starting a herb or bush tucker business · 2016. 6. 28. · starting a herb or bush tucker business...

Starting a Herb or Bush Tucker

Businessa guide for indigenous communities

DISCLAIMER: The information in this document is provided for information purposes only. Independent research should be undertaken to provide the basis of individual business or investment decisions. Events subsequent to the release of this document may render some information incorrect or redundant.

INDEX

Opportunities for Aboriginal Communities page 4

Herb and Bush Tucker Production page 5

Getting to Market page 6

Things to do Before You Start Planting Market Research page 7 Business Planning page 8 Land Management Plans page 8 Soil Testing page 9 Site Inventory page 10 Site Preparation and Maintenance page 10

Resources and Information What to Plant page 11 Business Support page 12 Contacts for Business Development page 13

Training page 13

Case Study page 14

Plant Identification Guide page 16

STARTING A HERB OR BUSH TUCKER BUSINESS

Page 5

Opportunities for

Aboriginal CommunitiesThe non-native Herb and Spice Industry in Australia is growing at the rate of 20% per year. It is driven by significant investment by a few industry leaders as export markets continue to expand at around the same rate. There are increasing opportunities for growing, processing and exporting in this industry.

There is even greater potential for a substantial and sustainable Herb and Spice industry based on the idea of a ‘Creative Native Australian Cuisine’ as there continues to be great interest internationally in all things Australian. Australia enjoys a reputation for being a ‘clean country’ for the export of produce and for international tourism. An increasing range of native plant foods are already commercially available, or capable of being developed commercially, and a small but expanding native food industry already exists. In 2004, the native food industry was estimated to have an annual commercial income of between approximately $15-$20 million.

Native and non-native culinary seeds, herbs, plants and fruit provide value in a variety of forms: fresh, dried, frozen and made into sauces and other products for the culinary, medicinal and fragrance markets. With careful planning and thorough market research, the commercial growing of herbs and plants offers communities an opportunity to manage their land effectively and derive income from it. It also provides an opportunity for employment for small community groups.

The majority of bush foods are utilised as ingredients in chutneys, preserves, sauces, bread, flour and a variety of condiments, although some products are used as fresh foods particularly in the restaurant and catering industries. Fresh native foods are also sold throughout the community store network in Central Australia where Aboriginal communities are developing an industry.

Specialty restaurants are thriving in Adelaide, Cairns, Sydney and Melbourne and there is a growth in raw produce collection and distribution networks. To date, harvesting from the wild has been the main form of supply. Demand now outstrips supply for many native foods. To meet this demand, and to reduce harvesting pressure on native plants and animals in the wild, there is a need to ensure supply through farming.


HERB AND BUSH TUCKER PRODUCTION

Herb and Bush Tucker

ProductionGrowing bushfoods, including bush herbs is quite different from growing most currently available fresh herbs, like parsley or basil. Non-native foods are often annuals that need to be replanted after each season. Bushfoods mainly produce for many years and grow as ground covers, shrubs and trees with leaves or fruits that can be used in flavouring food.

Although some species of herbs require specific climatic conditions, most grow well in a range of climates. Nearly all herb varieties (including trees) like deep, well drained fertile soils protected from the wind. They may be grown conventionally with artificial fertilisers, organically or hydroponically. Some herb producers use hot houses to allow production all year round. Some herbs and plants are fast growing, but others will take several years before they reach their full potential.

In lower rainfall areas, irrigation will be essential and access to water will be needed in all areas. Most herbs are frost tolerant, but do not like wind, so protection should be provided.

In order for the Herb and Bush Tucker industry to continue to expand, growers must produce a reliable supply of consistently high quality produce. However, the choice of which plants to grow will depend on where communities are located and the markets they wish to supply.

It is generally best to start with a number of smaller plots as it will take several years to establish full scale production. Most herb growing enterprises start by growing a range of five or six herbs. Rather than produce an oversupply of any one herb, the aim should be to meet the demand for each herb in the range. This will also allow labour to be spread through the seasons, and seasonal and market fluctuations will be easier to average out.


Page 7

Getting to

MarketThere are a number of marketing issues that need to be considered if you are to be successful in selling herbs. These include such things as how you plan to process, package and price your product and whether or not you plan to sell directly or through a wholesaler who specialises in organic herbs or makes a value-added product.

Determining a sale price for your product needs to take into account a number of issues, one of which depends on the type – or grade – of the product you produce as there are three main grades of herbs:

• Trade quality herbs are widely used for culinary and medicinal purposes and for teas.

• Manufacturing grade organic herbs are used mainly by the herbal medicine industry for the production of extracts, tinctures, ointments, capsules and some herbal teas.

• Premium grade dried herbs are usually grown by small scale operations where they can be grown and dried under ideal conditions. These are best used in herbal teas and some growers package and distribute their own through health food shops. There is some demand for premium dried culinary herbs but this is largely met by the fresh market. Some premium grade herbs are also used in the herbal medicine market. Growers need to sell direct to herbalists who want a quality product as most manufacturers will not pay extra for the quality.


Things To Do

Before You Start PlantingMARKET RESEARCH

New enterprises need to do thorough market research. This includes researching existing and potential markets. It also includes testing the viability of planting on a small scale, before establishing a commercial operation. To be successful, the growth of the non-native herb and the bush tucker industries must be market-driven. If supply exceeds market demand, it will be difficult to operate a profitable business.

Collecting and analysing relevant information about how to grow and market herbs and spices will help you clarify your business objectives. The more research you do the better your chances of establishing a successful project or business.

Market research needs to: • Examine current trends within the industry• Address seasonal factors that could influence the project• Look at strategies to access and locate stock • Identify target markets• Evaluate the size of market segments• Look at the competition• Evaluate risk factors – both internal and external – that might effect your project or business proposition• Identify how to manage the business

Operating a horticultural enterprise is not just about planting and growing, it is also about having the necessary management skills, industry expertise, technical skills, finance and a long-term vision to grow and succeed. Therefore it is necessary to first identify what expertise lies within the community and also identify any other expertise required to bring the project to success. Start by seeking advice from people in the industry and industry experts. Talk to your competitors and Government and gather all the data you can to make an informed decision.

THIINGS TO DO BEFORE YOU START PLANTING


Page 9

BUSINESS PLANNING

Planning a business or project is essential prior to investing in the idea. It allows you to test your idea on paper before making a large investment. By documenting your research and analysis you are able to develop and examine your ideas carefully. This will help you to decide whether your investments of time, effort and expense to make the business successful will be worthwhile.

A Business Plan is a summary and evaluation of your business idea. Business plans help to provide information on a business or project to a third party and also indicate your understanding of the business and commitment to achieve.

A typical Business Plan will include the following: • Statement of business goals• Analysis of the project’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats • Marketing strategy • Financial projections• An action plan

For more information on how to develop a business plan go to www.smallbiznsw.gov.au

LAND MANAGEMENT PLANS

Preparing a thorough Land Management Plan guarantees a better financial return and helps you to manage the land in the best possible way, so that the land remains productive in the long term. A land management plan includes a careful assessment of existing vegetation productivity, soils and water supply. It also ensures that species are planted in the positions in which they will thrive. It may recommend leaving some vegetation intact or planting of windbreaks or species which contribute nutrients to the soil. Research indicates that leaving 10% of land unfarmed, increases the productivity of the remaining 90% of the land.

Communities use Enrichland Polyculture in Central Australia. This is the agricultural blend of Aboriginal land management methods, agronomy and ecology needed for sustainable bushfood production.


THIINGS TO DO BEFORE YOU START PLANTING

This system of land management is made up of:• Organic growing methods• Integration of the existing bushland • Focus on the local indigenous species growing in mixed stands• Use of Aboriginal resource management techniques• Water harvesting or wastewater management and • Some incorporation of exotic species

For more information see Cultivation and Sustainable Harvest of Bush Foods by Aboriginal Communities in Central Australia at www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/NPP/04-124sum.html

For a great soil management tool developed by farmers for farmers, the Northern Rivers Soil Health Card go to www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/soil-testing

Natural Resources, Mines and Water in Queensland have fact sheets on land use planning, testing, interpreting soil tests and irrigation. Available online at www.nrm.qld.gov.au/factsheets/groups.php?group=Land

Greening Australia is an excellent source of information on growing native plants and managing land. See www.greeningaustralia.org.au

SOIL TESTING

Past use of persistent organochlorine pesticides, such as DDT and dieldrin has produced residues in some agricultural soils. It is essential to test land to determine if present levels are a risk to crops or to determine whether land can be organically certified.

Information on what to do and how to take a soil sample for testing is available from Wollongbar Environmental Laboratories in Agnote DPI 380. They also do a wide range of testing and analysis. Phone: 02 6626 1103

The National Association of Testing Authorities can also provide you with details of registered laboratories. Phone: 02 9736 8222


Page 11

SITE INVENTORY

When selecting sites and species of plants for farming, careful choice of the site means the difference between success and failure.

Check for the following:• Is there a satisfactory water supply for irrigation?• Is the land frost free (more tropical varieties of plants would require this)?• Is it sheltered from strong winds?• Are the soil type and drainage suitable for the plants you want to grow?• Is the area large enough to make a living?• How workable and accessible is the property?• What if any legal restrictions affect the property?

See Agnote Reg 1/075 January 1993 for more information.

SITE PREPARATION AND MAINTENANCE

You need to carefully plan the labour you will need to run your operation and think about any machinery, irrigation or other equipment you will need to purchase or hire.

Things you will need to consider are:• Farm machinery• Fencing• Tools• Shade houses/hot houses• Water storage• Irrigation equipment• Where you will source seed or plant stock• Plant nutrients• Storage• Drying facilities• Freezers• Preparation facilities (for value adding and processing)


Resources andInformationWHAT TO PLANT

The NSW Department of Primary Industries have Agnotes that provide detailed information on different species. www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/aboutus/resources/factsheets/agfacts_and_agnotes

Agnotes are also available from Wollongbar Environmental Laboratories NSW. Phone: 02 6626 1103

The rural Industries Research and Development Corporation has extensive research into Australian native bush foods. Phone: 02 6272 4819www.rirdc.gov.au/programs/nativefoods.html The New Crops Newsletter publishes articles on specific native foods and conference papers on the industry on www.newcrops.uq.edu.au Phone: 07 54601311 or email Dr Rob Fletcher on [email protected]

The CSIRO’s research on native food crops can be found at www.cse.csiro.au/research/native foods or email Maarten Ryder on [email protected]

Information on research into growing native herbs is available at www.pir.sa.gov.au

The Australian Bushfoods Magazine has information sheets on all aspects of the industry. www.hotkey.net.au/~bushfood/ You can also talk to growers, processors and buyers of native foods at www.hotkey.net.au/~bushfood/1INKS.htm

Information on current use of native herbs and fruits in the Australian restaurant market is at www.redochregrill.com/bush.html

RESOURCES AND INFORMATION


Page 13

Information on growing herbs in the Northern Rivers of NSW is in the Regional Herbal Industry: Strategic Development Plan, prepared for Invest Northern Rivers. Available from [email protected]

Australian Herb Industry Resource Guide by Kim Fletcher. Updated every 2 years and lists businesses and associations from all over Australia associated with the herb industry. Publisher: Focus on Herbs Consultancy & Information Service, PO Box 203, Launceston, Tas 7250.

Herbal Harvest by Greg Whitten. Major reference on commercial production of quality dried herbs.Publisher: Agmedia 1997.

BUSINESS SUPPORT

Many Government departments and some non-government organisations provide programs, services and advice that can assist Aboriginal communities to develop their project or business. Information on these can be accessed on the internet.

Indigenous Business Australia (IBA) offers access to professional and marketing advice, business finance and a range of economic development initiatives. Information is available at www.iba.gov.au

The Department of Employment and Workplace Relations (DEWR) administers the Indigenous Capital Assistance Scheme, the Indigenous Small Business Fund and The New Enterprise Incentive Scheme. Information is available at www.workplace.gov.au/workplace/Individual/IndigenousAustralians

For information on Aboriginal Business Development Programswww.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au/smallbusiness/Government+Programs/Aboriginal+Business+Development+Program/

For a Guide to Developing Aboriginal Businesswww.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au/Starting+in+Business/Aboriginal+Business/A+Guide+to+Developing+Aboriginal+Business

For a NSW Directory of Business Services for Aboriginal Peoplewww.industrialrelations.nsw.gov.au/resources/aboriginaldirectory.pdf


CONTACTS FOR BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

Craig Jenkins, NSW Department of State & Regional Development, Lismore NSW. Phone: 02 6622 4011. Email: [email protected]

Stephanie Williams, Richmond Valley Business & Rural Financial Counselling Services Inc, Casino NSW. Phone: 02 6662 6502. Email: [email protected]

Andrew Hegedus, Clarence Valley Business Enterprise Centre, Grafton NSW.Phone: 02 6642 9700. Email: [email protected]

Aboriginal Business Development Programs through the Northern Rivers Business Advisory Service. Phone: 1300 650 058

TrainingCommunities may need to organise training for individuals and/or groups to ensure that they have the skills to set up enterprises and then operate them as successful farming businesses. There are a wide variety of options for training including workplace, online and college based delivery of classes. To find out about available training and how it can be offered contact the organisations below.

