sp-drr-cca
TRANSCRIPT
Social Protection-DRR-CCA-linkages
Bibhuti Bhusan Gadnayak
State DRR CoordinatorUNICEF, Assam
Presented at the Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), IIT, Guwahati, Assam on 26th November 20216
ContentsWhat Social protectionWhy SP4 dimensions of SPDRRAspects of DRRWhat is CCWhat is CCALinking SP, DRR & CCAPromoting CC, DRR through SP
Content
What is Social Protection
Mechanisms designed to combat longer-termstructural poverty as well as interventions to reduce theimpact of short-term shocks (Barrientos et al. 2005).
SP is concerned with protecting and helping those who are poor and vulnerable, such as;children, women, older people, people living with disabilities, the displaced, the unemployed, and the sick. (Harvey et al., 2007)
Social protection consists of policies and programs designed to reduce poverty and vulnerability by promoting efficient labour markets,diminishing people's exposure to risks, and enhancing their capacity tomanage economic and social risks,such as unemployment, exclusion, sickness, disability and old age.
Why Social Protection?
4 dimensions of social protection
Protective measures, which provide relief from deprivation;
Preventive measures, designed to prevent deprivation;
Promotive measures, aimed at enhancing income and capabilities; and
Transformative measures, which seek to address concerns of social justice and exclusion.
Disaster Risk ReductionThere is no such thing as a 'natural' disaster, only natural hazards.
• DRR aims to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards like; earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones, through an ethic of prevention.
• DRR is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through
• systematic efforts to analyze and reduce the causal factors of disasters • reducing exposure to hazards, • lessening vulnerability of people and property, • wise management of land and the environment, and improving preparedness for
adverse events
Definition:• DRR is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risks
of disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as dealing with the environmental and other hazards that trigger them.
• It is the responsibility of development and relief agencies alike.
• It should be an integral part of the way such organisations do their work, not an add-on or one-off action.
• DRR is very wide-ranging: Its scope is much broader and deeper than conventional emergency management. There is potential for DRR initiatives in just about every sector of development and humanitarian work.
Aspects of DRR:Disaster Mitigation: Structural and non-structural measures
Early warning: The provision of timely information enabling people to take steps to reduce the impact of hazards.
Disaster Preparedness
Recovery: assessing levels of future risk when planning housing projects in the aftermath of a disaster.
Support to livelihood: home gardening can improve nutrition and increase reserves in the time of drought.
DRR MechanismThe main mechanisms for DRR are:
Avoid hazards: prevention of damage through the avoidance of hazard zones Mitigate risks: Mitigate the effects of events by reducing magnitude and probability of damage Respond to damage: Reduce adverse effects of events through timely and effective response Transfer risks: Distribute risks to a large group of individuals and use means for recovery
The first two mechanisms are preventive measures, the second two preparedness measures.
The various mechanisms to reduce risks: prevention (avoid hazards and hazardous zones); mitigation (reduce effects of hazard or reduce vulnerability of element at risk); response (respond to damage); recovery (transfer risks for rehabilitation and reconstruction). The reduction of risks depends on the mix of measures. Residual risks have to be carried by the individual.
DRR initiatives in India DRR
Legal framework Disaster Management Act 2005 Institutions NDMA & MHAPolicy and Plans National Disaster Management Policy 2009Resources Budget allocated under the 5 year Plans.Integration into development plans
10th Five year plan (2001-2006) explicitly highlighted the needs and plans for risk reduction and mitigation.
DM Plan
SFW for DRR 2015-30
Taking into account the experience gained through the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-15, and in pursuance of the expected outcome and goal, there is a need for focused action within and across sectors by States at local, national, regional and global levels in the following 4 priority areas:
4 Priority areas
1. Understanding disaster risk; (Ensuring policies and practices clear understanding
2. Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk; (clear strategy )
3. Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience; 4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to “Build Back Better” in
recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.
“Implementation of the Sendai Framework for DRR over the next 15 years will require strong commitment and political leadership and will be vital to the achievement of future agreements on sustainable development goals and climate later this year. As the UN Secretary-General said here on the opening day, sustainability starts in Sendai.”
The framework outlines seven global targets to be achieved over the next 15 years: 1. A substantial reduction in global disaster mortality; 2. A substantial reduction in numbers of affected people; 3. A reduction in economic losses in relation to global GDP; 4. substantial reduction in disaster damage to critical infrastructure and
disruption of basic services, including health and education facilities; 5. an increase in the number of countries with national and local disaster risk
reduction strategies by 2020; 6. enhanced international cooperation; and 7. increased access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk
information and assessments.
