-base which is founded on the observed behaviour, a range of

Smart Grid Concept

11SMARTCITy MALAGA

user-defined comforts and other additional references, for example, the weather

conditions. This advanced control service allows the real time consumption to be

known, forecasts made for the following day, the demand curve to be adapted

to the market price for optimisation, detection of consumption anomalies,

anticipation of the bill through analysis tools, planning or adjusting of consumption

to the target values, and aggregation of the consumption at various sites (multisite

companies). Furthermore, it allows the reduction of the consumed power and the

partial load shedding, in the case of unanticipated situations in the distribution

network.

These two concepts, or functionalities, will permit substantial improvements to the

investments in distribution networks by the utility companies. These improvements

are due to being able to avoid or postpone expenses that would have been for

construction of new infrastructure and maintenance of existing infrastructure, since

the behaviour of the users can be adapted to the network capabilities, adjusting with

much greater accurancy to the real demand and supply of electricity.

The incorporation of renewable energies in the distribution network accomplishes two

objectives, increasing the renewable generation and improved the energy efficiency,

by reducing the distance between generation and consumption, and thereby, reducing

losses in the electricity transport. This concept is known as:

• Distributed generation: the appearance of small distributed generators in

consumption areas, to avoid losses associated with transmission and increase the

efficiency of both the energy distributed and the assets installed in the grids.

The incorporation of distributed generation in the distribution grid creates, in the

majority of occasions, unmanaged bidirectional energy flows, which can compromise

some of the requirements of the electricity grid, such as the quality of service, safety,

sustainability and profitability. In order to maintain these requirements within the

acceptable ranges, it is necessary to incorporate a number of new technologies and

management concepts that allow:

SMARTCITY MALAGA12

• Automated grid management: through automation systems in all levels of the

grid –High Voltage (HV), Medium Voltage (MV) and Low Voltage (LV)– associated

with the specific information systems, it is possible to automatically operate against

disturbances in the grid, so that the system is able to reconfigure itself, restoring

service in a short time, or even perform preventive maintenance, and providing the

distributors with optimised daily operation of their networks.

At the same time that the technological evolution mentioned in the previous

paragraphs, the electric vehicle has appeared. The electric vehicle will be a critical

element of the system, since it will consume of a very significant amount of energy,

which will be provided through charging points of several classes: slow, fast and

wireless. Proper management of the electric vehicle charging will be vital in maintaining

system stability, and improving energy efficiency and the CO2 emissions, if the majority

of the required energy comes from renewable sources. Also, proper management can

provide significant benefits due to the flattening of the demand curve.

It is not possible to build an infrastructure of these characteristics without an integrated

vision of the whole system, as only through an integrated approach is it possible to have

the harmonised interoperability of the different system components. From an electric

standpoint, the Smart Grid concept builds on three fundamental technologies: AMI, DER

and ADA, which define the basic architecture of a Smart Grid:

• AMI: Advanced Metering Infrastructure. The efficient use of electrical resources

is underlined by, most importantly, the habits of the consumers which must be

modified so that they are more efficient and sustainable. From this shift, a consistent

daily consumption curve can be achieved, so that the energy consumption is

uniformly distributed without large peaks in demand, maximising the use of current

infrastructure and the use of renewable energy. The AMI system permits remote

measurements and the characterisation of consumption habits. Furthermore, it makes

possible an online communication with the user, allowing the adoption of more

efficient habits and, in a more advanced stage of development, the active control of

the demand involving the Director’s direct intervention on low priority loads, with the

aim of improving energy efficiency and stabilising the grid.

13SMARTCITy MALAGA

• DER: Distributed Energy Resources. Distributed generation and storage brings the

following benefits:

1. Minimises the technical losses of the transmission and distribution of electricity,

thanks to the generation being close at the point of consumption.

2. Reducing the critical nature of large individual generators by increasing the number

of facilities over a range of technologies, so to maximise redundancy of generation.

Diversification helps to mitigate the effect of intermittency of renewable generation

sources by combining a balanced variety of different sources.

3. Manage the production of energy from non-controllable sources, the increase

of renewable energy makes it essential to store the energy generated at certain

moments when there is low demand so that it can be used for later consumption.

The expected increase in the electric vehicle fleet is an extraordinary potential of

storage capacity.

4. Optimisation of future investments in the grid, since instead of investing in large

centralised power plants and transmission lines, a massive deployment of low and

medium voltage technologies can be performed.

• ADA: Advanced Distribution Automation. The increasing complexity and critical

nature of the electric grid requires advanced infrastructure control methods in order

to optimise their operation and efficiency. It is necessary to automate and remotely

control the grid, maintenance, and the prediction capabilities. Enlarging protection

schemes and implementing devices which can adapt in real-time are actions that

enable automation in networks.

To facilitate all of the previously described systems there is an increasing need for

control, supervision, coordination, and consequently integration. All this will be possible

to the extent in which information and communication systems facilitate, with security

and efficiency, the required integration between the many elements which form the

intelligent grid.

SMARTCITY MALAGA14

The AMI, DER and ADA systems cannot be considered separately from the Smart Grid,

since they share infrastructure and are closely related. In this way, the new innovations

and technologies influence all areas of the electrical system from their own networks, to

generation and also fully enter at the level of the end user through applications such as

the electric vehicle, energy efficiency in the home, etc.

Therefore, the strategy for the development of a Smart Grid can be summarised as the

harmonisation of the worlds of electricity with that of ICT systems.

By way of summary the main characteristics of a Smart Grid are as follows:

• Automated, communicated and monitored.

• Self-healing and adaptive: Reliable and robust.

• Use of digital meters, telemetering and telemanagement.

• Interactive for proactive and informed consumers.

• Allows dynamic tariffs.

• Operated optimally for the best use of resources and equipment.

• Predictive rather than reactive.

• Management is decentralised and in real time.

• Integration of systems and services.

• Safe from physical and cyber-attacks.

• Integration and control of both centralised and distributed generation.

• Controlled multidirectional energy flow.

15SMARTCITy MALAGA

OM

S

CBM

SCADA EMS

DM

S

DSMCIS

COMCommunications

GIS

AMIAdvanced metering infraestructure

DER

Dist

ribut

ed E

nerg

y Re

sour

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AD

A

Advanced D

istribution Autom

ation

Fig. 1. Architecture of the Smart Grid

SMARTCITY MALAGA16

Background

The Smartcity Malaga Project was launched in 2008 by Endesa, a company that has

previously demonstrated its concern for the concepts of:

• Improving grid operation

• The creation of new services and tariff systems for the user

• Efficiency improvement

• The incorporation of renewable energies through distributed generation

Furthermore, Endesa had participated in R&D projects, such as DENISE or STORE,

obtaining interesting theoretical results which Smartcity Malaga has gathered and

demonstrated on a real scale in the city of Malaga, mobilizing a significant amount of

resources. Smartcity Malaga has resulted in attracting new R&D projects within Smart

Grids and electric vehicles, such as Zem2All and Green eMotion.

Given this situation and the environmental concerns of Malaga city, the project arises

with the goal of being one of the largest real-scale demonstrations of new technologies

and best practices in the field of Smart Grids, as one of the answers to the energy

requirements as mandated by the European Union 2020 policy.

Objectives

Smartcity Malaga is a demonstration project of the Smart Grid technologies that began

with the following initial premises:

1. Implement an exemplary distribution grid that includes a heterogeneous mixture of

generation and consumption.

2. Connect intelligently: ‘Plug It Smart’. Integration and not simply connection is the

real added value of this project.

Smartcity Malaga Project: Background, objectives and structure

17SMARTCITy MALAGA

3. Harnessing the best existing experience and equipment, and employing them as

a starting point for the development and implementation of those aspects and

functionalities currently non-existent on the market.

These premises lead to the project’s approach, which has the following main objectives:

1. Practical development and implementation, in a real environment, of all the Smart

Grid technologies which affect the electricity business.

2. Testing and analysis of telemanagement technology on a large scale

3. Automation of the grid and deployment of communication infrastructure for real

time monitoring and control.

4. Validation and practical implementation of the conclusions from the DENISE1 project

5. Integrate renewable generation and storage at the medium and low voltage level

and apply supervision and control techniques for the optimal use of the natural

resources.

6. Active demand side management, through intervention in consumption, generation

and storage of energy.

7. Development of a management system for the efficient use of energy at the

domestic and SMEs level.

8. Development and validation of technology for charging electric vehicles and V2G.

1. The DENISE project, led by Endesa, was developed between 2007 and 2010 under the INGENIO 2010 program of the Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo, which is the main Spanish research in Smart Grids to discuss the challenges and present and identify the technological solutions adapted to the new requirements

SMARTCITY MALAGA18

Fig. 2. Distributed generation

Structure

The Smartcity Malaga project has been organised into twelve working groups (Work

Packages). The first four spans the entire project and the rest are interrelated with the

other working groups as indicated by the structure in Fig. 3.

The descriptions of the twelve working groups on this project and the main tasks

performed by each are listed below:

• WP01: Project Management and Monitoring. It includes project management

activities, coordination of the different groups, resources management, risk planning

and justification to the Ministry, etc.

• WP02: Operational Deployment and Communication Plan. It is responsible

for the deployment analysis, identification and communication with the customers,

citizens in general and other stakeholders, marketing initiatives and market model

design.

19SMARTCITy MALAGA

• WP03: Harmonisation with DENISE. Monitor and adjust the scope and

development of the project to harmonise with the theoretical conclusions from the

DENISE project, avoiding any type of contradiction, using the knowledge already

acquired. Provide feedback for both projects and draw conclusions.2

NOTE: As mentioned one of the fundamental objectives of Smartcity Malaga is the validation, in actual

operation, the theoretical conclusions obtained during the DENISE research project, developed between

2007 and 2010 and led by Endesa.

DENISE is directly aimed at responding to new technological designs and challenges related with

the deployment of the intelligent infrastructure in the current energy distribution grid. This project is

considered complementary to other initiatives in Smart Grids worldwide. It shares with them a common

vision, but takes a more practical approach and is for the medium term. During its life, there has been

a very active research and development in applicable infrastructure technology in this area, which will

be followed by a series of field pilot projects within this discipline— the Smart Grid. DENISE consortium

estimates that the results could be converted to commercial products and achieve a real network

deployment within 5-7 years.

There is a clear convergence of the objectives of DENISE and Smartcity Malaga, as Smartcity plans to

implement intelligent network solutions.

Fig. 3. Structure of the Smartcity Malaga project (working groups)

WP01: Proyect managing and monitoring

WP04: Telecommunications

WP0

3: H

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ion

wit

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WP0

2: O

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ymen

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om

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WP05

WP06

WP07

WP10

WP09

WP11

WP08

WP12

SMARTCITY MALAGA20

• WP04: Communications. It defines the information and communication technologies

needed to integrate all the services required in the project, including the definition

of requirements, protocols, data models and the semantics for configuration files

necessary to achieve interoperability between systems, elements and services, and the

deployment of a real-time communications network.

• WP05: Systems Development. Development of information systems with the

required functionalities for Smartcity. The activities focus on the development of

new systems, such as the active demand side management and the customer portal,

and in the expansion of existing systems, such as the distribution technical system,

integrating all the information from the IEDs and making it available to the grid

manager to decide the operation and maintenance of the distribution grid.

• WP06: Automation of Medium Voltage Network. Implements network

intelligence within the medium voltage segment. It is based on the development of

a distributed system consisting of a variety of devices connected in the MV network

and is coordinated with other systems and equipment in LV. Development of the

iNodeSE control device, which is at the MV line bays in the substation, coordinates

the monitoring functions, protection, control and regulation of all devices in the MV

network.

• WP07: Mini generation and storage (mDER). Integrates a heterogeneous set

of generators and a storage system within the medium voltage network, with the

corresponding power, measurement, regulation, control and protection systems.

• WP08: Energy Efficiency and Demand Response. Monitoring and active control

of the consumption of domestic and singular customers in the area, developing

specific tools for the user and also enabling interaction with the network manager.

Implementation of the control and monitor systems for public lighting and the

replacement of old lighting with lower consumption technologies.

Compared with the theoretical approach of the DENISE project, the Smartcity Malaga project has had a

practical approach and has involved the development and implementation of solutions for the distribution

grid in the selected network within the city of Malaga.

21SMARTCITy MALAGA

• WP09: Automation of Low Voltage Network. Implementation of the intelligent

network in the low voltage segment, i. e. development of a distributed system,

formed by a multitude of devices connected to the LV grid, managed by the iNode

controller which is situated in the distribution substation (MV/LV) and coordinates the

functions of monitoring, protection, control and regulation of all the devices in the LV

network.

• WP10: Micro generation and storage (µDER). Installation of several generation

elements and storage in the LV grid, including the power, measurement, monitoring,

control and protection systems.

• WP11: Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). Definition of the communication

technologies: technical requirements, protocols, data models, etc. Improved

procedures for the installation of meters and concentrators, ensuring compliance

requirements of measurements and communication and the interoperability of the

whole system. Integration of the remote management of meters with the other

systems developed in the Smartcity Malaga.

• WP12: Electric vehicles (V2G). Implementation of the charging infrastructure with

V2G capabilities for a recharge point, specifically designed and built for Smartcity

Malaga, and an electric vehicle adapted to have V2G capabilities, as well as the

integration of both elements in the monitoring and control system. Design of the

sockets to connect the vehicle safely to avoid accidents and fraud. Actual application

of V2G technology and the integration of the LV network loads of the Smartcity

Malaga along with the study of technical and economic feasibility.

SMARTCITY MALAGA22

The consortium created to develop the Smartcity Malaga project is made up of 11

companies and 14 research organisations. In order to achieve the proposed scientific,

technical and economic objectives, the participants in the project have provided the

appropriate human and material resources for each phase of the project. The entities

selected to carry out the Smartcity Malaga project, balanced between the public and

private sectors, stand out for their capabilities in their specific area of specialisation, their

technical and management capabilities, as well as task coordination.

The knowledge and skills present in this consortium are complementary and very difficult

to find in a single company or organisation. The cooperation between the companies in

the consortium –large organisations such as Enel Energy Europe, Endesa, Sadiel, Telvent,

Acciona Instalaciones, Ormazábal and IBM, small and medium size companies Isotrol,

Ingeteam T&D, GreenPower tech., Neo Metrics and research organisations AICIA, CIRCE,

Fundación Universidad de Oviedo, Labein-Tecnalia, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,

Universidad Pontificia Comillas through the Instituto de Investigación Tecnológica,

Universidad de Mondragón, Ciemat, IREC, Fidetia, Centro de Transferencia Tecnológica

La Salle, Universidad de Córdoba, Universidad de Malaga y Fundación for the Fomento

de la Innovación Industrial have important advantages:

• Large companies, as users and as providers of all types of technologies, facilitate the

definition and achievement of the objectives

• The R&D centres, as sources of specialised knowledge

• Small and medium-sized businesses, as specialist in methods and tools

• The service providers, for their practical experience with the requirements in the real

world

There is a balance between businesses and research centres as well as from the point of

view of small and medium businesses and large businesses, and furthermore a strong

Consortium

23SMARTCITy MALAGA

R&D component, combined with practical experience in the real network by the system

providers who have thousands of connected customers, and have spread their results.

Each one of the partners, led by Endesa, is assigned a specific role and an associated

task, whose achievement makes possible to attain the project’s objectives.

The cooperation among the partners from distinct disciplines has allowed the

concentration of know-how and experience, an example for the industries of the nation

who should work with the same teamwork and balance of which this consortium

consisted.

SMARTCITY MALAGA24

Automation of the Malaga distribution grid

25AUTOMATION OF THE MALAGA DISTRIBUTION GRID

The initial distribution grid

Smartcity Malaga is a project implemented on the Endesa electricity grid, in the city

of Malaga. It is a project based on the modernisation and optimisation of the current

electric distribution grid.

It is an experiment which does not include the building of new networks rather new

elements and systems are added and integrated to improve the management of the

electricity infrastructure and optimise its use, bringing it closer to the concept of a smart

grid, with the benefits that this entails.

The area where the project was developed has a population of around

50,000 inhabitants, or, to put it another way, 11,000 domestic, 900 commercial

and 300 industrial customers. Therefore, it is a project that was carried out in

completely real conditions.

The structure of the grid involved in the project consists of two HVLV (66 kV/20 kV)

electrical substations, called Polígono and San Sebastián. The first is connected to a

cogeneration system located in the Guadalhorce wastewater treatment plant which is

the main hub of electric power generation in the area. The latter substation has more

than ten MV lines used to distribute the electrical energy throughout the majority of

the project area. The automation and communication in the grid was performed on

five of these lines: Pacífico, Tabacalera, Industrial, Panificadora and Pato-2 for a total of

72 MVLV (20 kV400/230 V) distribution substations (DS) and 40 km of MV lines:

Table 1. Number of DSs per MV line

MV lineNo. of distribution

substations

Pacífico 19

Tabacalera 15

Panificadora 12

Industrial 10

Pato-2 16

TOTAL 72

SMARTCITY MALAGA26

To these 72 distribution substations we must add nearly ten more that, while not

connected to these five lines, provide services to elements, installations or agents

integrated in Smartcity Malaga, as is the case of the DSs located in the congress hall and

at the wastewater treatment plant, which also form part of the scope of this project.

Below you can see a series of load curves (Fig. 5 and Fig. 6) that show the hourly

average current of these five MV lines, obtained using the data gathered in 2010, just

before starting the on-site deployment of the initiatives included in this project. The

purpose was to create the most accurate view possible of the initial situation of the

electricity grid in this area.

The above graphs show how the consumption is predominantly residential in the

5 MV lines of Smartcity Malaga. In winter there is a deep trough at night and two

daytime peaks, higher in the evening than at midday, while in summer the midday

peak is higher and even exceeds that of the evening, which varies only slightly from

summer to winter.

Fig. 4. Distribution grid of Smartcity Malaga

POLÍGONO

S_SEBAST


Regarding power generation, the area of Smartcity Malaga originally had the following

DER, with a total of more than 13 MW of installed power:

• A natural gas cogeneration plant, located in the Guadalhorce wastewater treatment

plant, with a power of 10 MW

• A trigeneration unit, of 2.74 MW, on the premises of the Provincial Council of Malaga

• Various solar photovoltaic installations, divided between the congress hall and other

buildings such as schools, office complexes and a hotel, with a power that reaches

approximately 300 kW

200.00

150.00

100.00

50.00

0.000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Cur

rent

(A)

Time

Tabacalera Pato-2 Industrial

Pacífico Panificadora

Fig. 5. Mean daily load curve of each of the MV lines (20 KV) of Smartcity Malaga in January 2010

200.00

150.00

100.00

50.00

0.000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Cur

rent

(A)

Time



Fig. 6. Mean daily load curve of each of the MV lines (20 KV) of Smartcity Malaga in July 2010

SMARTCITY MALAGA28

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Cur

rent

(A)

Time

Demand SmartCity MálagaRemaining Capacity Aggregated Generation

Fig. 7. Analysis of the different technology available in the Smartcity Malaga area, for the mean daily demand in winter

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Cur

rent

(A)

Time


Fig. 8. Analysis of the different technologies available in the Smartcity Malaga area, for the mean daily demand in summer


In light of the previous figures, and taking into account the homogenous geographical

distribution in the area, we can see how Smartcity Malaga has, from the start, had a

renewable energy generation quota that is in accordance with the demand in the area,

with variety in its technology and availability.

Figures (Fig. 7 and Fig. 8) show how the generation originally installed in Smartcity

Malaga, on average in summer or winter, covered up to 60% of the energy demand in

the area, greatly surpassing the European guideline of 20%. Additionally, it highlights

the need to flatten the demand curve, especially in winter, given the large difference

between the current at the peaks and troughs.

It is also important that the lines have ample remaining capacity, in other words

underused grid capacity, for most of the day. This is very useful as it allows us to:

• Safely undertake the natural growth of the demand in the area, without the need for

large investments.

• Support other lines that may need the capacity in the event of faults, saturation, etc.

• Face the demand corresponding to future services and requirements such as the load

from electric vehicles.

In short, this balanced combination of renewable energy generation and demand in

the area, along with the good initial conditions of the Smartcity Malaga electricity grid,

makes this area of Malaga the perfect place for real experimentation for the energy

management technology of the future, based on rational and efficient energy use and

on making the best use of the current infrastructure capacity.

SMARTCITY MALAGA30

Description of the Malaga smart grid

ICT

The smart grid concept of the Smartcity Malaga project is based on a very reliable

framework of communication that supports all the implemented functions that make

the grid smart at all levels, as the functions use communication between the different

systems and with the distribution grid itself. Therefore, this involves using a new

communications infrastructure with sufficient bandwidth, low latency and high reliability

for all the implemented services.

