sources of coal reserve data

ORN L/TM-8481

Contract No. W-7405-eng-26

Energy Division

SOURCES OF COAL RESERVE DATA

Diane Skolits University of Tennessee

and

Russell Lee Energy Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Date Published - November 1982

NOTICE This document contains information of a preliminary nature. I t i s subject to revision or correction and therefore does not represent a final report

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830

ope rat e d by UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION

for the DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

SOURCES OF COAL R E S E R V E DATA*

Diane S k o l i t s and Russell Lee

OVERVIEW AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T h i s r e p o r t i s a p a r t i a l l y annotated bibliography of sources o f coal I t draws upon o t h e r reserve da ta and information f o r the United S t a t e s .

b ib l iog raph ies , t h e most s i g n i f i c a n t o f these being:

Averi t t , P . , Sc? Zecv%d Summary Reports on IJnited S t a t e s and FJorld CoaZ, Unpublished, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981.

Energy Information Administration, Demonstruted Reserve Rase of CouZ i n the Uni ted S-tates on J a n u t q 2, 1979, DOE/EIA-0289 ( 7 9 ) U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D . C . , 1981.

ICF Incorporated (P r inc ipa l I n v e s t i g a t o r s : Eyster , J . M,, Klein, D . E . , Walton, 0. R . ) , Coal Resource Information, T/C)Ztune 2, Part, 3: BibZingraphy, EPRI EA-673, E l e c t r i c Power Research I n s t i t u t e , Palo Alto, CA, 1980.

T h e following computer-retrieval b ib l iog raph ies were a l s o u t i l i z e d :

DOE/RECON Energy Database (EDB) , U. 5. Department of Energy, Technical Information Center, Oak Ridge, TN.

ORBIT IV F i l e s : Energyline, NTIS, generated by System Development Corporat ion 's (SDC) In t e rna t iona l Search Service, 2500 Colorado Ave., Santa Monica, CA.

The references a r e divided i n t o "General Sources," including those containing da ta f o r a l l o r l a r g e port ions of the United S t a t e s , and i n t o individual s e c t i o n s f o r each s t a t e . Items t h a t a r e p a r t s of r ecu r r ing series a r e i d e n t i f i e d by an a s t e r i s k .

I n add i t ion t o the above b ib l iog raph ies , the authors conducted an independent survey of appropr i a t e da t a sources and were a s s i s t e d considerably by Frank J . Doyle and Thomas K. Matson of Maxima Corporation, Richard Bonskowski o f the Energy Information Administration, and Carl H . Pe t r i ch and Edward L . Hillsman of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. They reviewed an i n i t i a l d r a f t o f t h i s r e p o r t and made numerous helpful comments and suggestions on data sources t h a t were omitted and on the s t y l e and content o f the r epor t . Any remaining e r r o r s o r shortcomings a r e , of course, s o l e l y the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f the authors .

- * Research sponsored by the Off ice of Leasing Policy Development and

the Energy Information Administration, both of the U.S. Department of Energy, under c o n t r a c t W-7405-eng-26 w i t h Union Carbide Corporation.

i i i

Attention was given primarily to those data sources having estimates o f the quanti ty and geographical Location o f coal resources. Studies that report only on carbonizing properties, preparation characteristics, sulfur content or other analyses were not included. P. Averitt, Coal Resources of the United S ta tes , Januury I , 1974, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1412, Washington, D.C., 1975, presents not only a good summary of information on coal quantity and distribution, but also one on coal classification. Figure 1, taken from the Averitt report, illustrates the classification of resources based on economic feasibility and geologic assurance and identifies several o f the coal resource terms used in this bibliography.

The report by

ORNL-DWG-82-18239

T O T A L RESOURCES

I I DENTI F l E D

Demonstrated

R E S E R V E BASE

I I I .. . ... .. . ~FJ- 7- t

UNDISCOVERED

S P E C U L A T I V E HYPoTHET'CAL 1 ( I n undiscovered

I districts) ( I n known districts)

0

5 0 z 0 0 w m 3 v)

-

........

4 . . . .... Increasing degree of geologic assurance

Fig. 1. Classification o f coal resources. Source: Averitt, P. , Coal Resources o f the United S ta t e s , January I , 1974, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1412, Washington, D.C., 1975, p. 3.

iv

CONTENTS

Page

OVERVIEW A N 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

SI . I . GENERAL SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

SOURCES FOR INDIVIDUAL STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Ca l i fo rn ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . Flor ida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 . I l l i n o i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 . Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 . Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . Mi nnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 . Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 . Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23. Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 . New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 . North Carol ina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 . North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28. Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 . Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 . Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 . Rhode Is land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 . South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34. Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35. Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 . Virgin ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38. Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 . West Virg in ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 . Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16 16 20 22 23 25 26 33 34 35 36 40 41 42 43 46 47 49 50 51 52 53 55 58 59 60 62 63 65 66 68 69 73 74 75 79 80 82 83 84 87

V

SOURCES OF COAL DATA GENERAL SOURCES

1 . Ashley, E . H . , Cannei! Coal in the 1Jnited S t a t e s , U.S. Geological Survey Bul le t in 659, Washington, D.C., 1918.

A v e r i t t , P . ,. Lopez, L . , Bibliography ami! Index of U.S. &oloyicaI! Suwey PMbZications Relating t o CoaZ, 1882-1970, U.S. Geological Survey Bul le t in 1377, Washington, D . C . , 1972.

A v e r i t t , P . , Coal Resources of the Urlited S ta tes , ~ a a u m + y 2, .2974, U.S. Geological Survey Bul le t in 1412, Washington, D.C., 1975.

The coal resources o f the United S t a t e s remaining in the ground on January 1 , 1974, a r e estimated t o t o t a l 3,968 b i l l i o n tons. T h i s i s a 23 percent increase over previous es t imates . The new es t imate i s based on d e t a i l e d published est imates o f i d e n t i f i e d resources i n individual s t a t e s (1,731 b i l l ion tons ) and on general ized est imates of addi t iona l hypothetical resources f o r unmapped and unexplored a reas i n these states (2,237 b i l l i o n t o n s ) . The United S t a t e s contains about 20 percent o f the world’s estimated t o t a l coal resources . Based on a uniform B t u bas i s , coal c o n s t i t u t e s 69 percent of t he t o t a l estimated recoverable resources of fossil f u e l , whereas petroleum and natural gas together c o n s t i t u t e only 7 percent , and o i l i n o i l sha l e -which i s not c u r r e n t l y used as fuel - c o n s t i - t u t e s only 23 percent.

2.

3.

Previous publ icat ions by the U.S. Geological Survey w i t h s i m i l a r t i t l e s and scope of coverage a re : Bul le t in 1275 (January 1 , 1 9 6 7 ) , 1969; Bul le t in 1136 (January 1 , 1960), 1961 ; Circu la r 293 (January 1 .1 1953), 1953; and C i rcu la r 94 (January 1, 1950), 1950. The U.S. Geological Survey i s c u r r e n t l y working on an update.

A v e r i t t , P . , Coking-Coal Deposits of the Western ihzi-bed :?tates, U.S. Geological Survey Bul le t in 1222-6, Washington, D.C., 1966.

Averitt, P . , Stripping-Coal 2esomces of the [Jnited S ta t e s , Januury 2 , 2970, U.S. Geological Survey Bul le t in 1322, Washington, D.C., 1970.

4.

5.

6 . Barnes, F. F., Coal FiaZds of the IJnited S ta t e s , exclusive o f AZnska-Shai?t 2, U.S. Geological Survey Map, Scale 1 :5,OOO,OOO, 1961.

7. Bureau of Mines, R e s a w ? Base of Bitminous ColnZ and A n t h a c i t e for Undergrounci! Mining in the Eastern lJn?:ted Skates, Report No. BM-IC- 8655, P i t t sburgh , PA, 1974.

The coal reserve base i s defined f o r coalbeds having s u f f i c i e n t thickness f o r underground mining w i t h i n a d e p t h range compatible w i t h economic recovery. The reserve data a r e compiled by the Federal Bureau of Mines by updating and reevaluat ing previous

1

2

e s t i m a t e s of t h e U.S. Geo log ica l Survey, s t a t e g e o l o g i c a l surveys, and o the rs . Through t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f computer techniques, t h e tonnages a r e compi led by s t a t e , county, coalbed, and rank. Coal r e s e r v e base i s a l l o t t e d t o s u l f u r c a t e g o r i e s by a s t a t i s t i c a l appor t ionment of da ta f rom a v a i l a b l e Bureau o f Mines r e p o r t s and records. The coa l rese rve base i n those s t a t e s e a s t o f t h e M i s s i s - s i p p i R i v e r , minable by underground methods, i s es t ima ted t o be 169 b i l l i o n tons i n coalbeds g r e a t e r than 28 inches i n t h i c k n e s s t o a maximum depth of 1,000 f e e t . c a t e g o r i e s o t h e r than measured and i n d i c a t e d , t h e underground r e s e r v e base i n c l u d e s 162 b i l l i o n tons o f b i tuminous coa l and 7 b i l l i o n tons o f a n t h r a c i t e . O f t h e t o t a l , 27 b i l l i o n tons con- t a i n s 1.0 pe rcen t o r l e s s s u l f u r . Most o f t h i s l o w - s u l f u r coa l i s i n t h e southern Appalachian area. Approx imate ly 16 pe rcen t o f t h e underground r e s e r v e base i s w i t h o u t a v a i l a b l e analyses. o f terms a p p l i c a b l e t o a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n system f o r coa l resources and reserves i s i n c l u d e d t o p r o v i d e a common y a r d s t i c k f o r d e t e r - m i n i n g coa l resources and reserves.

Exc lud ing those c o a l s i n r e l i a b i l i t y

A g l o s s a r y

8. Burness, H. S., The E f f ec t s of Uncertainty on the Supply of Coal, U n i v e r s i t y o f Kentucky, Co l l ege o f Business and Economics, Report No. PB-277227, June 1976.

9 . C a r g i l l , S. M., Olson, A. C . , Medl in , A . L. , Ca r te r , M. D., PACER: Data E n t y y , Retr ieval , and Update f o r the National Coa% Resources Data System (Phase I), Department o f t h e I n t e r i o r , Washington, D .C . , 1976.

PACER i s a s e t o f programs, w r i t t e n i n F o r t r a n I V , which has been developed i n response t o t h e need f o r a computer-based N a t i o n a l Coal Resources Data System (NCRDS). d a t a i n t o one o f t h r e e f i l e s , t o search f o r and r e t r i e v e reco rds u s i n g s p e c i f i c . da ta elements, and t o mod i f y and update e x i s t i n g da ta reco rds . A l l coa l resource reco rds west o f t h e M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r a re grouped i n t o WCOAL; those e a s t o f t h e r i v e r a r e grouped i n t o ECOAL.' Each da ta r e c o r d i n WCOAL and ECOAL r e f l e c t s a unique tonnage e s t i m a t e of coa l resource i n a p r e d e f i n e d ca tegory of t h i c k n e s s , overburden, and r e l i a b i l i t y o f es t ima te . The USALYT f i l e c o n t a i n s p u b l i s h e d coa l a n a l y t i c a l da ta and i s s t r u c t u r e d t o be as compat ib le as p o s s i b l e w i t h t h e coa l - resource tonnage f i l e s ; however, i t i s n o t y e t been separated i n t o eas t and west. A d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e f i l e s i s accompanied by user documentat ion f o r t h e use o f t h e da ta f i l e s . A programmer's r e f e r e n c e i s a l s o i n c l u d e d t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n and use o f t h i s so f tware system on o t h e r computers.

PACER a l l o w s t h e use r t o e n t e r

10. C a r t e r , L . M., c d . , Proceedings o f the Fourth Symposium on the Geology of Rocky Mountain Coal, Colorado Geologica l Survey Resource S e r i e s 10, 1980.

3

11. Caval laro, J . A . , Johnston, M. T., Deurbrouck, A . W . , , s~Zf~r Reduction Potentia2 of the Coals of the UniLed States ( A Revision o f Report of Inves t iga t ion 7633), U.S. Bureau of Mines Rept. of Inves t iga t ions 8118, 1976, 323 pp.

Center f o r Advanced Computation, Universi ty o f I l l i n o i s , c,;-,rnpcxrative Coal Tpansportut-ion Cost6: Truek, B e Z t , Rail, Barge a d Coal S l u r r y and Pneuniatic PipeZint . ,s , Final Report on Contract No. 50166163, prepared f o r U.S. Bureau of Mines and Federal Energy Administration, A u g u s t 1977.

12. An Economic and Engineering AnaZysic; of

13. Coal Age, Appalachian Coal Today, CuaZ Age, v . 80, no. 6, pp. 55-316, Mi &May 1935.

14. Coal Age, Western coa l , COCZZ. Age, v. 78, no. 5, pp . 58-257, Mid-April 1973.

15. Co l l in s , B. A . , "Coal Deposits of the Eastern Piceance Basin, Mid- Continent Coal and Coke Co., Carbondale, Co, ," G~?oZogy of Rocky ~ o u n t a i n C U ~ Z , Murray, D. K . ( e d . ) , 29-44, Geology o f Rocky Mountain Coal, Golden, C O , 1977.

The c o a l f i e l d s of the Eastern Piceance Creek Basin contain a conserva t ive ly est imated 3,129 mi l l ion tons of bituminous coal and an th rac i t e . A t l e a s t 800 mi l l ion tons a re o f meta l lurg ica l q u a l i t y . These coa ls occur in the I l e s and Williams fork formations, w h i c h t oge the r make u p the Mesaverde group. Rank var ies from h i g h - v o l a t i l e C bituminous t o a n t h r a c i t e and, l o c a l l y , g raphi te . While those coa ls occurring north of Four Mile Creek owe the i r rank e n t i r e l y t o d e p t h of b u r i a l , the higher-rank coa ls s o u t h o f Four Mi l e have been subjected t o abnormally high geothermal grad ien ts the r e s u l t o f heat from the in t rus ions of the E l k and West E l k mountains. The coking q u a l i t y o f the coa l s , while secondari ly dependent on peat type and swamp condi t ions , i s pr imari ly a func- t i o n o f rank. Large-scale mining i s present ly l imi ted t o the coking coa ls in the southern p a r t of the a rea . Modern mining in much of the rest of the region awaits t he development of economic methods t o cope with steep formation d i p s and o the r geologic probl ems.

16. Comptroller General of the United S t a t e s , U.S. Coal Lkmslooment - fit3;nises, li'lzcertant-ies, Report t o the Congress, EMD-77-43,L Sept. 22 , 1977, 471 p p .

Coal represents 90 percent of the n a t i o n ' s t o t a l f o s s i l fuel reserves . Yet, i t cu r ren t ly supplies only 18 percent o f energy needs. The adminis t ra t ion proposes t o double annual coal produc- t i o n t o 1 . 2 b i l l i o n tons by 1985, u p from 665 mi l l ion tons in 1976. GA0 be l ieves t h a t achieving 1.2 b i l l i o n tons i s highly unl ike ly - i n f a c t , i t wi l l be very d i f f i c u l t t o achieve 1 b i l l i o n tons annually by 1985, In t h i s r epor t , GAO summarizes ava i l ab le knowledge on U.S. coal development and seeks t o i d e n t i f y pol icy i ssues t h a t m u s t be considered.

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17. DeCarlo, J . A . , Sheridan, E . T . , Murphy, E . E . , Sulfur Content of United S ta t e s Coals, U.S. Bureau o f Mines Inf . Circ . 8312, 1966.

Nearly two-thirds of the t o t a l remaining coal reserve of the United S t a t e s i s low-sulfur coa l . Roughly three-fourths of t h i s low-sulfur coal i s low rank (suhbituminous and l i g n i t e ) , The preponderance of low-sulfur coa l , on a tonnage bas i s , occurs west of the Mississippi R i ver.

18. Fettweis, G . B . , wor ld Coal Resources --fifetho& of Assessrnenl: and ResuZt-s, Elsevier S c i e n t i f i c Publishing Co. Developments in Economic Geology 10 , 1979.

19 . Foster Associates , I n c . , An Assessment 07 the Discrepancies in Vfiited Skates J o w SuZfur Coal Reserve Estimates, Prepared f o r Environmental Protect ion Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carol ina, Contract No. 68-02-1452, 1976, Volume 1 - Text, Volume 2 - Schedules and Charts.

20. General Accounting Off ice , Inaccurate Estimates of Western Coal Reserves Should Se Comected, Report t o the Congress, Washington, D . C . , Energy and Minerals Division, 11 Ju ly 1978, 63 p p .

An accurate es t imate of coal under federal l ease arid information on l e s see development plans a r e e s sen t i a l f o r supporting coal leas ing policy decis ions. Bet te r es t imates a re needed t o r e l a t e i n t e r i o r leas ing with the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ' s goal of increasing domestic coal production. I n t e r i o r ' s recoverable reserve est imates a re based on general recovery f a c t o r s , not on d e t a i l e d , cur ren t economic a n a l y s i s ; using unre l iab le es t imates i n enforcing laws would produce inadequate production con t ro l s , increase the chances f o r specula t ive holdings, and be aga ins t the public i n t e r e s t . I n t e r i o r a n d leaseholder es t imates ; leaseholder es t imates were general ly supported b e t t e r . incomplete because they did not consider a l l underground coa l . GAO considers n e i t h e r I n t e r i o r nor leaseholders es t imates accurate or r e l i a b l e . No coal was produced before 1977 on most federal leases; a b o u t 212 mil l ion tons may be produced annually by 1985.

Wide v a r i a t i o n s ex is ted between

B u t many leaseholder es t imates were

21 . Gordon, R . I., Schenck, G . H. K., IiistoricaZ Trends in Coal U t - i l i - z a t i o n and SuppZy, U.S. Bureau of Mines Open F i l e Rept., 121-76 , 1976, 631 p p . (NTlS PB 261 278/AS)

The Bureau of Mines provided a research grant t o Pennsylvania S ta t e University t o examine in d e t a i l the h i s t o r i c a l behavior of coal consumption a n d the .forces t h a t a r e a f f e c t i n g prospective coal use, and t o provide various scenaries o f fu tu re consumption in se lec ted markets. The study made three basic cont r ibu t ions in the areas i t t r e a t e d . F i r s t , i t consolidated and analyzed a v a i l a b l e h i s t o r i c a l d a t a on the r o l e of coal in the U.S. energy economy. Second, the p r o l i f e r a t i o n of mater ia l s analyzing the forces a f f e c t i n g coal market developments was synthesized. T h i r d , an e f f o r t was made t o d e l i n e a t e possible pa t te rns of fu ture coal use.

5

22. Hamilton, P. A . , White, D . H . , J r . , Matson, T . K., &serve Base of U.S. Coals by Sulfur Content: ( i n two parts), The Fkstert?, States, Bureau of Mines, Information Circ . 8693, Denver, Colo. , 1975.

This repor t d e l i n e a t e s the coal reserve base of a n t h r a c i t e , bituminous and subbituminous coa l s , and l i gn i t e , by mining method and s u l f u r conten t , f o r coal-bearing s t a t e s west o f the Mississ ippi River. a r e the r e s u l t of a j o i n t agreement by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and the U.S. Geological Survey. The reserve base of low-sulfur c o a l , l e s s than o r equal t o 1 .0 percent s u l f u r , i s 167,324.5 mil l ion tons ; medium-sulfur coa l , 1 . 1 t o 3.0 percent sulfur, i s 37,531.5 mi l l i on tons ; and high-sulfur coa l , g r e a t e r than 3.0 percent s u l f u r , i s 11,244.1 mi l l ions tons. The reserve base o f coal w i t h a n unknown s u l f u r level i s 18,323.0 mi l l ion tons. The percentages of deep and s t r i p p a b l e coal a r e 56 and 44 percent , respec t ive ly . The bas is f o r reserve base es t imates and ana ly t i ca l data was the f u e l s a v a i l a b i l i t y system, a Bureau of Mines Data Bank containing numerous data on f o s s i l f u e l s . Information contained i n the system was obtained from publ ica t ions of the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Geological Survey, s t a t e agencies, p r i v a t e publ ica t ions , and company da ta .

The parameters used t o e s t a b l i s h the reserve base d e f i n i t i o n

23. Hodgson, H . E . , ed . , i3aoceedings oJ’ 6hc: Second Symposium on the Geology of Rocky Mountain CouI, 1977, Colorado Geological Survey Resource S e r i e s 4, 1978, 219 pp .

24. In te rna t iona l Geological Congress, 1 2 t h , The coal Resowlces of t he

* 2 5 . Ii.iternationa1 <Jour2nrxZ of Coal Geology, Elsevier S c i e n t i f i c Publish-

WorZd, Toronto, Canada, Morang and Co., 3 v . , 1913.

ing Company, vol . 1 , no. 1 , 1980. Published qua r t e r ly .

26. Kahn, M . H . , Hahn , R . , l?npZications cf Ownership Patt;eans of Western CoaZ R e s e ~ ~ e s and Yheir l-mpnct on CoaZ Devc:lqxiicnt, M i t r e Corporation, Report No. MTR-7249, 1976.

27. Klein, D . E. , Revised Coal Resource Estimates - F o u ~ Case Studies, E l e c t r i c Power Research I n s t i t u t e , EPRI-EA-1360., Palo A l t o , CA.

This repor t presents analyses undertaken t o r ev i se coal resource e s t ima tes f o r modeling purposes. The areas covered herein a re in I C F ’ s Coal and E l e c t r i c U t i l i t i e s Model ( C E U M ) . The coal supply curves a r e developed as a funct ion of coal reserves and mine- cos t ing algorithms. depend upon the coal reserve data and the assumptions used t o a l l o c a t e the reserves across mine types . t he coal reserve data i s the Bureau of Mines Demonstrated Reserve Base ( D R B ) . The D R B i s general ly considered to be the most comprehensive s e t of coal reserves data a v a i l a b l e which covers the e n t i r e U.S. However, i t has some d i s t i n c t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and weaknesses which l i m i t i t s usefulness f o r modeling and f o r e c a s t i n g . As a

The s lope and length of the coal supply curves

In CEUM, the source o f

6

response t o these ac tua l o r po ten t ia l weaknesses in the D R B , t h i s s tudy seeks t o improve upon the coal resource es t imates used in the modeling work. coal supply curves as well as t o extend them t o include l e s s economic resources. In r e f in ing the shapes of t h e coal supply curves, t h e emphasis i s on non-tonnage information; e . g , , overburden r a t i o s , seam th ickness , coal q u a l i t y , e t c . I n e x t e n d i n g the coal supply curves, the emphasis i s on incorporat ing l e s s des i r ab le and/or c e r t a i n resources which a r e not included in the DRB. I l l i n o i s , Texas l i g n i t e , Alaska, and Campbell County in Wyoming were se l ec t ed a s t he i n i t i a l a r eas f o r ana lys i s f o r several reasons. Each area has l a rge coal resources , and f u t u r e production from these regions i s highly s e n s i t i v e t o several f a c t o r s . Production from these regions a l s o has a major impact on the production from o the r regions. F ina l ly , f o r each a rea , addi t iona l information i s known t o be a v a i l a b l e , which could s u b s t a n t i a l l y improve the accuracy and/or completeness of the D R B e s t ima tes .

Here, I C F i s seeking t o r e f i n e the shapes of the

28. Kottlowski, F . T . , Cross, A . T. , and Meyerhoff, A . A . , e d s . , Coal Resources of the Americas - Selected Papers, Geological Society of America Spec. Paper 179, 1978.

29 . Land, G . W . , Real i ty of Coal Ava i lab i l i t y , Amax Coal Company, Indianapol i s , IN, 3 October 1974.

30. Lee, R . , Bradfield, 1.. D . , Howard, B . R . , Latham, F. E . , S k o l i t s , D . , Coal Supply Analysis foil the Off ice o f Env-ironmental Programs Issues Analysis, Draft Report, Energy Divis ion, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1982.

31. Luppens , J . A., Exploration f o r G u l f Coast United Siatcs Ligni te Deposits: The i r Distr ibut ion, Qualiiy, and Reserves, Second In t e rn . Coal Exploration Sym., Denver, Colo. , October 1 - 4 , 1978, 16 P P -

The t o t a l es t imated s t r i p p a b l e in-p lace l i g n i t e reserves f o r the Gulf Coast region a r e 2 2 . 5 b i l l i o n s h o r t tons .

32. Markon, G . United Skates Coals i n World Markets, U . S . Bureau of Mines I n f . Ci rc . 8380, 1968, 87 pp.

33. Masters, C . , Coal Data System: I t s Purpose and Value, U . S . Geological Survey, Reston, V A , Future Coal Supply f o r the World Energy Balance, p p . 100-113.

To allow rap id r e t r i e v a l as well as ease o f update and ana lys i s of data on coal quant i ty and q u a l i t y , a computer-based coal-resource data system has been developed by the branch o f coal resources within the U.S. Geological Survey. Development has been in two phases t o accommodate the a v a i l a b i l i t y and complexity o f t h e da ta .

7

34. Matson, T. K . , Preliminary Zst imate of the Demonstrated Raserve Rase of Coal on Indian Reservations, U.S. Bureau of Mines., Washington, D.C., 1976.

Preliminary estimates indicate t h a t coal in I n d i a n reservations to t a l s approximately 18.6 bi l l ion tons, constituting on the order of 4 percent of the demonstrated reserve base o f coal available for mining in the United States , remaining as of January 1 , 1976. This estimate i s for coal on Indian reservations west o f the Mississippi River; there i s no known coal o f minable thickness on Indian reservations in the eastern p a r t of the United States. Therefore, the above estimate would indicate t h a t on the order of 8 percent o f the demonstrated reserve base of coal west o f the Mississippi River l i e s within the boundaries of Indian reservations. Breaking t h i s down further, Indian reservations appear t o contain nearly 7 percent of the denionstrated reserve base of surface-minable coal in the west, and 5 percent f o r the total United States. The com- parable proportions f o r underground-minable coal are 9 percent and 4 percent, respectively.

35. Matson, T. K . , White, D - H . , J r . , fkmmx Base of CoaZ for Under- ground Mining in the Westem United S ta t e s , U . S . Bureau o f Mines, Washington, D C , and Publications Distribution Center, U.S. Bureau o f Mines, Pittsburgh, PA, 1975.

The coal reserve base in the western United States i s presented for coal beds amenable t o extraction by underground mining methods. The U.S, Bureau o f Mines has abstracted data on the quality and quantity o f coal resources/reserves from numerous s t a t e and federal publica- t ions and modified such data as necessary t o allow computer storage and retr ieval . Tonnages are compiled by s t a t e , county, coalbed, and rank, and a l lo t ted to sulfur categories by s t a t i s t i c a l appor- tionment. The coal reserve base in those s ta tes west o f the Mississippi River, amendable t o underground mining, i s estimated t o be approximately 131 bi l l ion tons. O f t h i s t o t a l , about 30.8 bi l l ion tons are bituminous coal, 100.2 bi l l ion tons are subbituminous coal, and 726.4 million tons are anthracite. Lignite i s n o t considered for underground mining i n th i s report. Included in th i s report i s a glossary o f terms applicable to a c lass i f icat ion system f o r coal resources and reserves a s jo in t ly defined by the Bureau of Mines a n d U.S. Geological Survey. The purpose o f th i s system i s t o provide for d i rect compari son o r compi 1 a t ; on of various resource/ reserve d a t a .