The North Coast Institute of TAFE offers training in the following areas:• Horticulture and Indigenous land management• Community development• Business management• Indigenous business governance

Course information is available online at www.nci.tafensw.edu.au or contact the coordinators for the Aboriginal Education Training Unit:Stephen Jamieson Phone: 02 6674 7224 or Roy Hatfield Phone: 02 66411732

Environmental Training and Employment Inc. (EnviTE NSW) is a non profit community training organisation operating throughout in the North Coast region. Information is available at www.envite.org.au

Djanbung Gardens is one of Australia’s leading permaculture training centres and is located in northern NSW. Information is available at www.permaculture.com.au

TRAINING

Page 15Page 15

Case StudyTuckombil Native Foods at Tuckombil near Alstonville had 40 acres of land that was

made up of red soil country, areas of steep and rocky land and level grassed areas.

There was also a spring-fed dam and a seasonal watercourse on the land. They

planned their land use around the soil type, slopes, and rocky ground with care to

protect gullies, waterways and native vegetation remnants.

As the land was exposed to weather from the south they planted eucalypts and

local rainforest species as windbreaks on the south side. They also planted some

callistemon and melalueca species as internal windbreaks. These windbreaks

provided some shade for herb varieties that could not grow in full sun.

Although there was a dam and a seasonal watercourse they installed infrastructure

for irrigation: pump, lines, filters and controller wires etc. The local rainfall suits the

species they chose to grow but they have found that irrigation is still needed some

years, to grow the produce well and to market specifications. Wallabies are only a bit

of a problem so they have not fenced.

After doing their market research, they decided to plant a mixed bush tucker orchard

including Lemon, Cinnamon and Aniseed Myrtle, Davidson Plums and Riberries and

other native vegetation for the essential oil market. They chose to plant this variety

so that different crops would produce at different times of the year. This gives them

income throughout the year and also spreads the labour load. The fruits have to be

Page 14 Page 15

harvested when the fruit is ready, while the essential oil species do not have such

critical harvest times.

Although they did thorough market research, the market in native Australian

produce is still fragile and vulnerable to oversupply and they found that projected

figures were overstated. Some of the fresh markets for fruit were not there by the

time it came to harvest.

So they had to revisit their Business Plan and they had to manage this problem by

processing most of their fruits, essential oils and herbs. Another thing that changed

was that some fresh floristry markets emerged unexpectedly as viable opportunities.

They also decided to sell some nursery stock and can see the potential for using

their farm for tourism and education.

Tuckombil Native Foods have had to work at developing their own market. Most of

their crops are new commercial crops, so there are challenges but they

have now found that there are opportunities and market advantages to growing

these crops.

The biggest thing they have learnt is that marketing needs to be done in very close

collaboration between growers and buyers, with the best solution being the growing

group also marketing the produce if this is possible.

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umin

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oces

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nce

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eeds

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llent

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k, ric

h fl o

ur w

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ty fl

avou

r. •

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ld b

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aste

d be

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use

, not

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en r

aw.

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adam

ia N

ut

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adam

ia t

etra

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la

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adam

ia in

tegr

ifolia

Rain

fore

sts

from

N.N

SW u

p in

to Q

ld.

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belie

ved

that

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etra

phyll

a is

nativ

e to

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so

uthe

rn h

alf o

f thi

s ra

nge

and

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tegr

ifolia

to

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nort

hern

hal

f. O

ccur

s na

tura

lly in

aci

d so

ils

with

a h

igh

hum

us c

onte

nt. M

. tet

raph

ylla

is lis

ted

as v

ulne

rabl

e un

der

NSW

legi

slatio

n.

Rain

fore

st t

ree

with

spi

ky le

aves

and

gre

en

frui

ts in

aut

umn

that

han

g in

bun

ches

, dro

ppin

g sh

iny

seed

s up

to

3cm

. M. in

tegr

ifolia

per

form

s be

tter

in w

arm

er c

ondi

tions

. Sou

ther

n gr

ower

s us

e M

.tetra

phyll

a as

roo

t st

ock

for

graf

ting

M.in

tegr

ifolia

. Gra

fted

tree

s be

ar a

fter

4 ye

ars

whe

reas

see

dlin

g tr

ees

take

10

year

s to

bea

r.

• M

acad

amia

s ar

e a

maj

or in

dust

ry in

the

Nor

ther

n Ri

vers

. •

Nut

s ar

e su

pplie

d ra

w, r

oast

ed o

r ro

aste

d an

d sa

lted

by t

he p

roce

ssor

.•

Sold

as

cold

pre

ssed

oil

for

sala

ds a

nd c

ooki

ng.

• Pr

oces

sed

into

gou

rmet

sau

ces

and

shor

tbre

ads,

ice

crea

m p

rodu

cts

and

conf

ectio

nery

.

Mid

yim

Aus

trom

yrtu

s du

lcis

Coa

stal

pla

nt o

ccur

ring

betw

een

Gra

fton

& F

rase

r Isl

and.

Nee

ds w

ell-d

rain

ed s

andy

soi

l.A

sm

all s

hrub

1-

2m h

igh

with

opp

osite

leav

es,

smal

l whi

te fl

ower

s an

d so

ft sp

eckl

ed w

hite

be

rrie

s. Fr

uits

in s

umm

er a

nd a

utum

n.

• O

ne o

f Aus

tral

ia’s

tast

iest

wild

frui

ts.

• U

sed

fresh

.•

Also

use

d in

des

sert

s an

d sa

uces

.

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CO

MM

ON N

AM

E

B OT

AN

ICA

L N

AM

EN

AT

UR

AL

DIS

TR

IBU

TIO

N/C

LIM

AT

E /SO

IL T

YPE

DES

CR

IPT

ION/T

IME

TO

MA

TU

RIT

YC

UR

REN

T U

SES

Illaw

arra

Plu

mBr

own

Pine

Podo

carp

us e

latu

s

N. N

SW n

ativ

e to

coa

stal

scr

ub fo

rest

s. Su

ited

to

rich,

moi

st, n

on-a

lkal

ine

soils

.Fa

irly

larg

e co

nife

r tr

ees

up t

o 45

m. F

emal

e tr

ees

prod

uce

frui

ts. I

t is

actu

ally

the

sw

olle

n st

em o

f th

e fr

uit,

whi

ch is

a s

mal

l, har

d se

ed w

hich

app

ears

to

han

g of

f the

bot

tom

of t

he d

eep

blue

/ pur

ple

“plu

m”

that

is e

aten

. Fru

its r

ipen

from

Mar

ch

thou

gh t

o Ju

ly.

• U

sed

in w

ild fo

od r

esta

uran

ts in

sau

ces

and

pres

erve

s an

d ha

s sw

eet

uses

in ja

ms

and

jellie

s, fr

uit

com

pote

s, m

uffi n

s an

d ch

eese

cake

s. •

Tart

and

plu

m-li

ke. L

ess

sour

tha

n th

e D

avid

son’

s Pl

um, w

ith a

ple

asan

t, su

btle

res

inou

s qu

ality

. •

Usu

ally

sol

d fro

zen.

Fre

sh fr

uit

also

sol

d in

sea

son.

•

Also

pro

duce

s to

ugh,

dur

able

tim

ber.

Jelly

Bus

h H

oney

Tant

oon

Lept

ospe

rmum

pol

ygal

ifoliu

m

Foun

d in

the

Nor

ther

n Ri

vers

reg

ion

this

plan

t gr

ows

in s

andy

soi

l or

on s

ands

tone

. It

also

gro

ws

wel

l on

basa

lt de

rived

soi

ls. R

equi

ring

aver

age

rain

fall

this

plan

t is

frost

har

dy.

This

shru

b or

tre

e ha

s lig

ht g

reen

, obl

ong

leav

es.

It gr

ows

from

1–

4m h

igh

and

1– 3

m a

cros

s. Pr

oduc

es m

asse

s of

whi

te fl

ower

s fro

m la

te s

prin

g to

sum

mer

. Can

be

grow

n fro

m s

eed

or c

uttin

gs.

• Th

is is

a hi

gh v

alue

hon

ey p

rodu

ct.

• Li

sted

with

the

The

rape

utic

Goo

ds A

dmin

istra

tion

(TG

A).

• In

dem

and

for

med

icin

al u

se, a

ctiv

e (u

nhea

ted)

hon

ey is

use

d fo

r w

ound

hea

ling.

• It

is a

natu

ral a

ntib

iotic

and

has

hig

h an

ti-ba

cter

ial a

ctiv

ity.

Lem

on A

spen

Acr

onyc

hia

impe

rfor

ata

Acr

onyc

hia

wilc

oxia

na

Acr

onyc

hia

sube

ros a

Coa

stal

litt

oral

rai

nfor

est

and

furt

her

inla

nd in

su

btro

pica

l rai

nfor

est

NSW

and

Qld

.Sl

ow g

row

ing.

Diffi

cul

t to

gro

w fr

om s

eed.

C

uttin

gs m

ay b

e ea

sier.

A. im

perfo

rtata

is a

shr

ub

to s

mal

l tre

e up

to

15 m

tal

l. A.

wilc

oxia

na is

a

smal

l tre

e to

9m

hig

h. A

. sub

eros

a is

a sm

all t

o m

ediu

m-s

ized

tree

to

20 m

hig

h. T

he p

ale

yello

w

frui

t 20

- 2

5mm

in d

iam

eter

has

sm

all b

lack

see

ds.

Ripe

ns in

Oct

ober

/Nov

embe

r.

• Fr

uits

tas

te s

our

and

arom

atic

with

a g

rape

frui

t/lim

e fl a

vour

, tho

ugh

it is

not

a ci

trus

. •

Use

d in

dre

ssin

gs, s

auce

s, m

arin

ades

and

des

sert

s.•

It is

sold

froz

en o

r as

juic

e or

syr

up.

Lem

on M

yrtle

Le

mon

Iron

woo

d

Back

hous

ia c

itrio

dora

Nat

ive

to s

ub-t

ropi

cs b

ut w

ill gr

ow w

ell i

n te

mpe

rate

and

coo

l zon

es t

oo.

Gro

ws

in fu

ll su

n or

sem

i- sh

ade.

In c

ool a

reas

, nee

ds a

war

m

loca

tion.

Nee

ds w

ell-d

rain

ed s

oil. F

rost

ten

der.

Ever

gree

n ra

info

rest

tre

e w

ith g

loss

y lo

ng le

aves

w

hich

are

del

icio

usly

aro

mat

ic a

nd h

ave

a st

rong

ci

trus

fl av

our.

Gro

ws

to a

ppro

xim

atel

y 6m

tal

l (p

ossib

ly m

uch

talle

r in

its

natu

ral s

ub-t

ropi

cal

envi

ronm

ent)

. Tre

es r

equi

re ir

rigat

ion

durin

g th

e dr

y m

onth

s of

the

yea

r.

• H

as h

igh

com

mer

cial

val

ue.

• Th

e le

aves

are

sol

d fre

sh c

hille

d, w

hole

drie

d, a

nd g

roun

d dr

ied.

•

Also

use

d as

an

ingr

edie

nt in

pro

duct

s su

ch a

s fl a

vour

ed o

ils, s

yrup

s, pa

sta,

pres

erve

s, te

as a

nd s

easo

ning

s. •

Can

be

used

in p

ot p

ourr

i and

sce

nted

sac

hets

.

Kur

rajo

ng

Brac

hych

iton

popu

lneu

s

Foun

d A

ustr

alia

wid

e in

ope

n fo

rest

s, w

oodl

ands

an

d sa

ndy

soil

plai

ns. A

dapt

able

to

a ra

nge

of

soils

incl

udin

g ve

ry d

ry c

ondi

tions

. Fro

st h

ardy

to

aro

und

-7°C

and

ada

pts

to r

ange

of c

limat

es

incl

udin

g tr

opic

al z

ones

.