The telecommunications infrastructure rolled out in Smartcity Malaga has nearly 40

km of MV lines communicated through broadband PLC, a grid that interconnects 72

distribution centres, and the services connected to them at the LV level. This technology

is complemented with WiMAX and 3G, making a ring-based redundant architecture

which is connected to the existing communication network of Endesa.

Once this ICT network was available, it was possible to implement the advanced smart

grid applications described in this document. In addition, all the services required shared

a single physical communications infrastructure. One notable characteristic of the

proposed solution is that it is based on market standards, so it is not limited to certain

device manufacturers.

As shown in Fig. 10, the implemented communication network is composed of three

different areas depending on the users connected. The upper level consists of the

core corporate MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) network, that interconnects all

the decision centres and the central offices of Endesa in Spain, and all the regional

networks.

Each of the regions is composed of the distribution grid, which interconnects each of

the regional control centres with all the HV substations in that corresponding area.


For communication with the distribution part of the grid, different rings of fibre optic

(FO) cables are used. Similarly, the distribution grid communicates with the distribution

substations (DS) through the access grid. For this access grid, mesh grids are usually

implemented, interconnecting the various DSs from one or more substations, although it

is possible find other architectures such as ring or segment.

At a lower level, the low voltage customers are connected to their transformer

substation in a star configuration, using narrow or broadband PLC depending on the

customer category and the application.

Fig. 9. General view of the Smartcity Malaga area, with the DS integrated in the communication network

SMARTCITY MALAGA32

The communication network implemented in Smartcity Malaga is designed seeking

balance between the following properties or requirements (SQRA method):

• Security. Includes the standards and requirements related to IT security and data

protection. For this purpose, the communication network has been divided using

VLAN at level 2 and VRF at level 3 to completely isolate services that must not be

visible to each other.

• Quality. This is the set of typical performance attributes of any communications

system. This involves substantial bandwidth, quality of service and low latency. In

order to adapt to the quality requirements, Gigabit Ethernet links were used in the

distribution layer, while for the access layer, a hybrid solution was selected composed

of broadband PLC, WiMAX, either proprietary or operator, and 3G. Broadband PLC is

the most widely used technology; WiMAX and 3G are used for more distant areas or

to have various paths within the access layer. The operator connections are ensured

and protected using private tunnels.

• Reliability. The system and the related devices must be sufficiently resistant. To do

this, all the devices in the system are reinforced to meet the required reliability levels,

especially in demanding areas such as substations and transformer substations.

Redundant power supplies are used for the distribution devices on the grid. All the

power supplies are backed up by uninterruptible power supply systems with batteries.

In addition, all the devices must guarantee the necessary levels of electrical insulation.

MeshSegmentRing

Access

Distribution

MPLS Backbone

Fig. 10. Topology of the communication network


• Availability. To adapt to the required levels of availability, redundant systems have

been implemented in all parts of the grid. In the distribution grid, the OSPF (Open

Shortest Path First) routing protocol was used, which can provide the required

recovery times, and in the access grid, redundancy was achieved by constructing PLC

rings.

As previously mentioned, the proposed communication architecture is composed of

a communications distribution grid that connects the control centres with the HV/

MV substations, and an access grid that connects one or more substations with the

transformer substations and finally with the end customers.

The distribution grid is principally based on a ring topology, where the links are

connected by Gigabit Ethernet fibre optic links. Different VLANs were used in each

segment; alternating the number of VLANs inside adjacent segments with the aim of

isolating different services. The distribution grid is based on layer 3 and OSPF is used for

the redundant routing.

The access grid is a level 2 grid. The different services are isolated using different private

virtual networks (VLAN), as shown in Fig. 11.

In the substations, the routers isolate level 2 of the access grid from the different level 2

domains in the distribution grid. There is one-to-one transmission between the VLAN in

the access grid and the VRF in the distribution grid.

In conjunction with the development of the communications, it was necessary to

develop and adapt the information systems to support the needs of the Smartcity.

To do so, new systems have been implemented in this field, the existing ones have

been expanded and lastly they have all been integrated and commissioned. Since the

operation and use of the electricity grid came into play during this project and the

electricity supply is considered a universal service a real implementation was necessary,

due also to the involvement of the end user. For these reasons, it is important that the

new technology used in smart distribution grids –and in this specific case the Smartcity

Malaga project– had sufficient levels of guarantee in its robustness, operation, use,

support and scalability.

SMARTCITY MALAGA34

Many of the new developments in the field of systems have concentrated on the

tools for active demand management and consumer portals, and on support for the

algorithms associated with the management of distributed generation. These ADM

subsystems (described in section 2.2.5) and Consumer Portals are key factors in the

energy behaviour of Smartcity Malaga as they directly or indirectly control the demand

vector, with greater practical control capacity than either the distributed generation

(mainly wind or photovoltaic) or the network topology, which is more or less ruled by

structural aspects (topology, protection, etc.). In this area, and related to the applications

implemented for demand and energy efficiency management, the monitoring system

using KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) was developed, which is used to assess the

efficiency of the tools developed.

Fig. 11. Access grid

Access

Access

Distribution Grid

VRF

VRF

VRF

VRF

VRF

VRF

VRF

VRF

daisy-chain

CE 1

CE 2

VRF

Access


Remote management

Remote management is an integrated, remote, automatic management system

for electricity meters, based on new information technology, electronics and

communications. It is based on the new smart meter that replaces the old metering

equipment.

The smart meter is part of an integrated system and, for it to function remotely, also

requires a communications and IT infrastructure, including concentrators –which are

units installed in the transformer substations– in addition to the communication and

links to the systems of the distribution company.

The deployment of smart meters in Spain is driven by the Spanish and European

Regulation that governs the minimum functions of these units and requires the

progressive mass deployment of smart metering in Spain by the end of 2018.

The distribution companies are responsible for this massive replacement.

Specifically, Endesa’s remote management system, which is the basis for Smartcity

Malaga, is a new generation technique stemming from the technological solution

implemented developed by Enel, which is already operating for more than 34 million

customers. Jointly developed by both companies for the Iberian area, Endesa’s remote

management system incorporates improvements in terms of robustness, speed and

safety into the previous Italian version, which was already reliable, and includes multiple

advanced functions. The Endesa smart meters and concentrators communicate with

each other through the electricity grid by PLC, based on the open protocol Meters and

More which is currently undergoing European standardisation. The communications

infrastructure between the Endesa IT systems and concentrators is also based on this

safe and reliable protocol, ensuring privacy and security for the flow of information.

SMARTCITY MALAGA36

The implementation of the remote management system provides important

improvements in the relationship between the user and the electric distribution

company. The main functions that can be carried out remotely include connections,

disconnections, cut-offs, reconnections, power monitoring and tariff changes. These

can be done practically immediately and without the need for neither the users nor the

company workers’ intervention. Additionally, remote management provides an exact,

timely reading, and makes it possible to program advanced tariff schedules remotely

that allow more flexible invoicing. Regarding the electricity grid, remote management

provides reliable information on grid behaviour, thus improving the operation-

related decision-making and information, to improve the overall efficiency of the

electricity system.

It can be stated that the implementation of remote management greatly changes the

relationship with customers, who can now take on a more active role in managing their

energy consumption as they have more information regarding their consumption.

Remote management as the cornerstone for the development

of smart grids and smart cities

The remote management of the electricity meters is the technological base for the

development of smart grids for the electricity distribution, facilitating the integration

of distributed generation, the incorporation of renewable energy into the grid, the

integration of recharging electric vehicles and the management of public lighting. Basic

concepts of all smart cities, such as the grid control automation, are strengthened

thanks to the remote management of the meters’ advanced features.

Fig. 13. Close-up of the installation of meters by an Endesa worker in Smartcity Malaga


The electricity system benefits as reliable and consistent information is provided on

grid behaviour, which leads to improved decision-making in operation and the smart

management of the demand peaks. Remote management allows a broader range

of tariffs to be developed, with different prices for different times of day, and makes

it possible for the customer to know more about their electricity demand, select the

best tariffs for their energy requirements and plan their consumption. Thus, it will

enhance energy efficiency and play a more active part in the electricity system. Remote

management fosters a new energy management model in cities to improve energy

efficiency, reduce CO2 emissions and increase the use of renewable energy.

The services that remote management offers the user and the electricity grid allow a

multitude of future applications within smart grids, such as the necessary infrastructure

for electric vehicles and added value services.

Smartcity Malaga as a starting point for the mass implementation

of remote management

The deployment plan for remote management began in the city of Malaga, with the

first units installed in the Andalusian Smartcity in June 2010. Since that same year, the

meters have been managed automatically and remotely and the system is completely

integrated into Endesa’s commercial and technical systems.

The remote management units from Endesa that are installed and operated in Smartcity

Malaga have reached 17,751 single-phase meters and 181 three-phase meters, deployed

at the points of electricity supply, and 103 concentrators in transformer substations.

Fig. 14. Installation of meters by an Endesa worker in Smartcity Malaga

SMARTCITY MALAGA38

Fig. 16. Endesa’s remote management project: Hourly consumption curve of active and reactive energy

Fig. 17. Endesa’s remote management project: Daily consumption curve of active and reactive energy

Fig. 18. Endesa’s remote management project: Maximum power


In the Smartcity Malaga project the basic and advanced remote management functions

have been successfully tested, including customer information, integration of electric

vehicles, micro-generation, energy storage, smart public lighting and many other

applications.

In addition, Endesa has made basic information on energy consumption available to

the users of the Smartcity project in Andalusia, thanks to the extraction of the data that

remote management can provide. The implementation of this application has meant

that valuable information could be obtained and viewed, including curves of the active

energy, reactive energy and power which make it possible to study the consumption

habits of the users in detail, with the aim of identifying possible ways to increase energy

efficiency at the customer and grid level. This application is operational in the project

control centre.

These first units installed in the scope of Smartcity Malaga have spurred the coastal city

to achieve good results in terms of energy efficiency, which have been seen from the

beginning of the project.

The mass implementation of this remote management system by Endesa is currently

underway in all areas of Spain where Endesa is responsible for electricity distribution.

This involves an ambitious plan that consists of the installation of 13 million meters, and

140,000 concentrators in the distribution substations.

With this plan, Endesa is currently the leading distributor in remote management in both

Spain and Europe due to the mass deployment currently underway.

Grid automation (protection, self-healing and monitoring algorithms)

One of the objectives of automating the distribution grid is to optimise the system

operation, minimising grid losses and solving possible overload situations. This action

will be even more important as the use of electric vehicles and distributed generation in

the grid becomes more widespread.

SMARTCITY MALAGA40

Similarly, it is without question that the response of the distribution grid in situations of

failure is a key factor in grid quality. The SAIFI and SAIDI indices objectively quantify the

supply quality, and both are strongly influenced by fault clearance location processes and

subsequent restoring of the service.

The concept of the self-healing grid, sought in a smart grid such as that implemented

in the Smartcity Malaga project, involves the automation of the grid’s reset and

reconfiguration process, in order to reduce the duration of the interruptions and

minimise the number of switches necessary to isolate the faultey section and restore the

service to the affected DS.

The Smartcity Malaga project tackles the automation of the DSs that performed the first

switching (FS), second switching (2A and 2B) and boundary points (BP). In these DSs the

operation of the load disconnectors switches that participate in the process of restoring

service is automated. This process is managed and regulated by the iNodes, which

incorporate the grid’s reconfiguration algorithms.

Thus, the automation solution for Smartcity Malaga was developed on 5 medium

voltage lines, i.e. is at 20 kV, in a total of 22 DSs, and with technology for both medium

and low voltage:

• Automatic actuation in first switching (FS) and second switching (2A and 2B) devices.

The automatic actuation is carried out on the existing disconnectors switches

including a quick motor with actuation capability before 100 ms.

• Remote control in boundary points (BP) with voltage metering at both sides of

the BP. A conventional motor was considered for the BP because they do not act

automatically.

• The automatic actuation function of the devices can be blocked from the control

centre, which has information on the status of the devices in real time.

• directional fault indicators were installed at all the action points, including those

without automatic actuation capabilities.


• Telemetry at all the actuation points: P, Q, V, I, etc. An essential difference compared

to conventional solutions is that, in addition to more advanced operation of the grid,

it also allows the application of other methods and procedures such as preventive

maintenance, the execution of more accurate grid models, etc.

The disconnectors switches of the automated DS are devices designed to work under

load, capable of interrupting currents of less than 1,000 A. Therefore, in the event of

a fault in a MV line whose current does not surpass this value, the actuation sequence

shall be as follows:

1. A single-phase fault occurs in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP (which is open

in normal operation). Fig. 19 shows this situation.

2. The programmable control functions implemented in the switching devices (2A,

DS and 2B) are selective between each other and the feeder relay, therefore the

disconnector switch 2B opens before the feeder relay or any of the other switching

devices, isolating the fault between 2B and the BP.

In Malaga’s MV grid, the values of the current in the event of multi-phase faults are

greater than 1,000 A, so the solution described does not apply to this type of fault. The

programmable control function for fault clearance and restoring the service which were

designed and implemented in Smartcity Malaga considers two scenarios, depending

on whether there is communication between the DSs. For both situations, and for

single-phase faults, algorithms have been developed to detect incidents and for the

self-healing of the grid. These algorithms and their implementation in the monitoring

equipment developed within the project are described in section 4.2 as products

provided by the project to the MV grid automation sector.

The fact there is communication between the various DSs enables the transfer of

information between the iNodes of the automated DSs, making the process of

restoring the grid as efficient as possible. As described in section 1.1, communication

is one of the cornerstones on which the applications that make the distribution grid

smart are based, and without doubt one of these applications is the self-healing

nature of the distribution grid.

HV MV MV

SS

2A PM 2B BP

Fig. 19. Fault in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP

SMARTCITY MALAGA42

An essential function, without which the algorithms for self-healing developed would

not work, is the correct detection and location of faults. Therefore, the implementation

of a suitable detection system that allows the unequivocal identification of the section of

the MV line in which the fault has occurred is essential to smart grids.

The fault location system implemented in the Smartcity Malaga project is based on

the installation of fault detectors (directional and non-directional) in the automated

DSs. The main uses of these sensors are detecting voltage in the MV line, checking

the opening of the automatic disconnector switch at no load, detection of interrupted

MV lines, polarisation of directional defects, etc. To obtain measurements to locate

the fault, voltage and current transformers have been installed in the voltage and

current distribution substations. On one hand, the voltage transformers are principally

capacitive, connected directly to the active part of each phase, while on the other hand,

the current transformers are installed around the MV cable (the number of sensors

installed for each cell is 3 or 4 and are located in the MV cable compartment).

The fault indicators identify whether a current greater than or equal to the pre-set

fault current has circulated through them. In non-automated grids, these units indicate

visually and locally whether they have “seen” the fault current, with the objective of

helping the workers sent out to the different DSs in the faulted line, guiding them to the

location of the DS where switching must take place, to isolate and repair the affected

section. In an automated grid such as the one implemented in the Smartcity Malaga

project, the fault indicators remotely inform the iNode so it can automatically start the

process of isolating the section at fault and restoring the service quickly, accurately and

efficiently, as shown in Fig. 20.

An erroneous fault indication can induce errors in the automation of the restoration,

with the subsequent delays in the restoring of the supply, illustrating the importance

of correct fault location. This presents significant challenges in distribution networks,

including the effects of capacitive currents in sections without faults, distribution

transformer energisation currents, and the contribution of current by the sources of

distributed generation.

HV MV MV

SSiNode SE

iNode CT iNode CT iNode CT

2A PM 2B BP

Fig. 20. Fault in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP. Scenario with communication between DS


The fault locators and the restoration and monitoring algorithms were implemented

thanks to the automation of the DS corresponding to switching points. The units and

solutions developed in the Smartcity Malaga project to achieve these objectives are

described in section 4.2.

Low voltage

The automation of the LV side of the automated DS integrates the advanced LV

monitoring function in the LV switchboard. Fig. 21 (see Index of figures, page 155)

shows the LV switchboard of one of the DS.

The advanced monitoring is possible thanks to the installation of self-powered toroidal

sensors in the fuses that protect the LV line. These sensors obtain the measurement

of the current in each of the LV circuits, and the state of the fuses (blown/not blown).

The data recorded by the sensors is sent to a receiver integrated in the communications

cabinet of the distribution substation, which is in turn connected to the upper level, so

the grid monitoring devices have all the information picked up by the sensors of the LV

switchboard.

Having this real-time information means it is possible to monitor the low voltage electricity

grid at any time, making it possible to have the data for the operation at this voltage

level, manage incidents with greater efficiency and, even more importantly, implement

algorithms and procedures for the prediction and prevention of incidents or other critical

situations.

Distributed generation

The integration of energy resources embedded in the distribution grid is undoubtedly

one of the key parts of a smart grid, and it only makes sense if it is within a concept of

an automated distribution grid. As described in section 1.1, the connection of multiple

small generators, geographically distributed, means that among other advantages the

consumption can be balanced where it occurs. Similarly, storage systems and electric

SMARTCITY MALAGA44

vehicles (V2G) are considered distributed energy resources.

The connection of distributed generation to the distribution grid, originally conceived

for radial use and with unidirectional energy flows, entails a significant challenge for the

operation of the grid. The main challenges faced by the distribution systems in this new

scenario are:

• Impact on the regulation of the grid voltage. Voltage regulation in the current

distribution grid is based on a radial grid, principally occurring at the point of supply

by, for example, regulation of the distribution transformer taps or through reactive

power compensation. The connection of distributed generation sources in the

distribution system, in addition to reducing the power demand from the supply point,

can cause an increase in voltage under certain circumstances. Similarly, the behaviour

of the distributed generators with respect to the reactive power, according to whether

the generator supplies or absorbs, can cause an increase or drop in the grid voltage.

• Impact on the voltage balance. If small single-phase generators are connected,

it is possible for small imbalances to be introduced into the three-phase voltage of

the grid.

• Synchronisation. The generation sources must be connected to the grid under

conditions of synchronism, which require that the difference in module, phase, and

frequency of the voltage between the generator and the grid does not exceed certain

limits. Non-synchronised connection can cause harmful effects such as damage to the

generator or problems in the grid voltage.

• Harmonic content. The electronic equipment used in the generation systems,

especially those based on renewable sources, can introduce unwanted distortions into

the grid. Photovoltaic systems, due to their DC/AC inverter, mainly present distortions

of the third, fifth and seventh harmonic. It was observed in experiments that the

presence of distortions is greater for powers below the rated power of the converter

and relatively low if the power generated is close to the rated.


• Variability. The majority of the distributed generation units use renewable

energy sources, which is one of the advantages of this scenario. Unfortunately,

most renewable energy technologies involve the problems of intermittence in the

availability of primary resource (wind, sun).

• Impact of distributed generation on the grid’s protection system. The

incorporation of distributed generation in the distribution grid involves variations

in the magnitude and direction of the fault currents, depending on the location of

the fault and the generators connected to the grid at that moment. In the event of

a fault in a MV line, in addition to the contribution from the HV grid, there can also

be a contribution from the generators distributed along the MV lines, depending

on the technology used, so from this point of view the distribution grid loses its

radial behaviour which it was designed to have. Therefore, the contribution of the

generators connected along the MV lines during a fault can cause errors in the fault

indicators. Additionally, in scenarios of high penetration of distributed generation

units, especially those based on renewable energy, the serious problem of fault

detection must be considered. The technology used by these types of generators

entails the use of power converters. Power converters have limited operational

currents, so they limit the current provided by the DG in the event of external faults.

The immediate effect of the limit of the power converter is that the values of the

fault current are near the rated current, so the protection devices that base their

functioning on the value of the current can have problems detecting faults. This is

the case of conventional overcurrent protection, whose use is widespread in electric

distribution grids.

The problems that have been outlined represent some of the challenges that distributed

generation can bring to the distribution grid. Nevertheless, an automated distribution

grid under the paradigm of a smart grid is capable of integrating these resources,

providing a solution to the challenges posed, overcoming possible disadvantages and

maximising the advantages that distributed generation provides for the quality and

efficiency of the electric supply. The main advantages of distributed generation are:

SMARTCITY MALAGA46

• Reduction of losses in the transmission and distribution of the electricity thanks to

the greater proximity between generation and consumption, which increases the

efficiency of the system.

• Diversification of the type and number of generators, which reduces the criticality of

each of the individual generators. Similarly, it is important to use different primary

energy sources to mitigate the effect of their intermittence (in the case of renewable

energy sources).

• Voltage monitoring and management of reactive power. With suitable monitoring

of the distributed generation, the possible effect on the voltage regulation that

was mentioned above, the DGs must help to enhance the voltage profile of the

distribution grid.

• Use of renewable energy. Although the distributed generation units are not

necessarily of renewable origin, a smart grid must consider the use of the intelligence

the distribution grid has to maximise the integration of renewable resources. This

scenario has clear advantages regarding the environment and energy self-sufficiency.