"36. McGraw-Hill , Inc., ICcystone CoaL Iridustry !dunuaZ, New York, McGraw- Hill Mining Informational Services. Published annually.

" 3 7 . McGraw-Hill , Inc., 11. S, Cod M i m P Y Y X ~ C ~ ~ O Y Z by : ?em, Keystone Coal I n d u s t r y Manual, 1980.

8

38.

39.

40.

41.

*42

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

McNul t y , J . E,, B a l l , C . G. , Coal Reserves: Estiinates, Paul Weir Company Inco rpo ra ted , Chicago, Energy Technology Handbook, Considine, D. M. ( ed . ) , 1977.

Data on t h e l o c a t i o n o f U.S. and wor ldwide coa l reserves a r e g iven.

Mu i r , W . L . G., Review of t he World Coal Industry t o 1990, M i l l e r Freeman P u b l i c a t i o n s L td , , C i r c l e House Nor th , 69-71 Wembley H i l l Road, Wembley, Middlesex, England HA9 8BL, 1975.

Murchison, D . , Westo l l , T. S., CoaZ a d Coal-Rearing S t r a - i ; ~ , American E l s e v i e r P u b l i s h i n g Co., New York, 1968, 418 pp.

Murphy, 2 . E . , Assessment of CoaZ Resources, CONF-770136, Bureau o f Mines, Washington, DC, Conference on Coal Product ion, Use, and F inancing, S e c t i o n 2, Paper 1, Washington, DC, January 25, 1977.

U n t i l r e c e n t l y t h e r e had been l i t t l e i n c e n t i v e t o c a t e g o r i z e i n d e t a i l ou r v a s t c o a l resources. Wi th i n c r e a s i n g l i m i t a t i o n s be ing p l a c e d on coa l p r o d u c t i o n and use, and w i t h t h e r e a l i z a t i o n i n r e c e n t yea rs t h a t we must expand g r e a t l y bo th p r o d u c t i o n and use of c o a l , t h e need f o r more d e t a i l e d a p p r a i s a l s o f o u r coa l resources has become apparent. by t h e Bureau o f Mines and t h e U . S . Geo log ica l Survey should a s s i s t b o t h i n making these a p p r a i s a l s and i n a p u b l i c understanding o f them. coa l resources acco rd ing t o geographic d i s t r i b u t i o n ; coalbed; and s u l f u r , ash, m o i s t u r e con ten t , and h e a t i n g values.

N a t i o n a l Coal Assoc ia t i on , Coal Facts, 1974-2975, N a t i o n a l Coal Assoc ia t i on , Washington, D.C., 1975. (Pub l i shed b i e n n i a l l y f o r 26 y e a r s p r i o r as Bi tminous Coal Fac t s ) .

A new resource c l a s s i f i c a t i o n system adopted

Al ready, t h e Bureau o f Mines has used t h i s system t o c l a s s i f y

N a t i o n a l Coal Assoc ia t i on , Coal Data, 1977, N a t i o n a l Coal Assoc ia t i on , Washington, D.C. 1979.

N a t i o n a l Coal Assoc ia t i on , Internat ional CoaZ, 1979, N a t i o n a l Coal Assoc ia t i on , Washington, D.C., 1980.

N o r t h e r n Great P l a i n s Resources Program, Mineral Resoinrces Vork Group Report, 1974.

Noyes, Robert, ed. , Coal Resources, Characteris t ics , urid Omership i n the U.S.A. , Noyes Data Corpo ra t i on , Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1978, 346 p p .

Parker , N. A . , Thompson, R . C. , U.S. Coal Resources and Reserves, Federal Energy A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , O f f i c e o f P o l i c y and Ana lys i s , O f f - i c e o f Data and Ana lys i s , O f f i c e o f Coal, Nuclear , and E l e c t r i c Power A n a l y s i s , Repor t No. PB-252752, FEA/B-76/210, 1976.

9

The extent and quality of coal resources and reserves in the U.S . are described in th i s a r t i c l e . resources are defined and the extent of coal in each category i s estimated. The content of sulfur i n coal i s discussed w i t h respect t o environmental standards. Data are presented on coal reserves on federal and Indian lands, areas containing a large percentage of the country's reserves. Because coal i s the largest fossi l fuel resource in the U.S., i t s importance will continue to increase. With 40% of the nation's total coal reserve located on federal lands, the federal government i s expected t o play a significant role in future coal development. A large portion of U.S. coal resources contains t o o much sulfur t o meet environmental regulations Improvements must be made in sulfur removal technologies in order for t h i s nation t o ful ly exploit i t s extensive coal resources.

Different categories of coal

48. Popoff, C . C . , i%mputing Reserves of Mineral Deposits: ,~rirzcipZes and Conventional Methods, U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8283, 1966.

49. Rees, P . B., Establishing the Hc?ZiatiZity of Dcep Coa2 Reserues, Sixth Intern. Mining Congress, Great Britain, 1970.

50, Reese, R. G . , Dash, 5. B . , Hamilton, P. A . , CoaZ Recovery from Unday2ound Coal Mines in the United States by Mining Method, U.S. Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 8785, 1978.

51. Rieber, M . , Soo, S . L . , Stukel, J . , Low Eulphur Coal: A Revision of Reserve and SuppZy Estimates A p p e n d i x C. F i n a Z Hepo~~t , I l l i no i s University, Urbana, Center for Advanced Computation, PB-248062, 1976.

Conventionally, the definit ion of low-sulfur coal , on which t radi- tional reserve and supply estimates are based, depends only on the weight of sulfur i n a ton o f coal. The B t u content of the coal i s n o t considered. Coal purchases and SO, regulations are based on B t u content. A recalculation o f reserve estimates of low-sulfur coal on a u t i l i t y average B t u basis reduces t radi t ional U.S. e s t i - mates by over 75 percent and western estimates by almost 85 percent. When calculated on a B t u basis, maximizing low-sulfur coal produc- t ion resul ts in a supply shortage by 1986. for a n increased dependence on domestic coal include increased cleaning of high-sulfur coal and expor t l imitations on low-sulfur coal in the short-term. In the mid-term, large capital expendi- tures in processes which reduce o r eliminate the sulfur content are required. These include stack gas scrubbing, gasification and liquefaction. For the consumer, some of these costs can be offset by the elimination o f the transportation charge different ia l between local high-sulfur coal and coal from Wyoming, Colorado, and Montana.

The policy implications

52. Sanner, W . S., a n d Benson, D.C., Demonstrated Kcservc Base of U.S. CoaZs d t h PoLential for Use in the Manufacture of MetnLZurgical Coke, U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8805, 1979.

10

53. Schmidt, R. A., Coal i n America: An EncycZopedia of I?eserues, Production and Use, New York, McGraw-Hil l Book Co., 1979.

54. Sco l l on , T . R . , "Assessment o f Coal Resources," Chem. E q . Proc. V . 73, No. 6, pp. 25-30, June 1977.

T h i s paper p resen ts da ta r e l a t e d t o coa l d e p o s i t s i n t h e U n i t e d S ta tes . The r e s e r v e base i n d i c a t e s a t l e a s t 219 b i l l i o n tons, o r 300 yea rs o f coa l . A t t h e r a t e we a re u s i n g i t now, d e t a i l s o f d e p o s i t l o c a t i o n s and o f t h e i r u s a b i l i t y as an energy resource a r e g iven. The In te ragency Coal Task Force o f P r o j e c t Independence B l u e p r i n t determined i n 1974 t h a t coa l p r o d u c t i o n c o u l d reach 1.2 b i l l i o n tons by 1985 w i t h t h e r e l a x a t i o n o r removal o f con- s t r a i n t s l i m i t i n g t h e expansion o f coa l p r o d u c t i o n and use.

55. Secor, E. S., and o the rs , CoaZ Recovery From Bituminous Coal Surface Mines in the Eastern United S ta tes , A Survey, U.S . Bureau o f Mines I n f . C i r c . 8738, 1977, 14 pp.

56. Sher idan, E . T., Markon, G . , SuppZy and Demand for UniL-ed S ta t e s Coking CoaZs and MetaZZurgicaZ Coke with a Sect ion on Foreign Trade in Coking CoaZs, Specia l pub., Bureau o f Mines, Washington, DC, BM-SP-9-76, December 1976, 30 pp.

T h i s r e p o r t g i v e s t h e known q u a n t i t i e s o f premium-grade cok ing c o a l s i n each s t a t e and compares es t ima ted c u r r e n t p r o d u c t i o n o f c o k i n g c o a l s w i t h t h e requi rements o f domest ic coke producers. Also, demand f o r m e t a l l u r g i c a l coke i n the U n i t e d S t a t e s i n 1985 i s p r o j e c t e d .

57. Smith, G. E., "Regional Coal Resource Update," I n s t i t u t e f o r M i n i n g and M i n e r a l s Research, Lex ing ton , KY, i n Gas From Coal f o r h d u s t r y : Direct U t i l i z a t i o n of Coal, ProbZems und SoZutions, Hahn, 0 . J., MacClel lan, 0. T. , De Vore, R. W. ( eds . ) , pp. 9-10.

58. Smith, W . H., "Computer E v a l u a t i o n and C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f Coal Reserves," i n CoaZ Exploration, Mui r , W. L . G. ( ed . ) , pp. 450-462, M i l l e r Freeman P u b l i c a t i o n s , Inc. , San Franc isco, 1976.

It i s now p o s s i b l e t o s t o r e i n a da ta bank and l a t e r r e t r i e v e i n map f o rma t a l l o f the da ta concern ing a m i n i n g o p e r a t i o n t h a t i s r e q u i r e d f o r l a n d management, g e o l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n s , and m i n i n g eng ineer ing . T h i s mapping r e q u i r e s a coa l da ta base c o n t a i n i n g a l l t h e s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n ob ta ined d u r i n g t h e e x p l o r a t i o n and e v a l u a t i o n program. The b u i l d - u p o f t h i s base i s desc r ibed w i t h i t s s to rage and r e t r i e v a l system. The c a l c u l a t i o n o f coa l reserves by computer and t h e method o f e x c l u d i n g areas i n which t h e seam i s t o o t h i n o r absent a re descr ibed. Reserves can be c l a s s i f i e d , f o r example, by ash o r s u l f u r con ten t . Conversion o f e x i s t i n g reco rds t o e s t a b l i s h a f u l l y i n t e g r a t e d coa l da ta base capable o f p roduc ing s t r u c t u r e con tou r maps, c o a l isopach maps, and complete rese rve es t ima tes w i l l t a k e some t i m e b u t can be b u i l t up a module a t a t ime.

11

59. Spearman, J . E., The United S ta te s Metallurgicd c'oul IruJustry -- Reserves, Efficiency, Outlook, West Virginia Universi ty Press, Morgantown, 1980.

60. S t i n g e l i n , R . W., MacDonald, P. O . , Sparks, J . P . , Baker, E . T . , The Impact of Overmining and Undermining on *he Eastern Uizderground CoaZ Reserve Base, U.S. Bureau o f Mines Open F i l e Rept. 6(1)-77, 1976, 314 p p . Also by same authors , User's ManuaZ fo r tht? Coal LOSS Calculation Model Computer Progrm, U.S. Bureau o f Mines Open F i l e Rept. 6(2)-77, 1976 (NTIS PB 262 518/AS and PB 262 519/AS).

The Bureau of Mines contracted w i t h HRB-Singer, I n c . , S t a t e College, Pennsylvania, f o r the development and implementation of a methodology f o r e s t ima t ing the impact of coal seam i n t e r a c t i o n on the e a s t e r n bituminous underground reserve base. The e f f e c t s o f previous mining i n mu l t ip l e coal seam a reas on c u r r e n t l y mined and reserve seams a r e predicted a s a percentage coal loss by an engineering assessment model c a l l e d the Coal Loss Calculat ion Model. The model u t i l i z e s 1 2 i n p u t va r i ab le s e a s i l y de r ivab le from mine maps o r o t h e r e x i s t i n g da ta sources and c a l c u l a t e s the e f f e c t s o f subsidence and high s t ress due t o remnant p i l l a r s i n the previously mined s earn

61 . 3R Corporation, Con2 I7esourcz S tudy l o r the Tennessee-Tomhigbee Mater-way, Final Report, Contract No. DACWOl -78-C-0065 prepared f o r Mobile District Corps of Engineers, October 1978, 334 pp.

62. Trumbull, 3. V. A . , c h z Z FieZds of hhe U n i t e d S ta t e s , emZusive ~f Alaska - Sheet 2 , U.S. Geological- Survey Map, s c a l e 1 :5,00O,OOO, 1960.

63. U.S. Bureau of Mines, Bibliography of Bureau of Mines TnvoskGptions of Coal und 1-ts &oducLs, 1920-60, I n f . C i r c . 8049, 1962, 161 p p . ; a l s o 1960 Through 1964 (Spencer, J . D . , G i l b e r t , B. unnumbered pub l i ca t ion , 1965.

64. U.S. Bureau of Mines, Demonstrated Ik?smve Bas? of Lhe United S ta tes , by Sulfur C a t n p r y on January 1, 1974 , U.S. Bureau o f Mines Min . Ind. Surveys, 1975.

U.S. Bureau o f Mines, Demonstrated Coal Resewc Rase c~f the United S t a t e s on January I, 2976, U.S. Bureau o f Mines, Min. Ind. Surveys, 1977.

65.

"66. U.S. Bureau o f Mines, MinemZs Yearbooks, Washington, U.S. Govern- ment P r i n t i n g Off ice , 1932-1975.

67. U.S. Bureau o f Mines, ~ r o j e e t s to E X ~ U T U I Fuel ~ o u r c c ~ i - n astern Sintea - A n lipdate of Information Circular 8725, by Benson, 0. C . , and Doyle, J . J . , 1978.

12

68, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Projec-t-s t o Expand Energy Sources in the Western S ta t e s --- An Update of In fomat ion CircuZar 8719, Rich, C . H . , J r . , Information Circular 8772, 1978.

69. U.S. Bureau of Mines, Projec-ts to Expand FueZ Sources i n Mestern S ta t e s - Survey of PZanned or Proposed CoaZ, O i Z Shale, T m Sands, Uranium, and GeothemaZ Supply Expansion Projects, and XeZated Infrastructure in S ta te s west of Lhe Mksiss ippi River (as of May, 1 9 7 6 ) , U.S. Bureau of Mines Inf . Circ. 8719, 1976.

70. U.S . Bureau of Mines, StrippabZe Reserves of Bituminous CoaZ and Ligni te in t he United S ta tes , U.S, Bureau o f Mines Inf . Circ. 8531, 1971.

71. U.S. Bureau of Mines, The Reserve Base o f U.S. Coals by SuZfur Content ( i n two par t s ) , P t . I , The E a s t e m Stat-ss, U.S. Bureau of Mines Inf . Circ. 8680, 1975.

72. U.S. Bureau o f Mines, The Reserve Base o f U.S. Coals by SuZfur Content (In two parts), P t . 2, !!'he Westem S ta tes , U.S. Bureau of Mines Inf . Circ. 8693, 1975. (Refer t o item 22 . )

73. U.S. Bureau of Mines, United Skates Energy Through the Year 2,000 (Revised) , U.S. Bureau of Mines Spec. Pub. 8-75, by Dupree, W. G . , J r . , and Corsentino, J . S . , 1975.

74. U.S. Bureau of Mines, VeekZy CoaZ Report 29.50, P i t t s b u r g h , March 29, 1974.

75, U.S. Department o f Ener y , CoaZ Data: A Refereizce, by S la t i ck , E. R. [DOE/EIA-0064(80)7, Washington, D.C., 1980 (being revised, July 1982).

36 . U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Coal Distr ibut ion January - December 1980, Energy Data Report [ D O E / E IA- 0125(80/40)], 1981. (Also a v a i l a b l e fo r successive quar te r ly and e a r l i e r yea r s ) .

"77. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, DemovisLruted Reserve Rase of Coal i n the United S ta tes on January 1, 1980, [DOE/EIA-0280(80)], Washington, D . C . , 1982.

78. U.S. Department a f Energy, Energy Infomation Administration, Goa2 - PennsyZvania Anthracite 1978, Energy Data Report [DOE/EIA-O119( 78)], 1980 (Last issue - has now been included in 0118 below). avai lab le f o r 1976 and 1977 as annual reports under same catalog number).

(Also

13

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85,

86.

87.

88.

89.

U.5. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, CoaZ Production - 1979, Energy Data Report [DOE/EIA-O118(79)1, 1981 108 pp. Bi tminous and Liynit-e in 1976; (77 and 78) Bi-twninous Coal and Ligni te €Toduction and Mine Operations - 1977(-19781.

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Symposium OM Coal Resources/Reserves In fomat ion , Proceedings of Conference held September 17 and 18, 1979, Departmental Auditorium, Washington, D . C . , updated.

See a l s o e a r l i e r vers ions of DOE/EIA-0118: ( 7 6 ) Coal -

U.S. Department of Energy, Low-Rank Coal Study, National Needs f o r Resource Development, i n s i x volumes. Volume 1 , Executive Summary, Volume 2, Resource Charac te r iza t ion ; Volume 3 , Technology Evaluation; Volume 4 , Regulatory, Environmental, and Market Analysis; Volume 5 , RD&D Program Evaluation; Volume 6 , Peat . Prepared by Energy Resources Co., Inc. , f o r Grand Forks Energy Technology Center, 1980.

U.S. Department of Energy, Western Coal Survey, A Survey of Coal Mining Capacity i n &he West, DOE/RA-0045/1, 1981.

U.S. Department of the I n t e r i o r , mergy Perspectives 2, Superin- tendent of Documents, U.S. Government P r in t ing Off ice , Washington, D.C., 1976.

U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Resources of the United S ta tes , Washington, U.S. Government P r i n t i n g Off ice ( f o r years 1886-1923).

U . 5. Geological Survey, C m Z R a s o w m Class i f i ca t ion System o f the U.S. Bureau o f Mines and the U.S. Geological Survey, Bul l e t in 1450-8.

Utah Univers i ty , S a l t Lake Ci ty , Energy FueZ Mineral Resources o f thzz Public Lands. Volume VI. “Legal Study of Coal Resources on Publ ic Lands, Geothermal Resources on Pub1 i c Lands,” S a l t Lake Ci ty , 1970.

Walker, F. K. , Bibliography and Index o f U.S. Geological Survey Publications Relating t o Coal, January 1971 through June 1978, American Geological I n s t i t u t e , F a l l s Church, Vi rg in ia , 1980.

White, D . M., Kaiser , W. R . , and Groat, C . G . ! Sta tus of Gulf Coast Ligni te A c t i u * i t y , presented a t the Eleventh Biennial L igni te Sym- posium, June 15-17, 1981, San Antonio, Texas, sponsored by Grand Forks Energy Technology Center and Texas Energy and Natural Resources Advisory Council.

Wi 1 son, C . L . , Coni! - Rpidge t o the Future, Report of $he b?orld Coai! Study, Bal l inge r Publishing Co., Cambridge, Mass., 1980.

14

90. Wood, G . H. J r . , National Coal Resoioce .lnvestiyations of t he United St-ates Geological Survey, Geological Survey, Washington, D . C . , 1977.

The coal resource inves t iga t ions of the U.S. Geological Survey a r e d i r ec t ed towards the mission of helping a l l e v i a t e the energy cr is is by developing information immediately usable by the government, indus t ry , and the publ ic . Ind iv idua l ly and c o l l e c t i v e l y , the inves t iga t ions a r e aimed a t assess ing the loca t ion , s i z e , quan t i ty , and q u a l i t y of the coal depos i t s o f the nat ion so t h a t the proper coal can be mined a t the most e f f e c t i v e l o c a l i t y f o r the c o r r e c t usage. In support o f this assessment some of the inves t iga t ions a r e d i r ec t ed t o developing da ta on the o r i g i n of coa l , the phenomena and processes t h a t con t ro l l ed coal accuinulation, and the chemical and physical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of regional and local coal depos i t s so t h a t t h e loca t ion and d i s t r i b u t i o n of undiscovered depos i t s may be predicted; t o developing and maintaining a computerized data system capable of assess ing and updating es t imates o f the n a t i o n ' s coal resources; and t o developing the s c i e n t i f i c a b i l i t y t o p red ic t geologica l ly pe r t inen t f a c t s concerning coal w i t h a minimum o f explora tory e f f o r t . The desc r ip t ion of t he Geological Survey 's coal resource inves t iga t ions i s presented i n t he context o f the underlying socio-economic problem of expanding the domestic production o f coal while maintaining acceptable environment s tandards. A bibliography of individual p r o j e c t s , appropr ia te f i s c a l da ta and an o u t l i n e of procedures involved a r e included in appendices.

91 . World Coal, World Coal Resources and Major Wade Routes, Mi 1 l e r Freeman Publ ica t ions , I n c . , San Francisco, CA, 1976.

* 9 2 . World Coal Magazine, Mil l e r Freeman Publ ica t ions , Inc . , Ci rcu la t ion Dept., 500 Howard S t r e e t , San Francisco, C A , 94105.

93. World Energy Conference, The 1974 Survey o f Energy Resources, Engineers J o i n t Council, New York, N Y , 1975.

94. Young, R . A., Stepko, G . J r . , Ownership and Lrnd Use Constraints Upon the Recoverabili ty o f Coals: Open F i l e Report, West Virginia Universi ty , Morgantown, Department of Geology and Geography, 1976.

A Mzthodology and Test Case,

This r epor t considers t he manner by which land use and land owner- sh ip pa t t e rns may reduce the a v a i l a b i l i t y of coal reserves . The a p p l i c a b i l i t y of var ious information sources f o r such a study i s examined, and a methodology i s ou t l ined in which land use, sur face ownership, and mineral ownership d a t a may be co l l ec t ed and i n t e r - preted a t the county l eve l . A var iab le-sca le g r id mapping system was devised t o d isp lay the i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s between sur face land use, ownership, and t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f coal depos i t s . This methodology was then used t o analyze poten t ia l coal a v a i l a b i l i t y within Monongal i a County.

15

95. Zimmerman, M . B., The Supp ly of Coal in the Long fiun: The Case of Eastern Deep CoaZ, Massachusetts Ins t i tu te of Technology, Energy Laboratory, Report No. MIT-FL 75-021, 1975.

Examination of costs and reserves o f coal t o determine mineral reserves indicates that n a t u r a l depletion, technological developments, and policy decisions must a l l be taken into account. Previous analyses using only a demonstrated reserve base o f seam thickness do n o t give an accurate figure. Costs wi l l be affected by sh i f t s t o deep mining and low-sulfur coal mining for environmental reasons. Technological developments in mining engineering, processing, and stack cleaning will also affect costs. Other factors will be user response in terms of demand and substi tution of other fuels , and r is ing labor costs. Rates of cost increases will be determined by the length of time given for adjustment.

*96. Zinder-Norris, Coal InternationaI, v. 2 , no. 4, 39 p., 1980. [Published monthly by Zinder-Norris, Inc., 1828 L . S t . , N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.3

SOURCES FOR INDIVIDUAL SPATES

ALABAMA _____. . . . . .

1 . Geological Survey of Alabama, LPreZimiimry ...- Reserve Base o f Bituminous Coal and Ligni te i n Alabama, U.S. Bureau o f Mines Grant Agreement 6177080, l a t e r administered by U.S. Department o f Energy, 1980.

2 . C u l ber tson, W . C . , "Geology and Coal Resources of the Coal-Bearing Rocks of Alabama," Contributions t o Econorrik Geology, Bul l e t in 1182-B. U.S . Geological Survey, 1964.

3. Daniel , T. W . J r . , A Strippable Ligni te Bed i n South AZabama, Geological Survey of Alabama, Bull . 101, 1973.

4. G i l b e r t , 0. E., J r . , and S m i t h , W . E., Bibliography o f Alabama CoaZ, Geological Survey o f Alabama, Ci rc . 77, 1972.

5 , J o i n e r , T . J . , Copeland, C . W . , J r . , Russe l l , D . D . , Evans, F . E . , J r . , Sapp, C . D., Remote Sensing of Strippnhle CoaZ Reserves und Mine Inventory i n Part of the Warrior Coal F i e l d i n Alabama. Geological Survey, Universi ty , Alabama, 1978.

Methods by which es t imates o f t he rernaining reserves of s t r i p p a b l e coal i n Alabama could be made were developed. Information acquired frorii NASA's Earth Resources Off ice was used t o analyze and map e x i s t i n g sur face mines in a four-quadrangle area in west cen t r a l Alabama. Using this information and t r a d i t i o n a l methods f o r mapping coal reserves, an es t imate of reniaini ng s t r i ppabl e reserves was derived. Techniques f o r the computer ana lys i s o f remotely sensed da ta and o the r types of ava i l ab le coal data were developed t o produce an es t imate o f s t r i p p a b l e coal reserves f o r a second four-quadrangle a rea . Both a reas a r e i n the Warrior coal f i e l d , the most p r o l i f i c and a c t i v e of Alabama's coal f i e l d s . They were chosen because of the amount arid type of coal m i n i n g i n the a r e a , t he i r loca t ion r e l a t i v e t o urban a reas , and amount and a v a i l a b i l i t y of base data necessary f o r t h i s type o f study.

6. McCalley, W . , Report on the Warrior Coal Basin, Geological Survey o f Alabama, Universi ty , Alabama, 1979.

The Warrior Coal Basin i s t he southwest end of the v i s i b l e coal measures of t h e Warrior coal f i e l d . T h e basin i s made u p o f s h a l e s , sandstones, conglomerates, and s tone coa ls . The sha le s and sand- s tones a r e from the g rea t bulk o f the s t r a t a . The coa ls a r e from 2 t o 5 r egu la r seams i n each o f 6 groups. The groups a r e the Black Creek, Horse Creek, P r a t t , Cubb , Gwin, and Brookwood. The Horse Creek and the P r a t t a r e the pr inc ipa l groups. The coal seams range i n th ickness from a few inches t o some 16 f e e t . Most of the coal can be mined w i t h ease and cheapness. bituminous, a r e of various k inds .

The coa l s , though a l l

16

1 7

7. Mur r i e , G. W . , Ciamond, W . P . , Lambert, S. W., &oZogy o f the Mury Lee Group of CcuZbeds, BZack Warrior Coal Busin, Altzbma, u . s . Bureau of Mines Rept. I n v e s t i g a t i o n s 8189.

8. Rothrock, H. E., Geo2og.y aid Coal Resources 07 the Northeast Part of the Coosu Coal Field, St. Clair County, Alabama, Geolog ica l Survey of Alabama, B u l l e t i n 61, 1949.

9. Sel f, D. M. , L i g n i t e Nzsources o f &he AZabama-2’ornbigbee .Rivers Reg.l:on, ~ Z a b m a . Conso l ida ted Coal Co., Mer id ian , M i s s i s s i p p i , CONF-7606131, Proceedings G u l f Coast L i g n i t e Conference: U t i l i z a t i o n , and Envi ronmenta l Aspects. Repor t o f I n v e s t i g a t i o n s No. 90, Ka ise r , W. R. (Ed. ) , pp. 59-65, Aus t i n , Texas, June 2, 1976.