SFDRR 7 global targets
Focused action at national and local levels & global and regional levels
Goal
Priority 1
Understanding disaster risk
Priority 2
Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster
risk
Priority 3
Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience
Priority 4Enhancing disaster preparedness for
effective response, and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and
reconstruction
Roles of StakeholdersBusiness, professional associations
and financial institutionsAcademia, scientific and research
entities and network MediaCivil society, volunteers, community (women, children and youth, persons with disabilities, etc.)
International Cooperation and Global PartnershipGeneral considerations Means of implementation Support from international organization Follow-up actions
Expected Outcome
① Mortality② Affected people③ Direct economic loss④ Damage to medical and educational facilities⑤ DRR strategies⑥ Support to developing countries⑦ Access to early warning
Priorities for Action
Prevent new and reduce existing disaster risk through the implementation of integrated and inclusive economic, structural, legal, social, health, cultural, educational, environmental, technological, political and institutional measures that prevent and reduce hazard exposure and vulnerability to disaster, increase preparedness for response and recovery, and thus strengthen resilience
The substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries
7 Global Targets
Sendai Framework summary
13 Guiding Principles
What is CC• Climate Change means significant difference in weather pattern over an extended period of time
• Scientific consensus links current climate change primarily; • emissions of carbon dioxide and other • greenhouse gases from human activity, such as;
• the burning of fossil fuels,• loss of forests and unsustainable production and • consumption in the industrialized world
The effects include higher global temperatures, • an increase in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events and• related natural disasters, • severe impacts to the sustainability of ecosystems.
Major projections of CCThe IPCC has examined the published results from many different models and on the basis of the evidence has estimated that by 2100
• The global average surface warming (surface air temperature change), will increase by 1.1 - 6.4 °C.
• The sea level will rise between 18 and 59 cm.•
• The oceans will become more acidic.
• It is very likely that hot extremes, heat waves and heavy precipitation events will continue to become more frequent.
• It is very likely that there will be more precipitation at higher latitudes and it is likely that there will be less precipitation in most subtropical land areas.
• It is likely that tropical cyclones (typhoons and hurricanes) will become more intense, with larger peak wind speeds and more heavy precipitation associated with on-going increases of tropical sea surface temperatures.
Issue Impacts of Climate ChangeNatural resources:food, water, fuel & land
• Drought and/or flooding from temperature changes and erratic weather• Decreased soil fertility• Decreased crop yields or crop failure• Resource scarcity• Shortage of clean, potable water
Natural disasters
• Warming oceans• Changing weather patterns/seasons• Erratic and more intense weather events
Health
• Increase in infectious, water-borne or vector-borne diseases, e.g., malaria, due to increased temperatures and intensified storms• Heat-related illness• Malnutrition• Increased air pollution, allergies and asthma• Mental disorders such as anxiety and depression
Urbanization
• Rural-to-urban migration increases due to environmental degradation, reduced productivity and conflict over resources• Informal shelters and communities expand
Migration &displacement
• Disaster events can lead to displacement,19 temporary and permanent, internal and international• Environmental degradation and competition for resources prompts women and men to move• Forced migration due to regional vulnerability possible
H/H composition • Loss of/change in family composition due to migration/displacement and/or fatalities from natural disastersConflict & violence
• Competition over limited resources can trigger conflict or displacement• Shortages in regular rainfall and overall scarcity of natural resources can increase civil war by 50 per cent• Increased anxiety and distress over livelihood insecurity
Impact of CC
Source: Climate Change, Connections, UNFPA
Alaska's Columbia Glacier recedes rapidly
One of the most dramatic ways we're transforming the planet is through global warming. And a great place to see its effects is through the melting of glaciers and ice sheets around the world.
The images above show the Columbia Glacier in Alaska, which flows directly into the sea. The glacier had stayed more or less fixed in place between its discovery in 1794 and 1980, but then suddenly began shrinking. Between 1986 and 2014, its nose had retreated 12 miles north, making it one of the fastest-receding glaciers in the world.