The storage of energy is presented as one of the fundamental elements needed to be

able to make full use of renewable energy and reducing the effect of its variability, as

was pointed out above. In fact, the storage systems are included in the DER concept,

where the electric vehicle is a concrete example.

The distributed storage of energy (for example, in MV substations or connected in LV)

is also considered a distributed energy resource (DER). The energy storage capacity

improves the grid quality and reduces the imbalance of the demand curve. Similarly the

storage of energy satisfies the demand when there is a temporary gap between the

consumption and generation.


In addition to the batteries, installed by Acciona Instalaciones, the storage system has

devices for monitoring and connection to the grid. The main elements that comprise

these systems are explained below:

• Storage system: battery packs that, linked in series and in parallel, comprise the total

storage capacity.

• Battery Management System (BMS): element that provides the charge status of the

battery packs.

• Element for connecting the batteries: the modules in parallel are connected

individually with disconnectors-fuses.

• DC-DC converter: raises the voltage of the batteries to the level of the bus.

• Active Front End Converter (AFE): converts the DC voltage of the bus into AC voltage.

• Programmable logical controller of the installation: communicates with the BMS and

the converters, providing the set points.

The block diagram of a complete typical system is shown in Fig. 23 and is an example of

a LV connection.

Fig. 23. Block diagram of the storage system

BATTERY

Connectionboard

&

Fuses

BMS

PLC-SCADABattery management Communication

Protection

Breaker

AFE Control& Communication

DSP

DC / AC

AC

DC

AFEDC BUS

550-800 V DC

Filter400 V AC

50 Hz

DSP

DC / DC

DC

DC

Pbat Pgrid / FPF

SMARTCITY MALAGA48

Fig. 24 shows a simplified connection diagram for a MV storage system in a distribution

substation.

Similarly, Fig. 25 shows the connection of storage on the low voltage side of a

distribution substation, where different distributed generation systems are also

connected.

The functions that energy storage systems provide are:

• Management of active power:

– Discharge line sections that are overloaded during certain time bands.

– Act as a UPS for a certain Client of the DS.

– Reduce peaks of consumption-generation.

– Reduce the losses in the line.

• Management of reactive power: Enables compensation of reactive power in the node

where the storage is connected.

• Voltage monitoring: This enables the voltage of the MV connection node to be

monitored, although this value will be strongly influenced by the installed storage

power and the short circuit power.

The advantages of having distributed resources are only possible in an automated

grid, with a decentralised control system that governs the flow of energy to

improve the quality, maintenance, and safety of the supply. These monitoring

algorithms are implemented in grid controllers (in Smartcity Malaga: iNodes and

iSockets), developments that are possible thanks to information and communication

technologies.

Fig. 24. Distribution substation with storage connected to an MV node of the distribution gridP

MMV Line

Distributionsubstations for

Storage


The Smartcity Malaga project has integrated various systems of distributed generation

and storage into the distribution grid of the city of Malaga, connected at the MV

level (mini-storage) and at the LV level (micro-generation and micro-storage). Similarly,

the iNodes and iSockets and their corresponding monitoring algorithms have been

implemented.

Thus, 10 facilities for renewable generation and 2 for power storage in batteries have

been integrated, as already stated in section 2.1. Fig. 26 shows, on a map of the

Smartcity area in the city of Malaga, the location of the different elements of distributed

generation and storage integrated into the distribution grid.

There are different storage methods that have been implemented and tested in

Smartcity Malaga. We can divide them into three main categories:

• Optional storage, such as that carried out by the electric vehicle in its V2G function,

and by the battery system within the microgrid on the seafront. They do not have an

exclusive operation mode, but can be used either to supply the lighting or vehicles

being recharged, or to inject energy into the microgrid.

• Instantaneous storage, to adapt to the grid connection of the streetlamps with wind

turbines, designed originally to function in an island mode.

• Seasonal storage, such as that of the congress hall, a large storage point intended for

very stable use, designed to be operated either by the customer directly or using set

points or recommendations of the control and monitoring system of the smart grid.

In the storage installations of the Malaga congress hall and the microgrid on the

seafront, with a total capacity of 106 and 24 kWh respectively, technology based on

lithium-ion batteries have been used, formed by carbon anodes and lithium, iron, and

magnesium phosphate powder cathodes.

Fig. 25. Distribution substation with consumption, generation and storage

PM

MV LINE

Endesa distributionsubstation

Storage

Generation

Customer 1[P,Q]

Customer 2[P,Q]

Customer i[P,Q]

PM

PM

PM

PM

PM

SMARTCITY MALAGA50

Solar Photovoltaic

Storage

Wind

Cogeneration

Fig. 26. Distributed generation and storage in the Smartcity Malaga grid

Fig. 27. Diagram of the microgrid of the “Antonio Banderas” promenade in Malaga


• Regarding the low voltage grid, we must emphasise the microgrid connected to

DS 80159, in the seafront area of Malaga, that integrates distributed generation,

storage systems and manageable loads, as can be seen in detail in Fig. 27:

• Photovoltaic installation on 10 streetlamps, with 95 W each. Their location is marked

in Fig. 27 with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 in red.

• Wind installation on 9 streetlamps, with 680 W each. The location of these

streetlamps is indicated in Fig. 27 by the numbers 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 28, 27 and

26 in pink.

• Isolated wind turbine of 4 kW, marked on the map with the symbol .

• A storage system of 24 kWh, next to distribution substation 80159.

• A recharge point for electric vehicles with V2G function.

The different systems of generation and storage integrated in this microgrid are

described in more detail below.

Wind turbine of 4 kW

The wind turbine installed on the seafront, Urban Green Energy UGE-4K, has a

maximum generation power of 4 kW. This wind turbine has a vertical axis of rotation,

which enables it to be integrated aesthetically in urban environments, with space

limitations and the need to preserve the aesthetics of its area. Fig. 28 (See Index of

figures, page 156) shows this unit.

Connected to the 4 kW wind turbine and with output to circuit 7 of the LV grid of

DS 80159, an AURORA Power One PVI-7200 Wind Interface Box regulator, a resistive

braking system, and an AURORA Power One PVI-6000 Inverter have been installed.

SMARTCITY MALAGA52

Photovoltaic streetlamp units and streetlamps with mini-wind turbines

The installation of public lighting has been carried out on the “Antonio Banderas”

promenade, beside the new building of Malaga Provincial Council.

To connect the new streetlamps, the existing electrical installation was used with only

small modifications to adapt it.

The lighting switchboard is supplied from the underground LV grid from DS 80159,

through conductor RV 06/1 kV 3.5×150mm2 connected to the general low voltage

switchboard of the centre, at output 6. The connection between the LV circuit

and the switchboard was made through conductor RV 06/1 kV 4×50mm2 and

compression connectors.

Fig. 29 and Fig. 30 shows images of these systems, where the integrated distributed

generation units can be seen: wind turbines and photovoltaic panels.

Fig. 29. Micro-generation systems integrated in streetlamps


The wind turbines integrated in the streetlamps are the model Urban Green Energy

UGE-600, with a rated power of 680 W. Their rated wind speed is very low, 12 m/s, so

they are capable of supplying energy even in areas without strong winds.

The 9 streetlamps with wind power generation are connected to circuit 6 of the

seafront LV grid through a GPTech PV-5 inverter. This inverter connects to an iSocket for

communication with the iNode located in DS 80159.

Regarding the photovoltaic system integrated in the streetlamps, the panels are provided

by the manufacturer ATERSA, model A-95P, 95 W. The modules, as shown in Fig. 31,

consist of 36 polycrystalline cells. Each module consists of a layer of glass with a high level

of transmissivity. The encapsulate is made of modified ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). The

connection of the set of 10 streetlamps with photovoltaic generation to circuit 6 of the LV

grid along the promenade is made with a GPTech PV-1 inverter. Within the inverter there is

an iSocket for communication with the iNode located in the seafront DS. Fig. 32 (See Index

of figures, page 156) shows the installation of this inverter and the GPTech PV-5.

With respect to the distributed storage, the energy storage systems installed in the

Smartcity Malaga project are based on the use of batteries. Specifically, Valence

Fig. 30. Streetlamps with integrated solar photovoltaic panels

SMARTCITY MALAGA54

Fig. 31. Photovoltaic module model A-95P from ATERSA

Tempered glass

Hook frame (aluminium)

Black-Sheet

Ethyl-Vinyl-Acetate (EVA)

IP54 connection box (with protection diodes)

Ethyl-Vinyl-Acetate (EVA)

High-performance cells

Fig. 33. Diagram of the installation of the storage system equipment

CHARGERDC/AC

RS 485

CANbus

GRID

CONTROLU-BMS-HV

+

-

14U27-36XP

2 series strings of 7 modulesconnectedin parallel

Contactor

Contactor


LiFeMgPO4 batteries with individual storage capacities of 138 Ah at 12.8 V. The full

storage system consists of one rack, containing 14 batteries connected in series.

Similarly, the charge and discharge monitoring system of the batteries uses the U-BMS-

HV system.

Like the generation systems, distributed storage operates in direct current, so inverter

systems are needed to convert this power into alternating current and integrate it into

the distribution grid. The VALENCE storage system uses the inverter GPTechPV-15 as

its regulation unit. In the same way as the inverters mentioned previously, inside the

inverter there is an iSocket for communication with the iNode located in the seafront

distribution substation.

The storage systems have been installed in cabinets like those shown in Fig. 34

(See Index of figures, page 156).

Energy efficiency and demand management

The first step in achieving efficient use of electrical resources is to modify consumers’

habits. Through this we can flatten the daily consumption curve, thus optimising the use

of the current grid and increasing the general efficiency of the whole electricity system.

An advanced demand management system allows one to know the consumption in

real time, and enables us to make a prediction of the demand for the next day, adjust

this consumption to the price curves stipulated for its optimisation, detect inappropriate

consumption, view the invoicing in advance using analysis tools, plan the consumption

or adjust it to a target value, and add the consumption of various offices (multi-site

companies).

For this purpose, smart-metering has been implemented. A smart meter is an electronic

device that replaces traditional electro-mechanical meters. This device is part of the DER,

AMI, and ADA functions. The main functions of these smart domestic meters are:

SMARTCITY MALAGA56

• Tariffs according to time bands (AMI)

• Power limitation according to contract (AMI)

• Disconnection due to lack of payment (and reestablishment of the connection) (AMI)

• Quantification of inverse energy if there is a negative balance (DER)

• Sending of information to the distributors (ADA and AMI)

• Measurement of wave quality (voltage dips) (ADA and AMI)

The main function of these devices in a smart grid is to provide the user with

information on their consumption habits, and cause a change in these habits for more

efficient demand management. Applying different prices to electricity depending on

the time at which the electricity is used, statistically reduces the difference between

the peak and the trough. As it has been previously stated, this measure is equivalent to

having storage capacity, as it increases consumption during the troughs and decreases it

in the peaks.

In addition to the deployment of these smart meters, remote metering concentrators

have been installed in the distribution substations, and PLC communications through

the LV grid between consumers and concentrators, and communications between

concentrator and the central systems have also been implemented.

This framework of energy efficiency has impacted various areas in the Smartcity Malaga

project, which extends from public lighting to efficiency of the consumption in SMEs,

emblematic buildings and residential users.

Firstly, the lights of some areas of the city have been replaced with low energy

consumption lights, combining LED and halogen technology each with individual

control. Thus, applying operation programs, individually or in groups, and

calibrating the intensity of the lights, adapting them to the needs of the area,

decreases consumption by up to five times. In short, the following initiatives have

been carried out:


• 139 lights, remotely controlled by segment

• 60 lights with LED and halogen technology, all controlled individually

• 19 lights with LED technology and incorporating wind and photovoltaic micro-

generation

In addition, diverse energy efficiency solutions have been installed in 8 SMEs and 3

emblematic buildings, so these companies that receive real time information about the

energy they are consuming can intelligently manage and interact with the different

loads through a control system. These establishments are a hospital, a hotel and offices

of the City Council of Malaga.

In terms of residential users, in addition to the smart meters mentioned previously that

have been installed for all residential consumers, 50 of them have an energy efficiency

kit, with which they can find out the total consumption of their household and manage

part of that energy. This management is possible thanks to the smart devices installed,

capable of differentiating different types of consumption and being controlled and

programmed remotely, via a website or a smartphone application.

The active demand management system (ADMS) implemented in Smartcity Malaga

revolves around two new systems, ADMS Energy and ADMS Power, that allow the

active involvement of customers, distributors and retailers. These systems have non-

intrusive automatic processes which respect the minimum parameters of use and

comfort established by the customer. The implementation of these systems requires the

intervention of four main parties:

• Aggregator/Energy Services Company (ESC): This is the energy services company,

although it can act as a purchasing agent for customers with multiple locations. It

transmits the tariff offers to customers, retailers and applies for temporary power

limitations.

• Distributor: This is the grid management company, which on certain occasions needs a

decrease in the consumption in a certain area. It sends requests for reductions by area

and receives proposals.

SMARTCITY MALAGA58

• Retailer: This is the company that makes the energy offers for each period.

• Customers: For each customer or location the energy plan is managed based on the

information provided by the other agents. It validates or rejects the proposed power

limitations.

Fig. 35 shows a diagrammatic representation of the interaction between these

agents. Chapter 3 (services) describes the services provided by the ADMS developed.

Similarly, chapter 4 provides details about the products developed within the

framework of the Smartcity Malaga project that make it possible for these services

to be made available.

Electric vehicles (V2G)

A microgrid, such as that deployed in Smartcity Malaga, can be defined as a small low

voltage grid capable of integrating generation sources, energy storage and manageable

loads that could potentially function as a small energy island, i.e., units that are self-

sufficient in terms of energy although connected to the grid. The electricity grid

Retailer + ESC

Multisite Customer

Retailer

Customers

Aggregator /ESC

Distributor

Fig. 35. Agents involved in active demand management


can therefore be understood as a set of microgrids, to a greater or lesser extent, all

interconnected and managed intelligently, to achieve a more effective, efficient and

robust electricity system.

Moreover, the current virtual generator systems under development are based on the

management of electric loads and microgenerators, which can function as autonomous

small generators, supplying energy to the grid, thus optimising its functionality when

a distributed generation system is configured. These small generation systems may be

made up of wind micro-generators, photovoltaic applications, energy storage systems

and, of course, electric vehicles that, depending on the grid’s demand, can charge or

discharge their batteries, becoming contributors to the electricity system instead of

consumers. This indicates a true technological turning point.

In fact, an electric vehicle can itself be considered a microgrid, as it can function

autonomously or connected to the electricity grid, has consumption coming from its

engine, potential electrical generation from its regenerative system of braking and

restraint, an energy storage system in its batteries and/or super-capacitors, diverse loads

(control systems, brakes, active safety systems, fans, air conditioning, pumps, hydraulic

systems, etc.) and, in addition, all of these systems and devices are managed by different

control strategies that depend on both the type of conditions and whether the vehicle is

connected to the electricity grid.

The vehicles are able to not only charge their batteries when they are connected to

the electricity grid, but also to send electricity to the network making use of “vehicle

to grid” or V2G technology. A particular case of the aforementioned V2G technology

is the energy the vehicle provides for use directly in the home, supplying low-level

consumption. In this case, the correct name is “vehicle to home” or V2H.

V2G electric vehicles are a chance to improve the efficiency of the whole electricity

system as recharging or discharging their batteries can be done when the user and

the grid management systems desire to do so, which cannot happen with most

electrical consumption. This ability to manage the demand presents significant

advantages as it offers the electricity system the possibility of improving global

efficiency, flattening the demand curve, increasing the demand cover ratio,

SMARTCITY MALAGA60

improving the safety in the supply of energy, and facilitating the integration of the

energy from renewable resources.

Equivalent to the above regarding energy storage, recharging the batteries of

these vehicles during the reduced demand period (during the night), flattens the

demand curve as the large differences that occur between the periods of greatest

and least electricity demand are reduced. In addition, in the event of different

time tariffs, the price of the electricity is lower during the night (when there is

less demand). Conversely, the partial discharge of the energy contained in electric

vehicles in the period of greater energy demand from the grid reduces the power

generation requirement of the plants, which enhances the efficiency of the

electricity system.

Fig. 36. Integration of electric vehicles with storage capacity and energy discharge (Source: http://www.itrco.jp/)

Grid

V 2H H E M S

V 2G


Electric cars with V2G technology can play a very significant role in integrating

renewable energy into the electricity system. For example, wind production, generated

mainly during the night, has a great variability. In addition, as it is not possible to store it,

when the wind energy supply is greater than the demand, it is possible that not all the

wind energy produced can be entered into the system. Therefore, recharging the electric

vehicles during the night will help make use of this energy. Moreover, this renewable

energy stored in the vehicles may be returned to the grid during the periods of highest

electricity demand.

Connecting V2G electric vehicles to the grid also means that we have energy resources

that, in certain conditions, can provide an electric supply to ensure the demand coverage

ratio and even the security of the supply in certain situations.

Fig. 37. Flattening of the demand curve by electric vehicles and V2G recharge points (Source: Red Eléctrica de España)

0:00

2:00

4:00

6:00

8:00

10:0

0

12:0

0

14:0

0

16:0

0

18:0

0

20:0

0

22:0

0

SMARTCITY MALAGA62

Fig. 38. V2G recharge point implemented in Smartcity Malaga


The installation of smart meters will enable these options to be developed, which will be

essential for the operation of the electricity system in the future.

In parallel to the V2G electric vehicles, it is necessary to develop the corresponding V2G

recharge points able to not only provide energy to the batteries to charge them, but also

inject energy coming from the vehicles into the grid. These recharge points have to be

managed by the system operator, under a specific system of set points that enable them

to run efficiently and to be integrated into the electric grid.

Within the scope of the Smartcity Malaga project, infrastructure for recharging electric

vehicles with V2G capacity was deployed, made up of a recharge point installed on

a public road, designed specifically with the requirements of this technology, which

provides support for a conventional electric vehicle that has been modified to include

the aforementioned V2G capacity. The recharge infrastructure and the vehicle, have

been fully integrated into the microgrid and its management and data capture systems

of this project, thus becoming an element that plays an active part in Smartcity Malaga

and facilitates the development of a complete protocol of trials and tests on the

use of these recharge points and vehicles, which has enabled us to obtain relevant

results on the real use of this technology, its possibilities and the next steps to take,

and recommendations to follow for its progressive implementation within the whole

electricity system.

SMARTCITY MALAGA64

New services provided by the project

65NEW SERVICES PROVIDED By THE PROJECT

From the energy efficiency standpoint, Smartcity Malaga provides important services to

society, focused on energy savings, which directly results in the reduction of emissions.

These services can be summarised conceptually in two principles: availability of

information on consumption and energy management capability.

Thanks to the products developed in Smartcity Malaga, specified in section 4, the

customers have advanced information on the electricity demand of their homes,

including real-time changes, and a comparison of their consumption with those of

similar users and personal advice for reducing it. These services give rise to the possibility

of operating, planning and managing consumption, interacting with manageable loads

automatically and autonomously or manually.

Other sectors of society such as SMEs and public buildings are also important receivers

of these consumption and energy management information services. Section 3.2

provides details about services for the companies that, at the same time, provide

advantages for the consumer and society.

The technology and procedures developed in this project that enable integration

of renewable generation systems in the distribution grid, and are the basis for the

distribution grid of the future, are an undeniable service that the Smartcity Malaga

project offers society, given the environmental advantages of these types of energy

sources. Similarly, the concept of micro-generation and micro-storage, and the

monitoring algorithms that make this possible, allow us to consider the possibility

of self-supply or even the possibility of exporting part of the energy generated in a

domestic microgrid to the distribution grid of the company. Nevertheless, it is true

that for this to be possible, changes in the regulation of the electricity sector will be

necessary.

A sector that is closely associated with the concepts of manageable loads and

generation, and distributed storage, is that of the plug-in electric vehicle. In this regard,

For society

SMARTCITY MALAGA66

the development of a V2G recharge point implemented in the Smartcity Malaga project

enables access to the advantages of this service.

Finally, the automation of the distribution grid undertaken in this project, the self-

healing algorithms of the grid developed, and the advanced monitoring implemented in

the LV grid, have resulted in a more reliable distribution grid, in other words, a greater

quality/continuity of the electric supply, which is a fundamental service for society.


As previously indicated, the Smartcity Malaga project provides new energy efficiency

services for companies. The distribution companies and retailers also have new services

provided by Smartcity Malaga regarding energy efficiency. A clear service for the

distributors is the active demand management, considered as joint utility-aggregator-

customer service. For example, this service enables the management, in other words,

turning on, turning off or modifying, of the customer’s non-critical loads through

the aggregator (the customer receives economic compensation for the service, by

agreement).

