starter: spec links 1.06–1.10. green pens out! spec links 1.06–1.10
TRANSCRIPT
Starter:
Spec links 1.06–1.10
Green pens out!
Spec links 1.06–1.10
Learning objectives
• analyse and interpret data from mass spectrometry to calculate the relative atomic mass from the relative abundance of isotopes and vice versa
• predict the mass spectra for diatomic molecules, for example chlorine
• understand how mass spectrometry can be used to determine the relative molecular mass of a molecule
Spec links 1.06–1.10
Mass spectrometry?
• What did you learn?
Spec links 1.06–1.10
WHAT IS A MASS SPECTROMETER
An instrument to accurately determine the relative atomic mass
THE MASS SPECTROMETER
• Relative atomic mass (Ar) is the average mass of atoms of an element relative to an atom of carbon
– 12
Separates atoms or molecules according to their charge and mass.
This can be used to identify substances e.g. illegal drugs
The first mass spectrometer was built in 1918 by Francis W Aston, a student of J J Thomson, the man who discovered the electron. Aston used the instrument to show that there were different forms of the same element. We now call these isotopes.
In a mass spectrometer, particles are turned into positive ions, accelerated and then deflected by an electric or magnetic field. The resulting path of ions depends on their ‘mass to charge’ ratio (m/z).
Particles with a large m/z value are deflected least
those with a low m/z value are deflected most.
The results produce a mass spectrum which portrays the different ions in order of their m/z value.
MASS SPECTROMETRY
USES
Mass spectrometry was initially used to show the identity of isotopes.
It is now used to calculate molecular masses and characterise new compounds
Francis Aston
Spec links 1.06–1.10
A mass spectrometer consists of ... an ion source, an analyser and a detector.
ION SOURCE
ANALYSER
DETECTOR
A MASS SPECTROMETER
PARTICLES MUST BE IONISED SO THEY CAN BE ACCELERATED AND DEFLECTEDPARTICLES MUST BE IONISED SO THEY
CAN BE ACCELERATED AND DEFLECTED
Spec links 1.06–1.10
HOW DOES IT WORK?
ION SOURCE
ANALYSER
DETECTOR
IONISATION and VAPOURISATION• gaseous atoms are bombarded by electrons from an electron gun and are
IONISED• sufficient energy is given to form ions of 1+ charge
Spec links 1.06–1.10
HOW DOES IT WORK?
ION SOURCE
ANALYSER
DETECTOR
IONISATION• gaseous atoms are bombarded by electrons from an electron gun and are
IONISED• sufficient energy is given to form ions of 1+ charge
ACCELERATION• ions are charged so can be ACCELERATED by an electric field
Spec links 1.06–1.10
HOW DOES IT WORK?
ION SOURCE
ANALYSER
DETECTOR
IONISATION• gaseous atoms are bombarded by electrons from an electron gun and are
IONISED• sufficient energy is given to form ions of 1+ charge
ACCELERATION• ions are charged so can be ACCELERATED by an electric field
DEFLECTION• charged particles will be DEFLECTED by a magnetic or electric field
Spec links 1.06–1.10
HOW DOES IT WORK?
ION SOURCE
ANALYSER
DETECTOR
IONISATION• gaseous atoms are bombarded by electrons from an electron gun and are
IONISED• sufficient energy is given to form ions of 1+ charge
ACCELERATION• ions are charged so can be ACCELERATED by an electric field
DEFLECTION• charged particles will be DEFLECTED by a magnetic or electric field
DETECTION• by electric or photographic methodsSpec links 1.06–1.10
HOW DOES IT WORK?
ION SOURCE
ANALYSER
DETECTOR
IONISATION• gaseous atoms are bombarded by electrons from an electron gun and are
IONISED• sufficient energy is given to form ions of 1+ charge
ACCELERATION• ions are charged so can be ACCELERATED by an electric field
DEFLECTION• charged particles will be DEFLECTED by a magnetic or electric field
DETECTION• by electric or photographic methodsSpec links 1.06–1.10
THE LAYOUT
THE MASS SPECTROMETER
4 key stages:
• Ionisation
• Acceleration
• Deflection
• Detection
---- = heavy ions
---- = ions reaching detector
---- = light ions
SUMMARISING WHAT HAPPENS:
1. Ionisation: Atoms are converted to ions
2. Acceleration: Ions are accelerated
3. Deflected: Deflected according to their mass & charge
4. Detection: They arrive at a detector
THE MASS SPECTROMETER
CONDITIONS:
a)Vacuum so ions do not collide with air molecules (might stop them reaching the detector)
b)Gaseous State solids are vaporised before being injected (Gas chromatography)
LOOK IN MORE DETAIL:
Stage 1: Ionisation
Beam of electrons knocks electrons from atoms or molecules in the sample.
