SociologySociology

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Lecture QuestionsLecture Questions

Section 1 (98-106)Section 1 (98-106)

Revised Feb. 2010Revised Feb. 2010

Personality by Body Type

In 1921, German psychiatrist Ernst Kretschmer theorized that people’s body types reflected their personalities.For example, frail and slim people tended to be

introverts.People with heavier, shorter bodies tended to

be happier and more extroverted.

1. Describe what you think 1. Describe what you think “personality” is.“personality” is.

OpinionOpinion

2. What is the relationship 2. What is the relationship between personality traits between personality traits and personality? List some and personality? List some

personality traits.personality traits.• Personality is the sum total of behaviors, Personality is the sum total of behaviors,

attitudes, beliefs, and values that are attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual.characteristic of an individual.

• Personality is the sum total of our personality Personality is the sum total of our personality traits.traits.

• Shyness, selfishness, stubbornness, and humor Shyness, selfishness, stubbornness, and humor are a few of the thousands of personality traits are a few of the thousands of personality traits which make up our own individual personality.which make up our own individual personality.– Some traits seem to remain basically constant Some traits seem to remain basically constant

throughout a person’s life, while others undergo throughout a person’s life, while others undergo dramatic changes.dramatic changes.

3. Explain what “nature vs 3. Explain what “nature vs nurture” means.nurture” means.

For many years, social scientists For many years, social scientists have heatedly debated what have heatedly debated what determines personality and social determines personality and social behavior.behavior.

This debate is usually referred to in This debate is usually referred to in terms of nature versus nurture or terms of nature versus nurture or inherited genetic characteristics inherited genetic characteristics versus environment and social versus environment and social learning.learning.

4. What is heredity?

The transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children.

5. What is an instinct? 5. What is an instinct? Give an example.Give an example. The nature viewpoint that held sway The nature viewpoint that held sway

throughout the 1800s states that much of throughout the 1800s states that much of human behavior is instinctual in origin.human behavior is instinctual in origin.– At the height of the debate in the early 1900s, At the height of the debate in the early 1900s,

social scientists claimed to have identified social scientists claimed to have identified more than 10,000 human instincts.more than 10,000 human instincts.

An instinct is an unchanging, biologically An instinct is an unchanging, biologically inherited behavior plan.inherited behavior plan.

Instincts are most often applied to animal Instincts are most often applied to animal behavior.behavior.

Bird migration is an example of an instinct.Bird migration is an example of an instinct.

6. Describe Ivan Pavlov’s experiments. What did they supposedly prove?

From the nurture point of view a person’s behavior and personality are the result of his or her social environment and learning.

The work of Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov helped this viewpoint gain acceptance.Pavlov found that supposedly instinctual behavior

could be taught.Pavlov conducted experiments with dogs.He ultimately taught dogs to “salivate” at the sound of

a ringing bell.

The Office

7. What do sociobiologists 7. What do sociobiologists argue?argue?

Sociobiologists argue that such Sociobiologists argue that such varied cultural characteristics and varied cultural characteristics and behavioral traits as religion, behavioral traits as religion, cooperation, competition, and envy cooperation, competition, and envy are rooted in the genetic makeup of are rooted in the genetic makeup of humans.humans.

In general most of human social life In general most of human social life is determined by biological factors.is determined by biological factors.

8. What do most social scientists believe? Most social scientists assume that personality and

social behavior result from a blending of hereditary and social environmental influences.

They believe that environmental factors have the greatest influence.

Heredity, birth order, parents, and the cultural environment are among the principal factors that influence personality and behavior.

9. What is an aptitude? Are they learned or inherited or both? Explain.

An aptitude is a capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge. For example, a natural talent for music or art would be

considered an aptitude. Most social scientists do not limit aptitudes to inherited

capabilities. Instead, they believe that some aptitudes can be learned as

well as inherited. For example, if a child shows athletic ability in a sport,

parents often respond by praising his or her ability. These actions may encourage the development of the child’s

innate talent. Ability may be enhanced by practice.