There are two main criteria for the management of the demand: situations of grid

congestion or high energy prices.

The objective is similar to interruptibility service but on a smaller scale in terms of powers

and attempting to make gentle reductions in the demand, for example, reducing the

temperature of the heating in winter.

As introduced in section 2.2.5., these services are divided into two concepts, set out

below:

ADMS Energy. This system is considered as a new type of relationship between

customers and retailer, providing services for both parties. The retailer may offer lower

tariffs as:

• They can pass on the actual costs of the energy therefore reducing risk. Every time

period, for example daytime, can have a different tariff curve depending on the

market cost.

• The prediction of the consumption of the group of customers can be used in the

energy purchasing process.

The customers have the ability to actively manage their consumption, which enables

them to reduce their total energy costs without this entailing a loss of convenience or

comfort.

For companies

SMARTCITY MALAGA68

The operational diagram of ADMS Energy is as follows (Fig. 39):

1. The retailer sends the customer tariffs to the aggregator daily or with the agreed

frequency.

2. The aggregator sends the tariffs to each customer that it manages.

3. The customers receive tariffs for the next day and plan their loads, for example, by

means of air conditioning set points

4. The customers send their load prediction for the next day to the aggregator.

5. The aggregator sends its load prediction for the next day to the retailer.

6. The retailer uses the information for purchasing energy on the market and preparing

the offer for the next day.

ADMS Power. This service enables the efficient and automatic management of the

power reduction requests, in the event of grid overloads. Therefore, it provides a

system for operating in situations of disturbances in the distribution grid by reducing

the consumption of the customers that participate in an ADMS program. This service

provides advantages over other demand management systems. From the customer’s

standpoint, they have a greater decision-making capacity, maintaining the parameters of

convenience and comfort. For the distributors, they immediately obtain information on

the reduction of consumption that they can obtain.

The operational diagram of ADMS Power is as follows (Fig. 40):

1. The grid management company sends a power reduction request to the aggregator,

indicating the area of the grid as well as the duration and start of the reduction.

2. The aggregator transmits the request to the customers.


Retailer +ESC

Multisite customer

Retailer

Customers

Aggregator /ESC

1. Tariffs

6. P

urc

has

e in

th

e m

arke

t

4. Load Prediction

5. Prediction bythe aggregator

3. P

lan

nin

g3.

Pla

nn

ing

2. Ta

riffs

2. Tariffs

Fig. 39. ADMS Energy diagram

Fig. 40. ADMS Power diagram

Retailer+ESC

Multisite customer

Retailer

Customers

Aggregator /ESC

1. Grid solutions5. Load Prediction

8. Send Confirmation

6. Revised aggregation

7. Acception/Rejectionof the proposal

3. P

lan

nin

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9. E

xecu

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pla

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SMARTCITY MALAGA70

3. The customer receives the reduction request and performs an automatic simulation

of the load plan, taking into account the minimum parameters of comfort defined.

4. The customers validate their participation (optional).

5. The customers send the revised consumption plan to the aggregator.

6. The aggregator sends the grid management company the aggregated revised

consumption plan as a proposal for reduction.

7. The grid management company sends the confirmation (or rejection) of the proposal

for reduction to the aggregator.

8. The aggregator sends the confirmation to the customers.

9. The customers execute the revised plan.

In summary, the Active Demand Management Systems are modules for administrating

the energy in real time in such a way that combines the interests of all participants:

on one hand, customers can find out their energy consumption and have the

means to monitor and optimise it; moreover, the retailers have channels for more

direct, advanced communication with their customers, so they can design and offer

products and services that better suit their electricity demand and requirements.

An intermediate figure is created, capable of channelling the information between

parties, ensuring the transparency, independence and interoperability of all of them;

and finally, the distribution companies now have the ADMS functions, which enables

them to optimise the grid operation and make maximum use of both infrastructure

and energy resources.

Section 3.1 briefly comments on the service that distributed generation and storage

provides to society; for the electricity company, having distributed energy resources

entails a significant service. The advantages of the distributed resources described

in section 2.2.1., which include the reduction of losses, the possibility of monitoring

voltage and reactive power at the local level, a flattening of the demand curve, with the


subsequent increase in the efficiency of the installations, etc. The service that the project

delivers in this aspect is not only the installation of these energy resources, but also the

development of the technology, equipment, and algorithms that make it possible to

make use of their advantages.

The most important service provided by the Smartcity Malaga project for the electric

company is the possibility of optimised grid management, thanks to the deployment of

technology for automation, monitoring, control, communications, etc. Products such as

the iNode and the iSocket and the information systems developed, as will be explained

in section 4, provide the distribution company with the necessary tools to meet the

objectives of the smart grid considered in section 1.1.

SMARTCITY MALAGA72

New products and developments in the Smartcity Malaga project

73NEW PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT

In the ICT sector, the product developed in this project is the deployed communication

system, which is the link of all the Smartcity Malaga applications. It allows information

to be transferred between all of them and means the grid can be managed quickly and

efficiently.

As explained in section 2.2.1. (See Fig. 10, Topology of the communication network,

page 32), the grid consists of three different areas. On the upper level there is the

MPLS grid. The grid architecture enables interconnection with the MPLS backbone; this

connection is planned for when it is fully operational.

On the second level, there is the distribution grid (from the communications standpoint)

that connects the control centres (located in Seville) and the Management and

Operations Centre with the main HV substations. It consists of a main ring that is divided

into two sectors, according to the transmission technology used, namely:

1. Route inside the province of Malaga. Direct connection with fibre optics using native

IP technology (Gigabit Ethernet). Bandwidth available: 1 Gbit/s.

2. Connections with Seville, which are made by transporting the IP on SDH technology.

Bandwidth available: 50 Mbit/s.

The links used for redundancy of the ring, and to give the grid mesh characteristics,

are connections at 2 Mbit/s and 64 kbit/s, depending on the existing transmission

technology.

For this fibre optic grid, a Gigabit Ethernet ring has been constructed that allows

integration of all the services safely, flexibly and efficiently. Fig. 41 shows a diagram of

the communications network deployed at this level.

Finally, we have the access grid, made up of the MV distribution substations that

communicate with one or several HV substations. In Smartcity Malaga, all the

distribution substations connected to the grid depend on the San Sebastián Substation,

the hub of the access grid, following the ring topology diagram in Fig. 10, Topology

of the communication network, page 32. The technologies used in the access grid are

New products in the ICT sector

SMARTCITY MALAGA74

Fig. 41. Physical diagram of the fibre optic grid deployed

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BPL (broadband PLC), proprietary WiMAX and operator WiMAX (Clearwire). With the

objective of maintaining the privacy of the grid and its hierarchical structure, it was

necessary to tunnel at level 2. The PLC network consists of 82 points, divided into 10

Master-Slave structures.

The proprietary WiMAX grid consists of one base station installed in San Sebastián,

one repeater installed in DS 106 (outside the limits of the Smartcity area that allows

direct visibility to/from the deployment area) and three CPEs. The operator WiMAX grid

consists of 7 points.

For the deployment of the PLC network, systems for coupling to the existing MV grids

were used that enable the data to be transmitted using the electricity distribution

grid as the physical channel, adapting it to the basic characteristics of every scenario.

These coupling systems are components that will physically adapt and inject the PLC

signal into the MV conductors. Inductive or capacitive, depending on whether they use

induction or direct contacts, they have been installed in SF6 cabins as air break switches.

Fig. 42 shows examples of the installation of different coupling systems that have been

deployed in the grid (See Index of figures, page 157).

Similarly, operator and proprietary WiMAX emitter-receiver stations have been installed,

to provide the communications systems with alternative links to the physical channel

described previously. These PLC/WiMAX routers provide connectivity at grid level. Their

main function consists of sending, receiving and channelling data packets. Thus, physical

and virtual sub-networks are interconnected, providing service to the units, systems,

users, etc., in accordance with the needs of each one.

Fig. 44 shows a diagram of the access grid deployed. Fig. 45 shows diagrams of the

proprietary and operator WiMAX grids (See Index of figures, page 157).

Finally, the communications monitoring system requirements were established in

accordance with the Cases of Use and the Data Model of each of the different work

groups.

SMARTCITY MALAGA76

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Fig. 44. Physical diagram of the access grid deployed


With regard to the systems, the products developed are summarised below:

• Remote management system that allows the active management of the demand,

enabling the customers and distribution companies to manage their energy

consumption efficiently.

• Functions and tools for integrating elements of distributed generation within the

distribution system, and for managing new advanced automation elements in the

distribution grid. Monitoring system for these elements.

• Construction of a central plant from which the distribution grid is monitored and

managed, enabling identification and assessment of architectures and dimensions,

and the procedures necessary to operate the central systems of an advanced

distribution grid.

• Consumer portal. This is a critical element in the vision of Smartcity Malaga. It enables

consumers to gain active, real-time feedback on their consumption, profiles, impact

on the system and emissions and to interact with predefined functions aimed at

promoting responsible consumption. These systems are integrated in the products for

the active management of the demand and energy efficiency described in section 4.5.

• KPI monitoring system. The KPI monitoring system consists of the analysis of the

smart grid using a set of indicators that help assess the extent to which the objectives

of the Smartcity Malaga project are being achieved. In Smartcity Malaga a number

Fig. 46. Diagram of the different systems implemented

Control PanelDisplay

LocalConsumptionManagement

Electric DistributionGrid with

New Services

In-Home and In-CompanyEfficiency Sstems

Electric Mobility Services:Charging, V2G...

Public Lighting

Efficient ElectricSystems

Distribution Control SmartcityIntelligence

Remote managementSmartMetering

CommunicationMonitoring

DistributionSystems

Consumption Control

Home/CompanyEnergy Management

Electric VehiclesManagement

Public LightingManagement

Energy Efficiencfy

Dat

a A

dqui

sito

n

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tCity

Mal

aga

Con

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and

Mon

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g C

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CommunicationDevices

Internet

Act

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Dem

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SMARTCITY MALAGA78

Fig. 47. Tree diagram of the relationships between indicators, objectives and macro-objectives

I1. Decrease demand feeder

I2. Flatten the demand curve

I3. Decrease technical losses

I4. Decrease lighting consump.

I5. Decrease cons. high cust. P contr.

I6. Decrease cons. Res. and SMEs

I7. Increase Cons/Gen EV

I8. Improve Efic. cons. SMCT

I9. Total % of RE generation

I10. % Generation RE in MV

I11. % Generation RE in LV

I12. Decrease CO2 emmisions

I13. Improve zonal quality

I14. Improve grid/wave quality

I15. Improve early LV detection

O1. Efficiency of Distribution System

MO1. Improve energy efficiency

I16. Improve Opt. Response MV

O2. Consumption Efficiency

MO2. Increase use of RE

I17. Extend life of transformers

O3. Increase use of RE

MO3. Reduce Emissions

I18. Extend life of circuit breakers

O4. Reduce Emissions

MO4. Others

I19. Extend cable lifetime

O5. Quality

I20. Reduce breakdown costs

O6. Extend life of Installation

I21. Reduce Maintenance costs

O7. Reduce Maint. & breakdown costs

Indicators Objective Macro-objetive


of objectives and macro-objectives, and the appropriate indicators for monitoring

their completion, have been defined. Fig. 47 shows the relationship between KPIs,

objectives and macro-objectives.

Similarly, an interface has been developed to monitor these KPIs and objectives. The

interface enables us to view all the information on the objectives, indicators and

measurements, providing a control panel for understanding, managing and displaying

the information. For example, Fig. 48 shows the interface (control panel) corresponding

to the values of all the macro-objectives of the Smartcity Malaga project.

• Interface for monitoring the grid. An interface has been developed using block

representations, which enables us to monitor the state of the grid in an easy,

simplified manner, and view the details of the cases considered necessary. Fig. 49

shows the functional diagram of the Smartcity Malaga grid included in the

implemented interface (See Index of figures, page 158).

Fig. 48. Detailed interface of the macro-objectives

SMARTCITY MALAGA80

The display environment implemented for each distribution substation enables different

variables to be monitored, as shown in Fig. 50 (See Index of figures, page 158), where

different display areas can be seen:

1. Technology selection area. This shows the different technology available in the

distribution substation, where one of them can be selected to filter the information.

2. Line selection area. This defines the line in which the distribution substation to

be monitored is located, permitting navigation between the different distribution

substations of Smartcity Malaga.

3. Distribution substation selection area. This defines the desired distribution substation

to monitor (in the line defined in 2).

4. Device selection area. This defines the desired device and variables to monitor.

5. Monitoring area. This area shows the information on variables, in either

instantaneous values or historical data.


MV grid

As mentioned in section 2.2.3., one of the most important products produced during

the project related to the automation of the MV distribution grid is the self-healing

algorithm, which enables the service quality to be improved, considerably reducing the

failure times in the event of incidents in the grid.

This algorithm has two operating modes, depending on whether it is being implemented

in the iNode unit or in the control centre. The sequences of events and commands

executed by the algorithm in each scenario are as follows:

Implementation in iNode:

1. A fault occurs in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP.

2. The feeder relay in the substation trips while the other switching devices remain

closed (they cannot open during the fault).

3. The different switching points (2A, PM and 2B) send information from their fault

indicators to the substation iNode (Fig. 51).

HV MV MV

SSiNode SE

iNode DS iNode DS iNode DS

2A PM 2B BP

Fig. 51. Fault in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP. Scenario with communication between DSand iNodes

4. The switch executes the first reclose sequence. If the fault is permanent, the feeder

relay will trip once again.

New products for the protection and automation of the distribution grid

SMARTCITY MALAGA82

5. The substation iNode (once the first reclose sequence has been activated, but before

the second) evaluates all the fault indicators received from the iNodes in the DS and

executes a command to open, to the last DS that has detected a defect, in this case

2B, and inside the DS, which has the outgoing signal.

6. When the second reclose sequence closes (60 s), the line segment up to 2B is

re-established, leaving the section with the fault (between 2B and BP) isolated.

Implementation in the control centre:

1. A fault occurs in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP.

2. The feeder relay in the substation trips while the other switching devices remain

closed (they cannot open during a fault).

3. The different switching points (2A, PM and 2B) send information from their fault

indicators to the control centre (Fig. 52).

Control center

HV MV MV

SS iNode DS iNode DS iNode DS

2A PM 2B BP

Fig. 52. Fault in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP. Scenario with communication between distribution substations and control centre

4. The switch executes the first reclose sequence. If the fault is permanent, the feeder

relay switch will trip once again.

5. The control centre (once the first reclose sequence has been activated, but before the

second) evaluates all the fault indicators received from the automated DS and sends


the command to open, to the last DS that has detected a defect, in this case 2B, and

inside the DS, which has the outgoing signal.

6. When the second reclose sequence closes (60 s), the line segment up to 2B is re-

established, leaving the section with the fault (between 2B and BP) isolated.

The new functions of the Malaga distribution grid are not possible without the

automation of the DSs carried out in the Smartcity Malaga project. This automation

of the DSs can be considered a significant product in the distribution grid automation

Fig. 53. Diagram of automated distribution substation

SMARTCITY MALAGA84

sector. Fig. 53 shows a diagram of one of these automated distribution substations,

indicating its main components.

One of the main components of the automated distribution substation is the Smart

Distribution Manager (SDM), indicated in Fig. 53 as ekorGID. Fig. 54 shows the ekorGID

unit installed in DS 307 (Guindos) (See Index of figures, page 158).

Fig. 55 shows a detailed diagram of the product developed by Ormazabal. The cabinet is

divided into two separate areas; one area houses the communication, MV automation/

monitoring elements and batteries. The other area houses the low voltage elements

such as the power supply, concentrator, iNode, LV monitoring, and different connection/

protection elements for each of the elements.

As seen in Fig. 55, the information from the different sections of the automated control

centre converges in the SDM unit, represented in the diagram in Fig. 53. Firstly, the

ekorRCI unit (integrated control unit) developed by Ormazabal, responsible for the

supervision and control of the secondary distribution line interrupting switches, fault

detectors, detecting the presence and absence of voltage, current measurements,

etc. Fig. 56 shows this device and its location in the MV cabinet (See Index of figures,

page 159).

The following device, essential for the automation of the DSs is the Compact Remote

Control Unit (CRU) ekorUCT, which makes it possible for DSs of the Smartcity Malaga

project to be remotely controlled and automated. It mainly includes the remote unit and

communications functions, and enables the cells equipped with integrated control to be

governed, which are located in the automated centres of the project. Fig. 57 shows one

of the installed ekorUCT units (See Index of figures, page 159).


LV grid

The automation of the distribution substations that was undertaken has also involved

the low voltage grid. As seen in Fig. 53 and Fig. 55, the advanced LV monitoring is

integrated in the DS and the SDM.

As indicated in section 2.2.3., the LV monitoring receives information from toroidal

sensors installed in the LV lines, which obtains and manages power and total energy

measurements for each LV switchboard, the current and load profiles for each LV output

line, the power and energy for each LV line, and the detection of blown fuses for each

LV line.

MV SupervisionFault detection, V, I, P, Q,

Alarms

AutomationTelecontrolAutomation

Web server maintenance (Fault detection, V, I, P, Q,

Alarms)

CommunicationPLC MV, GPRS, Fibre

Optics, RadioLV Supervision

Total DS measurements Measure LV line

¡Socket LV

PLC-LVEthernet

IEC-10448Vdc

Smart DistributionManager

Fig. 55. Smart Distribution Manager ekorGID

SMARTCITY MALAGA86

The data recorded by the sensors is sent, by radio signal (unused frequency 433 MHz),

to a receiving unit integrated in the communications cabinet of the DS. Fig. 59 shows

the central data reception unit. At the same time, this receiver is communicated with the

upper level, the DS iNode, so the grid control devices have all the information which was

gathered by the sensors and sent to the LV switchboard.

Each sensor installed in a LV line sends the data that identifies it to the receiver, such as

its firmware version and model, and its serial number.

The data from all the installed sensors is stored in the database of the receiver, which

increases as the number of installed sensors increases, up to a maximum of 64 sensors.

This receiver has its own configuration parameters, necessary for communicating with

the upper level, such as: identification number, communication speed, version and

model, and number of fuses recognised and accepted.

In order to make good use of the metering elements deployed in the LV grid, tools

have been implemented to monitor the LV grid to supervise the microgeneration from

renewable energies and micro-storage, which enables the loads to be displayed, and

diverse variables associated with the system operation to be calculated. Specifically,

this tool has been implemented in the LV microgrid connected to TS 80159 Smartcity,

described in chapter 2.

The hardware that comprises the system for monitoring and supervision consists of a

server used to view and process the variables acquired by the set of iNodes and iSockets.

This software is made up of the following applications:

Data acquisition, at the level of the iSockets and iNodes. The variables to be

compiled are the following:

• Current of the LV outputs from the LV switchboard

• State of the fuses (in operation/blown) from the LV switchboard

• Active power (single phase and three phase)


• Reactive power (single phase and three phase)

• Line voltage and phase

• Current

• Frequency

• Current and voltage THD

• Power factor

Grid monitoring. The data acquired from the system is used to represent the status

of the grid in real time; either directly, showing the variables acquired, or through

algorithms that enable the grid to be characterised and/or monitored.

Data processing through grid status algorithms. To be able to execute the

algorithms, it will start at the level of the iSocket and iNode with the active and reactive

powers and the voltage. The algorithms that enable the grid to be monitored and

characterised, and that are performed by the monitoring system are the following:

• Distribution of loads. The distribution of loads enables the voltages to be found in

those nodes and the power flow through the lines and transformers to be found,

given the consumption and generation in each node.

• Line saturation. Using the construction parameters and the data obtained in the

load distribution analysis, specifically the current flow in the lines, their saturation is

calculated, which means the appropriate measures can be taken.

• Measurement tracking. This makes it possible to study the evolution of the load curves

and the tracking of the generation/consumption peaks.

The following figures (Fig. 60 and Fig. 61) show screenshots of the monitoring tool

implemented.

SMARTCITY MALAGA88

Fig. 61. Monitoring of the LV grid (example of power curve)

Fig. 60. Monitoring of the LV grid

Generator -> Malaga -> STORAGE -> STORAGE -> Terminal 1 -> Active power (kW)


Concept and functionalities

The iNodes are the devices the control centre utilises to automate grid management,

as they are the units responsible for executing the algorithms and procedures defined

in the project, and are capable of acting autonomously, although this depends on the

requirements imposed by the control centre on decision-making. It is always possible

for the control centre, at any moment, to acquire complete control of a section of the

grid. According to the philosophy of decentralised, which was put into practice in the

Smartcity Malaga project, two hierarchical levels have been established for the iNodes,

for the substation (iNodeSE) and the distribution substation (iNodeCT).