The

tree

bea

rs la

rge

clus

ters

of b

lack

leat

hery

bo

at s

hape

d po

ds w

hich

con

tain

brig

ht y

ello

w

to m

usta

rd c

olou

red

seed

s. Itc

hy h

airy

fi br

e al

so

surr

ound

s th

e se

eds

and

mus

t be

rem

oved

bef

ore

use,

whi

ch is

a t

ime

cons

umin

g pr

oces

s.

• T

he s

eeds

are

ver

y nu

triti

ous,

hig

h in

pro

tein

fat,

oil a

nd

som

e m

iner

als.

• O

nce

roas

ted

and

grou

nd, t

he s

eeds

pro

duce

an

exce

llent

dar

k, ric

h fl o

ur w

ith a

nut

ty fl

avou

r. •

Shou

ld b

e ro

aste

d be

fore

use

, not

eat

en r

aw.

Mac

adam

ia N

ut

Mac

adam

ia t

etra

phyl

la

Mac

adam

ia in

tegr

ifolia

Rain

fore

sts

from

N.N

SW u

p in

to Q

ld.

It is

belie

ved

that

M. t

etra

phyll

a is

nativ

e to

the

so

uthe

rn h

alf o

f thi

s ra

nge

and

M. in

tegr

ifolia

to

the

nort

hern

hal

f. O

ccur

s na

tura

lly in

aci

d so

ils

with

a h

igh

hum

us c

onte

nt. M

. tet

raph

ylla

is lis

ted

as v

ulne

rabl

e un

der

NSW

legi

slatio

n.

Rain

fore

st t

ree

with

spi

ky le

aves

and

gre

en

frui

ts in

aut

umn

that

han

g in

bun

ches

, dro

ppin

g sh

iny

seed

s up

to

3cm

. M. in

tegr

ifolia

per

form

s be

tter

in w

arm

er c

ondi

tions

. Sou

ther

n gr

ower

s us

e M

.tetra

phyll

a as

roo

t st

ock

for

graf

ting

M.in

tegr

ifolia

. Gra

fted

tree

s be

ar a

fter

4 ye

ars

whe

reas

see

dlin

g tr

ees

take

10

year

s to

bea

r.

• M

acad

amia

s ar

e a

maj

or in

dust

ry in

the

Nor

ther

n Ri

vers

. •

Nut

s ar

e su

pplie

d ra

w, r

oast

ed o

r ro

aste

d an

d sa

lted

by t

he p

roce

ssor

.•

Sold

as

cold

pre

ssed

oil

for

sala

ds a

nd c

ooki

ng.

• Pr

oces

sed

into

gou

rmet

sau

ces

and

shor

tbre

ads,

ice

crea

m p

rodu

cts

and

conf

ectio

nery

.

Mid

yim

Aus

trom

yrtu

s du

lcis

Coa

stal

pla

nt o

ccur

ring

betw

een

Gra

fton

& F

rase

r Isl

and.

Nee

ds w

ell-d

rain

ed s

andy

soi

l.A

sm

all s

hrub

1-

2m h

igh

with

opp

osite

leav

es,

smal

l whi

te fl

ower

s an

d so

ft sp

eckl

ed w

hite

be

rrie

s. Fr

uits

in s

umm

er a

nd a

utum

n.

• O

ne o

f Aus

tral

ia’s

tast

iest

wild

frui

ts.

• U

sed

fresh

.•

Also

use

d in

des

sert

s an

d sa

uces

.

Page 16 Page 17

CO

MM

ON N

AM

E

B OT

AN

ICA

L N

AM

EN

AT

UR

AL

DIS

TR

IBU

TIO

N/C

LIM

AT

E /SO

IL T

YPE

DES

CR

IPT

ION/T

IME

TO

MA

TU

RIT

YC

UR

REN

T U

SES

Illaw

arra

Plu

mBr

own

Pine

Podo

carp

us e

latu

s

N. N

SW n

ativ

e to

coa

stal

scr

ub fo

rest

s. Su

ited

to

rich,

moi

st, n

on-a

lkal

ine

soils

.Fa

irly

larg

e co

nife

r tr

ees

up t

o 45

m. F

emal

e tr

ees

prod

uce

frui

ts. I

t is

actu

ally

the

sw

olle

n st

em o

f th

e fr

uit,

whi

ch is

a s

mal

l, har

d se

ed w

hich

app

ears

to

han

g of

f the

bot

tom

of t

he d

eep

blue

/ pur

ple

“plu

m”

that

is e

aten

. Fru

its r

ipen

from

Mar

ch

thou

gh t

o Ju

ly.

• U

sed

in w

ild fo

od r

esta

uran

ts in

sau

ces

and

pres

erve

s an

d ha

s sw

eet

uses

in ja

ms

and

jellie

s, fr

uit

com

pote

s, m

uffi n

s an

d ch

eese

cake

s. •

Tart

and

plu

m-li

ke. L

ess

sour

tha

n th

e D

avid

son’

s Pl

um, w

ith a

ple

asan

t, su

btle

res

inou

s qu

ality

. •

Usu

ally

sol

d fro

zen.

Fre

sh fr

uit

also

sol

d in

sea

son.

•

Also

pro

duce

s to

ugh,

dur

able

tim

ber.

Jelly

Bus

h H

oney

Tant

oon

Lept

ospe

rmum

pol

ygal

ifoliu

m

Foun

d in

the

Nor

ther

n Ri

vers

reg

ion

this

plan

t gr

ows

in s

andy

soi

l or

on s

ands

tone

. It

also

gro

ws

wel

l on

basa

lt de

rived

soi

ls. R

equi

ring

aver

age

rain

fall

this

plan

t is

frost

har

dy.

This

shru

b or

tre

e ha

s lig

ht g

reen

, obl

ong

leav

es.

It gr

ows

from

1–

4m h

igh

and

1– 3

m a

cros

s. Pr

oduc

es m

asse

s of

whi

te fl

ower

s fro

m la

te s

prin

g to

sum

mer

. Can

be

grow

n fro

m s

eed

or c

uttin

gs.

• Th

is is

a hi

gh v

alue

hon

ey p

rodu

ct.

• Li

sted

with

the

The

rape

utic

Goo

ds A

dmin

istra

tion

(TG

A).

• In

dem

and

for

med

icin

al u

se, a

ctiv

e (u

nhea

ted)

hon

ey is

use

d fo

r w

ound

hea

ling.

• It

is a

natu

ral a

ntib

iotic

and

has

hig

h an

ti-ba

cter

ial a

ctiv

ity.

Lem

on A

spen

Acr

onyc

hia

impe

rfor

ata

Acr

onyc

hia

wilc

oxia

na

Acr

onyc

hia

sube

ros a

Coa

stal

litt

oral

rai

nfor

est

and

furt

her

inla

nd in

su

btro

pica

l rai

nfor

est

NSW

and

Qld

.Sl

ow g

row

ing.

Diffi

cul

t to

gro

w fr

om s

eed.

C

uttin

gs m

ay b

e ea

sier.

A. im

perfo

rtata

is a

shr

ub

to s

mal

l tre

e up

to

15 m

tal

l. A.

wilc

oxia

na is

a

smal

l tre

e to

9m

hig

h. A

. sub

eros

a is

a sm

all t

o m

ediu

m-s

ized

tree

to

20 m

hig

h. T

he p

ale

yello

w

frui

t 20

- 2

5mm

in d

iam

eter

has

sm

all b

lack

see

ds.

Ripe

ns in

Oct

ober

/Nov

embe

r.

• Fr

uits

tas

te s

our

and

arom

atic

with

a g

rape

frui

t/lim

e fl a

vour

, tho

ugh

it is

not

a ci

trus

. •

Use

d in

dre

ssin

gs, s

auce

s, m

arin

ades

and

des

sert

s.•

It is

sold

froz

en o

r as

juic

e or

syr

up.

Lem

on M

yrtle

Le

mon

Iron

woo

d

Back

hous

ia c

itrio

dora

Nat

ive

to s

ub-t

ropi

cs b

ut w

ill gr

ow w

ell i

n te

mpe

rate

and

coo

l zon

es t

oo.

Gro

ws

in fu

ll su

n or

sem

i- sh

ade.

In c

ool a

reas

, nee

ds a

war

m

loca

tion.

Nee

ds w

ell-d

rain

ed s

oil. F

rost

ten

der.

Ever

gree

n ra

info

rest

tre

e w

ith g

loss

y lo

ng le

aves

w

hich

are

del

icio

usly

aro

mat

ic a

nd h

ave

a st

rong

ci

trus

fl av

our.

Gro

ws

to a

ppro

xim

atel

y 6m

tal

l (p

ossib

ly m

uch

talle

r in

its

natu

ral s

ub-t

ropi

cal

envi

ronm

ent)

. Tre

es r

equi

re ir

rigat

ion

durin

g th

e dr

y m

onth

s of

the

yea

r.

• H

as h

igh

com

mer

cial

val

ue.

• Th

e le

aves

are

sol

d fre

sh c

hille

d, w

hole

drie

d, a

nd g

roun

d dr

ied.

•

Also

use

d as

an

ingr

edie

nt in

pro

duct

s su

ch a

s fl a

vour

ed o

ils, s

yrup

s, pa

sta,

pres

erve

s, te

as a

nd s

easo

ning

s. •

Can

be

used

in p

ot p

ourr

i and

sce

nted

sac

hets

.

Kur

rajo

ng

Brac

hych

iton

popu

lneu

s

Foun

d A

ustr

alia

wid

e in

ope

n fo

rest

s, w

oodl

ands

an

d sa

ndy

soil

plai

ns. A

dapt

able

to

a ra

nge

of

soils

incl

udin

g ve

ry d

ry c

ondi

tions

. Fro

st h

ardy

to

aro

und

-7°C

and

ada

pts

to r

ange

of c

limat

es

incl

udin

g tr

opic

al z

ones

.

The

tree

bea

rs la

rge

clus

ters

of b

lack

leat

hery

bo

at s

hape

d po

ds w

hich

con

tain

brig

ht y

ello

w

to m

usta

rd c

olou

red

seed

s. Itc

hy h

airy

fi br

e al

so

surr

ound

s th

e se

eds

and

mus

t be

rem

oved

bef

ore

use,

whi

ch is

a t

ime

cons

umin

g pr

oces

s.

• T

he s

eeds

are

ver

y nu

triti

ous,

hig

h in

pro

tein

fat,

oil a

nd

som

e m

iner

als.

• O

nce

roas

ted

and

grou

nd, t

he s

eeds

pro

duce

an

exce

llent

dar

k, ric

h fl o

ur w

ith a

nut

ty fl

avou

r. •

Shou

ld b

e ro

aste

d be

fore

use

, not

eat

en r

aw.

Mac

adam

ia N

ut

Mac

adam

ia t

etra

phyl

la

Mac

adam

ia in

tegr

ifolia

Rain

fore

sts

from

N.N

SW u

p in

to Q

ld.

It is

belie

ved

that

M. t

etra

phyll

a is

nativ

e to

the

so

uthe

rn h

alf o

f thi

s ra

nge

and

M. in

tegr

ifolia

to

the

nort

hern

hal

f. O

ccur

s na

tura

lly in

aci

d so

ils

with

a h

igh

hum

us c

onte

nt. M

. tet

raph

ylla

is lis

ted

as v

ulne

rabl

e un

der

NSW

legi

slatio

n.

Rain

fore

st t

ree

with

spi

ky le

aves

and

gre

en

frui

ts in

aut

umn

that

han

g in

bun

ches

, dro

ppin

g sh

iny

seed

s up

to

3cm

. M. in

tegr

ifolia

per

form

s be

tter

in w

arm

er c

ondi

tions

. Sou

ther

n gr

ower

s us

e M

.tetra

phyll

a as

roo

t st

ock

for

graf

ting

M.in

tegr

ifolia

. Gra

fted

tree

s be

ar a

fter

4 ye

ars

whe

reas

see

dlin

g tr

ees

take

10

year

s to

bea

r.

• M

acad

amia

s ar

e a

maj

or in

dust

ry in

the

Nor

ther

n Ri

vers

. •

Nut

s ar

e su

pplie

d ra

w, r

oast

ed o

r ro

aste

d an

d sa

lted

by t

he p

roce

ssor

.•

Sold

as

cold

pre

ssed

oil

for

sala

ds a

nd c

ooki

ng.