Geology,

The l i g n i t e resources o f t h e Alabama-Tombigbee R ive rs r e g i o n o f southwest Alabama exceed 4.7 b i l l i o n s h o r t tons . Near-sur face d e p o s i t s hav ing economic p o t e n t i a l occur i n t h e Oak H i l l member o f t h e Naheola f o r m a t i o n and t h e Upper unnamed member o f t h e Tuscahoma fo rma t ion . Demonstrated reserves i n t h e near -su r face amount t o approx imate ly 562 m i l l i o n s h o r t tons. The near -sur face l i g n i t e i n t h e Oak H i l l member g e n e r a l l y occurs as a s i n g l e t a b u l a r bed which ranges f rom 1 t o 14 ft i n th i ckness . M o i s t u r e and s u l f u r c o n t e n t a r e h igh ; however, ash c o n t e n t i s low, and t h e c a l o r i f i c va lue may exceed 11,200 B t u / l b on a m o i s t u r e - f r e e b a s i s .

The l i g n i t e o f t h e Tuscahoma f o r m a t i o n occurs i n f rom one t o s i x beds and i s g e n e r a l l y i n f e r i o r t o t h e Oak H i l l l i g n i t e . The ash c o n t e n t i s ve ry h igh , and t h e c a l o r i f i c va lue i s co r respond ing ly low. Deep-basin d e p o s i t s occur i n t h e Midway and Wi lcox groups; however, o n l y t h e Midway l i g n i t e s appear t o have economic p o t e n t i a l Demonstrated and i n f e r r e d resources i n deep-basin depos i t s t o t a l o v e r 4.1 b i l l i o n s h o r t tons. occurs i n one t o t h r e e beds which a r e apparen t l y e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e near -sur face l i g n i t e o f t h e Oak H i l l member.

The l i g n i t e o f t h e Midway group

10. Sho t t s , R. O B , Riey, H. L., Coal R B S O U T ~ ? ~ S of the Fabius-P%at R O C ~ C

Area, Jackson County, Alabumn. Bureau o f Mines, Washington, D.C. , BM-IC-8295, 1966.

A s tudy was made o f t h e coa l resources o f an area i n Jackson County, Alabama, fo rm ing a p a r t o f t h e F l a t Rock, Henegar, and Stevenson quadrangles. The area s t u d i e d i s a p o r t i o n o f t h e P la teau eoa l - f i e l d on Sand Mounta in and i s near t h e Tennessee V a l l e y A u t h o r i t y ’ s Widows Creek Steamplant. S ince no d e t a i l e d g e o l o g i c a l s tudy o f t h i s area had been pub l ished, some reconnaissance work was done. The coalbeds and ad jacen t s t r a t a such as sandstones, cong lomera t ic sandstones, and conglomerates were s tud ied . A v a i l a b l e d r i l l l ogs , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e a r e a l geology, p rov ided s u f f i c i e n t i n f o r m a t i o n t o p e r m i t c o r r e l a t i o n s o f t h e coalbeds and an e s t i m a t i o n o f coa l reserves . Fo r a l l c a t e g o r i e s o f reserves , computed on a r e g i o n a l

18

b a s i s , a t o t a l of 72,920,000 tons o f coa l more than 14 inches t h i c k i s es t ima ted f o r t h e areas s t u d i e d i n t h e Stevenson, F l a t Rock, and Henegar quadrangles. O f t h i s tonnage, 40,0001,000 tons i s es t ima ted t o have l e s s than 60 f e e t o f overburden. The t o t a l measured c o a l reserves f o r t h e above t h r e e quadrangles a r e 16,359,000 tons, w i t h 12,471,000 tons under l e s s than 60 f e e t o f cover.

11. Sho t t s , R. Q. , Some Problems o f E s t i m a t i n g S t r i p p a b l e Coal Reserves o f Alabama, Jour. Alabma Acd. S e i . , v. 42, no. 2 , A p r i l 1971.

12. Sho t t s , R. Q., Unpubl ished c a l c u l a t i o n s on l i g n i t e resources i n Alabama, Department o f M i n i n g Engineer ing, U n i v e r s i t y o f Alabama, Tuscaloosa, f i l e data of t h e U.S. Bureau of Mines, P i t t s b u r g h , Pennsylvania, 1973. (On f i l e o f U .S , DOF./EIA, Washington, D.C.).

13. S t a t e o f Alabama, Coal Reserves of Alabama, NP-23737, S t a t e C a p i t a l , Montgomery, Alabama, Southern Rai lway System, Washington, D .C . , 1972.

T h i s i s t h e s i x t h o f a s e r i e s o f r e p o r t s prepared t o p o r t r a y the coa l f i e l d s served by t h e Solrthern Rai lway system and i t s s h o r t - 1 i n e connect ions. The p rev ious r e p o r t s presented data on Kentucky, I l l i n o i s , I nd iana , V i r g i n i a , and Tennessee. Est imates o f t h e coa l reserves p resen t i n t h e va r ious areas a r e based upon t h e l a t e s t a v a i l a b l e computat ions made f o r each area by governmental and p r i v a t e agencies. The f i g u r e s have been es t ima ted as o f 1964 w i t h newer da ta r e f l e c t i n g es t ima tes made i n 1959. been made f o r recove rab le coa l reserves i n each seam by county and coa l f i e l d f o r Alabama. The seams i n c l u d e d a r e those which can reasonably be considered as i i i ineable and recove rab le w i t h i n t h e area se rved by Southern Rai lway system. The f i g u r e s r e p o r t e d a r e recove rab le tons based on t h e average t h i c k n e s s of t h e coa l seam i n each area. l a r g e s t s i n g l e f a c t o r i n f l u e n c i n g t h e magnitude o f reserves. I n t h i s r e p o r t , i t has been assumed t h a t o n l y 50 pe rcen t o f t h e coa l i n t h e ground w i l l be recovered by conven t iona l m i n i n g methods.

The es t ima tes have

The r e c o v e r a b i l i t y o f coa l i n m i n i n g i s perhaps t h e

14. Toenges, A . L . , T u r n b u l l , I-. A., J o l l e y , T . R. , Sh ie lds , J. J . , Smith, H. L., O 'Donne l l , H . J . , Cooper, H. M., Abernethy, R . F., Gandrud, B. W. , R i l e y , H. 1.. , Rothrock, ti. E . , Inves t iga t ion of Coal Deposits i n the Fairview and Coa% C i t y Bas-ins, Coosa Field, St. Claii. County, il labma; Resemes, Pe L-rography, and Chemical Properties o f Coals; Washability Characteris t ics o f Coal from Fairview Bed and Geology o f Area. Bureau o f Mines, Washington, D.C. , BM-TP-719, 1949.

Repor t g i v e s r e s u l t s o f t h e Bureau 's diamond d r i l l i n g i n t h e Coosa F i e l d , w i t h d e s c r i p t i o n s o f reserves, chemical p r o p e r t i e s o f c o a l s , and geology o f area.

19

15. Ward, W . E., 11, Evans, F. E., Jr., Coal - Its Importance to Alabama, Information Series 53. Alabama Geological Survey, 1975.

20

1 . Apel l , G. A . , Moose Creek D i s t m X o f Matanuska Coal, Fields, Alaska. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D,C., 1944.

Exploration work by Bureau o f Mines i n Alaska has added 2,375,500 tons o f c o a l , of which 1,656,700 tons a r e recoverable , t o reserves of bituminous coal in the Matanuska a rea ; and addi t iona l core d r i l l i n g may d i sc lose further workable depos i t s . coal i s h igh -vo la t i l e bituminous and is s u i t a b l e f o r domestic and commercial uses.

Newly charted

2 . Barnes, F . F. , Coal Fields i n t he United S ta t e s - Sheet 2 , Alaska, U . S . Geological Survey Map, s c a l e 1:5,Q00,000, 1961.

3 . Barnes, F. F. , Ford, D . M . , Coal Prospects and Coal, Exploration and Development i n the Lower Matanusktz Val ley , Alaska, ci rcul a r 154 , U . S . Geological Survey , 1952,

4. Barnes, F. F., Coal Resources o f Alaska, U.S. Geological Survey Bull . 1242-B, 1967, pp. B I - B 3 6 .

5. Conwell , C . N. , Energy Resource Map of Alaska, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, 1977 .

6, Conwell, C . N., and Triplehorn, D. PI., High-quality Coal near Poin-t Hope, Nort lmestem Alaska: Short Not-es on Alaskan Geology, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys Geologic Rkpor t 51 , 1976.

7 . Conwell, C . N., and Triplehorn, 0 . M . , Herendeen Bay - Chiqnik Coals, Southem Alaska Peninsula, A1 a s ka D i v i si on o f Geol o g i cal and Geophysical Surveys Special Report, 1978.

8. Lyle, W . M . , and Gragg, N. J . , CoaZ bibliography f o r AZaska, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, open-f i le report 41 , 1974.

9 . Marstrander, H. , Apell , G. A., Rutledge, F. A . , Hulhert , J . H . Exploration of Leasing Block iVo. 28 in the N e m m Coal Field, Alaska. Sureau o f Mines, Washington, D . C . , 1946.

10. McIntosh, W . L . , and E i s t e r , M . F., Geologic Map Index o f Alaska, U . S . Geological Survey, 1978.

11. McGee, D. L . , "Alaska 's coa l s : Alaska Division o f Geological a n d Geophysical Surveys," Mines a d Geology, BUZZ. v . X X V I , no. 4 , 1977, p . 1 -12 .

21

12. McGee, D. L., and 0 ' Connor, K. M. , CoaZ, Mineral ResoTwces of Alaska and &he Impact of Federal Land PoZicies on Their Avail- a b i l i t g , Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, open-f i le r e p o r t 51, 1975.

13. T a i l l e u r , I . L., Brosge, W . P . , "Coal Resources of Northern Alaska May be Nation's Largest," Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Ca l i fo rn ia , Focus on AZaska's Coal, Rao, P . D., Wolff, E. N . ( eds . ) , 1975, pp . 219-226.

22

AR I ZONA

1 . Arnold, J . M . , Discovery and Development o f Peabody Coal Company and BZack Mesa Mine, Society o f M i n i n g Engineers of American Inst i tute of Mining Engineers Prepr in t 69-F-349, 1969.

2 . A v e r i t t , P . a n d O’Sullivan, R . B . , Section on Coal in MineraZ and Water Resources of Arizona, Commi t t e e Pri n t , Senate C o m m i t t e e on I n t e r i o r and Insu lar A f f a i r s , 1969.

3 . Hileman, D. ti. , Levene, H. D, , and Wilson, S. R . , An Econondc and Geologic Appraisal o f the Black Mesa CoaZj%eld, Arizona, U.S. Bureau o f Mines, Open F i l e Report, 1968, 44 pp.

4 . McIntosh, W . L. , and E i s t e r , M . F. , Geologic Map lndez of Arizona, U.S. Geological Survey, 197’5.

5. P ie rce , ti. W . , Keith, S. B., and W i l t , J . C . , CoaZ, O i Z , Natural Gas, HeZiwn, and Uranium i n Arizona, Arizona Bureau of Mines , Bull. 182, 1970, 289 pp.

6. Robinson & Robinson, Inc. , Report of Keservzs and Q i m I i t y of Coal i n the Black Mesa Coal Field, Navajo County, Arizona, i n Lands Leased by Peabody CoaZ Company on the Resewat ion o f the Navajo Indians and the Jo in t Reservations O J Navajo and Hopi Indians, t o be used a t the nJavajo Power P l a n t , f o r the Navajo-Four Corners Power Plant Steering Cononfi;tee and Fuel and Water Supply l’ask Force, May 1969.

23

ARKANSAS

1.

2.

3 .

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Haley, B. R . , Coal Resowces o f Arkansas, 1954, U . S . Geological Survey, Bul le t in , 1072-P, 1960.

Haley, B. R . , Geology o f the Barber Quadrangls, Sebastian County and Vicinity, Arkansas, Arkansas Geological Commission Information C i rcu la r 20-Cy 1966.

Haley, B. R . , and Hendricks, T . A . , Geology of the Greenwood QuadrangZe, Arkunsas-Oklahomu, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 536-A, 1968; a l s o Arkansas Geological Commission Information C i rcu la r 20-F, 1968.

Haley , B. R . Geology o f the Paris Quadrangle, Logan Count ,

1961. Arkansas, Arkansas Geological Commission Information Circu ‘i a r 20-B,

Haley, B. R . , Geology of t he Scranton and New Blaine Quadmngles, Logan and Johnson Counties, Arkansas, U. S . Geol ogical Survey Pro- f e s s iona l Paper 536-B, 1968; a l s o Arkansas Geological Commission Information Ci rcu lar 20-G, 1968.

Haley, B . R . , Geology o f the Van Buren and Lavaca Quadrangles, Arkansas and OkZahoma, U. S . Geological Survey Professional Paper 657-.A, 1971; a l s o Arkansas Information Ci rcu lar 20-1, 1972.

McIntosh, W . L., and Eister, M. F . , GeoZogie Map Index of Arkansas, U . S . Geological Survey, 1977.

Merewether, E. A., Haley, B. R . , GeoZogy of the CoaZ Hill, tlartrnan, and CZarksviZlo Quadrangles, Johnson County and V f e f n i t y , Arkansas, Professional Paper 536-C. U. S. Geological Survey 1969, pp . C1 -C27. (Also published a s Information Ci rcu lar 20-H, Arkansas Geological Comrrii s s i on , 1 969 e )

of De Zmare Quadrang 2 2 , GeOZOgz Merewether, E . A . , Haley, B. R . , Logan County and V L z i n i t y , Arkansas, Ar ansas Geological Commission Information Ci rcu lar 20-A, 1961.

Merewether, E . A . , Geology o f the Knoxville and Delaware QuadrangZes, Johnson and Logan Countias and Vicinity, Arkansas, U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 657-B, 1972; a l s o Arkansas Geological Commission Information C i rcu la r 20-5, 1972.

Merewether, E. A . , Geology of &lie Knomi l l e &uadrcmgZe, fJohnsors and Pope Counties, Arkansas, Arkansas Geological Commission Informa- t i o n Ci rcu lar 20-E, 1967.

24

12. Mielchowsky, C. C . , Co l l in s , G . F., Gerahian, I... K., and Calhoun, E . J . , "Fron t i e r L ign i t e Exploration i n the South-Central United S t a t e s , " i n Campbell, M . D . , e d i t o r , Geology of AZtemute Energy Resources i n the Sou&h-CentraZ United S ta tes , Houston Geol ogi ca l Soc ie ty , 1977.

13. Woodward, M . B., and Gilbrea th , L . , Arkansas Ligni te Chcwue-teristics, U.S. Bureau o f Mines Grant No. 60254887, Arkansas Geological Cornmi ss ion , 1976

25

CALIFORNIA

1 . Andrews, D. A . , Hendrick, T . A., Huddle. J . W . , " T h e Coal F ie lds of Arizona, Ca l i fo rn ia , Idaho, Nevada, and Oregon," Analyses of Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, and Oregon Coals, Technical Paper 696. U.S. Bureau o f Mines, 1947, pp . 1-12.

2 . Hart , E. w . , Mines and Mineral Resources of Monterey County, County Report 5. Ca l i fo rn ia Division of Mines and Geology, 1966, pp . 34-36.

3. Hildebrand, R . T., Coal Deposits of Califomzia. A Se lec ted Annotated Bibliography. U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, C a l i f . Geol., V . 31, No. 1 2 , pp. 282-286, December 1978.

L i t t l e coal has been mined in Ca l i fo rn ia f o r 30 yea r s , though the est imated resources of 90.7 mi l l ion met r ic tons [Aver i t t , 1975, p . 43 (1 is ted under "General Sources")] has caused a resurgence o f interest i n i t s po ten t i a l during the energy c r i s i s of the 1970s. The occurrence of coal has been reported in 43 o f the 58 count ies of Ca l i fo rn ia ; the major coal-bear ing a reas a r e shown i n Figure 1 . General ly , coal beds a r e o f Cretaceous t o Pl iocene and Ple i s tocene age and range i n thickness from less than 1 meter ( m ) t o about 7 m . The rank o f coal ranges from l i g n i t e t o h igh -vo la t i l e B bituminous coa l . Th i r ty - f ive references concerning coal depos i t s in Ca l i fo rn ia a r e annotated i n th i s bibl iography. t o be the most comprehensive o f more than 130 re ferences a v a i l a b l e on coal depos i t s i n Ca l i fo rn ia . Current (1978) s t r a t i g r a p h i c information has been added t o the tex t in brackets where appropr ia te . Reports on coal published p r i o r t o 1922 were l i s t e d i n a bibliography compiled by Boalich (1922) .-- and some of these r epor t s a r e annotated i n the present bibliography.

These r epor t s a r e considered

4. Jenninys, C . W . , "Coal , I t Mineral Comodi t i e s of California, 176. Ca l i fo rn ia Divis ion o f Mines, 1957, pp. 153-164.

5. Karp, S. E . , "Ca l i fo rn ia Coal," Cornpuss, v. 26, no. 4 , -8949

6. Landis, E . R . , "Coal," Mineral Resoumcs of California, Bul Ca l i fo rn ia Divis ion o f Mines and Geology, 1966, pp. 134-139

p . 341-344.

Bu l l e t in

e t i n 191.

26

COLORADO

1 .

2"

3.

4.

5.

Barnes, H. , Bal t z , E . H., Hayes, P . T . , GeoZoyy and Fuel Resources of the Red Mesa Area, LnPZata and Montezwna Count-ies, Colorado, U.S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Inves t iga t ion Map OM 149, 1954.

Barnes, H . , Geology of -the Ignacio Area, Ignacio and Pagosa S p i n g s Quadrangles, LaPZata and ArchuZeta Counties, CoZorado, U S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Inves t iga t ion Map OM 138, 1953.

Bass, N . W . , Eby, J . B . , and Caniphell, M . R . , GeoZogy and MineraZ FueZs of Parts of Routt and Moffczt Counties, CoZorado, U . S . Geo- log ica l Survey B u l l e t i n , 1027-D, p . 143-250.

Berge Explorat ion, Inc., CoaZ Ownership Maps, Yarrpu-Danforth JIilZs Area, Northwest Colorado, Berge Explorat ion, Inc . , Denver, Colorado, 1976.

Boreck, D. I... , Murray, D . K . , CoZorado Goa2 8eserves DepZetion Datu and CoaZ Mine Summaries, Final Report , Colorado Geological Survey, Denver, USGS-OFR-79-1, 1979.

Coal mining began i n Colorado i n the e a r l y 1860 ' s . 1667 mines loca ted by the au thors have produced a t o t a l of 598,824,876 s h o r t tons of coal t o January 1 , 1977. This a c t i v i t y has depleted the reserve base of Colorado by 1,160,753,484 s h o r t t ons . Most of the coal produced t o d a t e has been mined from beds ranging from 4 t o 10 f t i n th ickness . U s i n g o r ig ina l reserve base e s t ima tes ca l cu la t ed by the U.S. Department of Energy (Matson, 19791, 6.67 percent o f the S t a t e ' s demonstrated coal reserve base has been produced o r l o s t i n the process of m i n i n g . This leaves 93,33 percent of the o r i g i n a l reserve base i n t a c t . Estimates of the remaining demnn- s t r a t e d coal reserve base f o r each coal-bear ing region a r e given. D u r i n g the two-year per iod , 1977-1978, the main producing region, the Green River, produced 15,405,488 s h o r t t ons , o r 58.62 percent o f t o t a l two-year s ta tewide production of 26,279,491 tons . h i g h f i gu re i s the r e s u l t of l a r g e su r face m i n i n g opera t ions i n the a rea . i n Colorado, has been mined o r otherwise rendered unavai lable t o mining and from what coal zones t h i s production has been obtained. The da ta presented a r e prel iminary i n na ture ; however, this r epor t does represent a concise summary of c e r t a i n a spec t s of the coal mining h i s t o r y of Colorado. result i n more e f f i c i e n t future development and production of coal i n th i s s t a t e .

S ince then, the

This

Coal has been produced from a l l of the coal-bear ing regions This r e p o r t i s an at tempt t o determine how much coal

The au thors hope t h a t t h i s p ro jec t w i l l

27

6. Brand, K . E. , and Eakins, W . , Coal Resources of the Denver East !io x l o Quadx?angle, Colorado, Colorado Geological Survey Resource S e r i e s 13, 1980.

7. C011 ins , B . A. , CoaZ Deposits of the Carbondale, Grand Hogback, and Southern Danforth Hills Coal Fields, Eastern Piceancs Basin, Colorado, Q u a r t e r l y of the Colorado School o f Mines, 71 :1 , January, 1976, 138 p. Golden, Co.

8. Colorado Geological Survey, Colorado Land S ta tus Map, Colorado Geological Map MS- 13, Scal e 1 : 500,000, 1979.

9. Colorado Land Use Commission, Selected EnerLgy Resources and Pipelines, Colorado, 1974, Colorado Land Use Commission Map, s ca l e 1:500,000, 1974.

"10. Dawson, C . , Murray, D . K . , Co%orado Coil% Directoiy cmd Source Book, Co'lorado Geological Survey Resources S e r i e s No. 3, 1978.

Coal s t a t i s t i c s , coal mines, coal development, l ea s ing , t axa t ion , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , u t i l i z a t i o n , s a l e s , p repara t ion , equipment man- u f a c t u r e r s , companies, consu l t an t s , and se l ec t ed l i s t of re ferences .

11 . Donne1 1 , J . R. , Geo Loyg and Coal Resources o f the Carbondaze area, Garfleld, P i t k i n , and Cunnison Counties, Colorado, U . S . Geological Survey open-f i 1 e repor t .

12 . Fender, H . B , , Jones, D. C . , Murray, D . K . , Bibliogrqjhy a-nd Index n f PublCcatdons ReZatCng t o Coal i j l Colorado, 1972-1977, Colorado Geological Survey Bu l l e t in 41, 1978, 54 pp .

13. Fender, H . B . , Murray, D . K., Data Accwmlation on the Methane Potential. of t he Coal Lkds of Colorado, Final Report, Colorado Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-2, 1978, 25 p p .

14. Goolsby, S . M . , Reade, N. B. S . , Murray, D . K . , Evuluation of Coici-ny Coals in Colorado, Resource S e r i e s 7 Survey, Denver, DOE/TIC-111112, 1979, 152 p p .

Cer ta in coa ls from the S t a t e of Colorado have l o n g served as a major component f o r the manufacture o f coke. However, decis ion- makers both i n p r i v a t e indus t ry and i n a l l l e v e l s o f government have been hampered by the lack o f comprehensive and d e t a i l e d s t a t e - wide coking-coal resource eva lua t ion . To a l l e v i a t e t h i s problem a two-year p ro jec t was i n i t i a t e d t o eva lua te the resources of coking coal i n Colorado. Based on a precedent s e t by workers in the U.S. Bureau of Mines and Department o f Energy, a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n system was e s t ab l i shed t o eva lua te coking-coal resources in Colorado. This c l a s s i f i c a t i o n system uses coal ash and s u l f u r content and ASTM rank designat ions t o ca t egor i ze coal resources a s b e i n g e i t h e r

Colorado Geol ogi cal

28

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20

2 1 .

2 2 .

23.

24.

premium (0-1 -0% S , 0-8.0% a s h ) , marginal (1 . l -1 .8% S, 8.0-12.0% ash ) , o r l a t e n t (1.9-3.0% S , 12.1-15.0% ash) grade coking coa l . Us ing this c l a s s i f i c a t i o n system, coal regions were se l ec t ed a s a reas containing poten t ia l coking-coal reserves. Iden t i f i ed o r i g i n a l , in-place, coking-coal reserve es t imates then were made u t i l i z i n g the proposed coking-coal c l a s s i f i c a t i o n system, coal resource eva lua t ion maps, and published coal reserve es t imates . In Colorado, the Raton Mesa region contains 2.05 b- i l l ion shor t tons , the San Juan River region 1 .78 b i l l i o n shor t t ons , and one Uinta region 0.45 b i l l i o n s h o r t tons of i d e n t i f i e d coaking-coal reserves . The t o t a l i d e n t i f i e d o r ig ina l in-place coaking-coal reserves f o r the s t a t e of Colorado a r e estimated a t 4.3 b i l l i o n s h o r t tons.

Harbour, R. L., Dixon, G . H . , Coal Resources of Trinidad-AguiZar Area, Las Animas and Hueyfano Counties, Colorado, U . S a Geol ogi cal Survey Bulletin 1072-6, 1959.

Holt , R. 5. BibZiography, CoaZ Resources i n CoZorado, Colorado Geological Survey Bul le t in 34-A, 1972.

Holt , R . D . , CoaZ Resources in CoZorado, Colorado Geological Survey Bu l l e t in , 34-B, 1982,

Hornbaker, A. L., Holt, R. D., 1972 Swma of CoaZ Resources i n CoZorado, Special Publ icat ion 3, Colorado 2 eological Survey, 1973, 15 PP.

Johnson, R. B . , Stevens, J . G . , CoaZ Resources of the LaVeta Area, Huerfmo County, CoZorado, U S . Geological Survey Coal Inves t iga t ion Map C 20, 1954.

Johnson, R. B . , Geology and Coal Resources of the WaZsenbmg Area, Huerfano County, CoZorado, U.S . Geological Survey Bul le t in 1042-0, 1958.

Johnson, R. B., C o d Resources of Lhe Trinided Coal FieZd i n Huerjcano and Las Animas Counties, Colorado, U.S. Geological Survey Bul le t in 1112-E, 1961.

Jones , D . C . , Coal Mines and CoaZ FieZds of CoZorado, Colorado Geological Survey Inf . Ser . 1, 1976.

Jones , D. C . , Murray, D . K. , Coal Mines of CoZorado, S t a t i s t i c a l Data, Col orado Geol ogi ca l Survey Information Se r i e s 2 1976.

Jones, D . C . , Shul tz , J . E., Murray, 0. K . , CoaZ Resources and DeveZoprnent Map of CoZorah, Colorado Geological Survey Map MS-9, s c a l e 1 :500,000, 1978.

Coal-bearing a reas by d e p t h , q u a l i t y , and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ; es t imates of o r ig ina l and remaining resources; a c t i v e , abandoned, and proposed

29

s u r f a c e and underground mines; production f i g u r e s for individual major mines; c u r r e n t and proposed u t i l i t y p l a n t s , coal t reatment p l a n t s and coal conversion p l an t s .

25. Kirkham, R . M. , Ladwig, L . R . Coal Resources o f the Denverl and Cheyenne Basins, Colorado, Resource Series 5 , Colorado Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, 1979.

The Denver and Cheyenne basins a r e major coal- and l i gn i t e -bea r ing regions i n Colorado. About 36% of the a rea w i t h i n Colorado t h a t i s underlain by coal a t a depth of l e s s than 8000 f t (900 m ) i s within these two bas ins . Subbituminous coal and l i g n i t e occur i n the Upper Cretaceous Laramie formation and l i g n i t e occurs i n the Upper Cretaceous - Paleocene Denver formation. A t o t a l of 130,196,330 tons of coal and l i g n i t e have been mined from these two formations i n the Denver and Cheyenne bas ins ; about 20 t o 25 b i l l i o n tons of Laramie formation coal and 10 t o 15 b i l l i o n tons o f Denver formation l i g n i t e remain i n place i n the s tudy a r e a . p a r t of the f i r s t - y e a r f ind ings from a 2.5-year study o f the environmental impacts of energy-resource development i n t h e a r e a . A primary goal of the i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s t o develop a thorough under- s tanding o f the var ious environmental impacts t h a t may result from energy resource development. Another goal i s t o i d e n t i f y a reas underlain by valuable energy resource d e p o s i t s , both f o s s i l fuel and uranium, t h a t need t o be protected from a l t e r n a t e land uses t h a t may p r o h i b i t o r i n h i b i t future resource development. geological information is provided on 5 p l a t e s i n t h i s packet. P l a t e 1 con ta ins da t a on the Laramie formation c o a l , Denver and Cheyenne bas ins ; P l a t e 2 , Denver formation l i g n i t e , Denver Basin; P l a t e 3 , Watkins a r e a , Adams and Apapahoe coun t i e s ; P l a t e 4 , S t a t i o n Creek a r e a , E l b e r t County; and P l a t e 5 , c r o s s s e c t i o n s of the Denver formation l i g n i t e beds, Denver Basin.