10. How does heredity set limits on individuals?

If you have little aptitude for music, you will probably not become a great musician.

If your biological inheritance endowed you with a five-foot-tall frame, you are not likely to become a professional basketball player.

Inherited characteristics place limits on what is possible, but they do not determine what a person will do. No one factor alone determines what kind of

personality someone will have.

11. How does birth order 11. How does birth order impact personality?impact personality? Our personalities are also influenced Our personalities are also influenced

by whether we have brothers, by whether we have brothers, sisters, both, or neither.sisters, both, or neither.

Children with siblings have a Children with siblings have a different view of the world than do different view of the world than do children who do not.children who do not.

The order in which we are born into The order in which we are born into our families also influences our our families also influences our personalities.personalities.

12. Give examples of behaviors associated with birth orders. Research has indicated that first-born children

are more likely to be achievement-oriented and responsible than are later-born children.

Later-born children, on the other hand, tend to be better in social relationships and to be more affectionate and friendly.

Other studies suggest that first-borns are conservative in their thinking. Later-borns, in contrast, are often risk-takers and

social and intellectual rebels.

Birth Order and Marriage In his book The Birth Order Connection, Dr.

Kevin Leman states that spouses’ birth orders can affect the success of their marriage.

According to Leman, the best couple combinations are only-children and last borns, first borns and last borns, and middle children and last borns.

The worst combinations are only-children married to only-children, and female last borns with no brothers married to male last borns with no sisters.

13. What impact do the 13. What impact do the characteristics of parents have on characteristics of parents have on

personality. Give examples.personality. Give examples.

The age of parents can have a bearing on The age of parents can have a bearing on their children’s development.their children’s development.Parents who are in their early twenties when Parents who are in their early twenties when

their children are born are likely to relate their children are born are likely to relate differently to their offspring than parents who differently to their offspring than parents who are in their mid- to late thirties.are in their mid- to late thirties.

Other factors are: level of education, Other factors are: level of education, religious orientation, economic status, religious orientation, economic status, cultural heritage, and occupational cultural heritage, and occupational background.background.

14. How might parental 14. How might parental reinforcement cause problems reinforcement cause problems for developing children such as for developing children such as Mozart? (Look at the picture on Mozart? (Look at the picture on page 100)page 100)• Parents may push children too hard, Parents may push children too hard,

which could make children rebel and which could make children rebel and cease to enjoy the activity.cease to enjoy the activity.

• Mozart is certainly is not the world’s Mozart is certainly is not the world’s only famous child prodigy.only famous child prodigy.– In 1958 at age 15, American Bobby In 1958 at age 15, American Bobby

Fischer became the world’s youngest Fischer became the world’s youngest chess grandmaster.chess grandmaster.

15. How does the culture influence 15. How does the culture influence personality development?personality development?

Culture has a strong influence on Culture has a strong influence on personality development.personality development.

Generally, the cultural environment Generally, the cultural environment determines the basic types of personalities determines the basic types of personalities that will be found in a society. that will be found in a society.

Each culture gives rise to a series of Each culture gives rise to a series of personality traits—model personalities—personality traits—model personalities—that are typical of members of that society.that are typical of members of that society.– For example, in the U.S., competitiveness, For example, in the U.S., competitiveness,

assertiveness, and individualism are common assertiveness, and individualism are common personality traits.personality traits.

16. Briefly summarize the life of an Ik child. The Ik (eek) of northern Uganda provide a powerful example of the

effects of cultural environment on personality development. Prior to WWII, the Ik were hunters and gatherers who lived in a

mountainous region of northern Uganda. Ik villagers were like one large family. Children viewed every adult in the village as a parent and all other

children as brothers and sisters. However, after WWII the Ugandan government turned much of the Ik’s

land into a national park. The government then resettled the Ik on barren land. Faced with insufficient food sources, the Ik’s social structure soon

collapsed, and the Ik turned on each other. Today Ik children are generally thrown out of their homes at the age of

three. They survive by forming age bands—groups of children of the same age. By the time a child reaches the age of 12 or 13, he or she has formed and

broken several protective alliances. Most of the time they set out on their own. Parents do not help their children. Only the strongest and most clever Ik survive.