• Pr

oces

sed

into

gou

r met

sau

ces

and

shor

tbre

ads,

ice

crea

m p

rodu

cts

and

conf

ectio

nery

.

Mid

yim

Aus

trom

yrtu

s du

lcis

Coa

stal

pla

nt o

ccur

ring

betw

een

Gra

fton

& F

rase

r Isl

and.

Nee

ds w

ell-d

rain

ed s

andy

soi

l.A

sm

all s

hrub

1-

2m h

igh

with

opp

osite

leav

es,

smal

l whi

te fl

ower

s an

d so

ft sp

eckl

ed w

hite

be

rrie

s. Fr

uits

in s

umm

er a

nd a

utum

n.

• O

ne o

f Aus

tral

ia’s

tast

iest

wild

frui

ts.

• U

sed

fresh

.•

Also

use

d in

des

sert

s an

d sa

uces

.

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Page 16

CO

MM

ON N

AM

E

B OT

AN

ICA

L N

AM

EN

AT

UR

AL

DIS

TR

IBU

TIO

N/C

LIM

AT

E /SO

IL T

YPE

DES

CR

IPT

ION/T

IME

TO

MA

TU

RIT

YC

UR

REN

T U

SES

Illaw

arra

Plu

mBr

own

Pine

Podo

carp

us e

latu

s

N. N

SW n

ativ

e to

coa

stal

scr

ub fo

rest

s. Su

ited

to

rich,

moi

st, n

on-a

lkal

ine

soils

.Fa

irly

larg

e co

nife

r tr

ees

up t

o 45

m. F

emal

e tr

ees

prod

uce

frui

ts. I

t is

actu

ally

the

sw

olle

n st

em o

f th

e fr

uit,

whi

ch is

a s

mal

l, har

d se

ed w

hich

app

ears

to

han

g of

f the

bot

tom

of t

he d

eep

blue

/ pur

ple

“plu

m”

that

is e

aten

. Fru

its r

ipen

from

Mar

ch

thou

gh t

o Ju

ly.

• U

sed

in w

ild fo

od r

esta

uran

ts in

sau

ces

and

pres

erve

s an

d ha

s sw

eet

uses

in ja

ms

and

jellie

s, fr

uit

com

pote

s, m

uffi n

s an

d ch

eese

cake

s. •

Tart

and

plu

m-li

ke. L

ess

sour

tha

n th

e D

avid

son’

s Pl

um, w

ith a

ple

asan

t, su

btle

res

inou

s qu

ality

. •

Usu

ally

sol

d fro

zen.

Fre

sh fr

uit

also

sol

d in

sea

son.

•

Also

pro

duce

s to

ugh,

dur

able

tim

ber.

Jelly

Bus

h H

oney

Tant

oon

Lept

ospe

rmum

pol

ygal

ifoliu

m

Foun

d in

the

Nor

ther

n Ri

vers

reg

ion

this

plan

t gr

ows

in s

andy

soi

l or

on s

ands

tone

. It

also

gro

ws

wel

l on

basa

lt de

rived

soi

ls. R

equi

ring

aver

age

rain

fall

this

plan

t is

frost

har

dy.

This

shru

b or

tre

e ha

s lig

ht g

reen

, obl

ong

leav

es.

It gr

ows

from

1–

4m h

igh

and

1– 3

m a

cros

s. Pr

oduc

es m

asse

s of

whi

te fl

ower

s fro

m la

te s

prin

g to

sum

mer

. Can

be

grow

n fro

m s

eed

or c

uttin

gs.

• Th

is is

a hi

gh v

alue

hon

ey p

rodu

ct.

• Li

sted

with

the

The

rape

utic

Goo

ds A

dmin

istra

tion

(TG

A).

• In

dem

and

for

med

icin

al u

se, a

ctiv

e (u

nhea

ted)

hon

ey is

use

d fo

r w

ound

hea

ling.

• It

is a

natu

ral a

ntib

iotic

and

has

hig

h an

ti-ba

cter

ial a

ctiv

ity.

Lem

on A

spen

Acr

onyc

hia

impe

rfor

ata

Acr

onyc

hia

wilc

oxia

na

Acr

onyc

hia

sube

ros a

Coa

stal

litt

oral

rai

nfor

est

and

furt

her

inla

nd in

su

btro

pica

l rai

nfor

est

NSW

and

Qld

.Sl

ow g

row

ing.

Diffi

cul

t to

gro

w fr

om s

eed.

C

uttin

gs m

ay b

e ea

sier.

A. im

perfo

rtata

is a

shr

ub

to s

mal

l tre

e up

to

15 m

tal

l. A.

wilc

oxia

na is

a

smal

l tre

e to

9m

hig

h. A

. sub

eros

a is

a sm

all t

o m

ediu

m-s

ized

tree

to

20 m

hig

h. T

he p

ale

yello

w

frui

t 20

- 2

5mm

in d

iam

eter

has

sm

all b

lack

see

ds.

Ripe

ns in

Oct

ober

/Nov

embe

r.

• Fr

uits

tas

te s

our

and

arom

atic

with

a g

rape

frui

t/lim

e fl a

vour

, tho

ugh

it is

not

a ci

trus

. •

Use

d in

dre

ssin

gs, s

auce

s, m

arin

ades

and

des

sert

s.•

It is

sold

froz

en o

r as

juic

e or

syr

up.

Lem

on M

yrtle

Le

mon

Iron

woo

d

Back

hous

ia c

itrio

dora

Nat

ive

to s

ub-t

ropi

cs b

ut w

ill gr

ow w

ell i

n te

mpe

rate

and

coo

l zon

es t

oo.

Gro

ws

in fu

ll su

n or

sem

i- sh

ade.

In c

ool a

reas

, nee

ds a

war

m

loca

tion.

Nee

ds w

ell-d

rain

ed s

oil. F

rost

ten

der.

Ever

gree

n ra

info

rest

tre

e w

ith g

loss

y lo

ng le

aves

w

hich

are

del

icio

usly

aro

mat

ic a

nd h

ave

a st

rong

ci

trus

fl av

our.

Gro

ws

to a

ppro

xim

atel

y 6m

tal

l (p

ossib

ly m

uch

talle

r in

its

natu

ral s

ub-t

ropi

cal

envi

ronm

ent)

. Tre

es r

equi

re ir

rigat

ion

durin

g th

e dr

y m

onth

s of

the

yea

r.

• H

as h

igh

com

mer

cial

val

ue.

• Th

e le

aves

are

sol

d fre

sh c

hille

d, w

hole

drie

d, a

nd g

roun

d dr

ied.

•

Also

use

d as

an

ingr

edie

nt in

pro

duct

s su

ch a

s fl a

vour

ed o

ils, s

yrup

s, pa

sta,

pres

erve

s, te

as a

nd s

easo

ning

s. •

Can

be

used

in p

ot p

ourr

i and

sce

nted

sac

hets

.

Kur

rajo

ng

Brac

hych

iton

popu

lneu

s

Foun

d A

ustr

alia

wid

e in

ope

n fo

rest

s, w

oodl

ands

an

d sa

ndy

soil

plai

ns. A

dapt

able

to

a ra

nge

of

soils

incl

udin

g ve

ry d

ry c

ondi

tions

. Fro

st h

ardy

to

aro

und

-7°C

and

ada

pts

to r

ange

of c

limat

es

incl

udin

g tr

opic

al z

ones

.

The

tree

bea

rs la

rge

clus

ters

of b

lack

leat

hery

bo

at s

hape

d po

ds w

hich

con

tain

brig

ht y

ello

w

to m

usta

rd c

olou

red

seed

s. Itc

hy h

airy

fi br

e al

so

surr

ound

s th

e se

eds

and

mus

t be

rem

oved

bef

ore

use,

whi

ch is

a t

ime

cons

umin

g pr

oces

s.

• T

he s

eeds

are

ver

y nu

triti

ous,

hig

h in

pro

tein

fat,

oil a

nd

som

e m

iner

als.

• O

nce

roas

ted

and

grou

nd, t

he s

eeds

pro

duce

an

exce

llent

dar

k, ric

h fl o

ur w

ith a

nut

ty fl

avou

r. •

Shou

ld b

e ro

aste

d be

fore

use

, not

eat

en r

aw.

Mac

adam

ia N

ut

Mac

adam

ia t

etra

phyl

la

Mac

adam

ia in

tegr

ifolia

Rain

fore

sts

from

N.N

SW u

p in

to Q

ld.

It is

belie

ved

that

M. t

etra

phyll

a is

nativ

e to

the

so

uthe

rn h

alf o

f thi

s ra

nge

and

M. in

tegr

ifolia

to

the

nort

hern

hal

f. O

ccur

s na

tura

lly in

aci

d so

ils

with

a h

igh

hum

us c

onte

nt. M

. tet

raph

ylla

is lis

ted

as v

ulne

rabl

e un

der

NSW

legi

slatio

n.

Rain

fore

st t

ree

with

spi

ky le

aves

and

gre

en

frui

ts in

aut

umn

that

han

g in

bun

ches

, dro

ppin

g sh

iny

seed

s up

to

3cm

. M. in

tegr

ifolia

per

form

s be

tter

in w

arm

er c

ondi

tions

. Sou

ther

n gr

ower

s us

e M

.tetra

phyll

a as

roo

t st

ock

for

graf

ting

M.in

tegr

ifolia

. Gra

fted

tree

s be

ar a

fter

4 ye

ars

whe

reas

see

dlin

g tr

ees

take

10

year

s to

bea

r.

• M

acad

amia

s ar

e a

maj

or in

dust

ry in

the

Nor

ther

n Ri

vers

. •

Nut

s ar

e su

pplie

d ra

w, r

oast

ed o

r ro

aste

d an

d sa

lted

by t

he p

roce

ssor

.•

Sold

as

cold

pre

ssed

oil

for

sala

ds a

nd c

ooki

ng.

• Pr

oces

sed

into

gou

r met

sau

ces

and

shor

tbre

ads,

ice

crea

m p

rodu

cts

and

conf

ectio

nery

.

Mid

yim

Aus

trom

yrtu

s du

lcis

Coa

stal

pla

nt o

ccur

ring

betw

een

Gra

fton

& F

rase

r Isl

and.

Nee

ds w

ell-d

rain

ed s

andy

soi

l.A

sm

all s

hrub

1-

2m h

igh

with

opp

osite

leav

es,

smal

l whi

te fl

ower

s an

d so

ft sp

eckl

ed w

hite

be

rrie

s. Fr

uits

in s

umm

er a

nd a

utum

n.

• O

ne o

f Aus

tral

ia’s

tast

iest

wild

frui

ts.

• U

sed

fresh

.•

Also

use

d in

des

sert

s an

d sa

uces

.

Page 16

Nat

ive

Ras

pber

ries

Rub

us p

arvi

foliu

sR

ubus

ros

ifoliu

sR

ubus

mol

ucca

nus

var.

trilo

bus

Foun

d in

N. N

SW. R

. par

vifol

ius

occu

rs in

ope

n fo

rest

s an

d on

san

d be

hind

bea

ches

and

R.

rosif

oliu

s gr

ows

on r

ainf

ores

t m

argi

ns a

nd in

gu

llies.

They

tol

erat

e re

ason

ably

hig

h te

mpe

ratu

res.

R. m

oluc

canu

s va

r. tri

lobu

s is

com

mon

thr

ough

out

NSW

.

Thes

e cr

eepe

rs w

ith w

hite

or

pink

fl ow

ers

prod

uce

tast

y fr

uits

1 -

2 c

m in

size

afte

r 2

- 3

year

s. Fr

uitin

g oc

curs

in la

te s

umm

er a

nd a

utum

n.

They

bea

r he

avily

, but

req

uire

fairl

y in

tens

ive

mai

nten

ance

and

han

d ha

rves

ting

as t

he fr

uit

is ea

sily

spoi

led.

R. r

osifl

orus

is le

ss s

wee

t th

an R

. pa

rvifo

lius.

R. m

oluc

canu

s va

r. tri

lobu

s ha

s a

dist

inct

ly

3-lo

bed

leaf

, mos

tly p

ink

peta

ls an

d gr

eyish

hai

rs

on t

he le

af s

talk

s an

d br

anch

lets

.