This r e p o r t presents a

Detailed

26. Landis, E. R., Cone, G . C . , CoaZ Reserves of Colorado TubuZated by Bed, Open-File Report, U.S. Geological Survey, 1971.

27. Landis, E. R . , CoaZ Resources of Colorado, U.S. Geological Survey B u l l e t i n 7072-C, 1959.

28. Morse, J . G . , Hebb, D . H., Coal, Colorado Energy Research I n s t i t u t e , v . 1 , Colorado School of Mines, 1976. 52 pp .

29. Mu1 l a n , J . W., C o ~ l and Met-hana Gas i n the Sozctheus.ter.n P a r t of the Piceance CmeF Basin, CoZorado, Colorado Geological Survey, Denver, Exploration F r o n t i e r s o f the Central and Southern Rockies, pp. 379-405, Symposium Program RMAG Fa1 1 Field Conference, Snowmass, C O , 29 September 1977.

The southeastern p a r t o f the Lararnide Picdance Creek Basin i s one of the most important coal-producing a reas i n the western U.S. This a l s o i s a region o f acce le ra t ed exp lo ra t ion f o r na tu ra l gas.

30

The upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group contains the major coal beds a n d gas-bearing sandstones found in th i s p a r t o f Colorado; these s t ra ta are p a r t o f a sequence of marine, t ransi t ional , non-marine sediments. Coastal Plain origin and represent east-west osci l la t ions of the l a t e Cretaceous Seaway. related structural complexities characterize the eastern p a r t of the area investigated. Adnormally high heat Flow resulting from th i s plutonic ac t iv i ty has raised the rank of iiiuch of the coal t h a t occurs here. As a consequence, the region contains large resources o f prernium-grade coking coal, much of i t existing under deep cover (greater than 1,000 f t ) and often high in methane gas content. Most o f the a rea ' s production consists o f coking coal from underground mines. planning or opening stages, which could resu l t in an increase in the region's production of b o t h coking and steam coal by a factor of two o r three by 1980-1982. (high-volatile C bituminous) steam coal in the area offer an excellent potential for blending with high rank coals t o form the metallurgical coke. The region contains large resources of methane gas t h a t shou ld be commercially producible from b o t h relatively " t ight" sandstone reservoirs a n d from fractured coal beds by employing advanced technology now in the f ie ld demonstration stage. Work t o date reveals t h a t multiple, thick (20-50 f t ) coal beds occur in the basin a t depths exceeding 3,000-7,000 f t . This deep energy resource possibly could be exploited by the in-situ gas i f i - cation of coal beds, whereby l ow-B tu gas i s produced t h r o u g h boreholes.

These complex rock units are of possible Deltaic and /o r

Numerous t e r t i a ry intrusive bodies and

Several new mines of large capacity are in the

The large resul ts of lower rank

30. Murray, D. K., Energy Resource DeveZopment Map of CoZorado, Colorado Geological Survey Map MS-6, scale 1:500,000, 1976.

Coal-bearing areas, coal leasing areas, oi l and gas f i e lds , uranium a n d geothermal areas, and existing and proposed coal mines and power plants.

31. Murray, D. K . , Summary of CoaZ Resource.s i n Colorado, 1 9 7 9 , Colorado Geological Survey Spec. P u b . 13, 1980, 24 p p .

Coal analyses, r a n k , coking properties, current and projected future production, market areas, transportation uti 1 i zation, ownership of coal 1 ands , taxation, and import-export s t a t i s t i cs. Supersedes Spec. Pubs. 3 a n d 9 .

32. Rich, C . H . , J r . , Spelta, C . N., L i g n i t e and High-Alumina CZay i n the Denver Basin, CoZorado, U.S. Bureau of Miner, Unpublished Report, 1976.

31

33 *

34.

35.

36.

37.

38

39.

40.

41.

Schul t z , J . E . , Colorado Coal Analyses, 2976, Colorado Geological Survey I n f . Ser . 10, 1980.

Shornaker, J . W., Beaumont., E . C . , Kottlowski, F. E. , Stripliable Lm-Sul fur CoaZ Resources o f the San Juan Basin i n New Mexico and CoZorado, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir 25, 1971.

Shomaker, J . W . , Holt , R . D . , Coal Resources of Southem Ute and Ute Mountain, Ute Indiari Reservations, Colorado and New Mexico, New Mexico S t a t e Bureau o f Mines and Mineral Resources Ci rcu lar 134, 1973.

Spel t z , C . N . , “Coal Resources o f the Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado,” Bureau o f Mines, Energy Resources of the Piceanee Creek Basin, Colorado, Murray, D. K . ( E d . ) , pp . 235-238, 25, Field Conference of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologis ts , 1974.

Spel t z , C. N . , Strippable Coal Resources of Colorado, Location, Tonnage, and Characteris t ics of Coal and Overburden, Information C i rcu la r , 1976, Bureau o f Mines, Denver, Colorado.

Toenges, A. L . , Turnbull , L. A . , Davis, J . D . , Reynolds, D. A . , Parks, B. C . , Cooper, H . M . , Abernethy, R . F., Coal Deposit, Coal Creek Distriet Gunnison County, Colorado: Reserves, Coking Properties, and Petrographic? and Chemical Characteris t ics , Bull e t i n 501 , U. S. Bureau o f Mines, P i t t s b u r g h , Pennsylvania, 1952, 83 pp.

Toenges, A . L . , Turnbul l , L. A., Davis, J . D . , Reynolds, D . A., Inves t iga t ion of Coal Deposits i n the Coal Creek District, Gunnison County, Colorado. “Progress Report 1 . U.S. Bureau o f Mines, Washington, D . C . , BM-RI-4104, 1947, 20 p p .

By diamond-dril l ing 18 holes on coal depos i t s i n the Coal Creek d i s t r i c t , Gunnison County, Calorado, the Bureau discovered 3 minable coal beds varying i n thickness from 3 feet 9 inches t o 14 feet 10 inches. A preliminary es t imate of reserves indica ted 65,000,000 tons o f coking coal and 35,000,000 tons of noncoking coa l ; a t o t a l of 100,000,000 tons of coa l , of which 70 t o 80 percent was con- s idered recoverable . t h a t cokes from these coal beds were o f meta l lurg ica l grade.

U.S. Bureau o f Mines, StrippabZe Reserves of Bil;wninous Coal and Ligni te i n the United S t a t e s . U.S. Bureau o f Mines Information C i rcu la r 8531 , 1971 e

Carbonizing tests made by the Bureau disclosed

Wood, G . H . , J r . , Johnson, R. B , , Dixon, G. H., Geology axd Coal Resources o f the Gulnare, Cucharu Pass, and Stonewall A r ~ a , Iiuerfano and Las Animus Cowzties, Colorado, U. S. Geological Survey Coal Inves t iga t ion Map C 26, 1956.

32

42. Wood, G , H. , J r . , Johnson, R. B . , Eargle , D . tl., Duffner, R . P . , Major Las Animas County, Colorado, U.S. Geological Survey Coal Inves t iga t ion Map C 4 , 1951.

11. , Geology and Coal Resources of the Stonewall-Tercio Area,

43. Wood, G . H. , J r . , Johnson, R . B a y Dixan, G . H., Geology and CoaZ Resources of the S tarkv i l l e - Weston Area, Las Animas County, Colorado, U.S. Geological Survey, Bu l l e t in 1051, 1957.

44. Zapp, A. D. , Geology and Coal Resources of the h r a n g o Area, LaPlata and Montezwna Counties, Colorado, U. S . Geology Survey a i 1 and Gas Inves t iga t ion Map 109, 1949.

33

FLORIDA

1 . Davjs, J . H . , J r . , The Peat Deposits of Plorida, Florida Geological Survey B u l l . 30, 1946.

34

GEQRGXA _I.I_

1 .

2.

3.

4.

5.

Butts, C . , Gilders leeve , B . , Section on coal i n GeoZogy and MineraZ Resources of t he Paleozoic Area in Northwest Georgia, Georgia Geological Survey Bu l l e t in 54, 1948.

Georgia Department o f Natural Resources, Surface Mined Land RecZama- t i o n Program Report, 1978.

Johnson, V. H. , CoaZ Deposits on Sand and Lookout Mountains, Dude and WaZker Count,ies, G'eorg7k, Coal Inves t iga t ions Map. U.S, Geol o g i ca l Survey, 1946.

k C a l l i e , S. W . , A PreZiminary Report Gn the Goa2 Deposits o f Georg?;a, Bul l e t in 1 2 . Geological Survey o f Georgia, 1904.

Su l l ivan , J . W . , The Geology of t-he Sand-Lookout Mountain Area, NorthwesL Georgia, Information Ci rcu lar 15, Georgia Division of Mines, Mining and Geology, 1942.

35

1.

2.

3 .

4.

5 .

6.

7.

Ki i 1 sgaard, T. H. Special Report 1.

"Coal , I 1 Mineral and Water Resources of Idaho, Idaho Bureau o f Mines and Geology, 1964,

pp. 58-66.

Kiilsgaard, T. H . , The Geology and Coal of the Horseshore Creek Distr ic t , Yeton County, Idaho, Idaho Bureau o f Mines and Geology, Pamphlet 92, 1951.

Mansfield, G. R., Coal i n Eastern Idaho, Bulletin 716-F. U.S. Geological Survey, 1921 , p p . 123-153.

Mapel, W. J., Hail, W . J . , Jr., Ter t iary Geology of the Goose Creek Distmkt, Cassia County, Idaho, Box Elder County, Utah, and E l k o County, Nevada, Bulletin 1055-H, U.S. Geological Survey, 1959, pp. 217-254.

Schultz, A. R . , A Geologic Reconnaissance ;for Phosphate innd Coal in Southeastern Idaho and Wastemi Wyoming, Bu 1 1 et i n 680, U . S . Geological Survey, 1918.

U.S. Geological Survey, Idaho Bureau o f Mines and Geology, Idaho Department of Reclamation. M7Zneral and Water Resotums of Idaho, Special Report 1, Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, 1964.

Woodruff, E. G., The Horseshoe Creek District o f the Teton Basin Coal F i e l d , Fremont County, Idaho, Bulletin 541-1. U.S. Geological Survey, 1914, pp. 379-388.

36

ILL INOIS

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6 .

7.

8 .

9.

10.

11.

A l lga i e r , G . J . , Hopkins, M. E., Reserves of the Herrin (No. 6 ) CoaZ in the FairTield Basin in Southeastem Illinois, I1 1 i n o i s S t a t e

489, 1975. Geological :Survey C i r c u l a r

Bhagwat, S . , C o l l i a s , T. J From the Illinois Basin, I Note 81, 1981.

Cady, G . t i . , Mineable Coal Geological Survey Bu l l e t in

, The Future Competitive Position of Coal l i n o i s S t a t e Geological Survey Mineral

Resources of Illinois, I l l i n o i s S t a t e 78, 1952.

Clegg, K . E . , Surface Geology and Coal Rzsources of t h e Pennsylvanian System in Clark and Edgar Counties, illinois, I l l i n o i s S t a t e Geological Survey C i rcul a r 380, 1965.

Clegg, K. E . , Surface Geology and Coal Resourees of the Pennsylvanian System, Sangurnon, Macon, Menard, and Parts of Christiim and Logan Counties, I l l i n o i s S t a t e Geological Survey C i r c u l a r 312, 1961, 28 pp .

He l t , W . C . , Coal Resources Available for Power Generation, I l l i n o i s Coal, I11 i n o i s Univers i ty , Chicago. Energy Resources Center, p p . 17-35, Annual I l l i n o i s Energy Conference, Chicago, I l l i n o i s , September 16, 1976, CONF-7609132.

The recoverable reserves o f coal a r e o f the o rde r o f 8% o f the t o t a l remaining resources . Natural geological condi t ions , a s well a s d i s turbances of the s t r a t a from previous m i n i n g opera t ions , may combine t o make unmineable coal s e a m t h a t otherwise m i g h t he considered as po ten t i a l reserves. E l e c t r i c u t i 1 i t y coal consumers a r e concerned about r e l i a b l e supplies o f coal a t a niinimurn s a t i s - f ac to ry heat ing value and s u l f u r conten t . Government involveiiient ha5 caused u n c e r t a i n t i e s r e l a t i v e t o the development o f coal mining opera t ions . Lack of coal development could have se r ious adverse impact on the f u t u r e supply of coa l .

Hopkins, M . E . , Coal Mines in Illinois, Map. I l l i n o i s S t a t e Geological Survey, 1975.

tiopki ns , M. E . , “Pennsyl vani an Sys tern, I‘ i n Handbook of XZlinois Stratigraphy, I l l i n o i s Geological Survey Bull . 95, 1975, p. 163-201.

Hopkins, M . E . , Harrisburg (No. 5 ) Coal Reserves 01 Southeastem Illinois, I l l i n o i s S t a t e Geological Survey C i r c u l a r 431, 1968.

Hopkins, M . E . , Simon, J . A., CoaZ Resources of Illinois, I l l i n o i s Geological Survey Mineral Note 53, 1974, 24 p p .

I l l i n o i s S t a t e Geological Survey. Coal Mines and Coal Fields of I l l i n o i s , Map. I l l i n o i s S t a t e Geological Survey, 1916.

37

1 2 . Jacobson, R. J . , and Bengal, L . E., S t r i p p b Z e Coal Resources o f ~Z%ino- l s , P a r t 7 , Vermilion and Edgar Counties, I l l i n o i s S t a t e Geological Survey C i rcu la r 521, 1981.

13. Les her, C . E . , Coal Y m d u c i n g Districts and J ' ie lds ( I l l i n o i s ) , Map U.S. Geological Survey, 1917.

14. Maihotra, R . , Simon, J . A . , Illinois CoaZ: Development Po-t-enticll, I l l i n o i s Min . Note 65, I l l i n o i s S t a t e Geological Survey, Urbana, I l l i n o i s , 1976.

I n examining the pos i t ion o f I l l i n o i s coal reserves and the future coal supply t h a t may be needed from I l l i n o i s mines by 1985, the I l l i n o i s S t a t e Geological Survey mentions the slow progress i n the development of syn the t i c fuels from coal a s one f a c t o r t h a t has l imi ted the growth o f I l l i n o i s coal resources . However, w i t h E R D A ' s r ecent announcments of f u n d i n g f o r Coalcon's 22 mi l l ion cf /day demonstration p lan t t o be constructed i n New Athens, I l l i n o i s by 1980 and approval of planning funds f o r the I l l i n o i s coal gas i f i ca - t i o n g roup ' s 18 mi l l ion cf /day p l an t in Perry County, the impact o f s y n t h e t i c fuel production on I l l i n o i s coal should be s i g n i f i c a n t before 1985. Looking a t overa l l U.S. coal needs, the ISGS predic t s t h a t 102 mi l l ion tons per year w i l l be needed from I l l i n o i s mines by 1985.

15. McIntosh, W. L., E i s t e r , M. F., CeologZmZ ?day, Tndex of T l l i r ~ o i s ,

16. Nance, R . B. and Treworgy, C . G . , StrippabZe Coal Hesomces of

U.S. Geological Survey, 1977.

I l l i n o i s , P a r t 8, Central and Southeastern Counties, I l l i n o i s S t a t e Geological Survey, C i rcu la r 515, 1981, 32 pp .

17. Phel ps , E. R . , Facts and Myths in Respect to t he Controvemy between Underground and SZArfane Mining i n IIEinois and t-he Thit'ed States, I l l i n o i s Coal, I l l i n o i s Universi ty , Chicago, Energy Resources Center, p p . 36-40, September 16, 1976, CONF-7609132.

I l l i n o i s has the l a r g e s t coal reserves of any s t a t e e a s t of the Mississ ippi River, 161 b i l l i o n tons , about seven-eighths of i t a c c e s s i b l e only by deep m i n i n g and one-eighth access ib l e only by sur face m i n i n g . I l l i n o i s , however, i s not a s f a r down the road i n the development of t h i s resource as i t s s i s te r s t a t e s operat ing from a lesser base. I t is four th i n coal production. I t s indus t ry mines about 60 mi l l i on tons a yea r or 10% o f the nat ional production and t r a i l s West Virg in ia , Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. T h e industry ob ta ins i t s tonnage from 57 mines, 21 underground and 36 su r face . The underground mines average more than 1 .5 mi l l ion tons each f o r a t o t a l of 32 mi l l i on , and the sur face operat ions averuge about 800 thousand tons each, f o r a t o t a l production o f 28 mi l l i on . These f igu res i n d i c a t e t h a t I l l i n o i s d i f f e r s from the nat ional norm. Of

38

18.

19.

20 I

21

22

2 3 e

24.

25 *

26.

the 640 mi l l i on tons produced countrywide, 290 mi l l i on (45%) came from underground opera t ions and 350 mi l l ion ( 5 5 % ) from s u r f a c e mines, an almost exac t propor t iona te reversa l o f the I1 1 i n o i s f i g u r e s . B u t I l l i n o i s does i l l u s t r a t e the trend e a s t of the Mississippi, coming and will come from the Rocky Mountain western regions.

The b i g i nc rease i n su r f ace m i n i n g production i s

Reinersten, D. L. , St;rippabZe Coal Reserves of I l l i n o i s , Part 4 , Adams, Brown, Calhoun, Hancock, McDonough, Pike, Schuy l e r , and the southern par ts of Ilelzderson and Warren Counties, 11 1 i no i s S t a t e Geological Survey C i r c u l a r 374, 1964.

Rieber, M . , S O O , S . L . , S tuke l , J . , Reserve and Resource Estimation, Appendix D, Final Report , I l l i n o i s Univers i ty , Urbana, Center f o r Advanced Computation, CAC-163-APP-D, May 1975, 72 pp.

Br ie f ly discussed a r e I1 1 i no i s a b i l i t y o f publ ic land f o r coa Pol icy Act, Clean Air Act, and

Sea r igh t , T . K . , Smith, W . H. , Part 5B. Mercer, Rock Is land , Henry Counties, c i rCU1 a r 439, Urbana, I l l i n o i s , 1969.

S m i t h , W . H. , Berggren, D . J . , Part 5A. Fulton, Henry, Knoce,

and Wyoming coal reserves, a v a i l -

Federal Water Po l lu t ion Control Act. m i n i n g , Na t i ona 1 E n v i ronmenta 1

Strippable Coal Reserves of Illinois, Warren, and Parts of fienderson and l l i n o i s S t a t e Geological Survey,

Str.ippabIe Coal Reserves of I % l i n o i s , Peoria, Stark, Tazewell, and Parts

of Bureau, Marshall, Mercez7, and Warren Counties, Circu la r 348, I l l i n o i s S t a t e Geological Survey, Urbana, I l l i n o i s , 1963.

Smith, W . W., Strippable Coal Reserves of IZ l ino i s , Part 6. LasaZle, i i v ings lon , Grundy, Kankakee, W i l l , Putnarn, ond ParLs of Bureau and Marshall Counties, C i r c u l a r 419, I1 1 i n o i s S t a t e Geological Survey, Urbana, I l l i n o i s , 1968.

Smith, W. H . , S t r ippabZe Coal Reserves of I l l i n o i s , Part I , Gal lat in , lia??din, Johnson, Pipe, Sal ine, and Wi lliamson Counties, 11 1 i noi 5 S t a t e Geological Survey C i r c u l a r 228.

Smith, W . H. , Strippable CoaZ Heseu;ves of I l l i n o i s . Part 2, Jackson, Monroe, Perry, Ran.do%ph, and St. Clair Counties. 11 1 i noi S S t a t e Geological Survey C i r c u l a r 269, 1958, 35 pp.

Smith, W . H., Strippable Coal Reserves of I l l i n o i s , Payt 3. Madison, Macoupin, Jersey, Greem, Sco t t , Morgan, and Cass Count.ies, 11 1 i n O i s S t a t e Geological Survey C i r c u l a r 311, 1961, 40 pp .

Smith, W . H . , S t a l l , J . B . , Coal and Mater Resources f o r Coal Con- version i n I l l i n o i s , I1 1 i n o i s S t a t e Geological Survey Cooperative Resources Report 4 , 1975, 79 p p . , 3 p l a t e s .

39

27. Thomas, J . , J r . , Damberger, H. H., IntsmaZ S 7 ~ f a c e A r m , Moisture Content, and Porosity of Illinois Coals: Variat ions w i t h Coal Rank, Circular 493. I l l i no i s State Geological Survey, 1976.

28. Treworgy, C . G., Bengal, L . E . , Dingwell, A. G . , Resemes and Resources of Surfam-Minabk Coal in i l l i n o i s , Ci rcular 504, I1 1 inois State Geological Survey, Urbana, I l l i n o i s , 1978.

Surface mining accounts for nearly 50 percent of recent coal production i n I1 l inois. I n previous publications, the I l l i no i s State Geological Survey reported t h a t over 20 bi l l ion tons of coal in I l l i no i s were potentially strippable; however, current economical a n d environmental issues associated with surface mining have created a need for estimates of the amount of strippable coal t h a t can be recovered economically under present conditions. str ippable reserves, the c r i t e r i a used were ( 1 ) r e l i ab i l i t y of d a t a , ( 2 ) overburden and coal thicknesses, ( 3 ) the s ize o f the block of coal, a n d ( 4 ) proximity to man-made and natural obstacles. On the b a s i s o f the c r i t e r i a , I l l i no i s was determined t o have 6 bi l l ion tons of surface-minable coal in the ground. This reserve i s made up of 185 blocks o f 6 million tons or more. The amounts of strippable reserves are large i n western I l l i no i s and especially in southwestern and southern I1 1 inois , which are more a t t rac t ive for surface mining because land costs are lower, the heating value o f the coal i s higher, and the tonnage recoverable per acre i s greater. The southwestern and southern I l l i no i s deposits are and will continue t o be

I n estimating

the major sources o f surface-mined coal in the s t a t e ; however, i n view of current rates of production, the remaining reserves i n t h i s area are relatively small, and opportunities f o r new acquisit and long-term development are limited. Only 38% o f the strippable reserves mapped exceed 4 fee t in thickness, and most of those rese have overburden in excess o f 50 fee t .

ons

'ves

40

INDIANA -I__

1 . Hutchinson, H . C . , Map of Southwestern Indiana Showing Locations of Act?:ve Coal Mines, Indiana Geological Survey, Misc. Map 7 , s c a l e about 1:380,000, 1977.

2 . Indiana Geological Survey, PmZiminary Coal Maps, PCM 1 through PCM 15.

3. Powell, R . L., Coal Str?:p-Mined Land i n Indiana, Indiana Geological Survey Special Report 6 , 1972.

4 . Spencer, F . D . , Coal Resources of Indiana, U.S. Geological Survey, C i rcu la r 266, 1954.

5. Wier, C . E . , Coal Resources of Indiana, Bul l e t in 42-1. Indiana Geological Survey, 1973,

41

1 OWA

1. Garvin, P . L . , Van Eck, 0. J . , Strippabl-e CoaE Reserve Study In SeZectsd Iowa Counties, Iowa Geological Survey, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Grant No. 60254008, 1975.

2 . Garvin, P . L. , Van Eck, 0. J . , StrippabEe CoaZ Reszrve Stud3 i~ Seven Iowa Couxties, Iowa Geological Survey, U.S. Bureau of Mines Grant No. G0264013, 1976.

3. Landis, E. R . , Coal Resources of Iowa, Iowa Geological Survey,

4. Stolp, R . N . , Deluca, F. P . , Perspectives in Iowa Coal, Iowa State

Technical Paper No. 4 , 1965.

University of Science and Technology, Ames, Energy a n d Mineral Resources Research Ins t i t u t e , IS-ICP-8, 1976.

In th i s manual coal i s discussed as an alternative energy source. Since technology for mining and burning coal already ex i s t s , coal may play a c r i t i ca l role during the coming t ransi t ion period. Coal's increasing worth may spur a new era of mining in Iowa. Mining has been on the decline until recently, t h o u g h Iowa coal has been mined f o r well over a century. New mines, i f s ta r ted , will most l ikely be s t r i p mines because of economic considerations, b u t deep mines may ultimately be the source o f most Iowa coal. S t r ip mines have denuded some areas in Iowa o f vegetation and reduced the i r worth. New legis la t ion has p u t t h a t period behind us; even the old ravaged areas will be reclaimed. Iowa law makes coal mining a short term land use; a f t e r mining i s completed the land will be restored and revegetated. Since most Iowa coal will n o t meet environmental standards for burning as i t comes from the mine, research i s needed t o develop new ways and improve old methods of cleaning coal, so i t may be burned safely. coal project i s building a p i lo t preparation plant a t Iowa State University t o remove pollutants from coal. The preparation plant i s p a r t of the research program t h a t i s studying a l l facets of Iowa coal from mining and reclamation t o cleaning and burning.

The Iowa

42

KANSAS

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6 .

7.

8.

Abernathy, G . E., Jewett, J . M . , Schoewe, M. H., CoaZ Reserves i n Kansas, Bul l e t in 7 0 , P a r t 1 . Kansas Geological Survey, 1947.

Abernathy, G . E., Mined Areas o f the Weir-Pittsburgh CoaZ Bed (Kansas), Kansas Geological Survey Bull . 52, p t . 5, 1944, pp. 2'13-228.

Abernathy, G . E., Strip-Mined Areas i n the Southaas-kern Kansas Coal $'ield, Kansas Geological Survey Bull . 64, p t . 4 , 1946, pg. 130-144.

Brady, L . I. , Adams, D . B . , Livingstone, N . D . , A n EvaZuation of the Strippable CoaZ Reserves i n Kansas, Geological Survey Mineral Resources S e r i e s 5 , 1976.

Schoewe, W . H., Coal! Resources o f the Cretaceous System (Dakota Formation) i n Centra2 Kansas, S t a t e Geological Survey o f Kansas Bu l l e t in 96, P a r t 2 , 1952, p. 69-156.

Schoewe, W . H . , "Mulky coa l , " P t . 1 o f Coal! Resources of the Cherokee Group in Eastern Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey Bull . 134, p t . 5 , 1959, p p . 184-222.

Schoewe, W. H., Coal Rewowces o f the Marmaton Group in Eastern Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey Bull . 114, p t . 2, 1955, p p . 49-112.

Schoewe, W. H., Eeonomic Geography; MineraZ Resources, p t . 4, O f The Geography of Kansas, Kansas Academy o f Science Transac t ions , v . 61, no. 4 , 1959, p . 359-468.

43

KENT U C KY

1.

2 .

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Althouse, H . W . , "The Norton Coals of the Big Sandy Basin," Engineer- ing and Mining JournaZ, V O l . 77, 1904, pp. 235-236.