The iSockets connect the upper level iNodes with the points of generation, consumption

and storage. They follow the commands and guidelines of the upstream iNodes and

report all the local information to the upper level for the correct operation of the system.

The iNodeSE and iNodeCT are responsible for executing the self and control algorithms

of the distribution grid, as mentioned in section 2.2.3, and, together with the iSockets,

managing the distributed generation. In addition, the iNode-iSocket is also a product

for the distributed generation and energy storage sector, and for the efficiency and

smart metering sector. In more detail, it is important to point out the following principal

functions of the iNode for each one of the sectors involved in the grid automation:

iNode-iSocket

SMARTCITY MALAGA90

Fig. 62. Simplified diagram of control architecture. iNodes-iSockets

MV

LV

HV

MV

iNode CT

iNode e.s.

HV GRID

HV control centre

iSocket

iSocket

iSocket


AMI: Remote management concentrator

• Reading and aggregation of concentrators (energy, V, f, etc.)

• Aggregation (anti-fraud)

• Phase balance

• Power limit

ADA: Advanced automation

• Self-healing: Joint detection, isolation, recovery of faults

• Grid operation

• Load management

• Line automation

DER: Microgrid regulation (at the mDER or iNodeCT level)

• Regulation or possible limitation of active power generation (AGC)

• Voltage regulation

• Reactive power compensation

• Possible generation curtailments and consumption load shedding

As indicated above, for the purposes of microgrid regulation, the iNodeCT coordinates

the iSockets connected to the LV outputs of the DS to optimise the power in the MV/

LV transformer, as shown in Fig. 62. In this case, the iNodeCT receives the following

parameters from the iNodes in the upper level:

• Mode: Normal/emergency

• Tariffs according to time bands. Unbundled prices and energy

• Predictions: The weather and demand

Towards the LV segment (microgrid), the iNodeCT acts on the various iSockets. The

iNodeCT sends individually to each iSocket:

SMARTCITY MALAGA92

• Mode: Normal/emergency

• Line disconnection: Command to open/close

• Set points of P and Q

And receives from the iSockets:

• Real measurements of P and Q

• Other telemetry and alarms

In addition, the iNodeCT enables Modbus TCP communication with monitoring and

supervision systems at the level of the DS panel, specifically the monitoring (LVM) and

advanced monitoring (ALVM) systems by Ormazabal, described in section 4.4.2.

Similarly, in the Smartcity Malaga project the iNodeCT is used as a gateway to transfer

information from the iSockets to the Monitoring and Diagnosis Centre, through the

same IEC 61850 protocol.

The iSockets connect the upper level iNodes with the devices (now active) of generation

and consumption. They follow the commands and directives of the iNodes and report all

the local information to the upper level so the system functions correctly.

The main functions of an iSocket include:

AMI: Remote management concentrator

• Reading (energy, V, f, etc.)

• Aggregation (anti-fraud)

• Association of the LV line and associated phase with the customer

• Phase balance

• Real-time pricing

• Load shedding, non-payment. Power limit


ADA: Advanced automation

• Self-healing: Detection of faults

• Measurement of current in LV line

• Grid operation

• Load management

• Aggregation

• Customer-line association

• LV-SCADA

DER: Regulation of microgrids (at the level of the iSocket)

• Regulation or possible limitation of active power generation (AGC)

• Voltage regulation

• Reactive compensation

• Possible generation curtailment and consumption load shedding

The iSockets control the different devices from electricity loads to generation resources.

They send individually to each converter:

• Set points of P and Q

• Commands for power disconnector

And receives from the devices:

• Real measurements of P and Q

• Other telemetry and alarms

The devices developed to perform the described functions are presented below.

SMARTCITY MALAGA94

iNodeSE

The device responsible for the functions of the iNodeSE in the Smartcity Malaga project

is the INGESAS unit, developed and manufactured by Ingeteam Technology. Fig. 63,

extracted from the document “INGESAS - Hardware Reference Manual” by Ingeteam

Technology, shows an image of the module IC3541, the rack containing the different

functional modules of the unit (See Index of figures, page 159). Two of the modules

that integrate some of the most important functions of this device, in its performance

as an iNodeSE, are the processor and the communications module, shown in Fig. 64


iNodeCT

The iNodeCT (or MV/LV iNode) is an electronic system developed by GPtech that acts

as an autonomous data concentrator, showing the upper levels a virtual view of the

elements in the lower levels of the grid. Fig. 65 shows the device developed by GPtech


The iNodeCT consists of two different hardware components, the iNodeUCC and the

iNodeGW.

The iNodeUCC interfaces the iSockets with the iNodeGW. In the communication with

the iSockets, the iNodeUCC is a modbus client, while in communication with the

iNodeGW it acts as a modbus server, providing the iNodeGW with the data obtained

from the iSockets. The iNodeGW is a modbus client of the iNodeUCC and a server

IEC 61850.


iSocket

The circuit board that serves as the basis for the iSocket device is the

06028_06028_2002_01, designed and developed by GPtech that uses a Rabbit

processor as its core. Fig. 66 shows an image of this assembly (See Index of figures,

page 160).

As already indicated, the iSocket has a Rabbit Series 4000 processor module. The main

module of the RCM4000 microprocessor is a device that comprises Ethernet control that

is intelligent and can connect to the Internet, which enables the devices to be monitored

and controlled remotely.

SMARTCITY MALAGA96

Distributed generation

As mentioned in section 2.2.1., in the Smartcity Malaga project different distributed

generation units have been integrated into the Malaga distribution grid and this

integration is one of the main contributions of smart grids to the distribution grid.

In this aspect, one of the main products created through the project is the management

and integration of these resources, specifically the algorithms developed and

implemented, which are described in this section.

As described in this document, the control architecture implemented in Smartcity Malaga

is a hierarchical, distributed and autonomous structure, as represented in Fig. 69.

The fundamental control elements are the iNodes and iSockets. The iNodes perform

the global management of the microgrid while the iSockets monitor a certain source of

generation, storage or load.

The iSocket-type elements follow the commands and directives of the upstream iNodes

and report all the local information to the upper level for the correct operation of the

system.

The iSockets communicate with the power generators (typically connected to the

grid through power converters) and maintain a software model of the connected

units. Moreover, all the iSockets electrically connected to the same iNode (typically in

a DS) communicate with it so they can be coordinated. At the same time, the iNodes

communicate with all the iSockets which are electrically connected to the corresponding

DS and act as coordinators. Additionally, all the iNodes build a virtual model that

represents everything that is connected, displayed to the upper levels as one more

iSocket, but controlling a LV microgrid instead of a specific power device.

The distributed generation management algorithm is based on the independent control

of active and reactive power, and consists of secondary and tertiary regulation of the

microgrid. Two operating modes have been implemented:

New products for the distributed generation and storage sector


1. Centralised mode

The iNode reads information on all the iSockets that it manages, receives set points from

the company and sends the corresponding outputs of active and reactive power FP and

FQ to all the iSockets, which send the corresponding set points to the power installations

they control. Fig. 71 shows a diagram of this structure.

The iNode, responsible for the control of the microgrid, manages the flow of active

and reactive power of the microgrid. As seen in Fig. 71, the inputs of the iNode control

algorithm are the following:

a. Target values of P and Q of the distributing companies (P* and Q* in Fig. 71)

b. Real values of P and Q of the microgrid, measured or provided by the respective

iSockets

c. Price of energy (“e” in Fig. 71), provided by the company

Using the inputs defined and the execution of the control algorithm (Fig. 72), the iNode

provides the following set points as outputs:

• Active power, FP in Fig. 72, where -100 ≤ FP≤ 100

• Reactive power, FQ in Fig. 72, where -100 ≤ FQ≤ 100

Each iSocket receives these signals, FP and FQ, which it uses to calculate the values of

P and Q to set in the power converter it governs. The algorithms implemented in the

iSockets also take into account variables such as the price of the energy and are specific

for each type of element that they monitor: load, generator or energy storage unit.

10 x 95 W 4 kW 9 x 680 W

Fig. 68. Microgeneration installed in Malaga

SMARTCITY MALAGA98

Fig. 69. Simplified diagram of the control architecture

Distributed generationmicrogrid

Gridi-VM

i-VG GatewayIEC 61850-7-420 (DER)

iSocket iSocket iSocket iSocket iSocket

iNode iNode

Intelligent-VirtualGateway (i-VG)

Intelligent-VirtualNode (i-VN)

Intelligent-VirtualSocket (i-VS)

Intelligent-VirtualManager (i-VM)

Remote operator

Local operator

Windturbine

Photovoltaicgenerator

Electricvehicletractionbatterycharger

Electricvehicletractionbatterycharger Batteries

Fig. 70. Control of microgrids

Abstractrepresentation

of thephysical reality

Protocolbattery

Motor

Interface


Fig. 71. Diagram of control in centralised mode

i-Socket 1VSCunit

VSCunit

VSCunit

VSCunit

VSCunit

i-Socket 2

i-Socket 3I-NODE

Centralisedoperation

i-Socket i

i-Socket N

Dieselgenerator

Batterybank

Windturbine

Non-priorityLoad

PriorityLoad

e e

P*, Q*

P2, Q2

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PN, QN

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*

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Fig. 72. Control of the iNode

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SMARTCITY MALAGA100

2. Decentralised mode (distributed)

In this case, the iSockets have greater autonomy, and do not depend on the iNodes. As

seen in Fig. 73, the iNode is not informed of the variables P and Q of each converter;

each iSocket is responsible for managing this information.

The iSockets calculate their operation variables (P and Q) locally, in accordance with

equations equivalent to those used in centralised mode, so the microgrid is capable

of responding in the event of variations in the price of the energy by connecting more

generation sources, disconnecting non-critical loads and exporting energy available in

the storage systems. If prices are reduced, the microgrid algorithm acts by ordering the

storage of energy, disconnecting the most expensive generators and connecting loads.

For the implemented algorithms to function correctly, it is imperative that the

information transfer between all the involved elements, in other words their

communications, functions properly. The communication of the iSockets with the

power converters is based on a proprietary protocol, while the communication between

the iNode and the various iSockets has been implemented based on the standard

IEC 61850. The data exchange between these controllers is monitored through an

IEC 61850 SCADA. Fig. 74 shows the graphic display that the operator sees (See Index

of figures, page 161).

Energy storage systems

Medium voltage

Regarding products associated with energy storage in MV, it is important to highlight

the design and installation of the system connected in the distribution substation of the

Malaga congress hall.

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries have been used, formed by carbon anodes and

magnesium, iron, and lithium phosphate powder cathodes, obtained through a low

thermal process. The process used enables the efficiency of the chemical process to be


improved, reducing the cost. Similarly, the process gives the cathode powder excellent

properties of duration, conductivity and ease of processing.

The batteries consist of cylindrical cells with a rated voltage of 3.2 V that are joined

together to make blocks by connecting the positive and negative electrodes with

metal plates so that the cells are connected in parallel. The cells are joined in parallel,

increasing the energy per block, by connecting them in series. The voltage of the battery

is the sum of the voltages in the blocks connected in series; thus the rated voltage of the

battery module is 12.8 V, and has a range between 10 V and 14.6 V, depending on the

load status. The energy of each module is 1.766 kWh.

The complete assembly of installed batteries consists of 60 modules, connected in two

series of 30 modules with each module having 12.8 V and 138 Ah. Therefore, the series

achieve a voltage of 384 V, and 276 Ah, storing a total of 106 kWh. This energy can be

discharged in one hour, providing the value of rated current, or in half an hour giving

values of approximately double the rated values.

Each battery module has a monitoring unit which communicates, via RS-485, with the

battery management system (U-BMS). This monitoring includes temperature, voltage,

current and charge status, in addition to other multi-level alarms. Each control system is

capable of communicating with up to 100 battery modules. The U-BMS communicates

through a CAN bus with the communication units of the installation’s central control

Fig. 73. Diagram of control in distributed mode

i-Socket 1VSCunit

VSCunit

VSCunit

VSCunit

VSCunit

i-Socket 2

i-Socket 3I-NODE

Distributedoperation

i-Socket i

i-Socket N

Dieselgenerator

Batterybank

Windturbine

Non-priorityLoad

PriorityLoad

e e

P2, Q2

P1, Q1

Pi, Qi

PN, QN

PN*, QN

*

Pi*, Qi

*

P3*, Q3

*

P2*, Q2

*

P1*, Q1

*

P3, Q3

SMARTCITY MALAGA102

system, and can send status and alarm signals, and receive commands. It also has four

outputs for the control of relays or similar battery protection elements.

In addition, the monitoring element can also function in isolated mode, with no

communication, acting as the only control unit of the batteries, saving the alarms and

statuses in a data logger to be downloaded by an operator.

The batteries are connected to the grid through a power converter, that on one hand

is responsible for rectifying the alternating current to convert it into the direct current

needed to supply the batteries, and, on the other hand acts as an inverter to convert the

direct current that the batteries provide into alternating current to be injected into the

distribution grid. The converter used consists of a three phase rectifier bridge, a three

phase inverter bridge, a continuous current filter, and a control and communications

module. In addition, this unit has a DC/DC converter, so the voltages of the electronic

circuit board and batteries are compatible. Both converter bridges have IGBT type

transistors as interrupting element, which are tripped with fibre optic drivers.

The storage system control unit consists of a programmable logic controller equipped

with the following boards:

• CPU with two Ethernet ports. The first is for communication via Modbus TCP with any

other control element of the system, and the second (VPN) is used to communicate

via Internet with the programmable logic controller and to be able to activate and

deactivate the system, obtain information on its status, change the operation mode

and, in general, any other action that may be carried out remotely.

• Communication board with two CAN ports for communication with the battery

management unit.

• Board with three RS-232/RS-485 ports for communication with the electronic

protection relay.


• Profibus-DP communication board for communication with the power electronics.

• Digital input cards for receiving binary signals coming for auxiliary units, such as

alarms from cells, climate control, fans, power cabinets, etc.

• Boards with digital relay outputs to send binary signals to the auxiliary units.

• Input power supply at 230 V AC.

The communication of the programmable logic controller signals can be made through

a conventional telephone network for data communication, using TCP/IP protocols,

through a backup system of wireless telephony, should there be a failure in the wired

telephone connection, or through Power Line Communication (PLC), using the energy

wiring as a means for the communication.

Fig. 75 outlines, diagrammatically and on a plan view of the building, the installation

carried out in the distribution substation of the Malaga congress hall. Fig. 76 shows a

diagram of the implemented communication.

Low voltage

In the field of distributed storage, one of the main products developed in the Smartcity

Malaga project is a bidirectional domestic storage system installed in the microgrid

on the promenade. The purpose of the system is to flatten the demand curve and

reduce the consumption peaks that can exist in domestic loads, with the possibility of

controlling the reactive power.

The following operating modes have been defined for this system:

SMARTCITY MALAGA104

Fig. 75. Installation of mini-storage in the distribution substation of the congress hall

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SMARTCITY MALAGA106

Mode 1: The charging and discharging of the unit are programmed, depending on the

status of the battery charge:

• The battery will be charged at night, which increases the demand in these hours

and it is discharged during times of maximum demand in the home (programmed

by the user). It shall be charged at a constant current and with a low charge rate

(as recommended by the manufacturer for cyclical applications) to obtain a greater

efficiency at the end of the process. Likewise, it shall also be discharged at a constant

current, with a discharge rate programmed by the user and in the desired time bands.

• The charge/discharge status will depend on the battery charge status.

• The battery will never be charged at times of maximum demand.

• When the charging period begins, the battery will be in a situation of minimum

voltage. To ensure this, if the energy stored in the battery exceeds a certain minimum

value, the battery will provide energy, even if the power consumed does not reach the

maximum pre-set value, depending on the time of day. This behaviour will guarantee

that the battery will always be fully discharged, which safeguards the useful life of the

battery and at the same time achieves maximum energy efficiency.

Mode 2: Like in mode 1, the system will be charged at night, in the hours of lowest

demand, and during the day it will deliver constant power, except when the maximum

demand element installed in the home detects overconsumption. When the power

consumed is above the house’s maximum threshold, the domestic storage system is

activated, if it was not already, to compensate the excess energy consumed. Thus, while

the energy stored and the power of the unit allows it, more energy than the contracted

level can be consumed without problems, decreasing the consumption peak required

from the grid. In addition, after responding to a consumption peak in the home, the

system recalculates the plan for the remaining energy in the battery to remain within the

established hourly program.


Mode 3: Remote control by an external management company. Using a standard

fieldbus, one or more domestic storage systems can communicate with a unit that

manages the operation of all of them. Thus, the consumption peaks are not only

compensated at the level of the home, but also between several homes. At the same

time, the instantaneous measurements of the consumption made in the home, the

operation point of the Domestic Storage System (DSS), and the batteries’ charge status

are accessible through this same fieldbus.

To meet the objectives and operating modes described, the key characteristics of this

product are the following:

• It is a two-way storage system, in other words, both charging and discharging are

possible through the same unit.

• The system is connected to the single-phase grid of the home as yet another electrical

appliance, with a conventional Schuko socket of 16 A (grid: 230 V rms and 50 Hz).

• The system uses electrochemical batteries, with the objective of flattening the demand

curve and reducing the peak power consumed by the home.

• The maximum power that the system is capable of absorbing or delivering to the grid

is 2 kW, measured at the mains connection socket.

• The control system adjusts the input or output power according to the predicted

operating modes. The system has a simple human-machine interface so that the

user can program the operating parameters. Similarly, the system is fitted with a

communication interface that allows the connection with the maximum demand

element installed in the panel of the home (this communication with the maximum

demand element is wireless, and takes into account that various units must coexist in

the same radio-electric space).

• The optimum usage of the battery places conditions on the system operation. In other

words, if at a given point in time a certain action that is harmful for the battery is

required of the system, this action will be limited to prolong its life cycle.

SMARTCITY MALAGA108

• One of the “non-functional” requirements defined for this unit is that it is as silent as

possible. Taking into account that the energy will be stored in the batteries during the

night, it is preferable if this appliance does not emit any sound due to the switching

of the power electronics or mechanical elements.

• The thermal design of the unit ensures that the fan is hardly ever turned on, especially

during the night. To do this, a heat sink has been selected that cools the electronic

circuit board by natural convection and radiation. The fan is therefore only for

contingencies and it only comes on in the event of operation with excessive power

during extended periods, which rarely occur during the night.

• To avoid the switching of the electro-mechanical elements, the system remains

in “stand-by” mode when at rest. To reduce the losses in this state a toroidal

transformer with a very low reluctance and, therefore, low loss was used. To improve

its stability, an algorithm for the dynamic compensation of imbalances in the hysteresis

cycle has been implemented.

So that the batteries are safe, the following criteria have been taken into account:

• The rated voltage of the batteries has been limited to what is considered very low

voltage in the EC Regulation on Low Voltage Electrotechnical Regulation.

• Galvanic insulation has been included with respect to the electricity grid in the direct

current sections.

• All the anti-islanding protection stipulated in the Low Voltage Electrotechnical

Regulation has been included: grid over- and undervoltage, and grid over- and

underfrequency. Thus, the unit is disconnected from the electricity grid as soon as it

detects that there is no connection to the electric supply network, for example if, due

to maintenance, the master switch of the home has been opened.


Therefore, the DSS is an ideal unit for use inside the home, as it is even safe in

exceptional situations such as floods.

Fig. 77 DSS developed shows a photography of the product developed (See Index of

figures, page 161).

The benefits of the unit are summarised in Table 2.

The connection diagram of the DSS inside the home is shown in Fig. 78:

The maximum demand meter monitors the electricity demand in the home and sends it

wirelessly to the storage unit. Depending on the operation mode selected, the current

status, and set points received by the storage unit from the exterior, it decides how

much power, both active and reactive, must be delivered or absorbed.

Additionally, the active power metering by the maximum demand meter, and all the

values measured by the storage unit are accessible remotely by means of a MODBUS

RTU fieldbus on RS-485 with two wires. This fieldbus can control up to 31 devices which

can be connected in one line with a theoretical maximum length of 1,200 metres.

Fig. 78. Connection of the DSS

DSS

Maximum demandmeter

Other loads Other loads

Home switchboard

Grid

SMARTCITY MALAGA110

Table 2. Characteristics of the DSS developed

Connection to the network

Rated voltage of the grid 230 V

Rated frequency of the grid 50 Hz

Maximum phase current 8.7 A rms

Maximum active power 2,000 W

Maximum reactive power 2,000 var

Maximum apparent power 2,000 VA

If the apparent power limit is reached, the control system prioritises the monitoring of the active power set point against that of the reactive power. In addition, other limitations were implemented to guarantee the integrity of the system:

Limitation of the power for charging and discharging the batteries to prevent it exceeding its voltage, current or thermal limits.