• Sm

all r

ed fr

uits

are

ver

y su

ccul

ent

and

tast

y. •

Thou

gh u

sual

ly s

old

froze

n th

ey a

re s

omet

imes

sol

d fre

sh a

t lo

cal

mar

kets

.•

Proc

esse

d in

to ja

m, s

yrup

or

vine

gar.

•

R. p

arvif

oliu

s is

also

nat

ive

to Ja

pan

whe

re it

is m

ade

into

win

e.•

Drie

d le

aves

use

d th

erap

eutic

ally

as

tea

for

clea

nsin

g bl

ood.

Nat

ive

Ros

ella

Hib

iscu

s he

tero

phyl

lus

Foun

d in

sha

dy e

ucal

ypt

fore

st a

nd r

ainf

ores

t m

argi

ns i

n N

SW a

nd Q

ld. G

row

s in

soi

ls ra

ngin

g fro

m lo

am t

o gr

aniti

c gr

avel

.

Tall

shru

b or

sm

all t

ree

with

pric

kly

stem

s an

d pa

lmat

e le

aves

. Gro

ws

in 3

- 6

m h

igh.

3 y

ears

to

mat

urity

. The

ros

ella

has

yel

low

, pin

k or

whi

te

fl ow

ers

with

a d

eep

red

cent

re. I

t fl o

wer

s pr

ofus

ely.

• Ja

m a

nd je

llies

can

be m

ade

from

the

frui

t.•

Tart

fl av

our

with

a r

aspb

erry

, rhu

barb

, plu

m q

ualit

y. •

Leav

es m

ake

a go

od s

ubst

itute

for

spin

ach.

•

Flow

ers

can

be e

aten

in s

alad

s.•

Flow

ers

are

sold

eith

er a

s fre

sh a

nd u

ncle

aned

or

clea

ned

and

froze

n.•

Fibr

e us

ed fo

r pa

per

prod

uctio

n. •

Iden

tifi e

d as

hav

ing

pote

ntia

l to

be a

n ec

onom

ical

ly v

iabl

e fl o

ricul

ture

spe

cies

.

Pigf

ace

Beac

h Ba

nana

Car

pobr

otus

gla

uces

cens

Foun

d in

NSW

and

Qld

. Gro

wn

on s

andy

soi

ls.Le

aves

are

thi

ck a

nd fl

eshy

and

tria

ngul

ar.

Flow

ers

have

shi

ny p

urpl

e-pi

nk p

etal

s. Th

e pu

rplis

h-re

d fr

uit

is a

succ

ulen

t ed

ible

ber

ry a

bout

2c

m lo

ng a

nd 5

- 1

0mm

thi

ck. F

ruits

rip

en in

su

mm

er a

nd a

utum

n.

• Fr

uits

are

gen

eral

ly s

old

froze

n.

• Fl

eshy

leav

es a

re a

lso e

dibl

e.

Rib

erry

Che

rry

Ald

er

Euge

nia

lueh

man

nii

Syzy

gium

lueh

man

nii

Com

mon

in r

ainf

ores

ts o

n sa

ndy

soil

near

the

be

ach

in N

SW a

nd Q

ld b

ut g

row

s w

ell i

n a

rang

e of

situ

atio

ns. G

row

in fu

ll su

n to

par

tial s

hade

. Pr

otec

t yo

ung

tree

s fro

m fr

ost.

Nee

ds n

on–l

imey

, m

oist

soi

l.

Dec

orat

ive

smal

l tre

e di

stin

guish

able

by

its s

mal

l le

aves

whi

ch a

re d

raw

n ou

t in

to a

long

tap

erin

g po

int.

Frui

ts in

sum

mer

. Pro

duce

s m

asse

s of

pin

k-re

d pe

ar s

hape

d fr

uit

that

are

10

- 15

mm

long

. M

atur

e tr

ees

can

yiel

d up

to

80kg

.

• U

sed

in w

ild fo

od r

esta

uran

ts in

sau

ces

and

dess

erts

.•

Tast

es o

f cin

nam

on a

nd c

love

s.•

Sold

froz

en.

• Pr

oces

sed

into

sau

ces

and

pres

erve

s.

Riv

er M

int

Men

tha

aust

ralis

Ofte

n fo

und

alon

g w

ater

way

s, w

etla

nds

and

in

moi

st fo

rest

s in

S. A

ustr

alia

, Vic

, Qld

and

NSW

. A

str

aggl

y m

int

bush

with

long

woo

dy s

tem

s up

to

30

- 40

cm lo

ng w

ith p

ale

gree

n po

inte

d Ie

aves

(3

- 5

cm lo

ng)

that

hav

e a

serr

ated

edg

e.

• Th

e le

aves

hav

e a

won

derfu

lly p

unge

nt fr

esh

spea

rmin

t ar

oma

and

fl avo

ur.

Sea

Pars

ley

Sea

Cel

ery

Api

um p

rost

ratu

m

Coa

stal

fore

shor

e ar

eas

and

som

e in

land

w

ater

way

s of

Qld

and

NSW

. With

stan

ds fu

ll co

asta

l for

esho

re e

xpos

ure.

Lig

hter

tex

ture

d so

ils.

Tole

rate

s al

kalin

e so

il co

nditi

ons

and

tole

rate

s m

oder

ate

frost

s.

Fast

gro

win

g, bi

enni

al o

r pe

renn

ial t

o 1m

dia

met

er.

Smal

l clu

ster

s of

cre

amy

fl ow

ers

thro

ugho

ut

sum

mer

and

aut

umn.

Bro

ad-le

af fo

rm h

as g

loss

y gr

een

leav

es t

he s

ize a

nd s

hape

of p

arsle

y. N

arro

w-le

af fo

rm h

as c

eler

y-sh

aped

and

size

d le

aves

. Pro

duce

s be

tter

qua

lity

leav

es w

ith s

ome

shad

e. R

equi

res

adeq

uate

wat

er t

o pr

oduc

e w

ell.

• In

tens

e pa

rsle

y/ce

lery

fl av

oure

d le

aves

may

be

pick

ed a

t an

y tim

e of

the

yea

r.•

Use

d as

a g

arni

sh o

r to

fl av

our

sala

ds, s

oups

, sea

food

s, st

ews

and

cass

erol

es.

SOM

E I

ND

IGE

NO

US

HE

RB

S, S

HR

UB

S A

ND

TR

EE

S O

F T

HE

NO

RT

HE

RN

RIV

ER

S R

EG

ION

WIT

H E

XIS

TIN

G C

OM

ME

RC

IAL

MA

RK

ET

S

CO

MM

ON N

AM

E

B OT

AN

ICA

L N

AM

EN

atur

al D

istr

ibut

ion/

Clim

ate/

Soil

Type

DES

CR

IPT

ION/T

IME

TO

MA

TU

RIT

YC

UR

REN

T U

SES

CO

MM

ON N

AM

E

B OT

AN

ICA

L N

AM

EN

AT

UR

AL

DIS

TR

IBU

TIO

N/C

LIM

AT

E /SO

IL T

YPE

DES

CR

IPT

ION/T

IME

TO

MA

TU

RIT

YC

UR

REN

T U

SES

Slen

der

Min

t

Men

tha

diem

enic

a

N. N

SW. G

ener

ally

foun

d in

moi

st p

lace

s al

ong

stre

ams,

river

s or

sw

amps

and

in lo

wer

ra

infa

ll ar

eas

(up

to 4

00 m

m)

in c

oast

al a

nd a

lpin

e re

gion

s. G

row

s ra

pidl

y af

ter

rain

s on

alk

alin

e an

d ac

idic

soi

ls. P

refe

rs a

sun

ny, m

oder

atel

y w

ater

ed t

o da

mp

posit

ion.

Tole

rate

s fro

sts.

Die

s ba

ck d

urin

g dr

ough

ts t

o its

und

ergr

ound

rhi

zom

es o

nly

to

re-e

mer

ge. T

oler

ates

full

sun

to h

eavy

sha

de.

Har

dy, f

ast

grow

ing,

pere

nnia

l with

sm

all o

val-

shap

ed le

aves

and

a d

ense

mat

-form

ing

habi

t. St

rong

sce

nt /fl

avo

ur a

nd m

asse

s of

mau

ve

fl ow

ers

in t

he w

arm

er m

onth

s. It

can

beco

me

inva

sive

but

can

be c

ontr

olle

d by

rem

oval

of

the

suck

ers.

• St

rong

cul

inar

y he

rb w

ith a

uni

que

“spe

arm

int”

fl av

our.

It is

gene

rally

us

ed s

parin

gly

to p

rovi

de a

sub

tle fl

avou

r. •

Can

be

used

in t

he s

ame

way

as

the

com

mon

min

t an

d ad

ded

to c

ool

sum

mer

drin

ks.

Tea

Tree

Mel

aleu

ca a

ltern

ifolia

Coa

stal

sw

ampl

ands

and

roc

ky s

trea

m b

anks

of

N. N

SW a

nd S

. Qld

. It

will

cope

with

dry

and

w

et s

ituat

ions

.

Ever

gree

n sh

rub

or s

mal

l tre

e up

to

6m h

igh

with

pa

le p

aper

y ba

rk a

nd w

hite

feat

hery

fl ow

ers

in

sprin

g an

d su

mm

er. I

t ha

s ar

omat

ic fo

liage

and

va

luab

le o

il is

extr

acte

d fro

m t

he le

aves

. Tea

Tre

e oi

l has

gre

at g

erm

icid

al p

rope

rtie

s

• Te

a tr

ee o

il is

an in

tern

atio

nal i

ndus

try.

• U

sed

for

its s

tron

g an

tibac

teria

l pro

pert

ies

in d

entis

try,

deod

oran

ts,

soap

s, m

outh

was

hes.

• W

ood

is ve

ry d

urab

le in

wet

con

ditio

ns a

nd in

dam

p gr

ound

.

Wat

tle S

eed

Aca

cia

cori

acea

A

caci

a an

eura

A

caci

a ho

lose

rice

a

Aca

cia

sten

ophy

lla

Aca

cia

vict

oria

e A

caci

a lig

ulat

a

N. N

SW .

Soil

cond

ition

s va

ry fo

r ea

ch s

peci

es.

Shru

bs o

r tr

ees

to 1

0m. A

caci

as p

rodu

ce la

rge

quan

titie

s of

edi

ble

seed

. See

d av

aila

ble

alm

ost

all y

ear

roun

d. P

lant

s fi x

nitr

ogen

in t

he s

oil.

Som

e of

thi

s ni

trog

en is

use

d by

the

gro

win

g pl

ant

but

som

e ca

n al

so b

e us

ed b

y ot

her

plan

ts

grow

ing

near

by.

• So

me

seed

s su

ch a

s A.

cor

iace

a ar

e ea

ten

gree

n.•

A. a

neur

a an

d A.

hol

oser

icea

are

mille

d.

• D

ark

brow

n w

attle

see

d fl o

ur w

ith it

s ch

ocol

ate/

coffe

e/ha

zeln

ut fl

avou

r is

used

as

a fl a

vour

ing

in m

any

diffe

rent

app

licat

ions

, bot

h sw

eet

and

savo

ury,

and

as a

hot

drin

k.•

Sold

gro

und

and

in m

anuf

actu

red

prod

ucts

.•

Leav

es a

re a

lso e

cono

mic

ally

impo

rtan

t.

War

riga

l Gre

ens

(pre

vious

ly kn

own

as N

ew Z

eala

nd S

pina

ch

or B

otan

y Ba

y G

reen

s)

Tetr

agon

ia t

etra

goni

oide

s

Coa

stal

are

as o

f Qld

. and

NSW

and

sem

i-arid

to

arid

are

as a

djac

ent

to in

land

wat

erw

ays

and

depr

essio

ns .

Sand

y so

ils o

r lig

hter

tex

ture

d so

ils

unde

r w

ide

rang

e of

rai

nfal

l con

ditio

ns. T

oler

ates

pa

rtia

l sha

de t

o fu

ll su

n.

Qui

ck g

row

ing,

hard

y an

d vi

goro

us, a

nnua

l,sp

raw

ling

plan

t, w

ith s

oft

folia

ge a

nd s

tem

s. C

an

spre

ad t

o ar

ound

2 m

etre

s. Sm

all g

reen

ish y

ello

w

fl ow

ers

thro

ugho

ut m

ost

of t

he y

ear.

Larg

e an

gula

r le

aves

are

em

eral

d-gr

een

and

sem

i-su

ccul

ent.