Alvord, D . C . , Geologic Map of the Broad Rottorn QuadrangZe, Eastern Kentuck$, Geological Quadrangle Map 442, U.S. Geological Survey, 1965.

Barr, J . L., A r n d t , H . H., GeoZogie Map of the Dorton Quadrangle, Pike County, Kentucky, Geological Quadrangle Map 713, U.S. Geological Survey, 1968.

Birge, G . W . , Wolfson, D . E . , Lynch, J . H . , J r . , Carbonizing Properties of CoaZ from Letcher County, Kentucky, Report of Inves- t i g a t i o n 6416, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1964.

Crentz, William L., Mil l e r , J . W . , Preparation Characteris t ics of CoaZ F m m E'Zoyd County, Kentucky, Report of I nvest i g a t i on 4920, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1952, 21 pp.

Currens, J . C . , S m i t h , G . E . , CoaZ Fyoduction i n Kentucky, 2790-1975, Kentucky Geological Survey Information C i rcu la r 23, 1977.

Dowd, J . J . , Toenges, A. L . , Abernethy, R . F . , Reynolds, D. A., Estimate o f Known Recoueu.able Reserves oJ' Coking CoaZ i n Floyd County, Kentucky, Report o f Inves t iga t ion 4813, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1951.

Dowd, J . J . , Toenges, A. L., Abernethy, R . F. Reynolds, D. A . , Estimate of Known Recoverable Reserves of Coking Coal in Knott County, Kentucky, Bureau of Mines , P i t t s b u r g h , Pennsyl vania , 1952.

Dowd, J . J . and o t h e r s , Preparation Characteris t ics of Con2 E'zmri Pike County, Kentucky, Report of Inves t iga t ion 4910, U.S. Bureau o f Mines, 1952.

Dowd, J . J . , Turnbull , L. A . , Toenges, A. L., Abernethy, R . F . , Reynolds , D. A. , Estimatg of Know KeeoverabCe Rese~vves of Coking CoaZ in Pike County, Kentucky, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C., BM-RI-4792, 1951.

Resul t s a r e g i v e n of an inves t iga t ion conducted by the Bureau of Mines t o e s t ima te known recoverable reserves o f a l l coking coal i n Pike County. o f the coa ls and a t a b l e o f est imated reserves a s of January 1 , 1948, f o r each coal bed i n the county.

Included i s a b r i e f resume of the chemical ana lys i s

44

1 9 .

1 2 "

13,

14.

15.

16.

1 7 .

18.

19.

20.

21.

22 *

23.

G r i f f i t h , W . I., "Big Sandy Coa l f i e lds , Kentucky," Engineering and Mining Journal, VOl. 92, 1910, pp. 508-510.

Hodgson, D. L. , Coal Reserves i n the Upper Tradewnter River Area, Wcstern Kentucky, Tennessee Valley Authori ty F64P4, 1963, 24 pp.

Huddle, J . W . , Lyons, E . J . , Smith, H . L., and Ferm, J . C . , Coal Reserves of Eas tem ,Yentucky, Bul l e t in 1120, U.S. Geological Survey, 1963.

H u n t , C . B., and o t h e r s , Coal Deposits of l i k e Coun-ty, Kentucky, Bul l e t in 8 7 6 , U.S. Geological Surve.ya 1937.

J o l l e y , 1. R., Mil l e r , J . W . , Preparation Characteris t ics of Coal &+om Be21 County, Kentucky, Report of Inves t iga t ion 5357, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1957.

Jenkins , E . C . , Geologic Map o f the Millard Quadrangle, Pike County, Kentucky, Geologic Quadrangle Map 659. U.S . Geological Survey, 1967.

Kentucky Department o f Commerce, Research Divis ion, f l u t u r d Resources o f Kentucky, Frankfor t , Kentucky Department of Commerce, 1967.

Kentucky Geological Survey, Bibliography of Coal i n Kentucky, Kentucky Geological Survey Spec. P u b . 1 9 , 1973.

Kentucky Geological Survey and Kentucky I n s t i t u t e o f M i n i n g and Minerals Research, Coal Bed Maps foi9 the Western Kentucky Coal Field, Kentucky Geological Survey Open-Fi 1 e maps, scal e 1 : 125,000, and reduced s c a l e s of 1:250,000 a n d 1:500,000, 1980.

Comprises seven coal beds as fol lows: (Davis) ; No. 9 (Mulford); No. 11 ( l i e w i n ) ; No. 1 2 (Pa rad i se ) ; No. 13 (Baker) ; and No. 14 (Coiltown).

No. 4 (Mannington); No. 6

Lesher, C . B . , Coal Producing District 's and Fields - S t a t e of Kentucky, Map, U.S. Geological Survey, 1917.

M i l l e r , J , W . , J o l l e y , 'T. K., Sokaski, M . , Preparation Characteris t ics of Coal From Iiarlan County, Kentucky, Report o f Inves t iga t ion 5140, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1955.

Mi l l e r , J . W . ) bounsbury, R . E , , Hodgson, D . L., Goa2 Reserves of Northwestern Kentucky, Fuels Planning S t a f f F65P3. Tennessee Val 1 ey Authori ty , 1965

Mullins, A . T . , Hodgson, D . L . , Avery, G . G . , Wilson, E . N . , Coal Beserves i n Por-t-ions o f But l z r , Edmonson, Grayson, Milhlenberg, Ohio, and Warren Counties, Kent-ucky, Kentucky Geological Survey , ser . 10, I n f . Ci rc . 1 1 , 1963.

45

24. Mullins, A. T. , Launsbury, R . E . , Hodgson, D. L., Coal Reserves i n florthuestem Kentucky, Tennessee Val 1 ey Authority F65P3, 1965.

25. Paul Weir Company. Kentucky and ReZZsviEle Dis t r i c t , Tl lGzois f o r the Purpose of Developing Proced7ures f o r n Nationuid'e Economie Apprcrisa7, of Coal Resources. Off i ce of Science and Technology, 1972.

Kentucky Geological Survey, 1958.

Economic Study o f Coal Resemes o f Pike County,

26. Ponset to , L . R . , Coal Mine Map of Eas tem Ksntucky, Ser i e s 10.

27. S m i t h , G . E . , Pennsylvanian Cross Sect ions i n Western Kentucky - CoaZs of the Lower Carbondale Formation, Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 10, Rept. Inv. 6 , 1964, 14 pp.

28. Smith, G . E . , Brant, R . A., Western Kentucky Coal Resources, Kentucky Geological Survey, Universi ty o f Kentucky, 1980.

Chattanooga, Fuels Planning S t a f f , Tennessee Valley Authori ty , 1969.

29. Tennessee Val ley Authori ty . CoaZ Reserves of Western Kentucky.

30. Wallace, J . J . , Dowd, J . J . , Travis , R . G . , Abernethy, R . F . , Reynolds, D . A., Estfrnnte of Known Recoverable Reserves of Coking Coal in HarZcm County, Kentucky, Bureau o f Mines, RI-5037, Washington , D . C . , 1957.

Known reserves of coking coal i n Harlan County a r e es t imated a t 2138 mi l l ion s h o r t t onss and known recoverable reserves 28 inches and more thick a r e es t imated a t 1122 mi l l ion s h o r t tons. A t a b l e of es t imated reserves a s of January 1 , 1952, f o r each of the coal beds i s inc luded .

31. Wallace, J . J . , Dowd, J . J . , Travis , R. G . , Abernethy, R . F . , and Reynolds, D. A., Estimate OS Known RecoverabLe Reserves of Coking Coct.1 i n Letcher County, Kentueky, Bureau o f Mines, RI-5016, P i t t s b u r g h , Pennsylvania, 1953.

32. Wallace, J . J . , Dowd, J . J . 3 Travis , R . G . , Abernethy, R. F . , Reynolds, D. A., Estimate of Knom Recoverable Reserves of Coking CoaZ i n Perry County, Kentucky, Bureau o f Mines, Washington, D . C . BM-RI-5083, 1954.

33. Wolfson, D. E . , Birge, G . W . , Cadionizing Propert ies of PZoyd County, Kentucky Coals, Report of Inves t iga t ion 5399. U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1958.

46

LOU I S I ANA

1 . Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge, Proceedings GuZf Coast L igni te Conference : Geo Zoyy, Ut i l i za t ion , and Environmental Aspects. Report of Investigations No. 90, Kaiser, Id, R. ( E d . ) , pp. 66-78.

Some of the l igni tes in northwestern Louisiana have been mapped and evaluated by the Louisiana Geological Survey under the auspices o f the Division of Natural Resources and Energy, Louisiana Depart- ment o f Conservation. Two areas were investigated: one in southeastern De Soto Parish, the other in west-central Sabine Parish. The most significant resul t o f these surveys was determining t h a t the Chemard Lake l ign i te len t i l has consistent thickness a n d con- t inui ty over a rather large area in southeastern De Soto Parish and contains estimated reserves o f a t l eas t 546 million tons of l ign i te . The l i gn i t e in Sabine Parish i s n o t as thick or as consistent as t h a t in DeSoto Parish. 50 million tons o f l ign i te .

The areas mapped contain approximately

2. Meagher, D. P., Ayecock, I _ , D . , Louisiana Ligni te , Louisiana Geological Survey, Pamphlet 3, 1942.

3. Roland, H. L . , J r . , Ligni te : Evaluation o f Near-Surface Deposits i n Northwest Louisiana, Mineral Resources Bulletin 2. Louisiana Geological Survey, 1976.

47

MARY LAND

1. John T. Boyd & Associa tes , "Report on the Remaining Coal Reserves i n Allegany and Garre t Count ies , Maryland, and Their Po ten t i a l i n the Fuel Market Over the Next Decade," Unpublished r epor t t o the Honorable J . Mil lard Tawes, Governor o f the S t a t e o f Maryland. T i t l e i n f e r r e d from t r ansmi t t a l le t ter dated March 20, 1964.

2. Clark , W . 6 . , Report on the Coa'ls of Maryland, Maryland Geological Survey, 1905.

3. Hinkle, M . E., The Strippable CoaZ Reserves of Maryland (Janucxry 1, I N $ ) , U.S. Bureau of Mines unpublished Information C i rcu la r .

4 . Skel l y and Loy , Map of West Virg in ia and Maryland Coal I?l.inc Locations, Coal Age M i n i n g Informational Se rv ices , New York, N . Y . , 1980.

Shows loca t ions o f 895 mines c l a s s i f i e d a s underground, s t r i p , o r auger; and as l a r g e o r small w i t h i n t hese c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s .

5. Toenges, A . L., Williams, L., T u r n b u l l , L . A , , Parks, 6 . 6 . O'Donnell, H. J . , Abernethy, R . F . , Ode, W . H., and Waage, K . M . , Castleman Basin, Garrett Counby, Md. : Petrograph Le and C7icn;ical Characteris t ics of Coa Is; Stratigraphy by Area, U.S. Bureau of Mines Bu l l e t in 507, 1952.

CoaZ Beds -in Central Par,t; Reserves;

6 . Toenges, A . L . , Turnbul l , L . A . , Will iams, L., S m i t h , H. L , O'Donnell, H . J . , Cooper, H . M. , Abernethy, R . F . , Waage, K . M . Investiyutiorz of L o m r Coal Beds i n Georges Craeek rad North Part of Upper Potomac Basins, A1 legany and Garrett Counties, Mary 'land: Reserves, Petro- graphic, and Chemical CharacterG tics o f Cools, and Stratigraphy of kw, Bureau o f Mines, Washington, D.C. , BM-TP-725, 1949.

Report gives r e s u l t s o f Bureau's diamond d r i l l i n g i n lower coal beds i n Georges Creek and north p a r t of Upper Potomac Basins, w i t h desc r ip t ions of reserves and chemical and petrographic p rope r t i e s o f coa l .

7. Wallace, J . J . , Dowd, J . J . , Will iams, L. , Abernethy, R . F . , Reynolds , D. A . , Estimate of Knom Recoverable Reserves of Coking Coal i n Allegany Coimty , Mar~~Lcoztd, Bureau o f Mines, P i t t s b u r g h , Pennsylvania, BM-RI-4970, 1953, 38 pp .

8. Weaver, K. N. , Coffroth, J . M . , Edwards, J . , J r . , Coal Reserves i n Mary Land: 1976.

Potent ial for Future Deve lripment lnformatio?s Circular 22,

Coal i n Maryland occurs i n 5 e longate s t r u c t u r a l basins o r syncl ines i n G a r r e t t and Western Allegany count ies . Georges Creek Basin, Upper Potomac Basin, Castleman Basin, Lower Youghiogheny and Upper Youghiogheny Basins. The t o t a l recoverable coal reserves f o r e a s t e r n Maryland a r e 854,000,000 tons from seams over 27 inches i n th ickness . An estimated 100 mi l l i on tons could be recovered by su r face mining methods. o f mining, this t o t a l recoverable reserve o f coal would l a s t for about 342 y e a r s , and i f mined a t a r a t e equal t o t h a t d u r i n g t he peak production y e a r o f 1907, i t would l a s t f o r 150 yea r s . Four k i n d s o f conversion t h a t s h o u l d be evaluated t o process coal from Western Maryland a r e : ( h i g h B t u ) g a s , s u b s t i t u t e 1 iquid hydrocarbons, and solvent r e f ined c o a l .

These basins a r e :

A t the present yea r ly r a t e

u t i l i t y (low B t u ) gas , s y n t h e t i c natural

49

MASSACHUSETTS

1 . Barton, W . R . and o t h e r s , Anthracitcr, i n the ? k m ~ a g ~ z n s e t t Haain of Rho& Island and Massachusetts, U.S. Bureau o f Mines I n f . C i r c . 8760, 1977,

2 . Barton, W . R . , Chairman, A Report on Mining Narraganset t Coal by New England Federal Regional Counci 1 Energy Resource Development Task Force Coal Committee, J u l y 1977, 12 p p .

3. Fr impter , M . H . , Maevsky, A . , Geohydrologic Impacts o f Coal Development i n the Narraganse t t Basin, Massachusetts and Rhode I s l and , U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2062, 1979.

4. Weston Observatory, Boston College, The PerinsyZvania Coel-Beari?rg S t m t a of the iVerragansett Basin, Inter im Report , Grant (AER76-02147) from the Divis ion o f Advanced Energy and Resources Research and Technology, National Science Foundation, Weston Observatory, Boston College, 1976.

50

MICHIGAN

1 . Cohec, G . V. , Burns, R. N . , Brown, A., B r a n t , R. A., Wriqht, D . , Coal Resources of Michigan, U.S. Geological Survey C i rcu la r -77 , - 1950.

2 . Kalliokoski, J . , Magnitude and QuaZity of Michigan's CoaZ Reserves, U.S. Bureau o f Mines, Open F i l e Report 102-76, 1976.

51

MI N N E S OTA

1 . Soper, E. K. Peat Deposits of M?knesota, Minnesota G e o l o g i c a l Survey B u l l . 16, 1919.

52

MISSISSIPPI __-

1 . Fos te r , V . M . , McCutcheon, T . E . , Luuderdale County Mineila7, Kesources, Bul l e t in 41 , Mississippi Geological Survey, 1941.

2. Hughes, R. J . , J r . , Kernper County Geology, Bu l l e t in 8 4 , Mississ ippi Geological Survey, 1958.

3. Mellen, F . F., McCutcheon, T . E., Mississippi Minera7, Resources, Bul l e t in 86, Mississ ippi Geological Survey, 1959.

4. Vestal , F . , McCutcheon, 1. E., Choctaw County Mineral Resources, Bul l e t in 52, Mississippi Geological Survey, 1943.

5, Williamson, D. R . , An Tnuestigation o f the Y’erL-iary Lignites, Information Se r i e s MGS-74-1. Mississippi Geological Survey, 1976.

53

1 . Missouri Energy Agency, Missouri Coil2 Data, Jefferson City, NP-21855.

This report consists solely of tables and i l lus t ra t ions . The tables show the Missouri coal supply (production, imports, and exports) The i l lus t ra t ions show the major coal f ie lds and coal resources i n Missouri .

Robertson, C. E., A Detailed EuaZuatiSon of Missouri 's Coal Reserves, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Grant No. GO254029

coal resources, and coal consumption a n d average value.

2 .

1976 (unpubl ished)

3. Robertson, C . E . , S m i t h , D . C . , Coal Resources and Reserves of Mi.L;souri, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, 1980.

4. Robertson, C . E . , Evaliiixtion o f Missouri 's Coal Resomces, Report of Investigations No. 48, Missouri Geological Survey and Water Resources, Rolla, Missouri, 1971.

Missouri possesses coal resources of 31.7 bi l l ion tons as determined by mapping and exploration, ranking ninth among the s ta tes . Of t h i s total inches) coal, 8.5 bi l l ion tons of intermediate thickness (28 t o 42 inches), and 21.1 b i l l ion tons of thin ( 1 2 t o 28 inches) coal. Remaining reserves, which total 10 .4 bi l l ion tons, include 2.1 bi l l ion tons o f thick coal, 5.0 bil l ion tons of intermediate thickness, and 3 . 3 bil l ion tons of thin coal. Remaining reserves are c lassi f ied according t o sulfur content. Data indicate t h a t no s ignif icant areas of low-sulfur coal are present in Missouri. Approximately half of the s t a t e ' s coal reserve contains from 4 t o 5 percent S , and one-fourth has from 3 t o 4 percent S . one-tenth contains less t h a n 3 percent S and the remainder has more t h a n 5 percent. An estimated additional possible coal resource of 18.2 bi l l ion tons i s present in untested areas, giving a t o t a l coal resource o f 49.9 bi l l ion tons.

there are 2 .1 b i l l ion tons o f thick (greater t h a n 42

Less t h a n

5. Robertson, C . E . , Smith, D . C . , Evaluation of t h e Mineable Coal Reserves of the Northem Bevier, Mendota, and Nov-?:nyer Coal Fields i n North-Central MissoZir7:, Missouri Department o f Natural Resources, Roll a , Division of Geology and Land Survey, Contract ET-76-G-01-9080, 1979.

6. Robertson, C . E., M1;neabZe Coal Resewes of Missourz:, RI-54, Missouri Geological Survey and Water Resources, Rolla, Missouri, 1973, 71 p p .

54

New estimates of Missouri's coal resources show total coal resources of 49 bi l l ion tons. O f t h i s t o t a l , 12.3 bi l l ion tons i s classed as a remaining reserve and 3.7 bi l l ion tons i s a strippable reserve. Missouri possesses ample coal t o support an expanded coal mining industry, according t o new estimates. Ihe immediate primary use of Missouri coal will continue t o be for f i r ing mins-mouth steam- e l ec t r i c power plants. Eventually, a more important use may be conversion t o other fue ls , including pipeline gas, solvent-refined coal low-Btu gas, a n d liquid petroleum substi tutes. Remaining reserves are c lassi f ied according t o sulfur content. t h a t no s ignif icant areas of low-sulfur coal are present in Missouri. Approximately half of the s t a t e ' s coal reserve contains from 4 t o 5 percent S , and one-fourth has from 3 to 4 percent S . Less t h a n one-tenth contains less t h a n 3 percent S a n d the remainder inore than 5 percent.

I

Data indicate

7 . Wedge, W . K., Bhatia, D . M. S . , Rueff, Chemkal AnaZyses of Se lec t ed Missouri Coals an? Some Statistical Implient iom, Missouri Division of Geology a n d band Survey Report I n v . 60, 1976.

55

MONTANA

1 .

2.

3.

4.

5.

6 .

7.

8.

9 .

10.

11.

Averi t t , P . "Coal depos i t s of ea s t e rn Montana ," i n Minerul Potentia2 of Eastern Montana - a Basis f o r Future Growth, U.S. Senate , 89th C o n g . , 1 s t sess., Doc. 1 2 , 1965 p . 9-25. (Also dis t r ibuted by the Montana Bureau o f Mines and Geology a s Spec. P u b . 33, and repr. as Appendix B i n Spec. P u b . 36, p. 69-80.)

Ayler , M. F. , Smith, J . B., Deutman, G . M., Strippable Coal Reserves of Montana, U.S. Bureau of Mines Preliminary Report 1 7 2 , 1969.

Baker, A . A . , The Northward Extension of the Sheridaan CoaZ Field, ,Yiy Horn and Kosebud Counties, Montana, U.S. Geological Survey Bu l l e t in 806-B, 1929.

Bass , N. W. , The AshZand Coal Fie ld , Roseb~d, Powdm Hiuer, mi! Custer Counties, Montana, U.S. Geological Survey Bu l l e t in 831-R, 1932.

Bryson, R . P . , and Bass, N . W., Geolo<yy of Moorhend Coal Field, Powder River, R i g Horn, und Rosebud Cowities, Montana, U . S . Geological Survey Bu l l e t in 1338, 1973.

Combo, J . X . , Brown, D. M . , Pulver, H. F . , Taylor, 0. A . , CoaZ Resources of Montma, U.S. Geological Survey, C i rcu la r 53, Washington, D . C . , 1949.

Combo, J . X . , Holmes, C . N., Christner, H. R . , Map Showing Coal Resources of Montana, U.S. G e o ~ o g i c a ~ Survey Coal Inves t iga t ion Map C-2, s c a l e 1:500,000, 1950.

Dobbin, C . E . , The E'orsyth CoaZ Field, Rosebud, Treasure, cmd B i g Born Couzties, Montana, U.S. Geological Survey Bu l l e t in 812-A, 1929.

Environmental Communications Council and Montana Academy o f Science, Prcceedings of Fork Union CoaL Fie Id Symposium, Eastern Montana College, B i l l i n g s , Montana, 1976.

Levi, T., Map of Ligni te E'icld i n Eastemz Montana, Northwest Mapping Company, Bismark, N.D. 1978.

(Ozalid map 42 x 44 inches, s c a l e 1:500,QOO. Shows dc t ive , i n a c t i v e , and proposed mines and present and proposed power and g a s i f i c i a t i o n s i t e s .

Malde, H . E . , Boyles, J . M . , Mup of A%Zuvial Val ley Floors and StAppabZe Coal in Forty-two 7 - 1 / 2 - m ~ n ~ t e Quadrangles, R i g fioiw, Rosebud, and P ~ I J ~ Q V Riuer Counties, Southeast Monttzna, Qpen-Fi 1 e Report 76-162. U .S . Geological Survey, 1976.

56

12,

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20 *

Matson, R. E . , "Adequacy of the Coal Resource Data, Fo r t Union Region, Eastern Montana," i n Clark, W . F. ( E d . ) , Proceedings o f t he Fort Union Coal i 'ield Symposium, B i l l i n g s , Montana, April 2.5, 1975, Eastern Montana College, B i l l i n g s , Montana, 9975.

Matson, R . E . , Blumer, J , W . , Qual i t y and Reserves of Strippable Coal, Selected Deposits, Southeastern Montana. Bull e t i n 91 , Montana Bureau o f Mines and Geology, Butte, NP-22824, 1973,

Qual i t y and quan t i ty of s t r i ppable subbi turninous and 1 igni te coal i n 32 depos i t s a r e descr ibed, and coal d i s t r i b u t i o n is shown on 46 p l a t e s . All of the coal i s c l a s s i f i e d a s low i n s u l f u r except the Sweeney Creek-Snyder Creek coal depos i t ; i t s reported s u l f u r conten t exceeds 1 % i n four co re samples.

Matson, R . E . , St-raippable Coal i n the Moorhead Coal Field, Montana, B u l l e t i n 83, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, Butte, Montana, Col l . of Mineral Science and Technology, Butte, 1971, 21 pp.

An a rea o f about 216 square miles i n the Moorhead coal f i e l d , Powder River County, Montana, was s tud ied f o r s t r i p p a b l e coal i n 1968 and evaluated a f t e r add i t iona l d r i l l i n g i n 1969 and 1970. The Canyon, Dei tz , and Anderson coal beds, i n the upper p a r t of t h e Tongue River member a f the For t Union formation (Paleocene) , contain l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of s t r i p p a b l e subbituininous coa l . Total s t r i p p a b l e reserves i n the three beds under l e s s than 150 fee t o f overburden arc? est imated a t 1979 mi l l i on tons.

Montana Geological Soc ie ty , Eneryg Resources of Montana, Montana Geological Soc ie ty 22nd Ann. Pub . , 1975, 232 p p .

Pinchock, J . M . , I-ndex Map and BibZioyraphy of Coal Studies i n Montana, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Spec. Pub. 71, s c a l e 1:400,000, 1975.

P i e rce , W . G . , The Rosebud Coal Field, ilosebud and Custer Comti:es, Montana, U.S. Geological Survey Bu l l e t in 847-B, 1936.

Roberts, A. E . , Geologa and Coal Resources of the Livingsbon Coal Field, Gclllatin and Park Counties, Montam, I1.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 526-A, 1966.

Rogers, G, S . , Lee, W. , Geology o f I 'ullock Creek Coal Field, Rosebud and B i g Horn Counties, Montana, U.S. Geological Survey Bul l e t in 749, 1923.

U.S. Bureau o f Land Management, !4inerals Muzagement Northern Great- Plains Resources Progmm, S ta t e of Montana, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 2 sheets, s c a l e 1 :500,000, 1974.

Depicts s ix ca t egor i e s o f land ownership by p a t t e r n s and co lo r s .

57

21. Warren, W. C., Reconnaissance Geology of the Rirney-Broadus Coal F i e l d , Rosebud and Potlder I?iuer Counties, ?4ontana, U . s. Geo log ica l Survey Bulletin 1072-5, 1959.

58

NEBRASKA

1 . Burchett , R. R., Coal Resources of Nebraska, Resource Report 8, Nebraska Geological Survey, 1977.

2 . Pepperberg, R . V . , Coal i n Nebraska, Nebraska Geology Survey Publ ica t ions , V. 3, p t . 10 , 1911, p . 275-307.

59

NEVADA 1__-

1 . Hance, J . H., The Coal&Ze Coal Field, EsmeruZda County, Nevada, U.S. Geological Survey Bullet in 531-K, 1913, pp. 313-322.

2. Horton, R. C. , "Coal ," in bfineral and Water Resources of Nevada, U.S. 88th Congress, 2nd session, Senate Document No. 87, 1964, pp. 49-53.

3 . Mapel, W . J. , Hail, W . J , , J r . , Terttiary Geo lqy of the Cooss Craek D-is-trict, Cassia County, Idaho, Box Elder Countlg, Utah, and EZko County, Nevada, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1055-H, 1959, pp. 217-254.

4. U.S. Bureau o f Mines, AnaZyses of Arizona, C a l i f o r n i a , Idaho, Nevada, rmd Oregon CoaZs, Technical Paper 696, 1947.

N E W M E X I C O

Arnold, E . C . , a n d others, i V m Mexico's Energy Resources, '75, New Mexico Bureau of Mines a n d Mineral Resource Bulletin 107 , 1976.

Beaumont, E , C . , Shoemaker, J . W . , Stone, W . J . , a n d others, Guidebook to Coal Geology of N o r t h e s t New Me.mko, New Mexico Bureau o f Mines and Mineral Resources Circ, 154, 1976.

Fassett, J . E . , Hinds, J . S . , GeoZogy and Fuel Resources of the Fruitland Formation and Kirkland Shale of the San Juun Basin, Neu Mexico and Coloioado, U.S . Geological Survey Prof . Paper 676, 1971.

Read, C . B . , Duffner, R . T., Wood, G . H . , Zapp, A . D., CoaZ Resources o f New Mexico, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 89, 1950.