This is true even for things which you would normally expect to form negative ions (chlorine, for example) or never form ions at all
(argon, for example).
Nearly all lose just one electron (~5% will lose two)
Mass spectrometers always work with positive ions!!
THE MASS SPECTROMETER
Stage 2: Acceleration
The ions are accelerated so that they all have the same kinetic energy.
Stage 3: Deflection
The ions are then deflected by a magnetic field according to the ratio of their mass to charge (m/z), where z is the charge
(usually +1)
Heavier ions are deflected less than light ones
2+ ions are deflected twice as much as 1+ ions
THE MASS SPECTROMETER
Stage 4: Detection
Magnetic field is gradually increased increases deflection
This allows ions of increasing mass to enter the detector
On striking the detector ions accept electrons, lose their charge and create a current
Current created is proportional to the abundance of each ion
THE MASS SPECTROMETER
THE LAYOUT
THE MASS SPECTROMETER
4 key stages:
• Ionisation
• Acceleration
• Deflection
• Detection
---- = heavy ions
---- = ions reaching detector
---- = light ions
Mass spectrometry cut and stick
Spec links 1.06–1.10
Mass spectrometry guide for dummies
Your task is to create a how to guide about mass spectrometry
You must include:• A labelled diagram• The name of each stage• What happens at each stage
Spec links 1.06–1.10
MASS SPECTRA OF ELEMENTS
From the strength of the magnetic field at which a particular ion hits the detector the value of the mass to charge ratio (called
m/z) is calculated
A graph is produced (mass spectra) showing the relative abundances of each ion type
THE MASS SPECTROMETER
Mass spectra of zirconium positions of the peaks
gives atomic mass
MASS SPECTRA OF ELEMENTS
We can use the mass spectrometer to identify the different isotopes making up an element
Each isotope is detected separately because they have different masses
To calculate an elements relative atomic mass (which is given in the periodic table) you must take account of the relative abundances of each isotope
THE MASS SPECTROMETER
Zirconium has 5 isotopes!
CALCULATING RAM OF ELEMENTS
This is the mass spectra for chlorine
We have 2 isotopes with relative isotopic masses of 35 and 37,
detected in a ratio of 3:1 (or 75%:25%)
To calculate the relative atomic mass of chlorine:
(35 x 75) + (37 x 25) 100
= 35.5
THE MASS SPECTROMETER
Check the Ar of Chlorine in your periodic table
CALCULATING RAM OF ELEMENTS
RAM of Cl = 35.5
Notice there is no line at 35.5 on the mass spectra. No atoms of Cl actually have this mass. It is the average of all the isotopes and their abundances!
THE MASS SPECTROMETER
STEPS:
1. Multiply the m/z value by the relative abundance % for each peak
2. Add results for each peak together
3. Divide by total relative abundance
CALCULATING RAM OF ELEMENTS
Calculate the RAM of the element from its mass spectra:
THE MASS SPECTROMETER
23
100
Boron
51.5
17.4 2.811.
2
17.1
Zirconium
Most abundant assigned 100
OR Use the percentage detected
CALCULATING RAM OF ELEMENTS
THE MASS SPECTROMETER
23
100
Boron(10 x 23) + (100 x
11)123
RAM = 10.8
(90 x 51.5) + (91 x 11.2) + (92 x 17.1) + (94 x 17.4) + (96 x 2.8)100
RAM = 91.3
CALCULATING RAM OF ELEMENTS
THE MASS SPECTROMETER
51.5
17.4 2.811.
2
17.1
Mass spectrometry guide for dummies
To your guide add:• What a mass spectra shows• How you work out RAM using mass
spectrum
Spec links 1.06–1.10
Mass Spec of a compound
When the molecule passes through the mass spectrometer it is broken into fragments which form ions and are detected. This process
is called fragmentation. The pattern of peaks is called a fragmentation pattern.
The last peak
is an ion
made from
the complete
molecule. It
is called the
molecular
ion peak
The biggest most stable peak is
called the base peak
Joint Chemistry Sixth form 3.1.1.2
MASS SPECTRUM OF C2H5Br
The final peak in a mass spectrum is due to the molecular ion. In this case there are two because Br has two main isotopes. As each is of equal abundance, the peaks are the same size.
molecular ion contains...79Br 81Br
Spec links 1.06–1.10
Past paper questions…
Spec links 1.06–1.10
REVISION CHECK
What should you be able to do?
Recall the four basic stages in obtaining a mass spectrum
Understand what happens during each of the above four stages
Understand why particles need to be in the form of ions
Recall the the meaning of mass to charge ratio (m/z)
Explain how the mass/charge value affects the path of a deflected ion
Interpret a simple mass spectrum and calculate the average atomic mass
Understand how mass spectrometry can be used to calculate molecular mass
CAN YOU DO ALL OF THESE? YES NO
Spec links 1.06–1.10