Alaska's Columbia Glacier, seen on July 28, 1986 and July 2, 2014. (NASA, Images of Change)
Source: http://www.vox.com/2015/4/7/8352381/anthropocene-NASA-images
1986
2014
How climate change will affect key sectorsIt will affect the major sectors like; Water, Food, Industry, settlement and society, Health
Water: Drought-affected areas will likely become more widely distributed. Heavier precipitation events are very likely to increase in frequency leading to higher flood risks.
Food: While some mid-latitude and high-latitude areas will initially benefit from higher agricultural production, for many others at lower latitudes, especially in seasonally dry and tropical regions, the increases in temperature and the frequency of droughts and floods are likely to affect crop production negatively, which could increase the number of people at risk from hunger and increased levels of displacement and migration.
Industry, settlement and society: The most vulnerable industries, settlements and societies are generally those located in coastal areas and river flood plains, and those whose economies are closely linked with climate sensitive resources. This applies particularly to locations already prone to extreme weather events, and especially areas undergoing rapid urbanization. Where extreme weather events become more intense or more frequent, the economic and social costs of those events will increase.
Health: The projected changes in climate are likely to alter the health status of millions of people, including through increased deaths, disease and injury due to heat waves, floods, storms, fires and droughts. Increased malnutrition, diarrhoeal disease and malaria in some areas will increase vulnerability to extreme public health and development goals will be threatened by longer term damage to health systems from disasters
What is CC Adaption
CCA is defined by UNFCCC “as adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects that moderate harm and exploit beneficial opportunities.
This can include;
(a) adapting development to gradual changes in average temperature, sea level and precipitation; and
(b) reducing and managing the risks associated with more frequent, severe and unpredictable extreme weather events” (UNISDR, 2010)
Linking SP, DRR & CCA SP, DRR and CCA all aim to reduce the impacts of shocks on
individuals and communities by strengthening household and society resilience, anticipating risks and uncertainties and addressing vulnerabilities.
There is also a concern in all three domains, not just with vulnerability to shocks and stresses per se, but with differential impacts on different population groups.
Vulnerability varies between men and women (Masika 2002), adults, the elderly and children (Bartlett 2008), the chronic and transient poor (Hulme and Shepherd 2003) urban and rural dwellers (Mitlin and Satterthwaite 2004),
Promoting CCA and DRR through SP
SP category SP instruments CCA and DRR benefitsProtective(coping strategies)
Social service protectionBasic social transfers (food/cash)Pension schemesPublic works programs
Protection of those most vulnerable toclimate risks, with low levels of adaptive capacity
Preventive(coping strategies)
Social transfersLivelihood diversificationWeather-indexed crop insurance
Prevents damaging coping strategies asa result of risks to weather-dependentlivelihoods
Promotive(building adaptivecapacity)
Social transfersAccess to creditAsset transfers/protectionStarter packs (drought/flood resistant)Access to common property resourcesPublic works programs
Promotes resilience through livelihooddiversification and security to withstandclimate related shocksPromotes opportunities arising from climatechange
Transformative(building adaptivecapacity)
Promotion of minority rightsAnti-discrimination campaignsSocial funds
Transforms social relations to combat discrimination underlying social and politicalvulnerability
SP-DRR-CCA linkages
CCA DRR
SP
All work with the poor and vulnerable to;
Increase their resilience to withstand shocks• Improve their ability to reduce and manage
risks
Social Protection approaches have been successfully used to
1. Reduce disaster and climate‐related impacts on the poorest
2. Protect the poor from total destitution
3. Enhance ability of the poor and vulnerable to reduce existing disaster risks and adapt to new and evolving risks due to CC
Experience Asia, WA countries
• Crop insurance NE India• Insurance by Red Cross, Odisha under ODMP for BPL H/H• MNREGA-India• Cash transfer addressing drought-West Africa-Gambia
1. http://www.unisdr.org/who-we-are/what-is-drr2. Gadanayak, BB and Routray, JK (2010), A path to Disaster resilient Communities, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany3. http://www.sdc-drr.net/what4. http://www.sdc-drr.net/disasters_rise5.Sendai Frame Work for DRR 2015-20306.Political declaration WCDRR7. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group I, Summary for Policymakers: http://195.70.10.65/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-spm.pdf.8. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group II Report: http://195.70.10.65/ipccreports/ar4-wg2.htm.9. http://www.vox.com/2015/4/7/8352381/anthropocene-NASA-images10. Climate Change, Connections, UNFPA11. Social Protection and Climate Resilience, Report from an international workshop A ddis Ababa March 14–17, 2011, WB
References:
Thank you