Report of the Governor's Energy Task Force Committee on Coal Resources, Executive Office of the Governor, Energy Resources Administration, San ta Fe, N . M . , NP-23946, 1975.

Coal production in New Mexico increased rapidly from abou t 1880 t o a peak of j u s t over 4 mil 1 ion tons per year during World War I , then f e l l t o a low of j u s t over 116 thousand tons in 1958. Since then, production has increased very rapidly t o a new high in 1973 of 9 . 3 mi 11 ion tons. Devel opments now i n the pl anni ng stage woul d requi re nearly 75 million tons per year by 1983, a n d these plus other devel opments now being discussed coul d require prodiicti on of as much as 110 million tons per year by t h a t time. New Mexico's c o a l , nearly a l l of subbituminous or bituminous rank, i s concen- trated in the San Juan Basin and in the Raton Basin, with a number o f smaller coal areas scattered over the s t a t e . The total coal resource within the s t a t e has been estimated a t 282,879 million tons. 0.f t h a t to ta l only some 6000 million tons - j u s t over 2% - a r e t h o u g h t to be surface-minable now o r i n the near future. presently four major mines which are described. from preliminary work t h a t surface-mined lands can be reclaimed successfully in New Mexico. Nearly a l l of the lands in the major str ippable areas are o f very low value a t present; f o r example, the carrying capacity of the en t i re El Paso Natural Gas Co. lease, which will support two major gasification projects, has been e s t i - mated t o be 735 sheep. Environmental matters are being considered extensively, a n d New Mexico's coal surface mining commission SO f a r seems t o be an e f f ic ien t and even-handed agency for overseeing mine development. Unless additional surface mining i s barred by federal environmental legis la t ion, New Mexico's coal industry will become a major energy source fo r the southwestern United States , using only a t iny percentage of the s t a t e ' s total coal resource.

There are I t would appear

61

6 . Shomaker, J . W . , Hol t , R . D. , Coal Resources of Sout7sern Ute and Ute Mountain Indian Reservutions, C o l o ~ a d o and New Mex%co, New Mexico State Bureau o f Mines and Mineral Resources Circular 134, 1973.

7. Shomaker, J . W . , Whyte, M , R . , Geologic Appraisczl of Veep CoaIs, San Juan Basin, Neu I & ~ ~ i c o , New Mexico Ins t i tu te o f Mining and Technology, Bureau of Mines and Mi neral Resources C i rcul ar 155, 1977.

8. Shsmaker, J . W . , Beaumont, E . C . , Kottlowski, F. E. ( E d s . ) , St.rippable Low-Sulfur Coal Resources o f the Scrn Jhm Basin i n New Mexico and CoLor>ado, New Mexico Ins t i tu te o f Mining & Technology, New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources, Memoir 25, February 1971.

Strippable low-sulfur coal reserves in New Mexico and Colorado were studied t o determine the location, quantity, quali ty, and economic position of coal in order t o a i d in national energy planning. Three major areas in the San Juan Basin contain high-volatile bituminous C rank coal w i t h a sulfur content of 0.674 o r less . There i s a description of the a rea ' s geological structure and physiography, followed by summaries o f 25 coal f i e lds . While oi l s l igh t ly o u t - ranks coal for current e l ec t r i c u t i l i t y generation, i t i s estimated t h a t by 1990 coal will outrank oi l nearly two t o one.

Speer, W . R . , Beaumont, E . C . , Shomaker, J . W . , Con1 Resources of tha Sars Juan Basin, New Mexico Ins t i tu te o f Mining and Technology, Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Open-File Report 84, 1977.

9 .

10. U.S. Geological Survey, State Engineer of New Mexico, New Mexico Oil Conservation Commission, and U.S. Bureau of Mines. Mineral m d Water Resources of NFW Mexico, Bulletin 87. Mines and Mineral Resources, 1965, 437 pp .

New Mexico Bureau of

11 . Wright, J . R . Russell , J . A. , B i b l i o g r a p h y of Neu Mexico Geoll,oig;l:j cmd Mineral Technology, 2971-1975, New Mexico Bureau o f Mines and Mineral Resources Bull. 106, 1977, 137 pp .

62

NORTH CAROLINA .-_I_

1 . Reinemund, J . A . , GeoZogy of the Deep River Coal Field, North CaroZina, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 246, 1955.

2 - Stuckey, J . L , , North Carolina: I t s Geology and Mineral Resources, Sect ion on Coal, North Carol ina Bept. o f Conservation and Bevelop- ment, pp. 508-516, 1965.

3. Toenges, A . L . , Turnbul l , L. A . , Shie lds , J . J . , Haley, W . A., Parks, B . C . , Abernethy, R . F . , Coal Deposi-ts in the Deep River FieZd, Chatham, Lee, and Moore Counties, N . C . , U. S . Bureau o f Mines Bu l l e t in 515, 1952.

63

NORTH DAKOTA I_-

1 . Ball, 6. G - , Elder, J . L., Kube, W . R. , Ecnnovric Appraisal. of Lignite Reserves i n North Dakota, Technology and Use o f Ligni te , U.S. Bureau of Mines, Grand Forks, N . D . , Grand Forks Coal Research Lab. , BM-IC-8304.

2 . Brant, R . A. , Lignite Resoumes of North Dakota, 11,s. Geological Survey Circular 226, 1953.

3 . Dalsted, N . L., Lei s t r i t z , F. L., "North Dakota Coal Resources and Development Potential ,'I North Dakota Farm Resoclrch Bimonthly BuZZetin, 31(6 ) , 1974, pp. 3-11.

North Dakota's coal reserves, part of the vast Fort Union Formation, are estimated a t 350 bi l l ion tons or 22% of the U.S. t o t a l . Twenty- three counties have strippable l ign i tes . land i s divided between Federal ( 7 . 2 % ) ; Indian t r iba l lands ( 2 . 7 % ) ; and private, county, and municipal (87.5%). The Federal government, however, owns 20.2% o f the subsurface land. Coal mines in 13 counties are already operating; and steam-electric generating plants are operating i n seven counties, with three plants under construction. When construction i s completed in 1980, generating capacity will have t r ip led over 1975 capacity. Four major coal companies produced 97.2% of the l i gn i t e in 1973. Electric generation i s the major use of the s t a t e ' s coal and accounts fo r 84% of the coal produced. Future coal development may be used for export t o other areas, production of more steam-generating plants, a n d synthetic fuels.

Surface ownership o f the

4. Elder, J . L. , Kube, W . R . , "Solid Fuel Resources and Util ization in North Dakota," Min. Ret", l&st. Coal, V . 83, No. 13 , p . I , 29 March 1972.

5. Groenewold, G . H., Kube, W. R . , "Coal Development i n North Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming , ' I in Fuels: A Geological ApprczisaZ, Pars1 ow, G . R . ( E d . ) , CONF-741192, 1975, p p . 31-46.

The s ta tus o f coal development in the three-state area i s reviewed in regard t o the energy s i tuat ion. Estimated reserves are c lassi f ied according t o rank , sulfur content, and possible mining techniques. Differences and s imi la r i t i es in properties of l ign i te and subbituminous coals are characterized, and the i r influence on end use i s discussed. Historical production patterns and recovery methods are summarized, and estimates o f future production levels are presented. Problem areas i n mining and l a n d reclamation are discussed. Special emphasis i s given t o coal-fired electr ical generating s ta t ions with respect t o present operations, expansion plans, and problems related t o combustion of low-rank foss i l fuels. Plans for coal gasification complexes fo r production o f subst i tute natural gas dre discussed in relation t o coal consumption, water usage, and environmental impact.

64

6 . Groenewold, G . H . , Active and Proposed Ligni te Mines and ir'elated Conswning Facl:l i t ies i n Western North Dakota, North Dakota Geological Survey Misc. Map 20, scale 1 : l ,OQ0,000, 1977.

7 . Kepferle, R . C . , Culbertson, IrJ. C . , StrippabZe Ligni te Deposits, SZope and Boman Counties, North Dakota, Bulletin 1015-E, U.S. Geological Survey, 1955, pp. 123-182.

8 , Landis, E . R . , a n d others, "Coal," in MineraZ and Water Resources o f North Dakota, U.S. 93rd C o n g . , 1 s t sess., Committee on Inter ior and Insular A f f a i r s , 1973, pp. 45-99.

9 . Levi, T . , North Dakota L igni te Seds, Northwest Mapping Coiiipany, P.O. Box 1234, Bistiiark, N . D . , 1976.

10. Pollard, B. C . , Smith, J . E . , Knox, C . C . , Strippable Ligni te Reserves o f North Uako La, Location, Tonnage, and Characteris t ics of Ligni te and Overburden, U.S. Bureau o f Mines, Washington, D.C., BM- I C -8537, 197 2

The location and production potential o f a large block f o r strippable reserves in North Dakota were determined by using published data as a base a n d adding new d r i l l hole d a t a o r other d a t a contributed by companies t h a t presently own or lease coal lands. exceeding 5 fee t in thickness, under less than 120 feet of overburden, and in large blocks o f 5 million tons o r more were included in the estimates. All such reserves are in the F o r t Union Formation o f western North Dakota and are l ign i te i n r ank . blocks o f reserves evaluated in this study are estimated t o contain a total o f 4.1 bi l l ion tons o f strippable l igni te .

Only beds

Sixteen large

65

O H I O

1. B ran t , R. A., DeLong, R. M., Con1 Resomcas o f Ohio, Ohio D i v i s i o n o f Geo log ica l Survey B u l l e t i n 58, 1960.

2. C o l l i n s , H. R., CoaZ Production i n Ohio - 1800-1974, Ohio D i v i s i o n of Geo log ica l Survey I n f . C i r c . 44, 1976.

BeZmont F i g Z d , Ohio, NP-23944, Ohio D i v i s i o n o f Geo log ica l Survey, Columbus, Ohio, 1978, 1 8 pp.

The recove rab le reserves o f t h e P i t t s b u r g h (No. 8) coa l i n t h e Belmont f i e l d have been determined t o be 1,340,052,875 tons . C a l c u l a t i o n s were made on a d e g r e e - o f - r e l i a b i l i t y b a s i s and were made s e p a r a t e l y f o r coa l w i t h 1000 f e e t o r l e s s o f cover and f o r coa l w i t h g r e a t e r t han 1000 f e e t o f cover. Mined and unmined areas were mapped on 7-1/2-minute topograph ic maps, and isopach and s t r u c t u r e da ta f o r t h e P i t t s b u r g h coa l were added. R e l i a b i l i t y c a t e g o r i e s were determined by d i s t a n c e f rom c o n t r o l p o i n t s of measured coa l t h i ckness . c i v i l , o r economic r e s t r i c t i o n s . C a l c u l a t i o n s were based upon p l a n i m e t e r measurement.

3. Conchot, M. L., Resources o f the Pittsburgh (No. 8) CoaZ i n the

A separa te resource ca tegory was e s t a b l i shed f o r 1 ega l ,

4. Reed, A . H., The Str ippable CoaZ Reserves of Ohio, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Unpubl ished Repor t , Jan. 1, 1968.

5. S t r u b l e , R . A., C o l l i n s , H. R., DeLong, R . M., Coal Resources o f a Por-tion of the Pawpaw Creek k - t e m h e d , Monpoe, NobZt?, and Washing- ton Counties, Geo log ica l Note No. 4, Ohio S t a t e Dept. o f N a t u r a l Resources, Columbus, Ohio, 1976.

6. S t r u b l e , R. A . , C o l l i n s , H. R., Kohout, D. L . , Dzep-Core Inves t iga t ion of Low-SuZfur CoaZ Poss ib iZ i t ies i n Southeastern Ohio, Ohio D i v i s i o n of Geo log ica l Survey Rept. Inv . 81, 1971.

66

0 KL AHOMA

1.

2 .

3,

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Dunham, R . I , , Trumbul l . , J . V. A., Geology and Coal Resources of t he Henryettn Mining District , Okmulgee County, Oklahoma, B u l l e t i n 1015-F, U.S. Geologica l Survey, 1955, pp. 183-225.

Friedman, S. A . , A Field Guidebook t o Desrnoinsean CoaZ Deposits in Part of the Arkoma Basin, Eastern OkZahoma, Guidebook f o r F i e l d T r i p a t 1978 AAPG Annual Meet ing, p u b l i s h e d by Oklahoma Geologica l Soc ie ty , 1978.

Friedman, S . A., Inves t iga t ion of the Coal Reserves in the Ozarks Sec t ion of Oklahoma and Their Potent ial Uses, F i n a l Repor t t o t h e Ozarks Regional Commission, J u l y 10, 1974, Four th P r i n t i n g , 1977.

Friedman, S . A. , Map o f Eastern Oklahoma Showing Act ive Coal Mines, January 1, 1976, Oklahoma Geo log ica l Survey map, s c a l e 1 :5QO,OOO, 1976.

Hendr icks, T. A. and o the rs , "The Howe-Wilburton D i s t r i c t , L a t i m e r and Le F l o r e Count ies," P a r t 4, Geology and FueZ Resources of 6he Southern Part o f the Oklahoma Coal Field, B u l l e t i n 874-D, U.S . Geo log ica l Survey, 1939, pp. 255-298.

Hcndr icks, T . A. and o the rs , "The McAlester D i s t r i c t , P i t t s b u r g h , Atoka, and La t imer Counties," P a r t 1, Geology and Fuel Resoumes o f the Southern Part of t he Oklahoma Coal Fields , B u l l e t i n 8 7 4 4 , U.S. Geo log ica l Survey, 1937, pp. 1-90.

Knechte l , M. M. and o the rs , Geology and Coal, Resourees of Northern Le E'lore County, Oklahoma, B u l l e t i n 68, Oklahoma Geologica l Survey, 1948.

Knechte l , M. M. and o t h e r s , "The Lehigh D i s t r i c t , Coal, Atoka, and P i t t s b u r g h Count ies," P a r t 2, Geology and h e 2 Resources o f the Southern Part of t h e Oklahoma Coal Field, B u l l e t i n 874-0, U.S. Geo log ica l Survey, 1937, pp. 91-149.

Oakes, M. C., Broken Arrow CoaZ and Associated Strata, Rogers, Wagoner, and Tulsa Counties, Oklahoma, C i r c u l a r 24, Q k l ahoma Geo log ica l Survey, 1944.

Oakes, M. C . , Kriechtel , M. M., Geology and Mineral ijesources of Huskell c'ounty, Oklahoma, B u l l e t i n 67, Oklahoma Geo log ica l Survey, 1948 e

Oakes , M. C . , Geo Zogy and Mineral Resources o f Tulsa Coun-by, Oklahoma, B u l l e t i n 69. Oklahoma Geologica l Survey, 1952.

12 .

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

Oakes, M . C . Oklahoma, Bul l e t in 111, Oklahoma Geological Survey, 1967.

Oa kes , M. C . Oklahoma, Bul l e t in 91, Oklahoma Geological Survey, 1963.

Koontz, T. (;eology and Petroleum o f Mepat-osh County,

Geology and Water Resources of Okmulgee County,

Oklahoma Geological Survey, Rap of Eastern Oklahoma Shotoing Active coa2 !,iines, Oklahoma Geological Survey map, s c a l e 1:500,000, 1978.

Shows coal f i e l ds , mines, prepara t ion p l an t s , 1 oadi ng f a c i 1 i ti es , r a i l r o a d s , highways, and waterways.

Oklahoma Geological Survey, Universi ty of Oklahoma, and the P h i l l i p s Petroleum Company, Energy-Fuels ~ a p af Oklahoma, Okl ahoma Geological Survey map, s c a l e 1:500,000, 1975.

Shannon, C . W . , Cooper, C . L . , CoaZ i .n Oklahoma, Bulletin 4, Oklahoma Geological Survey, 1926.

Ta f f , 3. A., Adams, G . I . , "Geology of the Eastern Choctaw Coal F i e l d , Indian T e r r i t o r y , " !?uenty-F-i.rst AnnuaZ Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1899-1 900, Part II, U. S . Geol ogi cal Survey, 1900, pp . 257-311.

Taff , J . A . , Adams, G . I . "Geology o f the McAlester-Lehigh Coal F i e l d , Indian T e r r i t o r y , " i'Jinateenth ArznuaZ Report o f the Ih i ted S ta t e s Geological Survey3 1897-98, Part III, U. S. Geological Survey, 1899, pp. 423-600.

Trumbull, J. V . A . , Cod Resources of' OkZahoma, Bul l e t in 1042-5, U.S. Geological Survey, 1957, pp. 307-382.

U.S. Senate , 6 1 s t Congress, Second Session. Coal Land in Oklahoma, Featuring Notes and L e t t e r s , and Reports by William Cameron on Total Area and Value of Segregated Coal Lands (Leased and Unleased), and F i v e Circu la r s by J . A. Taff , Describing Maps o f the Segregated Coal Lands i n Various Mining D i s t r i c t s of the Indian Te r r i t o ry , Document No. 390, 1909.

Wilson, C . W . , J r . , Gedogy of Llze iVus7wgee-E'orm Dis tp ic t , Muskogee and McIntosh Counties, OkZabrna, Bulletin 57. Oklahoma Geological Survey, 1937.

68

OREGON .___II

1 .

2 .

3,

4.

5.

6 .

Duncan, D. c . , Geology and CoaZ Deposits in p m t of the Coos Bay Coal Field, Oregon, U . S . Geological Survey Bul le t in 982-B, 1953.

Geer, M. R . , "Oregon," CoaZ Age, V . 7 8 , No. 5 , 1973, p . 149, 150, 157.

Mason, R . R . , Foss i l Fuel Resources - Coal, S t a t e o f Oregon Depart- ment o f Geology and Mineral Indus t r ies Bul le t in 64, 1969.

Mason, Ralph S . , Coal, Mineral and Water Resources of Oregon, U. S. 90th Cong., 2nd sess., Committee on I n t e r i o r a n d Insu lar Affa i r s , 1969, pp. 272-280.

Mason, Ralph S . , Erwin, M. I . , CoaZ Resources of Oregon, U.S. Geol ogi cal Survey C i rcul a r 362, 1955.

Oregon Department of Geol ogy and Mineral Resources, GeoZogy and MineraZ Resources o f Coos Coun%y, Oregon, Oregon Department O f Geology and Mineral Resources B u l l . , 1973.

69

PENNSYLVANIA

1 .

2.

3.

4.

5 .

6.

7.

8 .

9 .

10.

11.

12 .

Ashmead, D. C. , Anthracite Losses and Reserves in Pennsylvania, Mineral Resource Report 8, Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 1926.

Ashley, G. H . and o t h e r s , Anthracite Ht?semes, Progress Report 130. Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 1945.

Ashley, G . H . , Bituminous Coal Fields of Pennsylvunia: Irrtroductory VoZwne, P t . 1, General Information or1 CoaZ, Pennsylvania Geological Survey 4 th ser. B u l l . M6, p t . 1 , 1928.

Ber ryhi l l H . L . J r . , and o t h e r s , Coal-Bearing U p p e ~ Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian Rocks, Flashington Area, Pennsy Zuania: Part 1, Li thofacies; Part 2, Economic m d Engineering Geology, Professional Paper 621, U.S. Geological Survey, 1971.

Birge, G . W . , Wolfson, D. E . , Carboniz-ing Properties of Butler County, Pennsylvania, Report of Inves t iga t ion 5927, 1J.S. Bureau of Mines, 1962.

Birge, G. W. and o t h e r s , Carbonizing Properiies of Coals From E l k , Clarion, Je f ferson , Clear f ie ld , and Centre Counties, Pennsy lvania, Report o f Inves t iga t ion 6261, U.S. Bureau o f Mines, 1963.

Blaylock, D. W . , Dowd, J . J . , Abernethy, R . F . , Reynolds, D. A. , Esixhate of Known Recoverable Reserves of Coking Coal i n Clarion County, PA, Bureau o f Mines, P i t t s b u r g h , P A , RM-RI-5231, 1955.

Blaylock, D . W . and o t h e r s , Estimate of Known Recoverable Rdserves o f Coking Coal in Clecrrfield County, Pennsylvmiu, Report of Inves t iga t ion 5166. U.S. Bureau o f Mines, 1955.

C o r t i s , S . E . , Greater. Pit tsburgh Region Maps of Mined-out Areas and Thickness of Rock Over the PittsbuTgh Coal, Map 45. Geological Survey, 1975.

Dowd, J . J . Turnbul l , L. A., Toenges, A. L . , Abernethy, R. F . , Reynolds, D . A., Estimate of Known Neeoverable Reserves of Coking Coal in Aramstrong County, PA, Bureau o f Mines, P i t t s b u r g h , P A ,

Pennsylvania

BM-RI-4801, 1951.

Dowd, J . J . , Turnbul l , L. A,, Toenges, A . L . , Cooper, H. M . , Abernethy, R . F . , Reynolds, D. A . , F raser , T. , Estimate of Knom Recouerable IiesemJes oJ’ Coking Coal i n ~ m b r i a County, PA, Bureau o f Mines, P i t t s b u r g h , P A , and Washington, DC, BM-RI-4734, 1950.

Dowd, J . J . , Turnbul l , L. A . , Toenges, A. L., Abernethy, R. F . , Reynolds, D . A. , Estimate of Knowr2 r?eeouerable l?eserves 0 f Coking Coal i n Fayette County, PA, Bureau of Mines, P i t t s b u r g h , P A , 1951

70

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21 -

22.

23.

24.

25.

Dowd, J . J . , Turnbul l , L . A . , Toenyes, A . L . , Cooper, H. M . , Abernethy, R . F . , Reynolds, 0. A . , Crentz , W . I... , Estimate of Known Recoverable fieserves of Coking Coal i n Indiana County, PA, Bureau o f Mines, P i t t s b u r g h , PA, and Washington, DC, BM-RI-4757, 1950.

Dowd, J . J . , Toenges, A. L . , Abernethy, R . F . , Reynolds, D . A . , Estimate o f Known Recoverable Resei-ves of Coking Coal in Je f ferson Counky, PA, Bureau of Mines, P i t t s b u r g h , P A , BM-RI-4840, 1952.

Dowd, J . J . , Toenges, A. L , , Abernethy, R . F . Reynolds, D . A . , E-stirna-te o f Known Recoverable Reserves of Coking Coal i n Raleigh County, w, Bureau o f Mines, P i t t sbu rgh , P A , BM-RI-4893, 1952.

Dowd, J . J , , Turnbul l , L . A . , Toenges, A. L . , Abernethy, R . F . , Reynolds , D. A . , Estimate of Knom Recoverable Reserves of Coking Coal i n kstmoreland County, PA, Bureau of Mines, P i t t s b u r g h , P A , BM-RI-4803, 1951.

Edrnunds W . E. , Koppe, E . F. , Coal in PennsyZvania, Educational S e r i e s 8 . Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 1968.

Edmunds , W . E . Coal Reserves of Pennsylvania - Total, Recoverable, and Str.ippuble (January 1, 19701, Pennsyl vania Bureau o f Topographic and Geological Survey Information C i r c u l a r 72.

Pa t t e r son , E . D . , Coal Resources of Beaver County, Pennsylvania, U.S. Geological Survey B u l l e t i n 1143-A, 1963.

Pa t t e r son , E . D . , Van Lieu, J . A . , Coal Resources of Butler County, Pennsylvania, U.S. Geological Survey Bu l l e t in 1143-C, 1971.

Pa t t e r son , E . D . , Van Lieu, J . A . , Geologic and Coal-Bed Map of Clarion CounLy, Pennsylvania, Miscellaneous Geologic Inves t iga t ions Map 715, U.S, Geological Survey, 1972.

Peck, F . B . , Ashley, G . H . , The Punzsut~mney and Glen Campbell Coal Fields o f lndiana and Jefferson. Counties, Pemsy luanin: Contributions t o Zconomic Geology, B u l l e t i n 285F, U.S. Geological Survey, 1906,

Reese, J . and S i s l e r , J . D . , "Coal Resources, In t roductory Volume," P a r t 3 , Bituminous Coal F i e l d s of penvlsylvania, Pennsylvania Geological Survey 4th S e r i e s Bu l l e t in M-6, 1928.

p p . 276-279.

Sholes , M . A . , Skema, V . W . , Bituminous Coal Resources i n Western Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Topographic and Geologic Survey Min. Res. Rept. M-68, 1974.

S is le r , J . D . , Bituminous Coal Losses and Mining Methods in Pennsyl- vania, Mineral Resource Report 4 , Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 1924.

71

26. S i s l e r , J . D., “‘Detailed Description of Coal F ie lds , ” Pa r t 11, Bituminous Coal Fields of Pennsylvania, Mineral Resource Report 6 , Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 1926.

27. Socolow, A. A., Pmnsylvundu Anthracite: V . 6, pp. 527-529, CONF-790213, Energy Technology Conference a n d Exposit ion, Washington, DC, 26 Feb. 1979.

The e i g h t b i l l i o n t o n s of recoverable low s u l f u r a n t h r a c i t e coal underlying northeastern Pennsylvania a r e an energy reserve which should be developed t o meet domestic energy needs. peaked i n 1917 a t 100 mi l l i on t o n s and declined because of the s h i f t t o o t h e r fue l s and mining economics, n o t from a lack o f adequate reserves . Four coal f i e l d s make u p Pennsylvania‘s a n t h r a c i t e region, which i s the l a r g e s t i n the world. The geologic formations a r e such t h a t development is chal lenging, b u t balanced by the s u i t a b i l i t y and proximity of a n t h r a c i t e coal f o r e a s t e r n metropolitan areas and the vastness o f t he reserves . The problems of e s t a b l i s h i n g dependable markets, devel oping the technology f o r m i n i n g s t e e p l y i ncl i ned coal seams, and the need f o r a c e n t r a l i z e d m i n i n g program remain t o be solved.

A Major. Energy Resource,

Production

28. Van Lieu, 3. A., Pat te rson , E . D . , Coal Resoutrees of Lawrence County, Penmylvnnia, U.S. Geological Survey Bul le t in 1143-8, 1964.

29. Wallace, J . J . , Dowd, J . J . , Provost, J . M . , Abernethy, R. F., Reynolds, D . A., hstirnate of Knom f2ecuverabZe Reserves i?f Coking Coal i n AZlegheny Counfi~~, Pennsylvania, BM-RI-5003, Bureau o f Mines, Washington, D C , 1953.

Known reserves of coking coal i n Allegheny County a r e estimated a t 832 mi l l i on s h o r t tons , and known recoverable reserves 28 inches and more th ick a r e estimated a t 768 mi l l i on s h o r t t o n s . includes t a b l e of estimated reserves as of January 1 , 1953, f o r each of the coal beds.

Report

30. Wallace, J . J . , Dowd, J . J . , Provost, J . M. Abernethy, R . F . , Reynolds, 0. A., Eskimate of Knoi,m i?ecoverable Hesewes of Coking coal i n Graene Coursty, PA, BM-RI-5143, Bureau of Mines, P i t t s b u r g h , PA, 1955.

31. Wallace, J . J . , Dowd, J , J . , Bowsher, J . A. Abernethy, R . F . , Reynolds, D. A . , Estimate of Knoialn HecoverabZe Reserues of Coking Coal in Somerset Count!j, P/1, BM-RI-4998, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D C , 1953.