Automatic reduction of the active and reactive power injected if the Ferranti effect is detected on the grid. Connection to weak networks without causing overvoltage problems on the grid.

Connection to batteries

Rated voltage of the batteries 48 V

Maximum charge/discharge current 50 A

Includes a BMS algorithm for the management of charging and discharging, and the estimate of the SOC for different technology types such as NiCd and Lithium-ion.

Protective devices

— Overcurrent in the connection to the mains electric

— Overcurrent in the connection to batteries— Overvoltage in the DC-bus— Overvoltage in the batteries— Undervoltage in the batteries— Overheating in the power electronics— Overheating in the battery— Short-circuit in the connection to the

batteries— Short-circuit in the connection to the

electric mains

— Short-circuit and desaturation in the power electronics

— Overvoltage in the electric grid— Undervoltage in the electric grid— Overfrequency in the electric grid— Underfrequency in the electric grid— Islanding— Protection against control failures

(watchdog)— Protection due to excess losses— Protection against supply defects in the

control and in the drivers of the power electronics

Communications

— Wireless communication (433 MHz) with the maximum demand meter— Complete management of the unit by MODBUS RTU on RS-485.— Possibility of connection to SCADA system for monitoring, control, statistics and historical

data.


Fig. 79. Power converter of the DSS

L2/2

L2/2

50/230~

~Cbus

L1

Vbat

Fig. 80. Control structure implemented

Filtering Measures

BoardsControlWP10

Set pointGen.

TimeGen.

/ 7

Igrid/ 8

Ibat_Con_Time Ibat_Con

Duty_PH

Duty_BB

Internalconfig.

Controllog

Maximumdemandelement

Clock

User

Current time

Pmaximumdemand element

PhomeSub-interval

No. Sub-intervalsNight-day interv. limits

Psad_AverageVbat_Average Vbat_Average

SMARTCITY MALAGA112

Because the batteries operate in DC and the electricity grid functions in AC, a power

electronics topology has been developed to convert the energy between both sources,

thus allowing both battery charging and discharging, and considering the specifications

of the system (such as the single-phase connection). The topology implemented is a

cascade of two converters; a diagram of this is shown in Fig. 79.

The electronic circuit boards necessary for this product were designed and manufactured

exclusively by the CIRCE research centre; from the concrete specifications of each board,

the design of the algorithm and its subsequent routing, to obtaining the physical board,

properly drilled, insulated, welded and checked.

For the connection of the converter with the corresponding iSocket, a Modbus-type

interface has been included on the two wire serial RS-485 line. The map of the bus

connection boxes was imposed by the iSocket to guarantee compatibility. Using the

variables shared with the iSocket, the system has the possibility of modifying the reactive

power that the converter absorbs or injects into the grid.

The system control is structured in various functional blocks interconnected by

signals, which divide the global problem into simpler problems so they can be tackled

individually. This method is known as top-down design and is very commonly used for

problem solving in complex designs. Fig. 80 shows the overall structure of the control

with the partition made between subsystems and the communication.


This section describes the main products developed in the Smartcity Malaga project, in

the area of efficient demand management. These products make it possible to offer the

new services for active demand management explained in section 3.

Applications for SMEs

The main products aimed at SMEs implemented in Smartcity Malaga are the following:

DANCA. This product, aimed at improving energy efficiency in SMEs, is an energy

efficiency system that allows the monitoring and supervision of electrical consumption

(active and reactive power), and CO2 emissions, of up to 6 independent single-phase or

2 three-phase circuits per unit, in real time and without data transmission costs.

DANCA has its own SaaS platform (Software as a Service) where the energy evolution of

the customer can be studied individually and in detail. It enables the customer to view

the data measured on their PC, TV, or smartphone. Fig. 81 shows the philosophy and

structure of the product.

The information on the consumption is captured by current transformers connected to

the corresponding circuits and to the Gateway-DANCA. The Gateway sends the data to

the Internet for it to be utilised by a router via Wi-Fi or an Ethernet connection. Finally,

the data of the installation can be consulted from any Internet access point on the

Brenes Website.

In the Smartcity Malaga project this product has been installed in an initial trial of

3 SMEs.

ENEFGY. In Smartcity Malaga ENEFGy has developed a system composed of a device

that records consumption every fifteen minutes and a web platform for finding out

information on the energy consumption status and associated cost at any time and from

any location with Internet access. Both components are connected through the mobile

telephony network.

New products for efficient demand management

SMARTCITY MALAGA114

The main functions that it offers are the following:

• Monitoring of the overall electricity consumption

• Knowledge of the electricity consumption of each circuit, whether three-phase or

single-phase

• Access to the web platform where it is possible to consult:

– Hourly load curve

– Comparisons by date

• Diagnosis with possible energy improvements in the installation

• Weekly monitoring programme of on energy consumption

This product has been installed in 5 collaborating SMEs.

The consumption information is obtained using current transformers connected to

the corresponding circuits and is stored in the ENEFGy unit. From the proprietary unit,

the data is sent via GPRS to the servers for subsequent treatment by the ENEFGy web

platform. Finally, the installation data can be consulted from any Internet access point at

the ENEFG Website.


Fig. 81. Structure of the DANCA system

Fig. 82. Description of ENEFGY

CAPTUREof consumption data

and technical parameters of an electrical installations

Secure STORAGEof the information

in a web server

MANAGEMENTof the information via the

different devices, computer, mobile

HOW WE WORK

In energy we have developed a platform that allows us to measure 24 hours a day with no interruptions and to look for the points of improvement of your electricity consumption

The meter records theconsumption data andtransmits the information1 2 Our services

includemeasurements

Continuous recording, analysis, monitoringand management system

3 We analyse it and search forthe points of improvementof your electricity consumption4

You can consult thatinformation through the webor download it to your computer

SMARTCITY MALAGA116

Applications for buildings

ISOTROL. In Smartcity Malaga ISOTROL has developed the product EUGENE. It is an

comprehensive energy management system for homes, buildings and SMEs, which

makes it possible to know the energy consumption, anytime anywhere, and control the

amount of electricity consumed by different devices.

The product EUGENE PROFESSIONAL (see Index of figures, page 168) is aimed at

buildings and SMEs. This system makes it possible to adjust the building’s consumption

while guaranteeing no decrease in comfort. The reduction of costs will depend

on the configuration of automated, remote, or manual actions. Similarly, EUGENE

PROFESSIONAL enables consumption to be monitored for the application of energy

policies, and the implementation of the standard UNE EN 16001:2009.

EUGENE is accessible from multiple platforms, has a web interface and can generate

energy consumption reports.

Applications for homes

GREENWAVE. The energy efficiency system implemented in Smartcity Malaga monitors

the applications and electrical devices that are activated by its energy management

system. It has been installed for 50 residential users.

The Greenwave energy efficiency system allows:

• Knowledge of the overall energy consumption by room and by device, and

comparisons by type or location, and also comparisons with its own average

consumption and the average household consumption for the region.

• Knowledge of the carbon footprint of the home and comparison with that of the region.

• Management and programming of the electronic devices either separately or in groups.


The solution proposed by GreenWave Reality is composed of the following main

elements:

PowerNode: this is a smart adaptor at the power source that connects its devices to

the power outlets and to its electricity management system. When the devices are

connected to the PowerNodes, they are available to the Energy Portal through the

gateway connection, and thus may be managed. PowerNodes have been developed for

one or six ports.

Gateway: this connects to the grid router. It connects automatically to the PowerNodes

and acts as an interface for the devices.

Energy portal: Online system that uses a web browser or smartphone application made

up of three areas: the viewer (for general consumption by type or room), the control

screen (information on consumption and action on the devices) and the smart control

toolbar (configuration and creation of operating modes).

Fig. 84 shows a diagram of this system (See Index of figures, page 162).

The PowerNodes are connected to the Internet through the Gateway via Z-Wave,

and at the same time by a Ethernet connection to the router. The energy portal can

be consulted from any Internet access point, whether using a viewer, smartphone

application or the website.

GNRGY. The product developed, wirelessly controls connected loads by means of

sockets adapters such as that shown in Fig. 85 (See Index of figures, page 162).

The system allows a high flexibility of programming and actuation of loads depending

on the hourly price of the electricity, enabling loads to be switched on/off by means of a

PC or smartphone.

Fig. 86 shows a diagram of this system.

SMARTCITY MALAGA118

ISOTROL. The EUGENE system developed by ISOTROL has the EUGENE HOME version,

especially designed for users without technical or specialised knowledge of energy

or electricity. This system is aimed at the domestic sector and SMEs (shops and small

business or offices).

It provides access to the system through the Internet or smartphones, to obtain

information about and control the energy consumption without the need to be present

at the installation.

This system enables active management of the demand; see section 3.2.

Fig. 86. Diagram of the GNRGY system

GNRGYSystem

Power Analysis

ZigBee Wireless

Remote & LocalManagement

Power Automation

BillingSmartphone Access

Mesh Topology

Energy ProvidersAPI


In the area of electric vehicles, a demonstration was developed in the Smartcity Malaga

project: a two-way recharge point for electric vehicles that allows the implementation of

V2G (Vehicle to Grid) technology, and the adaptation of a conventional electric vehicle

to give it the aforementioned two-way capabilities.

This is the first public V2G point in Europe which is integrated in AC in a real electricity

grid with two-way directionality (from the grid to the car and from the car to the grid).

Simultaneously, the first electric vehicle in Europe to be used as a fleet vehicle has been

launched in the city, used by Endesa, and adapted to inject its excess energy into the

grid.

This is an important step in the development of smart grids for electricity, that need

tools to optimise the production and distribution of electrical energy, by improving the

balance of supply and demand between producers and consumers.

The developments and the integration of the demonstration have involved the creation

of the specific test protocols necessary for the validation of the technology, the analysis

of its influence on the grid quality and, in terms of the protection system, the study of

the real integration of the V2G infrastructure in the microgrid of Smartcity Malaga with

conclusions for the future development of V2G systems.

The characteristics of the units used in the demonstration are:

Two-way V2G vehicle system (AC/DC). This system, installed inside the vehicle,

complementing the original recharge system, was developed specifically within the

scope of the Smartcity Malaga project, given the need to provide it with the V2G

capacity it lacked.

New products in the electric vehicles sector

SMARTCITY MALAGA120

The system acts on the batteries, according to set points that are submitted to it from

the V2G recharge point, and enables the vehicle to be both charged and discharged. Its

key characteristics are:

• Cooling system: forced air

• Rated voltage (AC): 400 V

• Rated frequency: 50 Hz

• AC power supply: 14 kW

• Degree of protection: IP 20

• Dimensions of the envelope (width × height × depth): 800×678×800 mm

• Weight: 95 kg

V2G recharge point. The recharge point, designed, constructed and commissioned

specifically for Smartcity Malaga presents the characteristics shown in Table 3:

Fig. 88 and Fig. 89 show a diagram of the charge and discharge connection structure of

the electric vehicle.

The correct deployment by the electric vehicles (V2G) work group included:

• Providing the project with conventional electric vehicle: Micro-Vett (Fiat) Fiorino.

• The design and implementation of the power, control and filter systems and the

two-way sockets in the vehicle, giving it V2G capacity for charging and discharging its

batteries according to external set points.


Table 3. Characteristics of the recharge point

Functional characteristics

Detection of connected vehicle Schuko presence detector / Mennekes warning light

Activation/deactivation of the system RFID / user login

Management of the load of the connection point load Individually per unit

Retention/release of the connector + protection of the socket

Sliding cover + electromechanical lock / Mennekes interlocking system

Ongoing verification of the integrity of the earthing conductor

yes

CommunicationsEthernet via PLC modem. MODBUS RTU communications for iSocket connection of V2G charger

Construction specifications

Surface temperature permittedUNE EN 61851-22For ambient temperature of 40°C

Degree of water-tightness IP54

Mechanical protection rating IK10

Operating range and immunity.Range of climatic conditions. Mechanical impacts and stability. Electromagnetic interference.

UNE EN 61851-22

Marking and instructions for use UNE EN 61851-22

Electrical characteristics

Number of sockets 2 (1 single-phase, 1 three-phase)

Maximum charge powerSingle-phase socket: 3.7 kWThree-phase socket: 12.5 kW

Type of connector(s) Schuko mode 2 / Mennekes mode 3

Number of phases Three-phase

Frequency 50 Hz

Voltage 230 V / 400 V

Maximum current16 A in single-phase socket / 32 A in three-phase socket

General protection

Three-phase magnetothermic switch 63 A, curve D, motorised

General differential 63 A, 30 mA

Protection against overvoltage Class II overvoltage spark gap

Mechanical characteristics

Dimensions 1700 x 500 x 550 mm

Approximate weight 300 kg

Finish Stainless steel, blue vinyl

SMARTCITY MALAGA122

Fig. 88. Connection diagram of the charger with the recharge point

Batteries

BMSiSocket

BidirectionalDC/ACInverter

V2GCharge Point

PLCModem

Mennekes

EthernetConnector

Fig. 89. Details of the structure of the control and communications components

CAN/232

GRIDBatteries

BMS

DC AC

iSocket


PLCModem

ModbusTCP

Control board

P, Q


• The design and implementation of safe, efficient and smart sockets, developing a

recharge point suitable for public roads and outdoor use, with V2G capacity.

• The design and implementation of the programming system and the communication

system with the electric vehicle, the recharge point and the Smartcity Malaga grid

(based on the development of ICT).

• The laboratory validation of the sockets and the V2G function of the electric vehicle

and recharge point.

• The installation of the V2G recharge point on a public road and its connection to the

Smartcity Malaga microgrid, which is part of the Malaga distribution grid.

• The development of a complete, specific protocol of tests for the V2G charging and

discharging of the vehicle connected to the recharge point in a real environment as an

element integrated in the grid.

The following figures (Fig. 90 and Fig. 91) shows details of the products developed (See

Index of figures, page 162 and 163).

The work described has led to:

• An initial study that analysed the grid’s protection to determine how it is affected and

what would be the optimum integration of the V2G systems. Moreover, the impact

of these new systems on the protection systems already installed on the grid were

analysed to study the possible lack of co-ordination that may occur and, thus, how

this can be avoided.

SMARTCITY MALAGA124

Fig. 90. Adapted electric vehicle and the V2G recharge point developed. Details of the recharge point


• A second study to determine the effect on the energy quality in the distribution grid

after the integration of V2G technology, analysing the energy supply parameters,

including the level of voltage distortions and fluctuation, and comparing them with

the established standards.

• A study on the impact of the V2G systems on the electric grid and their behaviour,

based on on-site analysis work, to provide conclusions. A set of recommendations

has been obtained, both for the construction of units with these characteristics and

for the energy retailers and distributors of electrical energy, which will enable future

developments and their efficient implementation in the electric grid.

SMARTCITY MALAGA126

The Smartcity Malaga project in figures

127THE SMARTCITy MALAGA PROJECT IN FIGURES

Some relevant data on the area of the distribution grid in the city of Malaga, targeted by

the Smartcity Malaga project, can be found below.

• 5 MV lines (20 kV), with 40 km of circuits

• 72 communicated MV/LV transformer substations

• 300 industrial, 900 commercial and 11,000 domestic customers

• 63 MW of contract demand

• 70 GWh/year of consumption, which represents the emission of 28,000 tons of CO2

per year

The project’s ultimate aim was to transfer the 2020 objectives of the European Union on

the issues of environmental and energy to actions, which entailed achieving:

• A 20% share of energy from renewable sources in the final gross consumption

• A 20% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in comparison with 1990 levels

• A 20% reduction in the consumption of primary energy with regard to baseline levels

An increase in the use of renewable energy

The aim of the Smartcity Malaga project was to achieve a greater integration of

renewable energy sources within the electricity grid. The main advantage lies in

the fact that these types of energy are cleaner than the conventional generation

processes associated with fossil fuels. This must be added to the advantages

of bringing generation to consumption, which involves a reduction in energy

losses on the transmission grid and enables better use of the existing distribution

infrastructures.

SMARTCITY MALAGA128

By developing the technologies deployed in this project, it has demonstrated how it is

possible to achieve a sharp increase in the use of generation from renewable energy

sources. The following graph (Fig. 92) shows how the increase in use of renewable

energy developed over time, between October 2012 and January 2013, through the

representation of the daily and monthly calculation values, in other words, the average

value in the last 24 hours or 30 days, respectively.

This graph shows how, despite the fluctuation in the daily values, mainly due to

arbitrariness and variability of renewable energy sources, the monthly average value of

the objective stands at around 15%.

Reduction of CO2 emissions

The objective for savings in terms of CO2 emissions in the project stands at 20% of

the annual consumption, which can be translated into around 6,000 tonnes of CO2

annually, only in the area dealt with in the project. This is a clear illustration of the social

and environmental benefit and the sustainability of this kind of initiative.

Therefore, the development of the technology in this project contributes to the

reduction of the ecological footprint in the Smartcity Malaga area. The following graph

(Fig. 93) shows how the reduction of CO2 emissions develops over time, between

October 2012 and January 2013, through daily and monthly calculation curves.

As the graph indicates, the average monthly value, which shows the trend more

markedly than the daily graph, stands at over 15%. This reduction in CO2 emissions

essentially comes from the savings achieved in the consumption due to public lighting

and customers with a high contract demand (SMEs and the residential segment), as

well as the reduction of technical losses of energy, the use of electric vehicles, and the

generation from medium and low voltage renewable energy sources in the area.


Energy efficiency improvement

The aim of the initiatives in this project is to contribute to making better use of the

available resources, attempting to reduce the losses of the different systems which make

up the grid as much as possible, and providing end-users with different technology and

applications which allow them to efficiently use their energy.

The following graph (Fig. 94) shows how the improvement in energy efficiency develops

over time, from October 2012 and January 2013, through daily and monthly calculation

curves.

25

20

15

10

5

0

01/10/20120:00

01/11/20120:00

01/12/20120:00

01/01/20130:00

Daily Average Monthly Average

Fig. 92. Increase in the use of renewable energy

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

001/10/2012

0:0001/11/2012

0:0001/12/2012

0:0001/01/2013

0:00


Fig. 93. Reduction of CO2 emissions

SMARTCITY MALAGA130

In this case, the monthly value is above 25%. This energy efficiency improvement is

based on:

• The efficiency of the distribution system, which undergoes an overall reduction in the

energy demand in the area, due primarily to the high availability and capacity of the

cogeneration plant, a flattening of the demand curve, and a reduction of technical

losses at all voltage levels.

• Efficiency in energy consumption, which includes all the local actions developed

within the project: a reduction in the consumption of public lighting, a reduction in

the consumption by customers with a high contract demand (SMEs and the residential

segment), each with their own particularities, an increase in the use of renewable

energy resources through storage systems and usage of electric vehicles with V2G

technology, and greater efficiency of the data processing systems used in the project.

It is worth mentioning that the implementation of monitoring and control systems

for several consumers has enabled, on one hand, more extensive information to be

gained for the user and, on the other, measures to be implemented for evaluating the

generated savings.

A group of 50 participants were chosen for this study, in accordance with their

consumption and technical knowledge, with the aim of guaranteeing effective use of

the monitoring devices, of which 25 were included in the detailed analysis. The testing

phase began in December 2011.

The participants’ patterns of consumption were evaluated, comparing the total bill

during the analysis period (January-June 2012) with an earlier period (2008-2011). As

shown in the following graph (Fig. 95), 42% of the participants achieved an important

reduction in their consumption (above 10%), while 33% of the participants maintained

their prior level of consumption, with variations around +10% and -10%. In contrast,

the remaining 25% increased their consumption by more than 10%. Nevertheless,


and in a study of this nature, it is not easy to ensure that the changes observed in the

consumption patterns are exclusively motivated by the installation of these energy

efficiency devices, as they may be also due to external circumstances such as the current

economic situation, the replacement of older household appliances with new, more

efficient equipment or a change in the tenants.

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

001/10/2012

0:0001/11/2012

0:0001/12/2012

0:0001/01/2013

0:00


Fig. 94. Improvement of energy efficiency

50

40

30

20

10

0

–10

–20

–30

–40

%

Consumption reduced (>10%) Increased consumption (>10%)Constant consumption

4418

4145

4177

4393

4394

4391

4169

4397

4168

4422

4172

4175

4416

4142

4399

4181

4426

4148

4395

4400

4390

4388

4389

4396

Fig. 95. The consumption trends obtained

SMARTCITY MALAGA132

Impact of the project

133IMPACT OF THE PROJECT

For the city of Malaga, the Smartcity Malaga project has meant the introduction of a

large-scale laboratory for future smart grid technology, which has turned Malaga into a

window into the world of these technologies.

This “living lab” has entailed the modernisation of the electricity distribution grid in the

implementation area, providing it with infrastructures that enhances its operation and,

at the same time, allows the expansion to the wide range of functions that the grid has,

some of which are described in this document. The deployment of communications,

systems, sensors, etc., leaves the door open to new smart grid applications.