Requ

ires

adeq

uate

wat

er a

nd n

utrit

ion

for

rapi

d gr

owth

ove

r su

mm

er. S

low

gro

wth

rat

es

prod

uce

a bi

tter

tas

te in

the

leav

es. W

ill co

ntin

ue

grow

ing

for

arou

nd 2

yea

rs –

sel

f see

ding

on

wel

l dr

aine

d so

ils.

• U

sed

in t

he r

esta

uran

t tr

ade

cook

ed a

s sp

inac

h or

asia

n gr

eens

or

blan

ched

in s

alad

s.•

Also

use

d in

pes

to, q

uich

es, s

tuffi

ngs

and

past

a.•

Ofte

n av

aila

b le

fresh

as

wel

l as

froze

n.

Wild

Bas

il

Oci

mum

am

eric

anum

Drie

r re

gion

s of

cen

tral

, coa

stal

and

inla

nd Q

ld,

usua

lly a

long

wat

er c

ours

es, u

nder

a w

ide

rang

e of

ra

infa

ll an

d so

il co

nditi

ons.

Thriv

es o

n a

wid

e ra

nge

of s

oils.

Fro

st t

ende

r. Fu

ll su

n to

par

tial s

hade

. N

eeds

mod

erat

e w

ater

ing

and

bene

fi ts

from

fre

quen

t sid

e dr

essin

gs o

f org

anic

fert

iliser

dur

ing

the

grow

ing

seas

on.

Fast

gro

win

g, co

mpa

ct p

eren

nial

shr

ubby

her

b,

usua

lly 3

00 t

o 60

0 m

m h

igh

unde

r cu

ltiva

tion.

Ro

unde

d le

aves

are

cov

ered

with

ver

y fi n

e ha

irs,

and

whe

n cr

ushe

d re

leas

e a

pow

erfu

l aro

ma

simila

r to

com

mon

bas

il, bu

t un

ique

to

this

spec

ies.

Prod

uces

spr

ays

of p

urpl

e, la

vend

er-li

ke fl

ower

s to

80

mm

long

dur

ing

war

mer

mon

ths.

Leav

es c

an

be p

icke

d at

any

tim

e of

the

yea

r.

• St

rong

ly li

me

scen

ted

leaf

with

a h

int

of s

wee

t ba

sil.

• U

sed

as a

gar

nish

, or

to fl

avo u

r sa

lads

, sou

ps, s

tew

s, ca

sser

oles

, and

in

pes

to.

• W

hen

soak

ed in

wat

er t

he s

eeds

sw

ell i

nto

a ge

latin

ous

mas

s an

d ca

n be

use

d to

thi

cken

and

fl av

our

soup

s, or

as

an in

gred

ient

in s

wee

t, co

olin

g be

vera

ges.

CO

MM

ON N

AM

E

B OT

AN

ICA

L N

AM

EN

AT

UR

AL

DIS

TR

IBU

TIO

N/C

LIM

AT

E /SO

IL T

YPE

DES

CR

IPT

ION/T

IME

TO

MA

TU

RIT

YC

UR

REN

T U

SES

Slen

der

Min

t

Men

tha

diem

enic

a

N. N

SW. G

ener

ally

foun

d in

moi

st p

lace

s al

ong

stre

ams,

river

s or

sw

amps

and

in lo

wer

ra

infa

ll ar

eas

(up

to 4

00 m

m)

in c

oast

al a

nd a

lpin

e re

gion

s. G

row

s ra

pidl

y af

ter

rain

s on

alk

alin

e an

d ac

idic

soi

ls. P

refe

rs a

sun

ny, m

oder

atel

y w

ater

ed t

o da

mp

posit

ion.

Tole

rate

s fro

sts.

Die

s ba

ck d

urin

g dr

ough

ts t

o its

und

ergr

ound

rhi

zom

es o

nly

to

re-e

mer

ge. T

oler

ates

full

sun

to h

eavy

sha

de.

Har

dy, f

ast

grow

ing,

pere

nnia

l with

sm

all o

val-

shap

ed le

aves

and

a d

ense

mat

-form

ing

habi

t. St

rong

sce

nt /fl

avo

ur a

nd m

asse

s of

mau

ve

fl ow

ers

in t

he w

arm

er m

onth

s. It

can

beco

me

inva

sive

but

can

be c

ontr

olle

d by

rem

oval

of

the

suck

ers.

• St

rong

cul

inar

y he

rb w

ith a

uni

que

“spe

arm

int”

fl av

our.

It is

gene

rally

us

ed s

parin

gly

to p

rovi

de a

sub

tle fl

avou

r. •

Can

be

used

in t

he s

ame

way

as

the

com

mon

min

t an

d ad

ded

to c

ool

sum

mer

drin

ks.

Tea

Tree

Mel

aleu

ca a

ltern

ifolia

Coa

stal

sw

ampl

ands

and

roc

ky s

trea

m b

anks

of

N. N

SW a

nd S

. Qld

. It

will

cope

with

dry

and

w

et s

ituat

ions

.

Ever

gree

n sh

rub

or s

mal

l tre

e up

to

6m h

igh

with

pa

le p

aper

y ba

rk a

nd w

hite

feat

hery

fl ow

ers

in

sprin

g an

d su

mm

er. I

t ha

s ar

omat

ic fo

liage

and

va

luab

le o

il is

extr

acte

d fro

m t

he le

aves

. Tea

Tre

e oi

l has

gre

at g

erm

icid

al p

rope

rtie

s

• Te

a tr

ee o

il is

an in

tern

atio

nal i

ndus

try.

• U

sed

for

its s

tron

g an

tibac

teria

l pro

pert

ies

in d

entis

try,

deod

oran

ts,

soap

s, m

outh

was

hes.

• W

ood

is ve

ry d

urab

le in

wet

con

ditio

ns a

nd in

dam

p gr

ound

.

Wat

tle S

eed

Aca

cia

cori

acea

A

caci

a an

eura

A

caci

a ho

lose

rice

a

Aca

cia

sten

ophy

lla

Aca

cia

vict

oria

e A

caci

a lig

ulat

a

N. N

SW .

Soil

cond

ition

s va

ry fo

r ea

ch s

peci

es.

Shru

bs o

r tr

ees

to 1

0m. A

caci

as p

rodu

ce la

rge

quan

titie

s of

edi

ble

seed

. See

d av

aila

ble

alm

ost

all y

ear

roun

d. P

lant

s fi x

nitr

ogen

in t

he s

oil.

Som

e of

thi

s ni

trog

en is

use

d by

the

gro

win

g pl

ant

but

som

e ca

n al

so b

e us

ed b

y ot

her

plan

ts

grow

ing

near

by.

• So

me

seed

s su

ch a

s A.

cor

iace

a ar

e ea

ten

gree

n.•

A. a

neur

a an

d A.

hol

oser

icea

are

mille

d.

• D

ark

brow

n w

attle

see

d fl o

ur w

ith it

s ch

ocol

ate/

coffe

e/ha

zeln

ut fl

avou

r is

used

as

a fl a

vour

ing

in m

any

diffe

rent

app

licat

ions

, bot

h sw

eet

and

savo

ury,

and

as a

hot

drin

k.•

Sold

gro

und

and

in m

anuf

actu

red

prod

ucts

.•

Leav

es a

re a

lso e

cono

mic

ally

impo

rtan

t.

War

riga

l Gre

ens

(pre

vious

ly kn

own

as N

ew Z

eala

nd S

pina

ch

or B

otan

y Ba

y G

reen

s)

Tetr

agon

ia t

etra

goni

oide

s

Coa

stal

are

as o

f Qld

. and

NSW

and

sem

i-arid

to

arid

are

as a

djac

ent

to in

land

wat

erw

ays

and

depr

essio

ns .

Sand

y so

ils o

r lig

hter

tex

ture

d so

ils

unde

r w

ide

rang

e of

rai

nfal

l con

ditio

ns. T

oler

ates

pa

rtia

l sha

de t

o fu

ll su

n.

Qui

ck g

row

ing,

hard

y an

d vi

goro

us, a

nnua

l,sp

raw

ling

plan

t, w

ith s

oft

folia

ge a

nd s

tem

s. C

an

spre

ad t

o ar

ound

2 m

etre

s. Sm

all g

reen

ish y

ello

w

fl ow

ers

thro

ugho

ut m

ost

of t

he y

ear.

Larg

e an

gula

r le

aves

are

em

eral

d-gr

een

and

sem

i-su

ccul

ent.

Requ

ires

adeq

uate

wat

er a

nd n

utrit

ion

for

rapi

d gr

owth

ove

r su

mm

er. S

low

gro

wth

rat

es

prod

uce

a bi

tter

tas

te in

the

leav

es. W

ill co

ntin

ue

grow

ing

for

arou

nd 2

yea

rs –

sel

f see

ding

on

wel

l dr

aine

d so

ils.

• U

sed

in t

he r

esta

uran

t tr

ade

cook

ed a

s sp

inac

h or

asia

n gr

eens

or

blan

ched

in s

alad

s.•

Also

use

d in

pes

to, q

uich

es, s

tuffi

ngs

and

past

a.•

Ofte

n av

aila

b le

fresh

as

wel

l as

froze

n.

Wild

Bas

il

Oci

mum

am

eric

anum

Drie

r re

gion

s of

cen

tral

, coa

stal

and

inla

nd Q

ld,

usua

lly a

long

wat

er c

ours

es, u

nder

a w

ide

rang

e of

ra

infa

ll an

d so

il co

nditi

ons.

Thriv

es o

n a

wid

e ra

nge

of s

oils.

Fro

st t

ende

r. Fu

ll su

n to

par

tial s

hade

. N

eeds

mod

erat

e w

ater

ing

and

bene

fi ts

from

fre

quen

t sid

e dr

essin

gs o

f org

anic

fert

iliser

dur

ing

the

grow

ing

seas

on.

Fast

gro

win

g, co

mpa

ct p

eren

nial

shr

ubby

her

b,

usua

lly 3

00 t

o 60

0 m

m h

igh

unde

r cu

ltiva

tion.

Ro

unde

d le

aves

are

cov

ered

with

ver

y fi n

e ha

irs,

and

whe

n cr

ushe

d re

leas

e a

pow

erfu

l aro

ma

simila

r to

com

mon

bas

il, bu

t un

ique

to

this

spec

ies.

Prod

uces

spr

ays

of p

urpl

e, la

vend

er-li

ke fl

ower

s to

80

mm

long

dur

ing

war

mer

mon

ths.

Leav

es c

an

be p

icke

d at

any

tim

e of

the

yea

r.

• St

rong

ly li

me

scen

ted

leaf

with

a h

int

of s

wee

t ba

sil.

• U

sed

as a

gar

nish

, or

to fl

avo u

r sa

lads

, sou

ps, s

tew

s, ca

sser

oles

, and

in

pes

to.

• W

hen

soak

ed in

wat

er t

he s

eeds

sw

ell i

nto

a ge

latin

ous

mas

s an

d ca

n be

use

d to

thi

cken

and

fl av

our

soup

s, or

as

an in

gred

ient

in s

wee

t, co

olin

g be

vera

ges.

Page 18 Page 19

Nat

ive

Ras

pber

ries

Rub

us p

arvi

foliu

sR

ubus

ros

ifoliu

sR

ubus

mol

ucca

nus

var.

trilo

bus

Foun

d in

N. N

SW. R

. par

vifol

ius

occu

rs in

ope

n fo

rest

s an

d on

san

d be

hind

bea

ches

and

R.

rosif

oliu

s gr

ows

on r

ainf

ores

t m

argi

ns a

nd in

gu

llies.

They

tol

erat

e re

ason

ably

hig

h te

mpe

ratu

res.

R. m

oluc

canu

s va

r. tri

lobu

s is

com

mon

thr

ough

out

NSW

.

Thes

e cr

eepe

rs w

ith w

hite

or

pink

fl ow

ers

prod

uce

tast

y fr

uits

1 -

2 c

m in

size

afte

r 2

- 3

year

s. Fr

uitin

g oc

curs

in la

te s

umm

er a

nd a

utum

n.

They

bea

r he

avily

, but

req

uire

fairl

y in

tens

ive

mai

nten

ance

and

han

d ha

rves

ting

as t

he fr

uit

is ea

sily

spoi

led.

R. r

osifl

orus

is le

ss s

wee

t th

an R

. pa

rvifo

lius.