17. How does culture and gender influence our personality?

Boys and girls are treated differently almost from the moment of birth.

As they grow, male and female children are often nudged in different directions.

Areas of difference include fields of interest, clothing, types of activities, speech habits, and ideas.

All of these cultural differences in attitudes, expectations, and behavior affect the personalities of male and female adults.

18. What is a feral child?

Wild or untamed children usually found living with animals or in some cases socially isolated by their caretakers.

Regardless of the circumstances, these children had few human characteristics other than appearance.

19. What human characteristics did 19. What human characteristics did they lack?they lack?

They lacked no reasoning ability, no They lacked no reasoning ability, no manners, and no ability to control their manners, and no ability to control their bodily functions or move about like other bodily functions or move about like other human beings.human beings.

20. Why might this monkey 20. Why might this monkey believe that the doll is its believe that the doll is its

mother? mother?

• Because the doll is soft and has similar facial characteristics to the monkey’s true mother.

• Harlow’s experiments in the 50s and 60s showed that rhesus monkey babies preferred a substitute mother made of soft materials over a mother made of wire with a bottle to feed the babies.

• These experiments also showed that monkeys raised in social isolation produced a form of psychosis, which involved fear, hostility, and unsociability.

21. Briefly summarize the story of 21. Briefly summarize the story of Anna.Anna.

Anna was born to an unmarried woman, a fact that enraged the woman’s Anna was born to an unmarried woman, a fact that enraged the woman’s father.father.

At first the mother was forbidden to bring Anna into the house.At first the mother was forbidden to bring Anna into the house. Anna’s mother attempted to place her in a children’s home.Anna’s mother attempted to place her in a children’s home. This was too expensive and Anna was moved into a series of foster homes.This was too expensive and Anna was moved into a series of foster homes. Finally, at the age of 6 months, the child was returned to her mother.Finally, at the age of 6 months, the child was returned to her mother. Because of the grandfather’s hostility, Anna was confined to an attic room Because of the grandfather’s hostility, Anna was confined to an attic room

where she was given only a minimum of care.where she was given only a minimum of care. She was undernourished and emaciated and received almost no human She was undernourished and emaciated and received almost no human

contact.contact. She was not spoken to, held, bathed, or loved.She was not spoken to, held, bathed, or loved. Anna was finally discovered by a social worker in 1938.Anna was finally discovered by a social worker in 1938. At six years of age, Anna was little more than a skeleton.At six years of age, Anna was little more than a skeleton. She could not walk, talk, or feed herself.She could not walk, talk, or feed herself. Her face was expressionless and she showed not interest in other people.Her face was expressionless and she showed not interest in other people. Over time, though, Anna made some progress.Over time, though, Anna made some progress.

She learned to walk, feed herself, and brush her teeth.She learned to walk, feed herself, and brush her teeth. She could also talk in phrases and follow simple directions.She could also talk in phrases and follow simple directions. However, Anna died at the age of 10, probably as a result of her earlier isolation.However, Anna died at the age of 10, probably as a result of her earlier isolation.

22. Briefly summarize the story of Isabelle.

Isabelle was found at about the same time as Anna and was born to an unmarried mother.

The child’s grandfather kept her and her deaf mother confined to a dark room. Although deprived of a normal cultural environment, Isabelle did have the

advantage of her mother’s company. But because she and her mother communicated only through gestures,

Isabelle did not learn to speak. When she was found at the age of six, Isabelle crawled around on her hands

and knees and made grunting, animal-like sounds. She ate with her hands and behaved in many ways like an infant. Isabelle was at first thought to be mentally disabled and incapable of speech.

