somaliland country report mark bradbury
TRANSCRIPT
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Editorial
Adom
Brodbury
Ray Akang
Design Maps
Rich
Cawley dom Brodbury
over
photo
Homish
Wilsan
Print Habbs
the
Printer Ltd Tattan Hompshil e
5 3WX
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ark
radbury
IIR 997
Third printing
2
IS N
85287 87 3
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SOMALILAND
ont nts
Maps
About ICD and the author
Introduction
Part I The
rise and
fall
of the Somali State
The Somal i people
Culture and conflict
The colonial legacy
Independence
Military
rule
The
Ogaden
War and its aftermath
Economic transformation and underdevelopment
The
198 s
economic decline
and war
Disintegration of the Somali State
The Somali
civil war 1988 91
War with the Majeerteen
War with the Issaq
War with the Ogaden
War
with the
Hawiye
The Digil and Rahanweyne
The
opposition
proliferates
The Manifesto Group
The fal l of Siad Barre
War and famine
International intervention
International reaction to the war
Military
intervention
The Addis Ababa conference on national reconciliation
UNOSOM
The United Nations at
war
Part Somaliland 1991 96
The secession
of
Somaliland
The Tuur administration
1991 93
The Borama conference
The Peace Charter
CIIR COUNTRY REPORT
iv
vi
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5
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9
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1
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SOMALILAND
The
National Charter 22
The Sanaag Peace Conference 22
The Egal administration
1993 95 22
The state
of government 22
Return
to
wa r
5
Political factors 5
The Burco
factor
6
The
SNM factor 6
Economic dimensions of the war 27
Decentralisation
an d
governance
8
The role of the
National
uurti
9
International
relations 9
Somaliland 996: Make or break
Somaliland
consolidates independence
The Harshin conference
and
f irst moves
towards
reconciliation
A progressive peace process
hir beeleedka 33
Fission
an d
fusion 4
Reconsidering
th e
role
of
elders and
the National uurti 4
Future prospects 5
International assistance in Somaliland
36
War and humanitarian intervention 4
The
impact of th e
Somali Civil
War 4
The
UN s
lost
agenda 4
Epilogue: Understanding the Somali conflict
4
Notes and References
45
Abbreviations and glossary 48
Boxes
1. Somali clans and modern
politico-military movements
2. Security, law and
order
3. Frankincense and fishing
4. Crop production
5. Geography of Somaliland
6. The people of Somaliland
7 Primary Issaq lineages
8 The Somali National Movement
4
9
9
2
2
2
9. Demobilisation 23
10. Mines a lasting legacy 24
11. The new Somaliland shill ing 27
12. The limits of government 28
13. The Peace Committee fo r Somaliland 32
14. Local non-governmental organisations 37
15. Capacity building in Somaliland 38
16. Women in Somal iland 39
17. Political fragmentation
4
C II R C OU NT RY REPORT
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SOM LIL ND
B RI
Regional boundary
International boundary
GUL
DEN
IIR OUNTRY REPORT
ETHIOPIA
SOM LI
i
t