R. m

oluc

canu

s va

r. tri

lobu

s ha

s a

dist

inct

ly

3-lo

bed

leaf

, mos

tly p

ink

peta

ls an

d gr

eyish

hai

rs

on t

he le

af s

talk

s an

d br

anch

lets

.

• Sm

all r

ed fr

uits

are

ver

y su

ccul

ent

and

tast

y. •

Thou

gh u

sual

ly s

old

froze

n th

ey a

re s

omet

imes

sol

d fre

sh a

t lo

cal

mar

kets

.•

Proc

esse

d in

to ja

m, s

yrup

or

vine

gar.

•

R. p

arvif

oliu

s is

also

nat

ive

to Ja

pan

whe

re it

is m

ade

into

win

e.•

Drie

d le

aves

use

d th

erap

eutic

ally

as

tea

for

clea

nsin

g bl

ood.

Nat

ive

Ros

ella

Hib

iscu

s he

tero

phyl

lus

Foun

d in

sha

dy e

ucal

ypt

fore

st a

nd r

ainf

ores

t m

argi

ns i

n N

SW a

nd Q

ld. G

row

s in

soi

ls ra

ngin

g fro

m lo

am t

o gr

aniti

c gr

avel

.

Tall

shru

b or

sm

all t

ree

with

pric

kly

stem

s an

d pa

lmat

e le

aves

. Gro

ws

in 3

- 6

m h

igh.

3 y

ears

to

mat

urity

. The

ros

ella

has

yel

low

, pin

k or

whi

te

fl ow

ers

with

a d

eep

red

cent

re. I

t fl o

wer

s pr

ofus

ely.

• Ja

m a

nd je

llies

can

be m

ade

from

the

frui

t.•

Tart

fl av

our

with

a r

aspb

erry

, rhu

barb

, plu

m q

ualit

y. •

Leav

es m

ake

a go

od s

ubst

itute

for

spin

ach.

•

Flow

ers

can

be e

aten

in s

alad

s.•

Flow

ers

are

sold

eith

er a

s fre

sh a

nd u

ncle

aned

or

clea

ned

and

froze

n.•

Fibr

e us

ed fo

r pa

per

prod

uctio

n. •

Iden

tifi e

d as

hav

ing

pote

ntia

l to

be a

n ec

onom

ical

ly v

iabl

e fl o

ricul

ture

spe

cies

.

Pigf

ace

Beac

h Ba

nana

Car

pobr

otus

gla

uces

cens

Foun

d in

NSW

and

Qld

. Gro

wn

on s

andy

soi

ls.Le

aves

are

thi

ck a

nd fl

eshy

and

tria

ngul

ar.

Flow

ers

have

shi

ny p

urpl

e-pi

nk p

etal

s. Th

e pu

rplis

h-re

d fr

uit

is a

succ

ulen

t ed

ible

ber

ry a

bout

2c

m lo

ng a

nd 5

- 1

0mm

thi

ck. F

ruits

rip

en in

su

mm

er a

nd a

utum

n.

• Fr

uits

are

gen

eral

ly s

old

froze

n.

• Fl

eshy

leav

es a

re a

lso e

dibl

e.

Rib

erry

Che

rry

Ald

er

Euge

nia

lueh

man

nii

Syzy

gium

lueh

man

nii

Com

mon

in r

ainf

ores

ts o

n sa

ndy

soil

near

the

be

ach

in N

SW a

nd Q

ld b

ut g

row

s w

ell i

n a

rang

e of

situ

atio

ns. G

row

in fu

ll su

n to

par

tial s

hade

. Pr

otec

t yo

ung

tree

s fro

m fr

ost.

Nee

ds n

on–l

imey

, m

oist

soi

l.

Dec

orat

ive

smal

l tre

e di

stin

guish

able

by

its s

mal

l le

aves

whi

ch a

re d

raw

n ou

t in

to a

long

tap

erin

g po

int.

Frui

ts in

sum

mer

. Pro

duce

s m

asse

s of

pin

k-re

d pe

ar s

hape

d fr

uit

that

are

10

- 15

mm

long

. M

atur

e tr

ees

can

yiel

d up

to

80kg

.

• U

sed

in w

ild fo

od r

esta

uran

ts in

sau

ces

and

dess

erts

.•

Tast

es o

f cin

nam

on a

nd c

love

s.•

Sold

froz

en.

• Pr

oces

sed

into

sau

ces

and

pres

erve

s.

Riv

er M

int

Men

tha

aust

ralis

Ofte

n fo

und

alon

g w

ater

way

s, w

etla

nds

and

in

moi

st fo

rest

s in

S. A

ustr

alia

, Vic

, Qld

and

NSW

. A

str

aggl

y m

int

bush

with

long

woo

dy s

tem

s up

to

30

- 40

cm lo

ng w

ith p

ale

gree

n po

inte

d Ie

aves

(3

- 5

cm lo

ng)

that

hav

e a

serr

ated

edg

e.

• Th

e le

aves

hav

e a

won

derfu

lly p

unge

nt fr

esh

spea

rmin

t ar

oma

and

fl avo

ur.

Sea

Pars

ley

Sea

Cel

ery

Api

um p

rost

ratu

m

Coa

stal

fore

shor

e ar

eas

and

som

e in

land

w

ater

way

s of

Qld

and

NSW

. With

stan

ds fu

ll co

asta

l for

esho

re e

xpos

ure.

Lig

hter

tex

ture

d so

ils.

Tole

rate

s al

kalin

e so

il co

nditi

ons

and

tole

rate

s m

oder

ate

frost

s.

Fast

gro

win

g, bi

enni

al o

r pe

renn

ial t

o 1m

dia

met

er.

Smal

l clu

ster

s of

cre

amy

fl ow

ers

thro

ugho

ut

sum

mer

and

aut

umn.

Bro

ad-le

af fo

rm h

as g

loss

y gr

een

leav

es t

he s

ize a

nd s

hape

of p

arsle

y. N

arro

w-le

af fo

rm h

as c

eler

y-sh

aped

and

size

d le

aves

. Pro

duce

s be

tter

qua

lity

leav

es w

ith s

ome

shad

e. R

equi

res

adeq

uate

wat

er t

o pr

oduc

e w

ell.

• In

tens

e pa

rsle

y/ce

lery

fl av

oure

d le

aves

may

be

pick

ed a

t an

y tim

e of

the

yea

r.•

Use

d as

a g

arni

sh o

r to

fl av

our

sala

ds, s

oups

, sea

food

s, st

ews

and

cass

erol

es.

SOM

E I

ND

IGE

NO

US

HE

RB

S, S

HR

UB

S A

ND

TR

EE

S O

F T

HE

NO

RT

HE

RN

RIV

ER

S R

EG

ION

WIT

H E

XIS

TIN

G C

OM

ME

RC

IAL

MA

RK

ET

S

CO

MM

ON N

AM

E

B OT

AN

ICA

L N

AM

EN

atur

al D

istr

ibut

ion/

Clim

ate/

Soil

Type

DES

CR

IPT

ION/T

IME

TO

MA

TU

RIT

YC

UR

REN

T U

SES

CO

MM

ON N

AM

E

B OT

AN

ICA

L N

AM

EN

AT

UR

AL

DIS

TR

IBU

TIO

N/C

LIM

AT

E /SO

IL T

YPE

DES

CR

IPT

ION/T

IME

TO

MA

TU

RIT

YC

UR

REN

T U

SES

Slen

der

Min

t

Men

tha

diem

enic

a

N. N

SW. G

ener

ally

foun

d in

moi

st p

lace

s al

ong

stre

ams,

river

s or

sw

amps

and

in lo

wer

ra

infa

ll ar

eas

(up

to 4

00 m

m)

in c

oast

al a

nd a

lpin

e re

gion

s. G

row

s ra

pidl

y af

ter

rain

s on

alk

alin

e an

d ac

idic

soi

ls. P

refe

rs a

sun

ny, m

oder

atel

y w

ater

ed t

o da

mp

posit

ion.

Tole

rate

s fro

sts.

Die

s ba

ck d

urin

g dr

ough

ts t

o its

und

ergr

ound

rhi

zom

es o

nly

to

re-e

mer

ge. T

oler

ates

full

sun

to h

eavy

sha

de.

Har

dy, f

ast

grow

ing,

pere

nnia

l with

sm

all o

val-

shap

ed le

aves

and

a d

ense

mat

-form

ing

habi

t. St

rong

sce

nt /fl

avo

ur a

nd m

asse

s of

mau

ve

fl ow

ers

in t

he w

arm

er m

onth

s. It

can

beco

me

inva

sive

but

can

be c

ontr

olle

d by

rem

oval

of

the

suck

ers.

• St

rong

cul

inar

y he

rb w

ith a

uni

que

“spe

arm

int”

fl av

our.

It is

gene

rally

us

ed s

parin

gly

to p

rovi

de a

sub

tle fl

avou

r. •

Can

be

used

in t

he s

ame

way

as

the

com

mon

min

t an

d ad

ded

to c

ool

sum

mer

drin

ks.

Tea

Tree

Mel

aleu

ca a

ltern

ifolia

Coa

stal

sw

ampl

ands

and

roc

ky s

trea

m b

anks

of

N. N

SW a

nd S

. Qld

. It

will

cope

with

dry

and

w

et s

ituat

ions

.

Ever

gree

n sh

rub

or s

mal

l tre

e up

to

6m h

igh

with

pa

le p

aper

y ba

rk a

nd w

hite

feat

hery

fl ow

ers

in

sprin

g an

d su

mm

er. I

t ha

s ar

omat

ic fo

liage

and

va

luab

le o

il is

extr

acte

d fro

m t

he le

aves

. Tea

Tre

e oi

l has

gre

at g

erm

icid

al p

rope

rtie

s

• Te

a tr

ee o

il is

an in

tern

atio

nal i

ndus

try.

• U

sed

for

its s

tron

g an

tibac

teria

l pro

pert

ies

in d

entis

try,

deod

oran

ts,

soap

s, m

outh

was

hes.

• W

ood

is ve

ry d

urab

le in

wet

con

ditio

ns a

nd in

dam

p gr

ound

.

Wat

tle S

eed

Aca

cia

cori

acea

A

caci

a an

eura

A

caci

a ho

lose

rice

a

Aca

cia

sten

ophy

lla

Aca

cia

vict

oria

e A

caci

a lig

ulat

a

N. N

SW .

Soil

cond

ition

s va

ry fo

r ea

ch s

peci

es.

Shru

bs o

r tr

ees

to 1

0m. A

caci

as p

rodu

ce la

rge

quan

titie

s of

edi

ble

seed

. See

d av

aila

ble

alm

ost

all y

ear

roun

d. P

lant

s fi x

nitr

ogen

in t

he s

oil.

Som

e of

thi

s ni

trog

en is

use

d by

the

gro

win

g pl

ant

but

som

e ca

n al

so b

e us

ed b

y ot

her

plan

ts

grow

ing

near

by.

• So

me

seed

s su

ch a

s A.

cor

iace

a ar

e ea

ten

gree

n.•

A. a

neur

a an

d A.

hol

oser

icea

are

mille

d.

• D

ark

brow

n w

attle

see

d fl o

ur w

ith it

s ch

ocol

ate/

coffe

e/ha

zeln

ut fl

avou

r is

used

as

a fl a

vour

ing

in m

any

diffe

rent

app

licat

ions

, bot

h sw

eet

and

savo

ury,

and

as a

hot

drin

k.•

Sold

gro

und

and

in m

anuf

actu

red

prod

ucts

.•

Leav

es a

re a

lso e

cono

mic

ally

impo

rtan

t.

War

riga

l Gre

ens

(pre

vious

ly kn

own

as N

ew Z

eala

nd S

pina

ch

or B

otan

y Ba

y G

reen

s)

Tetr

agon

ia t

etra

goni

oide

s

Coa

stal

are

as o

f Qld

. and

NSW

and

sem

i-arid

to

arid

are

as a

djac

ent

to in

land

wat

erw

ays

and

depr

essio

ns .

Sand

y so

ils o

r lig

hter

tex

ture

d so

ils

unde

r w

ide

rang

e of

rai

nfal

l con

ditio

ns. T

oler

ates

pa

rtia

l sha

de t

o fu

ll su

n.

Qui

ck g

row

ing,

hard

y an

d vi

goro

us, a

nnua

l,sp

raw

ling

plan

t, w

ith s

oft

folia

ge a

nd s

tem

s. C

an

spre

ad t

o ar

ound

2 m

etre

s. Sm

all g

reen

ish y

ello

w

fl ow

ers

thro

ugho

ut m

ost

of t

he y

ear.