However, after several months of intensive training she began to speak. She eventually developed a considerable vocabulary. Isabelle reached a level of social and mental development consistent with her age

group in two years. Kingsley Davis’s study concludes that Isabelle’s constant contact with her mother and

training by specialists allowed her to overcome her early social deprivation.

23. Briefly summarize the story of Genie.

• Discovered in 1970, when she was 13.• Confined to a small bedroom from the age of 20 months

until she was discovered.• Punished if she made any noise by her father.• Genie did not learn to talk, nor did she have social and

psychological skills of a normal 13-year-old. Her social/psychological skills were of a one-year-old.

• After eight years of training, Genie had not progressed past the level of a third-grade student.– She had mastered some language and had learned to conform

to basic social norms.– Genie was unable to truly function as a social being.– At the age of 21, she was placed in a facility for people with

developmental disabilities. She is now in her early 50s.

24. How do you think growing up in isolation from cultural influences can affect a child’s social behavior? (look at the picture on page 103)

The child will not learn cultural views of acceptable behavior or important values.

25. Based on this experiment, 25. Based on this experiment, what role do you think the what role do you think the

cultural environment plays in cultural environment plays in socialization? (look at pages socialization? (look at pages

104 & 105)104 & 105) The role of the cultural environment The role of the cultural environment

is extremely important in is extremely important in socialization.socialization.

26. According to research 26. According to research by Rene Spitz, what effect by Rene Spitz, what effect

does the lack of close does the lack of close human contact have on human contact have on

institutionalized children?institutionalized children?• It may lead to death in some cases.It may lead to death in some cases.• It retards normal development.It retards normal development.

SociologySociology

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Lecture QuestionsLecture Questions

Section 2 & 3 (pages 107-Section 2 & 3 (pages 107-115)115)

1. Describe socialization 1. Describe socialization and self.and self.

Socialization is the interactive Socialization is the interactive process through which people learn process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of a society.behavior patterns of a society.

Your self is your conscious Your self is your conscious awareness of possessing a distinct awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates you and your identity that separates you and your environment from other members of environment from other members of society.society.

2. Briefly describe John 2. Briefly describe John Locke’s Locke’s Tabula Rasa Tabula Rasa theory.theory. English philosopher from the 1600s.English philosopher from the 1600s. Locke insisted that each newly born human Locke insisted that each newly born human

being is a tabula rasa, or clean slate, on being is a tabula rasa, or clean slate, on which just about anything can be written.which just about anything can be written.

Locke further claimed that each of us is born Locke further claimed that each of us is born without a personality.without a personality.– We acquire our personalities as a result of our We acquire our personalities as a result of our

social experiences.social experiences.– Locke believed that human beings could be molded Locke believed that human beings could be molded

into any type of character.into any type of character. Locke further believed that, if given a newborn infant, Locke further believed that, if given a newborn infant,

he could shape that child’s personality, giving the he could shape that child’s personality, giving the child whatever characteristic he chose.child whatever characteristic he chose.

3. Briefly describe Charles Horton Cooley’s Looking Glass Self theory.Cooley was a social psychologist who was one of the

founders of the interactionist perspective in sociology.The looking-glass self refers to the interactive process by

which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others. Other people act as a mirror, reflecting back the image we

project through their reactions to our behavior. This three-step process involves:

First, we imagine how we appear to others.Second, based on their reactions to us, we attempt to determine

whether others view us as we view ourselves.Finally, we use our perceptions of how others judge us to develop

feelings about ourselves.

4. Briefly describe George 4. Briefly describe George Herbert Mead’s Herbert Mead’s Role-taking Role-taking

theory.theory. Mead, a philosopher and another founder of the Mead, a philosopher and another founder of the

interactionist perspective, developed ideas interactionist perspective, developed ideas related to Cooley’s theories.related to Cooley’s theories.

According to Mead, seeing ourselves as others According to Mead, seeing ourselves as others see us is only the beginning.see us is only the beginning.