Known reserves of coking coal i n Somerset County a r e estimated a t 1,859,000,OOO s h o r t tons , and known recoverable reserves 28 inches and more t h i c k a r e estimated a t 1,351,000,000 s h o r t tons. Table of es t imated reserves as of January 1 , 1952, f o r each of the coal beds i s included.

72

32. Wallace, J . J . , Dowd, J . I . , Provost, J , M . , Abernethy, R. F., Reynol ds , D. A . , EstGnate of Knozim Recoverable Reserves of Coking Coal in Washington, County, PA, BM-TI-5109, Bureau o f Mines, Was h i ngton , DC, 1955 +

Known reserves o f coking coal i n Washington County, PA, a r e estiniated a t 4181 mi l l i on short tons , and known recoverable reserves 28 inches a n d more t h i c k a r e estimated a t 2284 mi l l ion s h o r t tons. A t a b l e o f estimated reserves as o f January 1 , 1954 for each coal bed i s i ncl uded.

73

RHODE ISLAND

I .

2 .

3 .

4.

5.

6.

Ashley, G . H., Rhode TsZand CoaZ, U.S. Geological Survey Bull . 615, 1915.

Barton, W . R . and others, Anthracite in the Narragansett Basin of Rho& Island and Massachusetts, U.S. Bureau o f Mines In f . Circ . 8760, 1977.

Barton, W . R . , Chairman, A Report on Mining Narragarisett Coal by New England Federal Regional Council Energy Resource Development Task Force Coal Cormrittee, J u l y 1977, 12 pp.

Frimpter, M. H . , Maevsky, A., Geohydrologic Impacts of C o d Deve Lopment i n the Narragamett Basin, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, U . S . Geol ogi cal Survey Wa ter-Supply Paper 2062, 1979.

Toenges, A . L . , Turnbul l , L. A . , Neale, A . , Schopf, J . M . , Abernethy, R . F. , Q u i n n , A. W . , Inves t iga t ion of Metu-Anthracite i n Newport arid Providence Counties, R. 1. ; Petrography, Chemical CharucteuYistics, and GeoZogy of the Deposits, U.S. Bureau o f Mines Rept. Inv. 4276, 1948.

Weston Observatory, Boston Col lege , The PennsgZuaniu Cmal-Bearing Stmta of the Narragansett Basin, Interim Report, Grant (AER76-02147) from the Divis ion o f Advanced Energy and Resources Research and Technology, National Science Foundation, Weston Observatory, Boston College, 1976.

74

SOUTH DAKOTA

1 , Brown, A. M., Ligni te fiesources o f South Dakota, U.S. Geological Survey C i r c u l a r 159, 1952.

2 . Landis, E. R . , "Coal," i n Mineral and LJcr.ter Resources of South Dakota, U.S. 94th Cong., 1 s t sess . , Coiiirnittee on I n t e r i o r and I n s u l a r A f f a i r s , 1975, pp . 167-172.

3. Redden, J . A . , Ligni te Kesemes, Harding County, South Dakota, U.S. Bureau o f Mines Grant Number GO 264015, 1978; l a t e r adminis tered under U.S. Department o f Energy Contract Number ET-76-G-01-9079.

4. South Dakota Geological Survey, Publications of the South Dakotd Geological Survey, Vermil l i o n , South Dakota, 1979.

5. U . S Geological Survey, Minera7, and Water HesoiArces of South Dakota, 88th Congress, Second Session Committee Pr int , 1964.

75

_- TENNESSEE

1.

2 .

3.

4.

5 .

6.

7 .

8.

Hershey, R . E., Williams, L . , Grandrud , B . W . , Estimate of’ Known RecoverabZe Reserues o f Coking Coal i i t Cmndy County, TiV, Bureau o f Mines, Tuscaloosa, A L , BM-RI-5148, 1955.

Hershey, R . E . , Williams3 L . , Crentz, W. L., Miller, J. W . , Estimatr of Knom Recoverub Ze Reserves and the Pxyxzrat7:on Chizracteristics of Coking CoaZ i n HamiZton County, TN, Bureau o f Mines, Washington, DC , BM-R 1-5263, 1956.

Known reserves o f coking coal in Hamil ton County are estimated a t 53 million short tons and known recoverable reserves 28 inches o r thicker a t 1 7 million short tons. Included are tables o f estimated reserves and washing character is t ics .

Hershey, R . E . , Williams, L . , Crentz, W . L., Miller, J . W., Estimatc of Known Recoverable Reserws and Pr~eparatiori Ch~zracttrex~istics of Coking CouZ in Van Buren Countg, TN, Bureau o f Mines, Washington, D C ,

Known reserves o f coking coal i n Van Buren County are estimated a t 34 million short tons, and known recoverable reserves 28 inches or thicker a t 8 million short tons . Includes tables o f estimated reserves and washing characterist ics.

Johnson, R . C . , Luther, E . T . , Stx4ppahle Coal in t h e TJor+iern bnberZnnd Plateau Area o f Tennessee, Tennessee Department of Con- servation, Division o f Geology, Report o f Investigations 34, 1972.

Leamon, A. R . , Maher, S . W . , Coal Mining i n Tennessee [as of November 19741, Information Circular 1 7 , Tennessee Division of Geol ogy , 1974.

Lowe, R . W . , Crentz, W . L . , Miller, J . W . , Estimate of Known aecoverable ReserveG and Pmparation Characteris t ics of Coking Coal i n Fentress County, T N , Bureau o f Mines, Washington, D C , BM-RI-5235, 1956.

BM-RI-5208, 1956.

Known reserves o f coking coal in Fentress County are estimated a t 102 million short tons and known recoverable reserves 28 inches o r thicker a t 66 million tons. Tables o f estimated reserves and washing character is t ics are included.

Luther, E. T., ?‘he Coal Reserves o f Tennessee, Tennessee Department o f Conservation and Commerce, Division o f Geology, Bulletin 63, 1959.

Southern Railway System, Coal fiesgrves of Tennessee, Sewed by ,%uthern RaiZwcxy Sys tm, i t s A ffiliates crnd Shor t Linc Connections, Washington, D C , 1964.

76

9 . Tennessee Energy 0 F f i ce Coal i n Tennessee, Tennessee Energy Office, Nashville, TN, NP-20804, 1975.

Information on coal in Tennessee i s provided as follows: reserves, production, consumption, transport, regulations, legis la t ion, severance t a x , a n d research programs.

10. Williams, L . , Jaiiies, C., Gandrud, B , W . , Reynolds, 0. A. , Estimate of Known Recoverable Reserves and the Preparation and Carbonizing Properties of Coking Coal i n Anderson County, TN, Bureau o f Mines, Tuscaloosa, AL, a n d Pittsburgh, P A , BM-RI-5185, 1955, 63 pp.

1 1 . W i 11 i ams , L . , Hers hey, R . E . , Es Limute of Known Recoverable Reserves o f Coking Coal i n Bledsoe County, TN, Bureau o f Mines, Washington, D C , BM-RI-5234, 1956.

Known reserves o f cok.ing coal in Bledsoe County are estimated a t 43 million short tons and known recoverable reserves 28 inches o r thicker a t 11 million tons. A table of estimated reserves as of January 1 , 1954, for each coal bed i s included.

1 2 . Williams, L . , Gibbs, H. K . , Crentz, W . L . , Miller, J . W . , Reynolds, D. A , , Estinate of Known Recoverable Reserves and Preparation and Carboriizing Pyoperties of Coking Coal i n Campbe 11 County, TIT, B u rea u of Mines, Washington, DC, BM-RI-5258, 1956, 97 p p .

13. Williams, L . , Hershey, R . E . , G a n d r u d , B . W . , Estimate of Known Recoverable Reserves and the Preparution and Carbonizing Properties of Coking Coal i n Marion County, TN, Bureau o f Mines, Washington, D C , BM-RI-5159, 1955, 30 pp.

Known reserves o f coking coal in Marion County are estimated a t 61 million short tons and known recoverable reserves 28 inches o r thicker a t 34 million tons. Included are carbonizing properties and tables of estimated reserves and washing character is t ics .

1 4 . Williams, L . , James, C . , Crentz, W . L . , Miller, J . W . , Estimate of Known Recoverable Reserves and the Preparation Characteris t ics o f Coking Coal i n Morgan County, TN, Bureau o f Mines, Washington, DC, BM-RI-5266, 1956, 43 pp .

Known reserves of coking coal in Morgan County are estimated a t 96 million short tons and known recoverable reserves 28 inches or thicker a t 30 million short tons. reserves a n d washing character is t ics .

Included are tables of est-imated

77

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

Williams, L . , Abernethy, R . F., G a n d r u d , B . W . , Reynolds, D . A. , Wolfson, D . E . , Estimcxte of Knmm RecoverchZle Raserzws and the Prepamtion and Carboniz Zng Properties of Coking Coal i.n Overton County, T N , Bureau o f Mines, Pittsburgh, PA, and Tuscaloosa, AL,

Williams, L . , Lowe, R . , Turnbull, L. A., Caman, E . P . , Crentz, W. L . , Reynolds, D. A . , Abernethy, R. F . , Estimate of Xnom Recoverable Reserves and the Preparation and Carbonizing Properties of Coking Coal i n Putncm? County, TN, Bureau of' Mines, Washington, D C "

BM-RI-5731, 1955, 35 pp .

Williams, L . , Gibbs, H . K., Crentz, W . L . , Miller, J . W . , Estimate o f Known Recoverable Resermes and Preparat-ion Characteristics of Coking Coal in S c o t t County, TD, Bureau of Mines, Washington, DC, BM-RI-5232, 1956, 36 pp.

Known reserves of coking coal in Scott County are estimated a t 143 million short tons and known recoverable reserves 28 inches o r thicker a t 39 million tons. Included are tables o f estimated reserves and washing character is t ics .

Williams, L. , Hershey, R. E., Abernethy, R. F . , Gandrud, R. W . , Reynolds, Q . A., Estimate o f Known Recove~abZe Reserves and the Preparation and Capbonizing Properties of Coking Coal. in Sequat-chie County, Tiv, Bureau o f Mines, Washington, D C , BM-RI-5136, 1955, 28 pp .

Known reserves o f coking coal in the Sewanne seam in Sequatchie County are estimated a t 76 million short tons a n d known recoverable reserves 28 inches o r thicker are estimated a t 31 million short tons. Inel uded are carbonizing properties and tables of estimated reserves and washing character is t ics .

Wilson, R . L., Warren, G . F., Milici, R . C . , Evaluat,ion of t h a Coal Resemes i n the M4ituel.1. Shtrle i n the Southern Cwflberlund Plateau -hi Tennessee, Tennessee Univ., Chat tanooga, Dept. o f Geosciences, QOE/ET/09009-T1, 1979, 82 pp.

The Southern Tennessee coal f i e ld comprises some 14,000 square miles o f the Cumberland Plateau physiographic province and includes a l l or parts of 11 counties. The coal measures belong t o the lower Pennsylvanian system. The largest coal potential l i e s with the Richland and Sewanee seams, which are contained in the Whitwell shale. The methods o f obtaining coal reserves data in this report a re adaptations of those used by the Tennessee Divisl'on of Geology, U.S. Bureau o f Mines, and U.S. Geological Survey. This study d i f fe rs from previous coal reserve estimates in t h a t emphasis i s placed on recoverable underground reserves as well as strippable reserves. Conservative premises were used t h r o u g h o u t th is study so t h a t the result ing reserve figures may be considered a s the minimum known recoverable coal reserves. Therefore, the total known recoverable

78

reserves of coal i n the Whitwell sha l e i n southern Tennessee a s o f January 1 , 1979, a r e 377,385,000 tons based on the above c r i t e r i a considered w i t h recovery f a c t o r s o f 50% f o r underground m i n i n g and 80% f o r s t r i p m i n i n g . these reserves , t o t a l i n g 312,665,000 tons . The l a r g e s t reserves i n any southern Tennessee county a r e in Sequatchie County with 86,580,000 tons. The reserves in this area a r e ample f o r the fu tu re , and a r e much l a r g e r t h a n previously est imated.

The Sewanee seam contains the l a r g e s t pa r t of

79

TEXAS

1. Evans, T. J . , Bitminous Coa% in Texas, Texas Bureau of Economic Geology Handbook 4 , 1974.

2. F i sher , W . L . , Ligni tes of' the Texas G u l f Coastal P l a i n , Texas Bureau of Economic Geology Report o f Inves t iga t ions 50, 1963.

3. F i sher , W . 1. , McGowen , J . H. , Rock and Mineral Ir'esources of East Texas, Report o f Inves t iga t ion 54, Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas a t A u s t i n , 1965,

Texas Bureau o f Economic Geology Report o f Inves t iga t ion 79, 1974. 4. Kaiser , W. R . , Texas Ligni te: Near-Surface and Deep-Basin Resources,

5. Kaiser, W . R . , Ayers, W. B., J r . , La Brie, L . W . , Lignite Resources .in Texas, Texas Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Inves t iga t ions 104, 1980.

6. Kaiser , W . R . , Johnston, J . E . , a n d Back, W . N . , Sand-Bod2 Geonrstry and the Occurrence of Lign i t e i n the Eocene o f Texas, Bureau o f Economic Geology, Geological C i rcu la r 78-4, 1978.

Lacy, J . C . , White, D. M . , "Future of Texas Ligni te , " i n Technology and Use of Lignite, Kube, W . R . , Groenewold, G . H., Biennial Ligni te Symposium, Grand Forks, N . D . , pp. 426-458, May 30, 1979.

S t r ippab le deposi ts a r e c l o s e t o t h e two major metropolitan a r e a s , making 1 igni te an a t t r a c t i v e poten t ia l fuel f o r e l e c t r i c a l generation and f o r i ndus t r i a l use. L igni te i s perceived by policymakers and the publ ic as a t r a n s i t i o n f o r use between deplet ion of o i l and gas reserves and commercialization o f renewable energy sources. Main economic and regulatory forces a r e sys t ema t i ca l ly examined t o develop growth es t imates . Various a1 t e r n a t i v e s i n sources o f energy, regulatory requirements, and uses a r e reviewed. case scenar io , a tenfo ld increase i n production by 2000 AD t o approximately 200 MTY was fo recas t , which implied a commitment o f 6.0 b i l l i o n tons o f the est imated 6.7 b i l l i o n ton reserve. Other scenar ios a r e developed a n d key policy i ssues reviewed.

Mapel, W . J . , Bituminous Coal Resources o f Texas, U S . Geological Survey Bul le t in 1242-D, 1967.

9. Perkins, J . M., Lonsdale, J . T . , Minmal. Resources of the Texas Coas-taZ ~ Z a - i n (p re l im. r ep t . 1, Texas Bureau of Economic Geology Mineral Resources Circ . 38, 1955, 65 pp .

7.

For the nominal

8.

80

1.

2.

3 .

4.

5.

6 .

7 .

8.

9.

Bucure l , H . , StraLigraphy and Coal Deposits of the Upper Cretaceous, Campanian, Mesaverde Group i n the Southern Vasatch PZateau, Utah, G u l f Energy and M i n e r a l s Co., Casper, Wyoming, E a r t h S c i . B u l l . , V . 11, NO. 1, 1978, pp 1-17.

The Wasatch P la teau o f i t c o n t a i n s l a r g e coa l Wasatch P l a t e a u coa l f Coloradoan, t o l a t e Pa Hiawatha coa l seams o f s i v e . The Hiawatha i s

C e n t r a l Utah i s economicaly i m p o r t a n t because reserves. Rocks i n t h e southern p a r t of t h e e l d a r e e a r l y t o l a t e Cretaceous, l ower eocene i n age. The Hiawatha and Upper t h e Blackhawk Format ion a r e t h i c k and exten- about 1 .8 meters ( 6 f e e t ) t h i c k , w h i l e t h e

Upper Hiawatha averages 4.2 meters ( 1 4 f e e t ) t h i c k a n d - i s p robab ly minable th roughou t t h e s tudy area except south o f Convuls ion Canyon. The coa l i s h i g h - v o l a t i l e C b i tum inous o f noncoking q u a l i t y . low s u l f u r , low ash, and c o n t a i n s abundant r e s i n . Wasatch P l a t e a u has been cont inuous s i n c e 1875, and ove r 112 m i l l i o n tons o f coa l have been produced.

I t i s M i n i n g i n t h e

Doel 1 i ng, H. H . , Central Utah Coal Fields: Sevier-Sanpete, Wasatch Plateau, Book C l i f f s and E m e q , Monograph 3. Utah Geo log ica l and M i n e r a l o g i c a l Survey, 1972.

D o e l l i n g , H. H . , Con2 f i e I d s o$ Ut-ah: Survey Map ZO-A, s c a l e 1:1,000,000, 1974.

Utah Geological and MineralogicaZ

D o e l l i n g , H. H. , Eastern and Northern U t c r h Coal Fields - Vernal, Henry Mountm:n.s, Sego, La Sal-San Juan, ir’abby Mountain, Coalv i l le , Henrys Fork, Goose Creek, and Lost Creek, Utah Geo log ica l and M i n e r a l o g i c a l Survey Monograph S e r i e s 2, 1972.

Doel l i n g , H. H. , and Graham, R . L . , SoutTzwestem~ Utah Coal Fields , Utah Geo log ica l and M i n e r a l o g i c a l Survey Monograph Ser ies 1, 1972, 332 pp.

Grose, L. T., Wileman, D. H. , Ward, A. E., Coal Resources of Southwestern Utah: Powey-Generution Plants, U.S. Bureau o f Mines, Washington, D .C . ,

Potent ial f o r U t i l i z a t i o n i n Stearn-Electric

BM-IC-8326, 1967.

Mapel, W . J . , H a i l , W. J . , J r . , Tertiarg Geology of L3ze Goose Creek District , Cassia County, Idaho, Box Elder County, Utnh, and Elko County, Nevada, U.S. Geo log ica l Survey B u l l . 1055-H, 1959, pp. 217-254.

Spieker , E. N., %ne Wasatch Plateau Coal Field, ULuh, U.S. Geo log ica l Survey B u l l e t i n 819, 1931.

Utah Geo log ica l A s s o c i a t i o n , Energy Resources of Ihe Uinta Basin, Utah Geo log ica l A s s o c i a t i o n , 1974.

81

10. Vaninett, G . E . , "Exploration in the Kaiparowits Plateau, Utah, USA," Utah Power a n d Light Co., Sa l t Lake City, WorZci Coal, V . 5, No. 8 , pp. 17-20, August 1979.

The area covered in th i s report i s a 200-square-kilometer area located along the southern margins o f the Kaiparowits Plateau. The extensive outcrops and a d a t a base of more than 200 dri l lholes completed on a 400-meter spacing grid provide the major d a t a used t o complete the information presented in th i s a r t i c l e . and tracing of individual units along the outcrops provided a good understanding of the la teral continuity of the coal-bearing units and allowed greater confidence in correlating from dr i l lho le t o d r i l lho le t h a n would have been realized i f only dr i l lhole d a t a were available. Close-spaced dr i l l ing has delineated the presence of s ix major coal seams tha t locally are subdivided by rock. s p l i t s into as many as eleven minable seams. Isopach maps o f the coal seams and rock intervals between seams and paleochannel maps have been prepared for a l l units within the 75-meter-thick coal zone t o show the value of a knowledge of depositional environments a n d different ia l compaction i n predicting the location of minable coal seams and areas of sui table mining conditions. Paleochannel sandstones t h a t overlie coal seams may significantly a f fec t the mining t h a t occurs in the coal seams. Differential compaction in sediments t ha t l a te ra l ly interfinger w i t h paleochannel sandstones may resul t in unstable roof conditions and cause the development o f ro l l s and compactional thinning of coal seams. Mining ac t iv i t i e s may be hampered by sporadic influxes of water from the roof in areas where perched water tables i n paleochannel sandstones are disrupted by mining.

Outcrop mapping

82

VIRGIN I A

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10"

11.

12.

13 ,

Brown, A., B e r r y h i l l , H. L. , J r . , Taylor , D. A., Trurnbull, J . V . A., Coal Resources of Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey Circ. 171, 1952.

Campbell, M. R . , Valley Coal Fields of Virginia, Bul l e t in 25, Vi rg in ia Divis ion of Mineral Resources, 1925.

€by, J . B . , Geology and Mineml Resources of Wise CounLy and the Coal-Bearing Portion of Sco t t County, Virginia, Bull e t i n 24 Virg in ia Divis ion o f Mineral Resources, 1923.

G i l e s , A. W . , Geology and Coal Resources of Dickenson County, Virginia, Bul l e t in 21, Vi rg in ia Division o f Mineral Resources, 1921.

G i l e s , A . W . , Geology and Coal Resources of the Coal-Bearing Port-ion of Lee County, Virginia, Bul l e t in 26, Vi rg in ia Divis ion o f Mineral Resources, 1925.

Henderson, J . A., "Summary o f Coal Resources i n Vi rg in ia , " Virginia Minerals, v . 25, no. 1 , 1979, pp. 1-7.

Hinds , H . , Geology and Coal Resources of Buchanan County, Virginia, Bul l e t in 18, Vi rg in ia Divis ion o f Mineral Resources, 1918.

H i n d s , H., Geology and Coal Resources of t-he Clintwood and Bacu hadranges, Virginia, Bul l e t in 12, Virginia Divis ion o f Mineral Resources, 1916, 296 pp.

Hinkle, M . E . , The Strippable Coal Reserves of Virginia, U.S. Bureau o f Mines, Unpublished Information C i rcu la r , c . 1968 (no d a t e ) .

McIntosh, W . 1.. , Eister, M . F . , Geologic Mup index o f Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey, 1976.

Mi 11 e r , J . W. Preparation Characteris t ics o f Coal From .Lee County, Virginia, Report o f Inves t iga t ion 5358, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1957, 14 PP.

Mi l l e r , M. S . , Stratigraphy und CoaZ Beds of Upper Mississippian and Lower Pennsylvanian Rocks i n Southwestern Virginia, V i rgi n i a Divis ion o f Mineral Resources Bull. 84, 1974, 211 py .

Wentsorth, C . K. , Geology and Coal Resources of Russell County, Virginia, Bul l e t in 22, Vi rg in ia Divis ion o f Mineral Resources, 1922.

83

WASHINGTON

1.

2.

3 .

4.

5 .

6.

1.

Bar te l , L . C , , Dubecki, T . L . , Stone, Results of t h e Characterization o f an In S i t u i:otxZ Gasif icat ion ,%Le i n the State o f washington, Sandia National Lab. and Lawrence Livermore National Lab., 1980.

Sandia Labora tor ies , Lawrence L i vermore Laboratory, and the Laramil Energy Technology Center pa r t i c ipa t ed i n a U.S. Department of Energy funded program t o s e l e c t and cha rac t e r i ze a potentia7 underground coal g a s i f i c a t i o n t e s t s i t e i n the s t a t e of Washington. A s i t e i n the Central ia-Chehal is coal d i s t r i c t , s a t i s f y i n g c e r t a i n c r i t e r i a , was selected f o r cha rac t e r i za t ion . The cha rac t e r i za t ion procedures incl uded su r face and borehol e techniques and hydro1 ogy t e s t s . Geologic s t r u c t u r e and coal seam s t r u c t u r e and con t inu i ty were determined u s i n g sur face geophysical prospecting {logging and cross-borehole , inseam seismic) techniques. A complete s e t of geophysical logs was taken i n e ight explora tory boreholes t o determine l i t ho logy and p rope r t i e s of the coal and surrounding s t r a t a . Coal cores taken from four d i f f e r e n t exploratory boreholes were analyzed t o determine coal q u a l i t y . Results of the cha rac t e r i za t ion show t h a t the coal seam of i n t e r e s t is approximately 47 f t t h i ck a t a depth of 570 t o 600 f t a t the s i t e . The seam i s charac te r ized by high ash conten t , r e l a t i v e l y l o w overa l l heat ing value, and a low permeabi l i ty . underground coal g a s i f i c a t i o n t e s t .

Beikman, H. M . , Gower, H. D., Dana, T . A . M . , C o d Beservcs of kshington. , Washington Division of Mines and Geology Bull . 47, 1961, 115 pp.

Livingston, V . E., J r . , "Coal i n Washington," i n E n m g y Resources of Washington, Washington D i v i s i o n of Geology and Earth Resources I n f . Circ . 50, 1974, pp. 39-62.

Mom, W . S a , Mines and IkPL-neraZ Deposits of Whateom County., kkzsh-inykon, Washington Division of Mines and Geology Bu l l e t in , 57, 1969.

Morris, D. J . , Ariies, P . R., Additional CoaZ Resomves in the Crem River Di s t r i c t , King County, Vashington, presented a t the 1980 P a c i f i c Northwest Metals and Minerals Conference, May 7-9, 1980, S e a t l e , Wash., John T. Boyd Company, Denver, Colo. , 1980.

Vine, J . D. , Cao'logy and Coal Xesourres of -the Cumberlard, Woharit, und ~ a p l e VaZley Quudranyles., King County, Washington, U. S . Geological Survey Professional Paper 624, 1969.

Vonheeder, E . R . , "Coal Exploration on State-Administered Lands i n Whatcom and Skagi t Counties D u r i n g 1976," Washington Geologic f leusletter, Vol. 5 , N O . 1, 1977.

The s i t e appears s u i t a b l e f o r conducting an

84

WEST VIRGINIA

1 . Babu, S . P . , Barlow, J . A. , S u i t a b i l i t y of West Virg in ia Coals t o Coal-Conversion Processes, W . V A , Geol. Econ. Surv. , Coal-Geol. Bul l . N O . 1 , 1973, p p . 1-32.

P rope r t i e s of West Virg in ia coa l s a r e shown on a series o f maps, w i t h recoverable reserves es t imates a t 58 b i l l ion tons . Processes inc l uding combusti on , 1 ow-Btu gas i f 1” ca t ion , h i gh-Btu gas i f i ca t ion , l i q u e f a c t i o n , and carboniza t ion a r e discussed w i t h reference t o p rope r t i e s of the coa l s and .f ive different coal conversion processes .

2 . Barlow, J . A . , Coal and CoaZ Mining i n West Virginia, West Virg in ia Geological and Economic Survey Coal-Geology Bul l . 2, , 1974, 63 pp .

3. Dowd, J . J . , and o t h e r s , Estimate of Known Recoverable Resemes of Coking Coal in Brooke County, West Viyginia, Report of Inves t i ga- t i o n 5160, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1955.

4. Bawd, J . J . , and o t h e r s , Estimate of Kn.ozlm Recoverable Reserves o f Coking Coal i n Marsha21 County, West Virg in ia , Report o f Invest iga- t i o n 5207, U . S . Bureau of Mines, 1955.

5. Dowd, J . J . , and o t h e r s , Estimate of Knom Recoverable Reserves of Coking Coal i n Ohio County, Wzst V irg in ia , Report of Inves t iga t ion 5171, U.S. Bureau o f Mines, 1955.

6 . Dowd, J . J . and o t h e r s , Estimate of Knom RecovercrSle Reserves of Coking Coal in RaZeigh County, West Virg in ia , Report o f Inves t iga- t i o n 4893, U.S. Bureau o f Mines, 1952.

7 . Englund, D . K . , Windolph, J . F . , J r . , Ava i lab i l i t y of Low-Sulfur Coal i n Greenbrier County, West Virg in ia , Open-Fi l e Report , U.S. Geological Survey, 1972.

8. Englund, K . J . , Availability of Low-Sulfur Coal i n McDowelZ County, Vest Virginia, Open-File Report, U.S. Geological Survey, 1972.