During the Smartcity Malaga project, it has received numerous visits to its Monitoring

and Control Centre, an office located on the “Antonio Banderas” promenade, in the

heart of the area where the project has been implemented. This centre is the place

where visitors can see first-hand how the project is progressing, and it houses a data

processing centre for monitoring the key performance indicators (KPIs) of the project.

The most important visits received include:

• J. Panek and M. Sánchez, EC Directorate General for Energy

• Cristina Garmendia, Ex-Minister of Science And Innnovation

• Trinidad Jiménez, Ex-Minister of Foreign Affairs

• Delegation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and the Environment, Spain

• CDTI, Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology

• CNE, National Energy Commission

• Minister of Energy, Chile

• Senator Douglas Cameron, Australia

• Joe Cooper, United Kingdom Embassy

• Zhu Bangzao, Ambassador of China in Spain

• Delegation of the Government of Estonia

• Delegation of the Government of Mongolia

• OECD, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

• NEDO, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation, Japan

• JETRO, Japan External Trade Organisation

• University of Texas, USA

• University of Delft, the Netherlands

SMARTCITY MALAGA134

• OSINERGMIN, Organism for Investment Control in Energy and Mining, energy

supervisory body, Peru

• ANEEL, National Electric Energy Agency, Brazil

• Energy Regulating Body in the Province of Mendoza, Argentina

• General Management of Red.es

• IDEA, Institute for Diversification and Energy Saving

• CIEMAT, Energy, Environment and Technology Research Centre

• CENER, National Renewable Energy Centre

• Energy Industries Committee, Spanish Quality Association

• General Directorate of Industries, Energy and Mines, Regional Government of

Andalusia

• General Secretary of Innovation, Industry and Energy, Regional Government of

Andalusia

• ORSE, Regional Body for Mediation of the Electricity Services, Andalusia

• IDEA, Innovation and Development Agency of Andalusia

• EXTENDA, Agency of Foreign Promotion of Andalusia

• Francisco De La Torre, Mayor of Malaga

• Mirinho Braga, Mayor of Búzios (Brazil)

• Department of Innovation, City Council of Malaga

• Municipal Energy Agency

• Works Department of the Municipal Housing Institute, Malaga

• Professional Association of Technical Architects and Quantity Surveyors, Malaga

• Students from the Master in Environmental Studies and Bioclimatic Architecture,

Professional Association of Technical Architects and Quantity Surveyors, Malaga

• ProMalaga Foundation

• CIEDES Foundation

• Regional Ministry of Industry, Aragon

• Delegation of the Alhama Town Hall, Murcia

• Municipal Business Centre, Gijón


This project has been a call to action for other international projects; initiatives that have

been developed in the city through Smartcity Malaga. Similarly, it is complemented with

other closely linked initiatives:

• G4V (www.g4v.eu/)

• Green eMotion (www.greenemotion-project.eu)

• Zem2All (www.zem2all.com)

• Emtech MIT (www.technologyreview.com/emtech/)

• Malaga Valley (www.Malagavalley.com/)

• Greencities Forum (www.fycma.com/greencities.asp)

• ELIH-MED (www.elih-med.eu)

• Cluster Smartcity

• IBM Foundation

• LUCy Efficient lighting Congress

• VICTORIA Project

For its part, and based on the experience gained in the Smartcity Malaga project, Enel

Group, of which Endesa forms part, has started to develop new Smartcity projects, in

Barcelona, Búzios (Brazil), El Hierro, Santiago de Chile or Ciudad Salitre in Bogotá.

SMARTCITY MALAGA136

Enel is one of the world’s largest electrical service companies and is the main private

operator in Latin America. It has an installed capacity of more than 97,000 MW and

1.8 million kilometres of electric lines, serving more than 60 million customers in 40

countries on four continents.

Smart Cities are starting to emerge in different parts of the world as a comprehensive

proposal to guarantee the sustainable energy development of the cities of the future.

Many initiatives have already been implemented by Enel Group in Malaga, Barcelona,

Bari, Genoa, Búzios, among others.

Enel’s International Experience

SmartcityBarcelona

SmartcityGénova

SmartcityBari

SmartcityMalaga

SmartcityEl Hierro

SmartcityBúzios

SmartcitySantiago


Barcelona

On the same basis as the Smartcity Malaga project, the

project for the modernisation of the electricity supply system

in Barcelona aims to develop a smart grid, to enable greater

savings and efficient and sustainable management. Thus, the

city is being prepared for this future energy model, based on

values that contribute to the economic and social progress

of the area. New automation systems, efficient lighting with

control systems, systems for charging electric vehicles and

the necessary ICTs have been installed, which will entail an

investment of more than 100 million euros. In the first stage,

50,000 customers will benefit and a grid will be managed

comprising 7 substations, 85 medium voltage lines, 568

distribution centres and a contracted power of 527,000 kW

which will be gradually rolled out to the whole city. Fig. 97

shows a graphic overview of the main figures of the Smartcity

Barcelona project.

Since the end of November 2012, Smartcity Barcelona also

has a Control and Monitoring Centre located in an energy

efficient house in the Olympic Village. Its renewable energy

production comes from solar panels placed on the roof,

which are used to supply all the internal energy consumption.

It functions as an exhibition space explaining the Smartcity

that is being developed in Barcelona.

SMARTCITY MALAGA138

Fig. 96. Smart Grid Service Centre. Smartcity Barcelona

Fig. 97. Smartcity Barcelona. Scopes and figures

INSTAL. POWER (kw)391,820

CONT. DEM. (kw)527,044

Remote controls36

ICC monitored210

Subestations7

DSs568

MV Lines85

Number of customers49,790

Domestic42,865

Services6,367

Industrial568


Búzios (Brazil)

The Cidade Inteligente Búzios project, developed in Brazil, is based on the same

philosophy of automating the distribution grid. In addition to these activities, the

transformation of the distribution grid involves an initial deployment of more than 200

smart meters, 30 streetlamps with LED technology, the installation of recharging points

for electric vehicles, the integration of distributed energy resources, such as a wind

turbine and a solar installation, and the commissioning of a Control and Monitoring

Centre.

Fig. 98. Areas of work in Búzios, Brazil

SMARTCITY MALAGA140

El Hierro

Another project that takes advantage of the experience and developments of Smartcity

Malaga is the Smart Island project, on the island of El Hierro, which combines the

deployment of electric mobility technologies, the integration of renewable energy and

storage, and remote management systems, seeking to achieve the maximum level of

energy self-sufficiency, something fundamental on an island.

El Hierro presents attractive conditions in which the implementation of electric vehicle

can be a progressive example of a sustainable model, thanks to the support of the

government, the existence of a Sustainable Mobility Management Plan, and the

geographic conditions of the territory.

In this case, we can speak of the Smart Island concept, achieving a 100% renewable

energy island with the commissioning of the hydro-wind power plant on the island (Fig.

100), which, in combination with the complete introduction of the electric vehicle, will

allow it to become a zero-emissions island.

Table 4. Principal values, El Hierro

Values

Upper tank 500,000 m3, altitude: 714 m

Lower tank 150,000 m3, altitude: 60 m

Wind farm 11.5 MW

Hydroelectric generation 4×2.8 MW, total 11.2 MW

Pumping station 6×0.5 MW + 2×1.5 MW

Connection 20 kV network of the insular system

Insular peak demand 7.5 MW

Demand coverage 100% power, 70% energy

Avoided CO2 emissions 21,000 tonnes/year

Construction budget €61 million


Fig. 100. Diagram of the hydro-wind power plant on El Hierro

UPPER TANK

VALVE HOUSE

VALVE HOUSE

REINFORCED PIPES

LA ESTACA PORT

HyDROELECTRIC PLANT

MICROWIND SUBSTATION AND PUMPING PLANT

LLANOS BLANCOS DIESEL PLANT

LOWER TANK

WIND FARM

VALVERDE

SMARTCITY MALAGA142

Santiago de Chile

Smartcity Santiago is Chile’s first smart city prototype, currently being deployed in the

city’s business district. Here, the integration of technologies such as smart metering, grid

automation, electric vehicles, public lighting and distributed generation are going to

be tested, assessing their economic, technical and social aspects. The aim is to develop

a working plan in the Chilectra operating area, from the results of the real-scale

experimentation of these technologies

Smartcity Santiago will integrate different initiatives combining innovation, efficiency

and sustainability:

• Implementation of smart home with home automation system.

• Electric public transport: Buses and taxis.

• Installation of a charging station.

• Installation of smart meters with two-way communication.

• Solar technology for water heating.

• Photovoltaic generation system.

• Data signs with variable messaging in bus stops.

• LED public lighting.

• Ornamental lighting for green areas.

• Free-access public Wi-Fi and broadband for mobile phones.

Smartcity Santiago has already begun the development of the different projects, in

addition to building an interactive showroom, which will be used for academic and

research purposes and from where the projects’ evolution can be monitored and

recorded.


Fig. 101. Scheme of the first prototype Smartcity of Chile

SMARTCITY MALAGA144

The electric grid of the future

145THE ELECTRIC GRID OF THE FUTURE

The electric grid of the future, or smart grid, will be an electric grid that will integrate

the actions of all the users in an intelligent way, whether generators, consumers or a

combination of both, with the aim of supplying electric energy in efficiently, sustainably,

economically and safely. To do this, it will use sensors, signal processing systems and

digital communications that will allow the grid to be observed, controlled, automated –

with the possibility of adjustment and self-healing– and fully integrated; in other words,

with full operational capacity with the current systems and able to incorporate new

energy resources.

Fig. 103 shows a diagram where we can see, from the outside in, the motivations, the

new features that are being developed in the smart grid and the technology that is

making it possible.

In the last few years, the smart grid concept has moved from being a term used in the

scientific community into a recognised need in all energy settings, due to the following

factors:

• The battle against climate change promoted in Europe with the policy commonly

known as 20/20/20: this establishes the need to produce energy free of CO2 and to

improve efficiency, which motivates greater market penetration of renewable energy

and a more efficient use of the electric grids.

• Optimisation of the electricity distribution infrastructure: The average power use

of a distribution grid is less than 50% of its maximum capacity; nevertheless, the

electric companies are forced to make significant investments year after year to satisfy

demand peaks that occur less than 1% of the time, to meet safety and quality supply

requirements. A better managed grid would reduce the need for investment in new

infrastructures and in the renewal of the existing ones, ensuring or improving the

current safety and quality supply standards for the consumers.

• Improvement of the efficiency: Technological developments make it possible to use

less and less energy to obtain the same parameters of use for a particular element:

lighting, appliances, electric air conditioning, etc. These new technologies must be

incorporated in the different processes.

SMARTCITY MALAGA146

Fig. 103. Smart grids

Tariffs

Services

Distributed storageADM

Variable tariffs

Intelligence ofdistributed grid

Distributedgeneration

Grid automationRemote control

SensorsIED

Smart meters

Generationand storage

ICT

Power

electronics

Optimisa-tion,

operationand controlof the grid

20/20/20Renewable

energy

Electricvehicles

New customer

needs

Efficiency

Needs

Functions

Technology


• New needs of the end user: as the critical loads connected to the electricity system

continue to increase so do the end users demand for a greater reliability and quality

of the consumed energy. This occurs at both household, for requirements of comfort,

and industrial levels, due to quality production requirements. At the same time,

users are aware of the significant savings that can be obtained when adapting their

consumption conditions.

• Electric vehicles: the electrification of transport is one of the most important steps

being made towards the decarbonisation of our society. This change involves a series

of technological challenges, several of which concern electric grids and the generation

system. This is the case for the impact on the electric grid of charging batteries; on

one hand, the problems that may occur if a lot of vehicles are charged at the same

time causing the grid to become saturated; moreover, the use of power electronics

for the energy management of the batteries can lead to problems related to supply

quality; and finally, only if the energy comes from renewable sources will it be

producing a positive effect on the environment.

To respond to all the needs set out in the paragraphs above and to obtain any additional

advantages, the electricity grid of the future will have the following functions:

Remote management: remote metering and management of consumption, which

allows us to determine the energy usage profiles of the consumer, thus making it possible

to offer a wider range of tariffs and services adapted to the needs of each end user.

Automated management of the distribution grid: this function enables the grid

to be operated automatically in the event of incidents or malfunction, so the system

performs an automatic reconfiguration, restoring the service within a short space of time

and undertaking predictive maintenance of the infrastructure, which also optimises the

management of the grid by the distribution operator.

Distributed generation: small generators, with both renewable and non-renewable

energy sources, distributed and connected in areas near the consumption sites,

avoid losses associated with transmission and make more efficient use of the grid

infrastructure and the local energy resources.

SMARTCITY MALAGA148

Distributed storage: energy storage devices distributed in the smart grid, near the

consumption sites, so they allow flexibility in energy management and flatten the

demand curve with their charging or discharging depending on the needs of the system

as a whole. To utilise distributed storage in the grid and enable some of the functions

associated with this technology, storage technology needs to evolve substantially. Energy

storage may be a very important asset in the grid, but, for this it is necessary to reduce

the cost of the technology and, at the same time, increase the energy density and

thereby decrease the volume and weight of the devices to be able to implement it in the

smart grid.

Active demand management: this enables the electricity distributor to manage some

loads connected to the grid based on the customer’s behaviour and within a range

of comfort defined by the end user, optimising the energy management through an

advanced service that provides information on consumption in real time and enables

forecasts to be made of the demand to get ahead of the consumption and invoicing.

New energy services: The smart grid facilitates the emergence of new energy services

such as the aggregators for consumption at several locations (multi-site companies) or

the duplicity of generation and consumption by the same user connected to the grid,

benefiting the grid users. Additional functions that may be carried out with suitable

development of specific technology especially designed for the smart grid concept.

Smart metering systems: these systems installed at the point of consumption allow

for remote metering and characterisation of the patterns in energy usage. In addition,

they are directly connected to the distributor enabling the consumption readings and

actuation in real time.

ICT: Information and communications technology is fundamental for the deployment

of smart grids. The need to send and receive information is vital in ensuring advanced

management of the grid. This technology, whether wired or wireless, is essential if we

are going to have the necessary information and to have it in real time, as well as being

able to send the set points that enable the functions of the smart grid.


Power electronics: the connection of new devices to the current grid, such as

distributed generation or storage, and the deployment of specific equipment to verify

the grid quality are based on power electronics; technology that allows the control of

the energy flows between the different parts of the electricity system.

The Smartcity Malaga project, with its focus on smart grids, has been a continuation of

the evolution of electric grids towards smart grids. The activities completed within the

framework of this project and the experience gained has consolidated the city of Malaga

and its energy infrastructure as a pioneer and world leader in smart grid technology.

Thanks to the results obtained, the Smartcity Malaga project has provided us with a

clearer vision of the idea of smart grids in harmony with the rest of society, consolidating

the steps that are necessary for smart grids to become a reality.

SMARTCITY MALAGA150

AC: Alternating Current

ADA: Advanced Distribution Automation

AFE: Active Front End Converter

AGC: Automatic Gain Control

ADMS: Active Demand Management System

AICIA: Asociación de Investigación y Cooperación Industrial de Andalucía

AMI: Advanced Metering Infrastructure

ANEEL: Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica

BMS: Battery Management System

BP: Boundary Point

BPL: Broadband over Power Lines

CAN: Controller Area Network

CDTI: Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial

CENER: Centro Nacional de Energías Renovables

CIEDES: Centro de Investigaciones Estratégicas y de Desarrollo Económico

y Social

CIEMAT: Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales

y Tecnológicas

CIRCE: Centro de Investigación de Recursos y Consumos Energéticos

CNE: Comisión Nacional de Energía

CPE: Customer Premises Equipment

CPU: Central Processing Unit

CRU: Compact Remote Unit

DC: Direct Current

DER: Distributed Energy Resources

DG: Distributed Generation

DS: MV/LV Distribution Substation

DSS: Domestic Storage System

EC: European Commission

Abbreviations and acronyms

151ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONyMS

ESC: Energy Services Company

EVA: Ethylene-vinyl Acetate

FS: First Switching

FO: Fibre Optics

GPRS: General Packet Radio Service

HV: High Voltage

IBM: International Business Machines

ICT: Information and Communications Technology

IDAE: Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía

IDEA: Agencia de Innovación y Desarrollo de Andalucía

IED: Intelligent Electronic Device

IP: Internet Protocol

IREC: Instituto de Investigación en Energía de Cataluña

JETRO: Japan External Trade Organization

KPI: Key Performance Indicator

LED: Light-Emitting Diode

LV: Low Voltage

LVM: Low Voltage Monitoring

mDER: mini Generation and storage

MPLS: Multiprotocol Label Switching

MV: Medium Voltage

NEDO: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization

OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

ORSE: Órgano Regional de Mediación del Servicio Eléctrico

OSINERGMIN: Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión en Energía y Minería

OSPF: Open Shortest Path First

PC: Personal Computer

PLC: Power Line Carrier

Profibus: PROcess FIeld BUS

SMARTCITY MALAGA152

PV: Photovoltaic

RFID: Radio Frequency IDentification

RTU: Remote Terminal Unit

SaaS: Software as a Service

SABT: Supervisión Avanzada de Baja Tensión

SAIDI: Sistema de Almacenamiento Doméstico

SAIDI: System Average Interruption Duration Index

SAIFI: System Average Interruption Frequency Index

SCADA: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SME: Small and Medium Enterprises

SOC: State Of Charge

SS: Substation

TCP: Transmission Control Protocol

THD: Total Harmonic Distortion

TV: Television

VLAN: Virtual Local Area Network

VPN: Virtual Private Network

VRF: Virtual Routing and Forwarding

V2G: Vehicle to Grid

V2H: Vehicle to Home

Wi-Fi: Wireless Fidelity

WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

µDER: micro Generation and storage

153INDEX OF FIGURES

500

450

400

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WP01: Proyect managing and monitoring

WP04: Telecommunications

WP0

3: H

arm

on

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h D

ENIS

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WP0

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per

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eplo

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WP05

WP06

WP07

WP10

WP09

WP11

WP08

WP12

Fig. 1. Architecture of the Smart Grid (p. 15)

Fig. 9. General view of the Smartcity Malaga area, with the DS integrated in the communication network (p. 31)

Fig. 8. Analysis of the different technology available in the Smartcity Malaga area, for the mean daily demand in summer (p. 28)

Fig. 7. Analysis of the different technology available in the Smartcity Malaga area, for the mean daily demand in winter (p. 28)

Fig. 6. Mean daily load curve of each of the MV lines (20 KV) of Smartcity Malaga in July 2010 (p. 27)

Fig. 5. Mean daily load curve of each of the MV lines (20 KV) of Smartcity Malaga in January 2010 (p. 27)

Fig. 4. Distribution grid of Smartcity Malaga (p. 26)

Fig. 3. Structure of the Smartcity Malaga project (working groups) (p. 19)

Fig. 2. Distributed generation (pág. 18)

OM

S

CBM

SCADA EMS

DM

S

DSMCIS

COMCommunications

GIS

AMIAdvanced Meter Infraestructure

DER

Dist

ribut

ed E

nerg

y Re

sour

ces

AD

A

Advanced D

istribution Autom

ation

Index of Figures

SMARTCITY MALAGA154

Access

Access

Distribution Grid

VRF

VRF

VRF

VRF

VRF

VRF

VRF

VRF

daisy-chain

CE 1

CE 2

VRF

AccessMeshSegmentRing

Access

Distribution

MPLS Backbone

Fig. 18. Remote management project by Endesa: Maximum power (p. 38)

Fig. 17. Remote management project by Endesa: Daily curve for the consumption of active and reactive energy (p. 38)

Fig. 16. Remote management project by Endesa: Hourly curve for the consumption of active and reactive energy (p. 38)

Fig. 15. Concentrator installed by Endesa in Smartcity Malaga

Fig. 14. Installation of meters by an Endesa worker in Smartcity Malaga (p. 37)

Fig. 13. Close-up of the installation of meters by an Endesa worker in Smartcity Malaga (p. 36)

Fig. 12. Meter installed by Endesa in Smartcity Malaga

Fig. 11. Access grid (p. 34)Fig. 10. Topology of the communication network (p. 32)

155INDEX OF FIGURES

Solar Photovoltaic

Storage

Wind

Cogeneration

PM

MV LINE

Endesa distributionsubstation

Storage

Generation

Customer 1[P,Q]

Customer 2[P,Q]

Customer i[P,Q]