Larg

e an

gula

r le

aves

are

em

eral

d-gr

een

and

sem

i-su

ccul

ent.

Requ

ires

adeq

uate

wat

er a

nd n

utrit

ion

for

rapi

d gr

owth

ove

r su

mm

er. S

low

gro

wth

rat

es

prod

uce

a bi

tter

tas

te in

the

leav

es. W

ill co

ntin

ue

grow

ing

for

arou

nd 2

yea

rs –

sel

f see

ding

on

wel

l dr

aine

d so

ils.

• U

sed

in t

he r

esta

uran

t tr

ade

cook

ed a

s sp

inac

h or

asia

n gr

eens

or

blan

ched

in s

alad

s.•

Also

use

d in

pes

to, q

uich

es, s

tuffi

ngs

and

past

a.•

Ofte

n av

aila

ble

fresh

as

wel

l as

froze

n.

Wild

Bas

il

Oci

mum

am

eric

anum

Drie

r re

gion

s of

cen

tral

, coa

stal

and

inla

nd Q

ld,

usua

lly a

long

wat

er c

ours

es, u

nder

a w

ide

rang

e of

ra

infa

ll an

d so

il co

nditi

ons.

Thriv

es o

n a

wid

e ra

nge

of s

oils.

Fro

st t

ende

r. Fu

ll su

n to

par

tial s

hade

. N

eeds

mod

erat

e w

ater

ing

and

bene

fi ts

from

fre

quen

t sid

e dr

essin

gs o

f org

anic

fert

iliser

dur

ing

the

grow

ing

seas

on.

Fast

gro

win

g, co

mpa

ct p

eren

nial

shr

ubby

her

b,

usua

lly 3

00 t

o 60

0 m

m h

igh

unde

r cu

ltiva

tion.

Ro

unde

d le

aves

are

cov

ered

with

ver

y fi n

e ha

irs,

and

whe

n cr

ushe

d re

leas

e a

pow

erfu

l aro

ma

simila

r to

com

mon

bas

il, bu

t un

ique

to

this

spec

ies.

Prod

uces

spr

ays

of p

urpl

e, la

vend

er-li

ke fl

ower

s to

80

mm

long

dur

ing

war

mer

mon

ths.

Leav

es c

an

be p

icke

d at

any

tim

e of

the

yea

r.

• St

rong

ly li

me

scen

ted

leaf

with

a h

int

of s

wee

t ba

sil.

• U

sed

as a

gar

nish

, or

to fl

avo u

r sa

lads

, sou

ps, s

tew

s, ca

sser

oles

, and

in

pes

to.

• W

hen

soak

ed in

wat

er t

he s

eeds

sw

ell i

nto

a ge

latin

ous

mas

s an

d ca

n be

use

d to

thi

cken

and

fl av

our

soup

s, or

as

an in

gred

ient

in s

wee

t, co

olin

g be

vera

ges.

Page 18

CO

MM

ON N

AM

E

B OT

AN

ICA

L N

AM

EN

AT

UR

AL

DIS

TR

IBU

TIO

N/C

LIM

AT

E /SO

IL T

YPE

DES

CR

IPT

ION/T

IME

TO

MA

TU

RIT

YC

UR

REN

T U

SES

Slen

der

Min

t

Men

tha

diem

enic

a

N. N

SW. G

ener

ally

foun

d in

moi

st p

lace

s al

ong

stre

ams,

river

s or

sw

amps

and

in lo

wer

ra

infa

ll ar

eas

(up

to 4

00 m

m)

in c

oast

al a

nd a

lpin

e re

gion

s. G

row

s ra

pidl

y af

ter

rain

s on

alk

alin

e an

d ac

idic

soi

ls. P

refe

rs a

sun

ny, m

oder

atel

y w

ater

ed t

o da

mp

posit

ion.

Tole

rate

s fro

sts.

Die

s ba

ck d

urin

g dr

ough

ts t

o its

und

ergr

ound

rhi

zom

es o

nly

to

re-e

mer

ge. T

oler

ates

full

sun

to h

eavy

sha

de.

Har

dy, f

ast

grow

ing,

pere

nnia

l with

sm

all o

val-

shap

ed le

aves

and

a d

ense

mat

-form

ing

habi

t. St

rong

sce

nt /fl

avo

ur a

nd m

asse

s of

mau

ve

fl ow

ers

in t

he w

arm

er m

onth

s. It

can

beco

me

inva

sive

but

can

be c

ontr

olle

d by

rem

oval

of

the

suck

ers.

• St

rong

cul

inar

y he

rb w

ith a

uni

que

“spe

arm

int”

fl av

our.

It is

gene

rally

us

ed s

parin

gly

to p

rovi

de a

sub

tle fl

avou

r. •

Can

be

used

in t

he s

ame

way

as

the

com

mon

min

t an

d ad

ded

to c

ool

sum

mer

drin

ks.

Tea

Tree

Mel

aleu

ca a

ltern

ifolia

Coa

stal

sw

ampl

ands

and

roc

ky s

trea

m b

anks

of

N. N

SW a

nd S

. Qld

. It

will

cope

with

dry

and

w

et s

ituat

ions

.

Ever

gree

n sh

rub

or s

mal

l tre

e up

to

6m h

igh

with

pa

le p

aper

y ba

rk a

nd w

hite

feat

hery

fl ow

ers

in

sprin

g an

d su

mm

er. I

t ha

s ar

omat

ic fo

liage

and

va

luab

le o

il is

extr

acte

d fro

m t

he le

aves

. Tea

Tre

e oi

l has

gre

at g

erm

icid

al p

rope

rtie

s

• Te

a tr

ee o

il is

an in

tern

atio

nal i

ndus

try.

• U

sed

for

its s

tron

g an

tibac

teria

l pro

pert

ies

in d

entis

try,

deod

oran

ts,

soap

s, m

outh

was

hes.

• W

ood

is ve

ry d

urab

le in

wet

con

ditio

ns a

nd in

dam

p gr

ound

.

Wat

tle S

eed

Aca

cia

cori

acea

A

caci

a an

eura

A

caci

a ho

lose

rice

a

Aca

cia

sten

ophy

lla

Aca

cia

vict

oria

e A

caci

a lig

ulat

a

N. N

SW .

Soil

cond

ition

s va

ry fo

r ea

ch s

peci

es.

Shru

bs o

r tr

ees

to 1

0m. A

caci

as p

rodu

ce la

rge

quan

titie

s of

edi

ble

seed

. See

d av

aila

ble

alm

ost

all y

ear

roun

d. P

lant

s fi x

nitr

ogen

in t

he s

oil.

Som

e of

thi

s ni

trog

en is

use

d by

the

gro

win

g pl

ant

but

som

e ca

n al

so b

e us

ed b

y ot

her

plan

ts

grow

ing

near

by.

• So

me

seed

s su

ch a

s A.

cor

iace

a ar

e ea

ten

gree

n.•

A. a

neur

a an

d A.

hol

oser

icea

are

mille

d.

• D

ark

brow

n w

attle

see

d fl o

ur w

ith it

s ch

ocol

ate/

coffe

e/ha

zeln

ut fl

avou

r is

used

as

a fl a

vour

ing

in m

any

diffe

rent

app

licat

ions

, bot

h sw

eet

and

savo

ury,

and

as a

hot

drin

k.•

Sold

gro

und

and

in m

anuf

actu

red

prod

ucts

.•

Leav

es a

re a

lso e

cono

mic

ally

impo

rtan

t.

War

riga

l Gre

ens

(pre

vious

ly kn

own

as N

ew Z

eala

nd S

pina

ch

or B

otan

y Ba

y G

reen

s)

Tetr

agon

ia t

etra

goni

oide

s

Coa

stal

are

as o

f Qld

. and

NSW

and

sem

i-arid

to

arid

are

as a

djac

ent

to in

land

wat

erw

ays

and

depr

essio

ns .

Sand

y so

ils o

r lig

hter

tex

ture

d so

ils

unde

r w

ide

rang

e of

rai

nfal

l con

ditio

ns. T

oler

ates

pa

rtia

l sha

de t

o fu

ll su

n.

Qui

ck g

row

ing,

hard

y an

d vi

goro

us, a

nnua

l,sp

raw

ling

plan

t, w

ith s

oft

folia

ge a

nd s

tem

s. C

an

spre

ad t

o ar

ound

2 m

etre

s. Sm

all g

reen

ish y

ello

w

fl ow

ers

thro

ugho

ut m

ost

of t

he y

ear.

Larg

e an

gula

r le

aves

are

em

eral

d-gr

een

and

sem

i-su

ccul

ent.

Requ

ires

adeq

uate

wat

er a

nd n

utrit

ion

for

rapi

d gr

owth

ove

r su

mm

er. S

low

gro

wth

rat

es

prod

uce

a bi

tter

tas

te in

the

leav

es. W

ill co

ntin

ue

grow

ing

for

arou

nd 2

yea

rs –

sel

f see

ding

on

wel

l dr

aine

d so

ils.

• U

sed

in t

he r

esta

uran

t tr

ade

cook

ed a

s sp

inac

h or

asia

n gr

eens

or

blan

ched

in s

alad

s.•

Also

use

d in

pes

to, q

uich

es, s

tuffi

ngs

and

past

a.•

Ofte

n av

aila

ble

fresh

as

wel

l as

froze

n.

Wild

Bas

il

Oci

mum

am

eric

anum

Drie

r re

gion

s of

cen

tral

, coa

stal

and

inla

nd Q

ld,

usua

lly a

long

wat

er c

ours

es, u

nder

a w

ide

rang

e of

ra

infa

ll an

d so

il co

nditi

ons.

Thriv

es o

n a

wid

e ra

nge

of s

oils.

Fro

st t

ende

r. Fu

ll su

n to

par

tial s

hade

. N

eeds

mod

erat

e w

ater

ing

and

bene

fi ts

from

fre

quen

t sid

e dr

essin

gs o

f org

anic

fert

iliser

dur

ing

the

grow

ing

seas

on.

Fast

gro

win

g, co

mpa

ct p

eren

nial

shr

ubby

her

b,

usua

lly 3

00 t

o 60

0 m

m h

igh

unde

r cu

ltiva

tion.

Ro

unde

d le

aves

are

cov

ered

with

ver

y fi n

e ha

irs,

and

whe

n cr

ushe

d re

leas

e a

pow

erfu

l aro

ma

simila

r to

com

mon

bas

il, bu

t un

ique

to

this

spec

ies.

Prod

uces

spr

ays

of p

urpl

e, la

vend

er-li

ke fl

ower

s to

80

mm

long

dur

ing

war

mer

mon

ths.

Leav

es c

an

be p

icke

d at

any

tim

e of

the

yea

r.

• St

rong

ly li

me

scen

ted

leaf

with

a h

int

of s

wee

t ba

sil.

• U

sed

as a

gar

nish

, or

to fl

avo u

r sa

lads

, sou

ps, s

tew

s, ca

sser

oles

, and

in

pes

to.

• W

hen

soak

ed in

wat

er t

he s

eeds

sw

ell i

nto

a ge

latin

ous

mas

s an

d ca

n be

use

d to

thi

cken

and

fl av

our

soup

s, or

as

an in

gred

ient

in s

wee

t, co

olin

g be

vera

ges.

Page 18

A project of the Northern Rivers Indigenous Reference Group that included representatives from:

• NSW Department of Education and Training New Apprenticeships Centre (DETNAC);

• NSW Department of State and Regional Development (DSRD);• TAFE NSW – North Coast Institute of TAFE;

• Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST);• New Careers for Aboriginal People (NCAP);

• Northern Rivers Regional Development Board (NRRDB); and• The Bundjalung Elders Council Aboriginal Corporation

Commissioned by the Northern Rivers Regional Development Board.Funded by the NSW Board of Vocational Education and Training (BVET).

The Northern Rivers Regional Development Board is supported by the NSW Department of State and Regional Development.

Guide content prepared by Klara Marosszeky.Design including some photography by Alissa Wagner.

Artwork supplied by Aunty Fay Smith. All other photographs generously donated by Hugh Nicholson of Terania

Rainforest Publishing. From Australian Rainforest Plants Volumes 1 - V1

This document is available as a PDF on www.nrrdb.com.au Phone: 02 6622 4011Published September 2006

starting a herb or bush tucker business · 2016. 6. 28. · starting a herb or bush tucker business...

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