9 . E n g l u n d , K . J , , Ava i lab i l i t y of Low-Sulfur Coal i n Mercer County, Vest Virginia, Open-File Report , U.S. Geological Survey, 1972.

10. Englund, K . J . , Ava i lab i l i t y o f Lou-SuZfur Coal in Raleigh County, West Virg in ia , Open-File Report , U.S. Geological Survey, 1972.

11. Englund, K . J . , Ava i lab i l i t y of Low-Sulfur Coal in Myoming County, West Virgin?:a, Open-File Report, U.S. Geological Survey, 1972.

12. Hadley, D. G . , Ava i lab i l i t y o f Low-Sulfur Coal in Clmj County, West Virginia, Open-File Report , U.S. Geological SurveyJ 1972.

85

13. Hadley, D . G . , Availability of Low-Sulfur Coal i n F'ayette CourLty, vest V i q i n i a , Open-Fi l e Report, U.S. Geological Survey, 1972.

Hadley, 0. G., A v c i . Z & i Z i t y of Low-Sulfur Coal i n K c u m w h u County, west Virginia, Open-File Report, U.S. Geological Survey, 1972.

15. Headlee, A . J . W . , Nolting, J . P . , J r . , Charactervhtics of Minable coals of west Virigfnia, West Virginia Geological Survey Rept. v . 13, 1940.

14.

16. Mory, P. C . , Brocoum, A. V . , Beers, A. H . ? C o a l Reserve Study, New K-iver Gorye, West Virg in ia , Open-File Report, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA, Eastern Field Operation Center, March, 1977, 39 p p .

The report i s an appraisal of coal reserves in the New River Gorge area of West Virginia. coalbeds in the area, an assessment of t h e i r reserves, and a study o f the f eas ib i l i t y o f mining from entr ies outside proposed boundaries o f e i ther a wild and scenic r iver area or a national park.

I t contains a description o f the minable

17 . Provost, J . M . , Dowd, J . J . , Abernethy, R . F . ? Reynolds, D . A. , Estimate of Knom Hecoverable Reserves of Coking Coal, i n Mason County, West V i ~ g i w i u , Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA, BM-RI-5267, 1956.

18. Repine, T., "Coal Thickeners: in 1981 Mountain S t a t e GeoZogy, West Vi ryi ni a Geological and Economic Survey.

What You See May Not Be What You Get,"

Discusses recoverability o f coal seams and compares seam height and mining height.

Reppert, R . S . and Repine, T . 3 "West Virginja's Coals: How Much and Where?," in 1980 Mountain S ta te GeoZogy, Pub1 ication MSG-80, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey.

T h i s a r t i c l e examines the necessary procedures in determining the actual tonnage o f coal i n an area and includes an explanation o f how i t i s used.

Skelly and Loy, Map of West Vii.g.iniu crnd MtxrylaztS CotxZ Mine Locations, Coal Age Mining Informational Services, New York, N . Y . , 1980.

19.

20.

21 - Spencer, F. D . , A v a i l a b i l i t y of Lou-Su7,fz~i~ Coal in f d i r ~ g o County, &s.st Virginia, Open-File Report, U.S. Geological Survey, 1972.

Spencer, F . D . , A m i Z r b i l ity of Lou-Sul fur Coal ir? Woyne County, V e s t V irg in ia , Open-Fi l e Report, U.S. Geological Survey, 1972.

23. Tavenner, W . H. and others, Esiimate of Known Recoverable Reserves o f Coking Coal in L o g m Coutzty, Vest Vircj inicz , Report o f Investiga- t ions 5259, U.S. Bureau o f Mines, 1956.

22.

86

24. T r a v i s , R. G. and o t h e r s , Estimate o f K ~ o w n Recoverable Reserves o f Coking CoaZ i n Monongalia Coun-L-y, West Virginia, Repor t o f I n v e s t i g a - t i o n 5233, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1956.

25. Wallace, J. J . , Dowd, J. J . , Tavenner, W. H., Provost , J . M., Abernethy, R. F. , Reynolds, D. A. , Estimate of Rmxm Recoveruble Reserves of Coking Coal i n McDoweZZ County, W. Virg-zkia, Bureau o f Mines, Washington, D.C., BM-RI-4924, 1952.

Known reserves of c o k i n g coa l i n McDowell County a r e es t ima ted a t 2,216,691,000 s h o r t tons, and known recove rab le rese rves 28 inches and more t h i c k a r e es t ima ted a t 1,074,722,000 s h o r t tons. Repor t i n c l u d e s t a b l e of es t ima ted reserves as o f January 1, 1951 f o r each of t h e coa l beds.

26. Wallace, J. J . , Dowd, J. J., Tavenner, W. H., Provost , J. M., Abernethy, R . F., Reynolds, D. A . . Estimate of Known Xecoverable Reserves of Coking Coal i n Mercer County, W . Virgin.I:a. Bureau O f Mines, Washington, D.C., BM-RI-5077, 1954.

27. Wallace, J. J., Dowd, J. J., Tavenner, W. H . , Abernethy, R. F . , Reynolds, D. A., EsLZmate of Known Recoverable Reserves of Coking CoaZ i n Mingo County, W. Virginia, Bureau o f Mines, P i t t s b u r g h , PA, BM-RI-5068, 1954.

28. Wallace, J. J., Dowd, J. J., Tavenner, W. H., Provost , J . M., Abernethy, R. F., Reynolds, D. A., Estimute o f K'dozcin RenoverabZe Reserves of Coking CoaZ i,n Wgorning County, W . V i rg in ia , Bureau o f Mines, Washington, DC, BM-RI-4966, 1953,

Known rese rves o f c o k i n g coal i n Wyoming County a r e es t ima ted a t 2,669,432,000 s h o r t tons, and known recove rab le reserves 28 inches and more t h i c k a r e es t ima ted a t 1,166,567,000 s h o r t tons. Repor t i n c l u d e s t a b l e of es t ima ted reserves as o f January 1, 1951 f o r each o f t h e c o a l beds.,

29. Welker, D. B. Kasales, S . , Wilgar , G. , Peck, M. , Surface Mines i n West Virginia as of A p K l 1, 1980, West V i r g i n i a Geo log ica l and Economic Survey Pub. MB-2, 1980, 48 pp.

30. West V i r g i n i a Geo log ica l and Economic Survey, "West V i r g i n i a ' s Coal Resources ,'I i n 1978 Mountain Sta te GeoZogy, Pub1 i c a t i o n MSG- 78.

Presents an overv iew o f methods used by West V i r g i n i a Geologic and Economic Survey t o i d e n t i f y and determine West V i r g i n i a coa l reserves.

87

W Y OM I NG

1 . Berge Explorat ion, Inc . , Coal Ownership ?dups, Northern Powler River Basin, Wyoming, Berge Explorat ion, I nc. Denver Col 0 .

1975.

Maps a t s c a l e s o f 1:4,000 and 1:8,000 showing various c l a s ses of ownership, a v a i l a b l e colored and uncolored.

2. B e r r y h i l l , H. L . , J r . and others, Coal Resources Map of W?jomin:j, Coal Inves t iga t ions Map C-6. U.S. Geological Survey, 1951.

3 . B e r r y h i l l , H . L., J r . , Brown, D. M., Brown, A., Taylor , a. A . , CoaZ Resouives OS Wgominq, U.S. Geological Survey Circ. 81, 1950.

4. Breckenridge, R. M. and o thers , CarrpbeZZ County, Wyoming: Geologic Map A t l a s and Sumary of Land, Water, and Mineral Resources, County Resource Series 3 , Geological Survey o f Wyoming, 1974.

5. Culbertson, W . C . , K l e t t , M. C . , Preliminary Geologi;c Map and Coal Sections of the Jones D r a w Quadrangle, Sheridan County, Vyriming, U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-726, 1975

6. Culbertson, W. C . , Preliminary Geologic Map and CoaZ Sections of t he SL? Springs &ua&ungZe, Sheri dan County , Wyorrii ng , U. S. Geo- log ica l Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-727, 1975.

Culber tson, W. C . , PreZiminary GeoZogic? Map and Coal Sections of the Wyarno QuadrangZe, Sheridun Countiy, Wyoming, U. S . Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-723, 1975.

8. Denson, N. M . , Keefer, W. R . , Horn, G. H . , Coal Resources of the GiZZatte Area (Carnpbe2,Z County), W ~ o m i n ~ j , Miscellaneous Geologic Inves t iga t ion Map I-848-C, U.S. Geological Survey, 1973.

9,. Glass, G . 5 . , Jones, R . W . , B?%Ziography o f Qoming Coal, The Geological Survey o f Wyoming B u l l . 58, 1974.

Survey, Laramie, 1972.

7 .

10. Glass , G . 5 . , Mining i n the Hanna Coal Field, Wyoming Geological

11. Glassy 6. B., Roberts , J . T. , Coals and CoaZ-Bearing Roekg ( 9 s the Honna Coal Field, P?yomin:g, The Geol o g i cal Survey o f Wyoming , Report o f Inves t iga t ions No. 2 2 , 1980.

8a

1 2 . Glass, G . B . , Roberts, J . T., Remaining Stiaippuble Coal Resources and Strippable Reserve Base of t he Hannu Coal Field in Southcentral Wyoming, Reports of Investigations No. 17, 1979.

I t i s estimated t h a t 674.31 million tons o f strippable coal resources remain in four newly defined mining d i s t r i c t s o f the Hanna Coal Field i n s o u t h central Wyoming. Of these strippable resources, 46% or 309.97 million t o n s l i e between 0 t o 100 f ee t o f cover while the other 54% o r 364.34 million tons l i e between 100 t o 200 f e e t of cover. The remaining strippable reserve base, o r t h a t par t of the strippable resources from which strippable reserves are derived, i s reduced t o 648.29 mi 11 ion tons (96% of strippable resources). Forty-six percent or 297 .12 million t o n s of the reserve Rase occur under less than 100 f ee t o f cover while the remaining 351.17 million tons occur under thicker cover (100 t o 200 f ee t th ick) . strippable reserves per se (recoverable reserves) were not es tirnated, a f a i r approximation i s t h a t strippable reserves equal a t l e a s t 80% of the reserve base between 0 t o 100 f ee t deep or 237.7 million tons. Although some percentage of the reserve base between 100 t o 200 f ee t deep i s a lso recoverable, the percentage i s harder t o estimate. may equal 80% o f t ha t tonnage a s well, another 280.94 million tons o f reserves i s ident i f ied fo r a totdl o f 518.64 million tons of strippable reserves i n the Hanna Coal Field, A more conservative appraisal o f strippable reserves i n the 100 t o 200 f ee t depth range i s half the reserve base or 175.59 million tons, thus reducing the remaining reserves t o 413.29 million tons. With the exception of 9.44 million tons o f strippable bituminous resources in the 0 t o 100 f e e t overburden category and another 6.65 million t o n s i n the 100 t o 200 fee t overburden category, a l l the strippable resources and str ippable reserve base i n the t-lanna Coal Field are of subbituminous r a n k .

Although

Applying the same rule of thumb tha t strippable reserves

13

1 4

Glass, G . B. , Review of Wyorrriny Coalfields, 2975, The Geological Survey o f Wyoming, 1975.

Glass, G . E . , State-Owned Coal Lands i n Vyoining, Public Information Series 2 , Wyoming Geological Survey, Laramie, 1976.

The Federal Government owns approximately 46 percent of the coal lands i n Wyoming a n d i s the largest single mineral owner. The private sector , which includes the Union Pacific Railroad, u t i l i t i e s , corporations, a n d individual c i t izens , i s the next largest owner c lass w i t h 41.5 percent, followed by the Indians (7 .5 percent) a n d the State o f Wyoming ( 5 percent). Wyoming has retained mineral r ights under a t l e a s t three million acres o f the 4 . 2 million acres of s t a t e land. O f these three million acres, 1 . 3 million acres are underlain by coal, w i t h a b o u t 1 . 2 m i 11 ion acres u n d e r lease. Most s t a t e lands are limited t o one o r two isolated sections per township. continuous blocks o f s t a t e coal land are common only i n Johnson,

Large,

89

Sheridan and, t o a lesser degree, Converse counties. and quality of coal resources beneath s t a t e land i s very poorly defined. Similarly, detailed resource information, including quantity and qual i ty , i s lacking fo r a l l b u t one o r two of the s t a t e coal leases. Two recent resource estimates suggest t h a t the total coal resources underlying state-owned coal land may be on the order of 32 t o 58 bi l l ion tons, with 13 to 16 bi l l ion tons of t h a t recoverable by surface a n d / o r underground mining techniques.

The quantity

15. Glass, G . B . , State-Owned CoaZ Lands in Wyoming, Public Information Series 2 , NP-24083, The Geological Survey o f Wyoming, Laramie, W Y , 1979.

Wyoming has retained mineral r ights under a t l eas t three million acres of the 4.2 million acres of s t a t e land. Of these three million acres, 1.3 million acres are underlain by coal with a b o u t 1.2 million acres u n d e r lease. There are , however, no small scale mineral ownership maps t h a t accurately depict the location of a l l s t a t e coal lands for leases. Accurate locations must come from records and plats in county and s t a t e off ices . Most s t a t e lands are limited t o one or two isolated sections per township. These are usually the s t a t e school sections 16 and 36. In some cases, other sections have been substi tuted, Large, contiguous blocks of s t a t e coal land are common only in Johnson, Sheridan and, t o a lesser degree, Converse counties. The quantity and quality of coal resources beneath s t a t e land i s very poorly defined. detailed resource information, including quantity a n d quali ty, i s lacking for a l l b u t one o r two o f the s t a t e coal leases. Two recent resource estimates suggest that the total coal resources underlying slate-owned coal land may be on the order o f 32 t o 58 b i l l ion tons, with 13 t o 16 bi l l ion tons of t h a t recoverable by surface a n d / o r underground mining techniques. Presently, s t a t e coal lands lease fo r 50 cents an acre fo r the f i r s t f ive years and $1.00 an acre fo r the s ixth through tenth year o r renewal thereof. Production o f coal from s t a t e leases has always been small. on old leases will remain a t 7% o f the gross output until the lease i s renewed. Leases with commercial discoveries of coal rent for $1 . O O an acre, b u t these are actually advance royalty payments and are reported as royalt ies. Over t h e past 5 years, royalty collec- t ions , including advance royal t ies , have fluctuated from $3300 in 1971 t o $250,132.69 in 1973.

16. Glass, G . B . , "Update on the Powder River Coal Basin,'' in GeoZogy

Similarly,

Royalties

and hkeuyy R e s m ~ ~ e s of the Powder River/., Laudon, R . B . , Curry, W . H. 111, Runge, J . S . (eds.) , Annual Field Conference of the Wyoming Geological Association Casper, WY, September 1976,

Although coals are reported in the upper cretaceous Mesaverde and Lance formations, the thickest and most important coals are limited

pp . 209-220.

90

1 7 .

18.

19.

20 D

21.

22 s

t o the Paleocene F o r t Union Formation a n d the Eocene Wasatch Formation. Since Berryhi l l e t a ] , I s (1950) o r ig ina l resource e s t i m a t e s , the U.S. Geological Survey has estimated t h a t another 500 b i l l i o n tons of undiscovered resources under l ie the Powder River Basin. These hypothetical and specu la t ive resources , however, wi l l soon move i n t o the i d e n t i f i e d category.

Glass, G. B . , "Wyoming Coal Deposits," i n Geology of Rocky Mountain CoaZ, Murray, 8. K . ( e d . ) , Golden, C O , 25 April 1976, CONF-7604140, 1977, p p . 73-84.

Glass , G . B,, Wyoming Coal Fields, 1 9 7 8 , Public Information C i r c u l a r No. 9 , NP-24078, The Geological Survey of Wyoming, Laramie, W Y , 1975.

When an es t imate of the resources of the previously o m i t t e d 53,46% of the s t a t e ' s coal-bearing land i s added t o the mapped and explored e s t i m a t e , t he U.S. Geological Survey es t imates t h a t Wyoming's o r ig ina l resources under l e s s t h a n 3000 f t o f overburden w i l l increase t o 836,891,430,000 tons. Wyoming's or ig ina l resource f i g u r e becomes 936,891,430,000 tons when the overburden category i s extended t o 6000 f t [Aver i t t , 1975 ( l i s t e d under "General Sources")]. I n t he 0 t o 6000 f t overburden category, Wyoming has the l a r g e s t in-place coal resources i n the nat ion. Estimates of Wyoming's or ig ina l in-pl ace coal resources by major coal-bearing region and by county a r e given i n t a b l e s . t a b l e s include mapped a n d explored bituminous coals 14 i n . o r g r e a t e r i n th ickness and subbiturrlinous coals 2.5 f t and th i cke r . Measured, ind ica ted , and i n f e r r e d ca tegor ies a r e combined; over- bu rden l i m i t s f o r these f igu res a r e 0 t o 3000 f t . i s reported by county. subbituminous coal i s shown i n Table 9 . This s t r i p p a b l e reserve base i s l imi ted t o a few mapped and explored areas a n d i s only a small portion of Myoming's p o t e n t i a l l y s t r i p p a b l e coa l , which could e a s i l y t o t a l ten times the known reserve base.

The o r ig ina l resources i n these

Coal production Wyoming's known s t r i p p a b l e reserve base of

Glass , G . 0 . , Wzlornincj Coal Prodmct7:on and Sumary of Coal Contracts, rc. 1 2 , 1980. The Geological survey of Wyoming Public In f . C

Grazis , S . C . , Geologic Map and Coal Resources Quadrangle, Campbell Couniy, Wyoming, U. S . Geo Inves t iga t ions Map C-78, 1977.

Grazis , S. L . , Geologic Map and Coal Resources

of the Gap Shr ogical Survey Coal

of the Sad&? Horse Butte QuadrangLe, Campbell Cou-it-y, Vyoming, U.S. Geological Survey Coal Inves t iga t ions Map C-79, 1977.

Grazis , S . L., Geologic Map azd Coal Resources of the Scraper Reservoir Quadrangle, Campbe 2 2 Coun Ly, Wyoming, U . S. Geol og i cal Survey Coal Inves t iga t ions Map C-77, 1977.

91

23. Grazis , S. L. QuadTangZe, Campbell County, Wyoming, U.S. Geological Survey Coal Inves t iga t ions Map C-76, 1977.

Haddock, D. R. , Kent, B. H. , Bohor, B. F. , CeologicaZ Map and Coa'l Sections of bht! Csoton Quadrangle, (-'ampbe 17, County, Qoming, U. S . Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-826, 1976.

Kent, B. H . , Haddock, D. R . , Bohor, B. F., i;eoZo:j.i~ rdup and coal Sect ions of the Ymmm Draw Quadrangle, Cfampbel,Z. County, V y o m i n g , U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-917, 1977.

&?olc)gic Map lxnd CoaZ fr'eGoum?es o f /:he Pleasantdctle

24.

25.

26. Mapel W . J . , Dean, B. W. PreZim7:nary ~ e o l o g i c !day, and CoaZ S e e t i o m , UZm QuadhmgZe, Sheridan County, &oming, U. S . Geological Survey Miscellaneous F ie ld S t u d i e s Map MF-731, 1976.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

3 2 .

33.

34.

35.

Mapel, W . J . , Malahy, M . D . , Geologic Map .xnd Coal, Sections of the Bu f fa lo Hun C~ealc Quudmngle, Sheridm County, MyoniiTtg, U. S . Geological Survey Miscellaneous F ie ld Studies Map MF-792, 1976.

Mapel, W . J . , Dean, B. W., Geologic Mup and Coal Sect-ions of the Vgrona Quadrangle, Sheridun County, Vyoming, U. S. Geol Ogi ca 1 Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-762, 1976.

Mapel , W. J . , Gkoloyic Map and Coal, Sect ions of the E a r N Draw &MadFaqZe, biyoming and Montana, U.S, Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-763, 1976.

Mapel, W. J . , GeoZogg and Coal Resources of the Buffalo - Lake D e ,%et Area, Johnson and Sheridan Coun-tks, Wyoming, U.S. Geological Survey Bu l l e t in 1078, 1959.

Martin, G . C . , Coal DeveZopment Mup of the L-i t t%e Thunder Rzservotr Quadrangk , CampbeZl County, Wyoming, Open-File Report 77-58, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977.

Masursky, H. , Uraniwri-Bem2ing Coal i n thc Eastern Rxrt of t h e Red Desert Area, Wyoming, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1099-B, 1962.

01 i ve , W Counties, Wyoming, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin No. 1050, 1957, 83 P P .

Osterwald, F. W . , and o the r s , Mirssra?. Resources of Wyoming, Bul l e t in 50, Wyoming Geological Survey, 1959.

W . , The Spot ted Fiorse Coa l f i e Zd, S h n i d a n and CarrpBeZ Z

Parsons, F. W., "The Coal M i n i n g S i tua t ion in Northern Ldyorning," Engineering and Mining Jou~y1u.2, V O l . 84, 1907, p p . 930-935.

9 2 .-'

36. Pipiringos, G . N. , Uranium-Bearinq Coal in t h e Central Part o.f the Great Divide Basin, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin No. 1099-A, 1961.

37, Shown, L . M. , Land Use Map of the G i l l e t t e Area, Wyoming, 7,970, Geologic Investigations Map 848-A, U.S. Geological Survey, 1973.

38. Smith, J . B. , Ayler, M. F . , Knox, C . C . , Pollard, B . C . , St;rippabZe Coal Reserves o f V y o m i n g : Location, tonnage> and charac ter i s t ics of coal and overburden, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, De, BM- I C-8538, 1972.

Coal resource d a t a from published sources a n d company f i l e s were used by the Eureau o f Mines t o determine the location and extent o f s tr ippable coal reserves in Wyoming. Total str ippable reserves of 23 bi l l ion tons were estimated in seven major coal areas. Seven large s t r i p mining operations were active in 1969. Cutoffs used t o define strippable reserves were ( 1 ) minimum coalbed thicknesses of 5 fee t ; ( 2 ) overburden-to-coal ra t ios of less t h a n 10 cubic yards of overburden per t o n of coal, and ( 3 ) total overburden thicknesses of less t h a n 120 fee t , except where reserves occur i n multiple beds or a single thick bed. Tertiary rocks along margins of the Powder River Basin contain most of the strippable coal reserves in Wyoming. The ldyodak beds ranging in combined thickness from 30 t o 130 f ee t , d r o p o u t on the east flank of the basin a n d contain an estimated 19 b i l l ion tons o f strippable subbituminous C-rank coals under less t h a n 206 fee t of overburden. Partings between these beds total less t h a n 60 feet . flank o f the basin a n d the 35-foot-thick School and 20-foot-thick Badger beds on the s o u t h also contain large, str ippable reserves. Elsewhere i n Wyoming, strippable deposits are subbituminous coal of l a t e Cretaceous a n d t e r t i a ry ages, mostly in the t-lanna and Great Divide Basins in the South-Central portion of the s t a t e a n d in the Kemtnerer-Hamms Fork Region in the southwestern corner

The 100- t o 200-foot-thick Healy bed on the western

39. U.S. Geological Survey. Land and Coal Ownership i n the G i l l e t t e Area, Vyorning, Mi scell aneous Geo log ic Investigations Map 848-B, U. S e Geological Survey, 1973.

40. Waring, J . , Preliminary Coal Kesoupce Occurrcnce Map of the Wyodnk Red i n the Gap S W Quadpangle, Campbell County, Gv'yoming, Map, U.S . Geologi cal Survey, 1976.

41. Wegemann, C . , Howell, R. W . , Dobbin, C . E . , The Pumpkin Buttes Coal b ' ie ld , Wyoming, Bulletin 806-A, U.S. Geological Survey, 1929, pp . 1-14.

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O f f i ce of A s s i s t a n t Manager f o r Energy Research and Development, DOE-ORO, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 Techn ica l I n f o r m a t i o n Center, Department o f Energy, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 Joe G. Baker, ORAU/MERT, P.O. Box 117, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 R ich Bonskowski , U.S. Department o f Energy, EI-521, Coal D i v i s i on, 1 000 Independence Avenue, Washi ngton, D .C. 20585 M iche le Sk ivo, Synerg ic Resources Corpo ra t i on , Three Ba la Plaza East , S u i t e 555, P.O. Box 1506, Bala-Cynwyd, PA

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Robert 0. C rocke t t , DOE, MS 2F-021 F o r r e s t a l B u i l d i n g , 1000 Independence Avenue, S.N, Washington, D.C. 20585 Ercan Tukenmez, DOE, MS 2F-021, F o r r e s t a l B u i l d i n g , 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. , Washington, D.C. 20585 J a r v i s Seely , D O E , MS 2F-021, F o r r e s t a l B u i l d i n g , 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20585 Robert L. B i v i ns , P.0 Box 1663, MS F605, Los Alarnos, NM 87545 George W . S a l l , USDOE, tE-13, Room C-119, Washington, D.C, 20545 Eddi e R. Wyatt, M i n e r a l s Management Serv i ce , MS 650, Reston, VA 22091 Michael A. Trykosk i , D i r e c t o r o f Fossil Fuels , Edison E l e c t r i c I n s t i t u t e , 1111 N ine teenth S t r e e t , N.U., Washington, D.C. 20036 Noel C. Ba l thasa r , EI-521, k lA , 1000 Independence Ave, SW, Washington D.C. 20585 Robert E. H a r r i s , Ch ie f , Development, eo1 l e c t i o n Process ing and Maintenance Branch, Coal D i v i s i o n , E I A , 1000 Independence Ave., S.W,, MS 2F-021 , Forrestal , Washington, D.C. 20785 Clyde Toppi ng , M i n e r a l s Management Serv i ce MS 653 , 1 2203 Sunr ise Va l ley D r i v e , Reston, VA 22092 Ted W i 11 i ams DOE/ASEP (EP-33.1) , Room 46-036 , For-res&al Sui l d i rig, Washi ngton, D.C. 20585 Gress Iiickman, DOE, E I A , SPID, MS IH-087 F o r r e s t a l , Washington, 8,G. 20555 Anthony A. Pra to , Leader, Energy Research Sec t ion , Economi c Research Serv i ce , 500 12 th S t r e e t , S.W. , Root11 200-GHI, bdashi ng t u n , D. G. 20250 Rober t t i . Lawton, Bureau o f Land Management (51 0) , Department o f t h e I n t e r i o r , Washington, D.C. 20240 Laurence I . Moss, Chai man , Energy lEnvi ronmental Design and P o l i c y Ana lys i s , 5769 Longs Peak Route, Estes Park, Colorado 8051 7 R. Eugene Goodson, Hoover Uni versa1 , I n c . , Automotive Products Group, 135 E. Bennet t S t r e e t , Post O f f i c e Box 113, Sa l i ne , M i c h i gan 481 76 Todd 8. LaPorte, Pro fessor , P o l i t i c a l Science, I n s t i t u t e of C a l i f o r n i a , 109 Moses H a l l , Berke ley, C a l i f o r n i a 94720 M i 1 t o n Russel 1 , D i rector , Center f o r Energy Pol i cy Research, Resources f o r t h e Future , 1755 Massachusetts Avenue, N.Id., Washington, D.C. 20036 W i 11 i am H . Hi 11 i ams, D i v i s i on Manager, Ameri can Tel ephone and Telegraph, B u i l d i n g 53, Room 110, Murray K i l l , New Jersey 07974