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FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION COLLEGE OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SCIENCES SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS HOW DO THE RISKS COMPARE? MARISA BUNNING, PHD ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AND EXTENSION SPECIALIST

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Page 1: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

COLLEGE OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SCIENCES

SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENSHOW DO THE RISKS COMPARE?

MARISA BUNNING, PHD

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AND EXTENSION SPECIALIST

Page 2: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

GOOGLE TRENDS Interest by state

Interest over time

Feb 2019

https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&geo=US&q=microgreens

CO = #6

Page 3: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

The Foundry Dining Facility, CSU Sensory Lab, CSU

Page 4: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

LEAFY GREENS & HEALTH: NUTRITION

EAT MORE GREENSLow in CaloriesVitamins A, B6, C, KContain Phytochemicals, Fiber

In general, microgreens contain greater amounts of nutrients and health-promoting micronutrients than their mature counterparts

Choe et al. 2018

Page 5: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

LEAFY GREENS & HEALTH:FOOD SAFETY

Commodity Related Outbreaks1998-2008/10

Produce: 45.9%Leafy greens: 22.3%Fruits-nuts: 11.7%Roots: 3.6%Vine-stalk: 12.0%Sprouts: 0.3%

Painter et al. 2013

Page 6: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

The high estimate for illnesses attributable to leafy vegetables was many times higher than the low estimate which indicates that leafy vegetables were frequently found in complex foods.

Photo: PBS Food

Painter et al. 2013

LEAFY GREENS & HEALTH:FOOD SAFETY

Page 7: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

Sprouts Microgreens Baby Greens Mature (Mesclun) Leafy Greens

1-8 days 7-21 days 21-28 days 28-60 days1-3” long ~2” tall 3-4”

Outbreaks, 1998-2017 (NORS)

57 0 10 350+

Page 8: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION CHARACTERISTICS

Grown in warm, moist environment

Large Surface

Area

High Moisture Content

GenerallyHand

Harvested

Seeds/roots Remain Attached

Cut Surface

from Harvesting

Generally Consumed

Raw

Sprouts

Microgreens

Leafy Greens

Shaded area = food safety challenge

Page 9: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

SPROUTS & MICROGREENS ARE DISTINGUISHED BY STAGE OF LEAVES

Sprouts • Harvested when the cotyledons (or seed leaves)

are still un- or under-developed and true leaves have not begun to emerge

• Consumed as entire plant (root, seed, and shoot)

Microgreens• Reach a later stage of growth before harvest, typically

associated with the emergence of ‘true’ leaves• Stem, cotyledons (seed leaves) and first true leaves

are consumed www.agintheclass.org

Page 10: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

MONOCOTS VS. DICOTS

Image: http://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses

WheatBarleyPopcorn

Alfalfa ParsleyAmaranth PeasArugula RadishBasil SpinachBean SunflowerBroccoliCarrotsCloverKaleLentilsLettuce: too delicateMustardMung beanMustards

Page 11: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

SPROUTS

Page 12: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

Photo Credit: UF/IFAS

MICROGREENS

Page 13: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

PRODUCTION• Sprouts – water

• Microgreens

Soil – recommendation to sterilize, 180 degrees for 30 minutes

Soil-less mediaCoconut coir: middle fibrous coat Burlap + fertilizerHemp matsFelt-like textilesVermiculite – mineralPerlite, volcanic glassRockwool

Similarities: warm, moist, environment, nutrient-rich media

The limited amount of data available suggests that microgreens may very well be of lower risk than sprouts…but the background level of bacteria is higher than that of conventional vegetables.

Riggio et al. 2019

Page 14: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

MONOCOTS: WHEATGRASS

Harvest 2017, Pines International

Page 15: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

HARVESTING

HARVEST TOOLS: KNIVES, SCISSORS, SHEARSWASHING METHODS & EQUIPMENT: SALAD SPINNERSDRYING BEFORE PACKAGING

TRAYS MAY BE DELIVERED DIRECTLY TO RETAIL OR CONSUMER TO HARVEST

Page 16: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

HARVESTING EQUIPMENT

Immature greens

Microgreens

Page 17: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

KNIFE CUTTING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5WTEVn9pnfo

Page 18: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

PHOTOS

Page 19: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

Rhizosphere: region near plant roots influenced by their growth, respiration and nutrient exchange

HOST PATHOGEN DYNAMICS

Contaminated seeds appear to be the source of most sprout-associated foodborne illnesses… Reed et al. 2018

Page 20: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

RESEARCH

Alfalfa

Broccoli

Radish

Fransisca and Feng, 2012

Page 21: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

RESEARCH FINDINGS

Plant-Microbe and Abiotic Factors Influencing Salmonella Survival and Growth on Alfalfa Sprouts and Swiss Chard Microgreens

Reed et al. 2018, CFSAN, Applied and Environmental Microbiology

An increase in the frequency of irrigation water exchange will not reduce the levels of Salmonella, and a decreased irrigation frequency will increase the Salmonella population.

Page 22: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

REGULATION – FOOD SAFETY MODERNIZATION ACT

Subpart M• Applies to the production of all types of sprouts, including alfalfa, clover and mung

bean sprouts, except soil grown sprouts harvested without roots

• FDA distinguishes between sprouts and microgreens by the stage of the leaves:

– Sprouts = cotyledons are still un- or under-developed; true leaves have not emerged

– Microgreens = harvested after emergence of ‘true leaves’

• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider voluntarily implementing the standards in subpart M, in addition to complying with required provisions of part 112.

FDA; Produce Safety Alliance

Page 23: SPROUTS VS. MICROGREENS• For microgreens that are grown using conditions similar to those of sprouts (i.e. warm, moist, and nutrient-rich media), FDA encourages growers consider

FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN NUTRITION

RESOURCES

Sprout Safety Alliance, Illinois Institute of Technology, https://www.ifsh.iit.edu/ssa

ReferencesChoe, U., Yu, L., Wang, T. The Science behind Microgreens as an Exciting New Food for the 21st Century. 2018. Journal of Agricultural

and Food Chemistry. 66:11519-11530.Fransisca, L. and Feng, H. Effects of Surface Roughness on Inactivation of E. coli O147:H7 87-23 by New Organic Acid-Surfactant

Combinations on Alfalfa, Broccoli, and Radish Seeds. J. of Food Protection. 75(2): 261-269.Kim, W., Ryu, S, Kim, S., Kim, H., Lee, S. 2018. Population changes and growth modeling of Salmonella enterica during alfalfa seed

germination and early sprout development. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 27(6): 1865-1869.National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS). 2019. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from:

https://www.cdc.gov/nors/data/dashboard/index.htmlPainter, J. et al. 2013. Attribution of Foodborne Illnesses, Hospitalizations, and Deaths to Food Commodities by using Outbreak

Data, United States, 1998-2008. Emerg Infect Dis.19(3): 407-415.Riggio, G., Wang, Q., Kniel, K., & Gibson, K. (2018). Microgreens—A review of food safety considerations along the farm to fork

continuum. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 290: 76-85.Treadwell, D., Hochmuth, R., Landrum, L., & Laughlin, W. (2010). Microgreens: A new specialty crop. University of Florida IFAS

Extension HS1164.Wright, K., Holden, N. 2018. Quantification and colonization dynamics of Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculation of microgreens

species and plant growth substrates. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 273: 1-10.


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