Eventually we not only see ourselves as others Eventually we not only see ourselves as others see us but actually take on or pretend to take the see us but actually take on or pretend to take the roles of others.roles of others.

This act of role-taking forms the basis of the This act of role-taking forms the basis of the socialization process by allowing us to anticipate socialization process by allowing us to anticipate what others expect of us.what others expect of us. We thus learn to see ourselves through the eyes of We thus learn to see ourselves through the eyes of

others.others.

5. What are the agents of socialization?

FamilyPeer groupSchoolMass media

6. How does the family socialize the individual? The family is the most important agent of

socialization in almost every society. Its primary importance rests in its role as the

principal socializer of young children. Children first interact with others and first

learn the values, norms, and beliefs of society through their families.

7. How does a peer group socialize the individual? When does this occur? As children grow older, forces outside of the family increasingly

influence them. In particular, children begin to relate more and more to their peer groups. A peer group is a primary group composed of individuals of roughly

equal age and similar social characteristics. Peer groups are particularly influential during the pre-teenage and early

teenage years. Winning peer acceptance is a powerful force in the lives of young people. Peer-group goals are sometimes at odds with the goals of the larger society.

Parents in particular become alarmed if they come to believe that the norms and values of the peer group are more important to their children than those of society as a whole.

8. How does a school 8. How does a school socialize the individual?socialize the individual? For most young people, school For most young people, school

occupies large amounts of time and occupies large amounts of time and attention.attention.

Between the ages of 5 and 18, Between the ages of 5 and 18, young people spend some 30 weeks young people spend some 30 weeks a year in school.a year in school. Thus the school plays a major role in Thus the school plays a major role in

socializing the individual.socializing the individual. Much of this socialization is deliberate.Much of this socialization is deliberate. Extracurricular activities, such as school Extracurricular activities, such as school

dances, clubs, and athletic events, are dances, clubs, and athletic events, are intended to prepare the student for life in intended to prepare the student for life in the larger society.the larger society.

9. How does the mass media socialize the individual? Why is this controversial?

The mass media are instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact between those sending the information and those receiving it. The major forms of mass media are books, films,

the Internet, magazines, newspapers, radio, and television. Television probably has the most influence on

children. The effect of television on children is an ongoing

debate.

10. How do fairy tales affect the development of children? How do they accomplish this? (page 114)

They help children master the problems of growing up by stimulating their imaginations and enabling them to deal with their fears.

11. What other stories or traditions 11. What other stories or traditions might have a function similar to that might have a function similar to that

of fairy tales, and what effects do of fairy tales, and what effects do they have on psychological they have on psychological

development?development?Science fiction, fantasy literature often Science fiction, fantasy literature often

parallel fairy tales or other folklore, such parallel fairy tales or other folklore, such as jokes and urban legends, also help to as jokes and urban legends, also help to mold social behavior.mold social behavior.

12. Give examples of a total 12. Give examples of a total institution.institution.

• A total institution involves a setting A total institution involves a setting in which people are isolated from the in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time rest of society for a set period of time and are subject to tight control.and are subject to tight control.

• Prisons, military boot camps, Prisons, military boot camps, monasteries, and psychiatric monasteries, and psychiatric hospitals are examples of total hospitals are examples of total institutions.institutions.

13. How is resocialization established?

Resocialization involves a break with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms.

In the case of most total institutions, resocialization is directed toward changing an individual’s personality and social behavior.

These midifications are accomplished by stripping away all semblance of individual identity and replacing it with an institutional identity. Uniforms and standard haircuts accomplish this.

14. Approximately, how 14. Approximately, how many more hours a year do many more hours a year do Americans spend watching Americans spend watching television than reading television than reading newspapers? What newspapers? What conclusions can you draw conclusions can you draw about how the mass media about how the mass media influences the socialization influences the socialization of Americans? (page 117)of Americans? (page 117)

D. 1398D. 1398 TV has by far the most influence of all forms of media on socialization.TV has by far the most influence of all forms of media on socialization.