PM

PM

PM

PM

PM

PMMV Line

Distributionsubstations for

Storage

BATTERY

Connectionboard

&

Fuses

BMS

PLC-SCADABattery management Communication

Protection

Breaker

AFE Control& Communication

DSP

DC / AC

AC

DC

AFEDC BUS

550-800 V DC

Filter400 V AC

50 Hz

DSP

DC / DC

DC

DC

Pbat Pgrid / FPF

HV MV MV

SSiNode SE

iNode CT iNode CT iNode CT

2A PM 2B BP

HV MV MV

SS

2A PM 2B BP

Fig. 27. Diagram of the microgrid of the “Antonio Banderas” promenade in Malaga (p. 50)

Fig. 26. Distributed generation and storage in the Smartcity Malaga grid (p. 50)

Fig. 25. DS with consumption, generation and storage (p. 49)

Fig. 24. Distribution substation with storage connected to an MV node of the distribution grid (p. 48)

Fig. 23. Block diagram of the storage system (p. 47)

Fig. 22. LV line sensors

Fig. 21. LV switchboardFig. 20. Fault in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP. Scenario with communication between TS (p. 42)

Fig. 19. Fault in the MV line, between DS 2B and the BP (p. 41)

SMARTCITY MALAGA156

Grid

V 2H H E M S

V 2G

Retailer + ESC

Multisite Customer

Retailer

Customers

Aggregator /ESC

Distributor

CHARGERDC/AC

RS 485

CANbus

GRID

CONTROLU-BMS-HV

+

-

14U27-36XP

2 series strings of 7 modulesconnectedin parallel

Contactor

Contactor

Cristal de vidrio templado

Marco Hook (aluminio)

Black-Sheet

Etil-Vinilo-Acetato (EVA)

Caja de conexiones IP54(con diodos de protección)

Etil-Vinilo-Acetato (EVA)

Células de alto rendimiento

Fig. 36. Integration of electric vehicles with storage capacity and energy discharge (Source: http://www.itrco.jp/) (p. 60)

Fig. 35. Agents involved in active demand management (p. 58)

Fig. 34. Image of the cabinet installed and its interior with the storage batteries

Fig. 33. Diagram of the installation of the storage system equipment (p. 54)

Fig. 32. Installation of the PV-1 and PV-5 invertors

Fig. 31. Photovoltaic module model A-95P from ATERSA (p. 54)

Fig. 30. Streetlamps with integrated solar photovoltaic panels (p. 53)

Fig. 29. Micro-generation systems integrated in streetlamps (p. 52)

Fig. 28. Wind turbine UGE-4K

157INDEX OF FIGURES

102811

A5

A4

74229-HE

102810 74235 74234 74233 74232 74231

843-HE 390

312 307 402

A1

34940340462663

Palfeiras Photovoltaic

62637

391 392 395 396

101020 108839 83606 82333 82334 78657 78658 76161 80159

77457 60965

792

810 108734 801 802 797 799 74221 73551335-HE

7297 7300 7299 663 781-HE

102105 4780 7111 81478 HE-A4 CGS2520 HE-A1

PalFeiras Storage

104856-HE

69067

100975

74236

74237

74230

HE-A5

398-HE

389

394

387

397

314

72361

65293

324-HE

Show-Room

Arqueta

RAMOS SAN SEBASTIÁNPOLÍGONO

SECUNDARIA

PERCHEL

CIUDAD JARDÍN

MONTES

MIRAFLORESCEMENTOS CALA

AXARQUÍA

TORRE DEL MAR

MARYSOL

MIJAS

COSTASOL

MARBELLA

ALHAURÍN

PAREDONES

ANTEQUERA

S.E. TAJO C.B. TAJO

JARALILLOS

COMARES

VISOS

CGO

SALA BARCO CALONGE

CORTIJO COLORADO

CASABERMEJA

LOS REALES

CASARES

RTU

RTU

RTU

RTU

RTU

RTU

RTU

RTU

RTU

RTU

OPD 64 kbit/s

PDH 64 kbit/s

OPD 64 kbit/sA IZNÁJARInterconnection to Grid 3 TRAME

A ALMADÉN Interconnection to Grid 3 TRAME

RTU

PDH 64 kbit/s

2 FE

3 FE2 FE

3 UMPC

RTU

4 UMPC

TSUNAMI

TSUNAMI

Leased lineSmart CityiNodes, iSockets…

TSUNAMI

BENALMÁDENA

OPD 64 kbit/sA STO. TOMÁSInterconnection to Grid 5 TRAME

AWY 9415

AWY 9415

RTU

APRISA

APRISA

APRISA

APRISA

RTU

RTU ALCATEL 9470

ALCATEL 9470

8 UMPC

RTU

1 UMPC

2 UMPC

TRAME +

MOLLINA

RTU

Router 2911

Switch CGS2520

SDH BG-20

ME 3400

A BECERREROInterconnection to Grid 3 TRAME

Centros de ControlSe redundarán a posteriori

ALCATEL 9470

OPD 64 kbit/s

ALCATEL 9470

RTU

TRAME +

NERJA

GBEFESTM-1 (EoSDH)2 Mbit/s (E1-SDH/PDH grid)2 Mbit/s (E1-Radiolink)64 kbit/s (V.35 -OPD or PDH)64 kbit/s (Eth-Radioenlace)

TelecontrolDistribution service

OyM TELECOM

UPPERTANK

SANTOPITAR

RTU

4 UMPC

RTU

RTU

RTU

ME 3400

RTURTU

Retailer+ESC

Multisite customer

Retailer

Customers

Aggregator /ESC

1. Grid solutions5. Load Prediction

8. Send Confirmation

6. Revised aggregation

7. Acception/Rejectionof the proposal

3. P

lan

nin

g

9. E

xecu

te t

he

revi

sed

pla

n

2. Ta

riffs

2. Request

Retailer +ESC

Multisite customer

Retailer

Customers

Aggregator /ESC

1. Tariffs

6. P

urc

has

e in

th

e m

arke

t

4. Load Prediction

5. Prediction bythe aggregator

3. P

lan

nin

g3.

Pla

nn

ing

2. Ta

riffs

2. Tariffs

0:00

2:00

4:00

6:00

8:00

10:0

0

12:0

0

14:0

0

16:0

0

18:0

0

20:0

0

22:0

0

Fig. 45. Deployed WiMAX gridFig. 44. Physical diagram of the access grid deployed (p. 76)

Fig. 43. PLC/WiMAX routers

Fig. 42. Examples of couplingFig. 41. Physical diagram of the fibre optic grid deployed (p. 74)

Fig. 40. ADMS power diagram (p. 69)

Fig. 39. ADMS Energy diagram (p. 69)Fig. 38. V2G recharge point implemented in Smartcity Malaga (p. 62)

Fig. 37. Flattening of the demand curve by electric vehicles and V2G recharge points (Source: Red Eléctrica de España) (p. 61)

SMARTCITY MALAGA158

Supervisión BTekorUCT(ekorCCP)

ekorRCI

ekorGID

ekorEVTCControl center

HV MV MV

SS iNode DS iNode DS iNode DS

2A PM 2B BP

HV MV MV

SSiNode SE

iNode DS iNode DS iNode DS

2A PM 2B BP

I1. Decrease demand feeder

I2. Flatten the demand curve

I3. Decrease technical losses

I4. Decrease lighting consump.

I5. Decrease cons. high cust. P contr.

I6. Decrease cons. Res. and SMEs

I7. Increase Cons/Gen EV

I8. Improve Efic. cons. SMCT

I9. Total % of RE generation

I10. % Genertion RE in MV

I11. % Generation RE in LV

I12. Decrease CO2 emmisions

I13. Improve zonal quality

I14. Improve grid wave quality

I15. Improve detection prec. LV

O1. Efficiency of Distribution System

MO1. Improve energy efficiency

I16. Improve Opt. Response MV

O2. Consumption Efficiency

MO2. Increase use of RE

I17. Extend life of transformers

O3. Increase use of RE

MO3. Reduce Emmisions

I18. Extend life of breakers

O4. Reduce Emmisions

MO4. Others

I19. Extend cable lifetime

O5. Quality

I20. Reduce breakdown costs

O6. Extend life of Installation

I21. Reduce Maintenance costs

O7. Reduce Maint. & breakdown costs

Indicators Objectives Macro-objetives

Control PanelDisplay

LocalConsumptionManagement

Electric DistributionGrid with

New Services

In-Home and In-CompanyEfficiency Sstems

Electric Mobility Services:Charging, V2G...

Public Lighting

Efficient ElectricSystems

Distribution Control SmartcityIntelligence

Remote managementSmartMetering

CommunicationMonitoring

DistributionSystems

Consumption Control

Home/CompanyEnergy Management

Electric VehiclesManagement

Public LightingManagement

Energy Efficiencfy

Dat

a A

dqui

sito

n

Smar

tCity

Mal

aga

Con

trol

and

Mon

itorin

g C

ente

r

CommunicationDevices

Internet

Act

ive

Dem

and

Man

agem

ent

Fig. 54. ekorGID unit in DS 307 GuindosFig. 53. Diagram of automated distribution substation (p. 83)

Fig. 52. Fault in the MV line, between distribution substation 2B and the BP. Scenario with communication between distribution substations and control centre (p. 82)

Fig. 51. Fault in the MV line, between distribution substation 2B and the BP. Scenario with communication between distribution substations and iNodes (p. 81)

Fig. 50. Interface associated with TS 80159

Fig. 49. Functional diagram of the Smartcity Malaga grid

Fig. 48. Detailed interface of the macro-objectives (p. 79)

Fig. 47. Tree diagram of the relationships between indicators, objectives and macro-objectives (p. 78)

Fig. 46. Diagram of the different systems implemented (p. 77)

159INDEX OF FIGURES

MV

LV

HV

MV

iNode CT

iNode e.s.

HV GRID

HV control centre

iSocket

iSocket

iSocket

Generador -> Malaga -> ALMACENAMIENTO -> ALMACENAMIENTO -> Terminal 1 -> Potencia activa (kW)

SUPERVISIÓN MTPaso de Falta

Medidas V, I, P, QAlarmas

AUTOMATIZACIÓNTelecontrol

AutomatismosServidor Web

mantenimiento(Paso de falta, V, I, P,

Q Alarmas)

COMUNICACIONESPLC-MTGPRS

Fibra ópticaRadio

SUPERVISIÓN BTMedidas totales CT

Medidas por línea BTFusible fundido BT

¡Socket BT

PLC-BTEthernet

IEC-10448Vcc

Gestor InteligenteDistribución

Fig. 63. The INGESAS unit developed by Ingeteam Technology (iNodeSE)

Fig. 62. Simplified diagram of control architecture. iNodes-iSockets (p. 90)

Fig. 61. Monitoring of the LV grid (example of power curve) (p. 88)

Fig. 60. Monitoring of the LV grid (p. 88)

Fig. 59. LV receiverFig. 58. LV monitoring integrated in SDM

Fig. 57. One of the ekorUCT cellsFig. 56. EkorRCI integrated control unitFig. 55. Smart Distribution Manager ekorGID (p. 85)

SMARTCITY MALAGA160

P*

Ptot

Fp

kpP

+

Saturation

Integrator

Active Power PI Controller

Reactive Power PI Controller

++–

kpP

S

Q*

Qtot

Fq

kpQ

+

Saturation

Integrator

++–

kpQ

S

i-Socket 1VSCunit

VSCunit

VSCunit

VSCunit

VSCunit

i-Socket 2

i-Socket 3I-NODE

Centralisedoperation

i-Socket i

i-Socket N

Dieselgenerator

Batterybank

Windturbine

Non-priorityLoad

PriorityLoad

e e

P*, Q*

P2, Q2

P1, Q1

Pi, Qi

PN, QN

P3, Q3

P2, Q2

P1, Q1

Pi, Qi

PN, QN

PN*, QN

*

Pi*, Qi

*

P3*, Q3

*

P2*, Q2

*

P1*, Q1

*

P3, Q3Fp, Fq

Abstractrepresentation

of thephysical reality

Protocolbattery

Motor

Interface

Distributed generationmicrogrid

Gridi-VM

i-VG GatewayIEC 61850-7-420 (DER)

iSocket iSocket iSocket iSocket iSocket

iNode iNode

Intelligent-VirtualGateway (i-VG)

Intelligent-VirtualNode (i-VN)

Intelligent-VirtualSocket (i-VS)

Intelligent-VirtualManager (i-VM)

Remote operator

Local operator

Windturbine

Photovoltaicgenerator

Electricvehicletractionbatterycharger

Electricvehicletractionbatterycharger Batteries

10 x 95 W 4 kW 9 x 680 W

Fig. 72. Control of the iNode (p. 99)Fig. 71. Diagram of control in centralised mode (p. 99)

Fig. 70. Control of microgrids (p. 98)

Fig. 69. Simplified diagram of the control architecture (p. 98)

Fig. 68. Microgeneration installed in Malaga (p. 97)

Fig. 67. Rabbit RCM4000 board of the iSocket

Fig. 66. Assembly of the 06028_06028_2002_01 and Rabbit boards

Fig. 65. iNodeCT developed by GPtechFig. 64. Modules of the INGESAS unit (iNodeSE)

161INDEX OF FIGURES

CAPTUREof consumption data

and technical parameters of an electrical installations

Secure STORAGEof the information

in a web server

MANAGEMENTof the information via the

different devices, computer, mobile

Filtering Measures

BoardsControlWP10

Set pointGen.

TimeGen.

/ 7

Igrid/ 8

Ibat_Con_Time Ibat_Con

Duty_PH

Duty_BB

Internalconfig.

Controllog

Maximumdemandelement

Clock

User

Current time

Pmaximumdemand element

PhomeSub-interval

No. Sub-intervalsNight-day interv. limits

Psad_AverageVbat_Average Vbat_Average

L2/2

L2/2

50/230~

~Cbus

L1

Vbat

DSS

Maximum demandmeter

Other loads Other loads

Home switchboard

Grid

PLC-IC3

BMS

CCU

PMMLOCALSCADAStart up &

Maintenance

Remote SCADAINGETEAM

EndesaCentro de Monitorización

y Diagnóstico SCADA

GateWay

Switch

VPN

INTERNET

Palacio de Ferias

Plant Control System

Remote

MTMeasure

Switch

Switch

MEASUREMENTVW

AVAR

PhlWh

Modem3GModem

3G

PV Panels LOADS

BAC

net

Wim

ax IE

C 6

1850

Wimax IEC 61850

Wimax IEC 61850

MODBUSMODBUS-TCP

MO

DBU

S-TC

P

CAN-BATTERIES

P-DP

PMLink(O. F.)

ETH

ETH

ETHETH

EndesaCentro de Monitorización

y Diagnóstico SCADA

WIMAX

Endesa

WIMAXISocketIEC 61850



MT measure

PV panels

9

5

6

SAN RAFAEL PALACIODE FERIAS

2

STORAGE

LOADS

3

Non selectedloads

4

AC

DCBACNET

AIR CONDITIONINGCABINET

BACNET MEASURE& PROTECTION

STORAGECONTROL

i-Socket 1VSCunit

VSCunit

VSCunit

VSCunit

VSCunit

i-Socket 2

i-Socket 3I-NODE

Distributedoperation

i-Socket i

i-Socket N

Dieselgenerator

Batterybank

Windturbine

Non-priorityLoad

PriorityLoad

e e

P2, Q2

P1, Q1

Pi, Qi

PN, QN

PN*, QN

*

Pi*, Qi

*

P3*, Q3

*

P2*, Q2

*

P1*, Q1

*

P3, Q3

Fig. 81. Structure of the DANCA system (p. 115)

Fig. 80. Control structure implemented (p. 111)

Fig. 79. Power converter of the DSS (p. 111)

Fig. 78. Connection of the DSS (p. 109)Fig. 77. DSS developedFig. 76. Mini-storage in the distribution substation of the congress hall. Communication diagram (p. 105)

Fig. 75. Installation of mini-storage in the distribution substation of the congress hall (p. 104)

Fig. 74. IEC 61850 SCADA of the microgrid

Fig. 73. Diagram of control in distributed mode (p. 101)

SMARTCITY MALAGA162

HOW WE WORK

In energy we have developed a platform that allows us to measure 24 hours a day with no interruptions and to look for the points of improvement of your electricity consumption

The meter records theconsumption data andtransmits the information1 2 Our services

includemeasurements

Continuous recording, analysis, monitoringand management system

3 We analyse it and search forthe points of improvementof your electricity consumption4

You can consult thatinformation through the webor download it to your computer

Luz

Fuerza

Medición

BUS 485

Clima

Conversora TCP

GEM

Ethernet / WIFI

Internet

ZigWave

Internet

Ethernet

GNRGYSystem

Power Analysis

ZigBee Wireless

Remote & LocalManagement

Power Automation

BillingSmartphone Access

Mesh Topology

Energy ProvidersAPI

Batteries

BMSiSocket


V2GCharge Point

PLCModem

Mennekes

EthernetConnector

CAN/232

GRIDBatteries

BMS

DC AC

iSocket


PLCModem

ModbusTCP

Control board

P, Q

Fig. 90. Adapted electric vehicle and the V2G recharge point developed. Details of the recharge point (p. 124)

Fig. 89. Details of the structure of the control and communications components (p. 122)

Fig. 88. Connection diagram of the charger with the recharge point (p. 122)

Fig. 87. The EUGENE HOME systemFig. 86. Diagram of the GNRGY system (p. 118)

Fig. 85. Socket adapter of the GNRGY system

Fig. 84. Diagram of the GREENWAVE system

Fig. 83. The EUGENE PROFESSIONAL system

Fig. 82. Description of ENEFGY (p. 115)

163INDEX OF FIGURES

INSTAL. POWER (kw)391,820

CONT. DEM. (kw)527,044

Remote controls36

ICC monitored210

Subestations7

DSs568

MV Lines85

Number of customers49,790

Domestic42,865

Services6,367

Industrial568

50

40

30

20

10

0

–10

–20

–30

–40

%

Consumption reduced (>10%) Increased consumption (>10%)Constant consumption

4418

4145

4177

4393

4394

4391

4169

4397

4168

4422

4172

4175

4416

4142

4399

4181

4426

4148

4395

4400

4390

4388

4389

4396

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

001/10/2012

0:0001/11/2012

0:0001/12/2012

0:0001/01/2013

0:00


25

20

15

10

5

0

01/10/20120:00

01/11/20120:00

01/12/20120:00

01/01/20130:00


35

30

25

20

15

10

5

001/10/2012

0:0001/11/2012

0:0001/12/2012

0:0001/01/2013

0:00


Fig. 99. Deployment of smart meters in Búzios, Brazil

Fig. 98. Areas of work in Búzios, Brazil (p. 139)

Fig. 97. Smartcity Barcelona. Scope and figures (p. 138)

Fig. 96. Smart Grid Service Center. Smartcity Barcelona (p. 138)

Fig. 95. The consumption trends obtained (p. 131)

Fig. 94. Improvement in energy efficiency (p. 131)

Fig. 93. Reduction of CO2 emissions (p. 129)

Fig. 92. Increase in the use of renewable energy (p. 129)

Fig. 91. Conversion equipment of the vehicle to V2G

SMARTCITY MALAGA164

AlmacenamientodistribuidoGAD

Tarificación variable

Inteligencia de Red distribuida

Generación distribuida

Automatización de REDTelegestión

Sensores IEDs

Smart-meters

Generación y

almacenamiento

TIC

Electrónicade

potencia

OptimizaciónOperacióny Controlde Red

20/20/20Energías

Renovables

VehículoEléctrico

Nuevas necesidades

clientes

Eficiencia

Tarificación

Servicios

Necesidades

Funcionalidades

Tecnología

DEPÓSITO SUPERIOR

CASETA DE VÁLVULAS

CASETA DE VÁLVULAS

TUBERÍAS REFORZADAS

PUERTO DE LA ESTACA

CENTRAL HIDROELÉCTRICA

CENTRAL DE BOMBEOy SUBESTACIÓN MICROEÓLICA

CENTRAL DIÉSELLLANOS BLANCOS

DEPÓSITO INFERIOR

PARQUE EÓLICO

VALVERDE

Población

ParqueEólico

Grupo Diesel

Depósito superior

Depósito inferior

Estación deBombeo

CentralHidroeléctrica

Desaladora

Fig. 103. Smart grids (p. 146)

Fig. 102. Graph of the elements that comprise the hydro-wind power plant on El Hierro

Fig. 101. Scheme of the first prototype Smartcity of Chile (p. 143)

Fig. 100. Diagram of the hydro-wind power plant on El Hierro (p. 141)

165INDEX OF TABLES

Table 1. Number of DS per MV line ................................................................. 25

Table 2. Characteristics of the DSS developed ................................................. 110

Table 3. Characteristics of the recharge point .................................................. 121

Table 4. Principal values, El Hierro ................................................................... 140

Index of Tables

PUBLISHED BY:

Dirección General de Distribución de Endesa

DESIGN:

Cromotex

LAYOUT AND PROOFING:

Cromotex

PRINTING:

Offsetti

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