stenoza mitrala studenti 2014
TRANSCRIPT
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Stenoza mitral!
Bogdan Alexandru Popescu
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Obstacol la umplerea ventriculului stâng
Stenoza mitral!
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Etiologie
• Reumatismal! (>95% cazuri)•
Calcificare de inel mitral• Congenital!
• Lupus eritematos sistemic
•
Carcinoid• Artrita reumatoid!
Hall RJC, Treasure T. In: Julian DG (ed.)Diseases of the heart, 1996:805.
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Fiziopatologie
•
Aria normal! a orificiului mitral: 4-6 cm2
umplerea VS se face liber, f !r ! gradient presional
• În SM aria VM scade• La arii VM <1,5-2 cm2 cre"te presiunea AS
pentru a putea umple adecvat VS "i a men#ine DcNormal Stenoza
mitral!
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Consecin#ele SM
HEMODINAMICE TROMBOEMBOLICE
! PAS
!
PVP
!
PAP
Disfc! VD
Dilatare AS
Fibrila! ie
atrial"
Tromb AS
DispneeEPA
Congestie sistemic! Embolism sistemic
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Simptomele:
• sunt absente în SM larg!
• apar tardiv în evolu#ie
•
se instaleaz! treptat
Anamneza
Apari#ia simptomelor este adesea provocat!
de un factor declan"ator:
•
Debutul fibrila#iei atriale (ritm rapid)
• Infec#ie intercurent!
• Efort mare
•
Sarcin!
Antecedente de RAA / faringite repetate
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Simptome
•
Simptome de congestie pulmonar ! dispnee, tuse, hemoptizii
• Simptome de congestie sistemic!
•
Simptome de debit cardiac sc!zutfatigabilitate, ame#eli
•
Simptome ale complica#iilor
palpita#ii, embolii sistemice, febr ! •
Alte simptome
angin! pectoral!, r !gu"eal! (sdr. Ortner)
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Examenul fizic
•
Facies mitral (Dc sc!zut, RVP crescute,Sat O2 redus!)
• Unda a jugular ! ampl! (HTP, ST asociat!)
•
Semne de congestie sistemic! (HTP)
• $oc apexian N / diminuat (în SM pur !)
•
Zgomot 1 palpabil (valve pliabile)
•
Zgomot 2 palpabil la P (când exist! HTP)
• Fream!t diastolic palpabil la apex
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Ausculta#ia
Manevre:• decubit lateral stâng
• efort
•
Zgomot 1 înt!rit (Z1)
• Clacment de deschidere a mitralei (CDM)
• Uruitur ! diastolic! (cel mai caracteristic semn)
• Înt!rire presistolic! a uruiturii
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Zgomot 1 înt!rit
Clacmentde deschidere
a mitralei
Hall RJC, Treasure T. In: Julian DG (ed.) Diseases of the heart, 1996:805.
Mecanismul Z1 "i CDM
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Ausculta#ia: semne de severitate
Intervalul Z2-CDM: corela#ie invers! cu severitatea SMInterval scurt (<80 ms) SM strâns!
Durata uruiturii (mai pu#in intensitatea!)corela#ie direct! cu severitatea SM
Uruitur ! lung! SM strâns!
SM u"oar ! SM sever !
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Ausculta#ia în stenoza mitral!
• Z1 "i CDM se auscult! cel mai bine cu diafragmul stetoscopului
• Uruitura se auscult! cel mai bine cu pâlnia stetoscopului
Z1 înt!rit
CDM
Uruitura
Înt!rirea
SM
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Diagnosticul diferen#ial auscultator
Z1 înt!rit
CDM
Uruituradiastolic! ± înt!rirepresistolic!
•
Circula#ie hiperkinetic!
• Stenoza tricuspidian!
•
Pericardita constrictiv! • Mixom atrial
• IA (Austin Flint)•
Stenoza tricuspidian! • Mixom atrial• DSA (flux crescut)
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ElectrocardiogramaDilatarea AS:
• Durata undei P > 0,12 sec (DII)
•
Componenta terminal! a undei P ampl! (V1)
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SM sever ! cu HTP
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Radiografia toracic!
Semne indirecteDilatarea AS•
Bombare arc mijlociu stâng (US)
•
Dublu contur (marginea dreapt!)
Circula#ia pulmonar !
VS nedilatat (în SM pur !
•
Arc inferior stâng normal
Calcific!ri mitrale
Calcific!ri parietale AS
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Radiografia toracic!
Semne indirecteDilatarea AS(împinge/comprim!
esofagul)
Dilatarea VD(umple spa#iul
retrosternal)
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Ecocardiografia bidimensional!
Pune diagnosticul de certitudine
VM normal! SM strâns!
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Diagnosticul diferen#ial al cauzei
obstacolului mitral
SM valvular ! Mixom AS
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Principala metod! pentru a evalua:
•
Extensia leziunilor anatomice•
Severitatea SM
• Consecin#ele SM (AS, PAP, func#ia VD)
ESC Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease. EHJ 2007;28:230-68.
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Severitatea SM(cuantificare eco)
•
planimetrie(aria anatomic! a VM)
• gradien#i AS-VS
•
pressure half-time (PHT)(aria func#ional! a VM)
•
Doppler
• Eco 2D
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Eco 2D: Planimetria
M!soar ! aria anatomic!
Aria VM = 1,2 cm2
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Gradientul transmitral (eco Doppler)
Gradient mediu: 9,8 mm Hg
Flux normal Stenoz! mitral!
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Aria func#ional!
•
Pressure half-time: timpul necesar pentru
ca gradientul ini#ial s! scad! la jum!tate
t1/2
AVM [cm2] = 220/t1/2 [ms]
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Gradarea severit!#ii SM
Gradient mediu
(mm Hg)
PAP sistolic!
(mm Hg)
Aria valvei (cm2)
< 5
< 30
> 1.5
5 - 10
30 - 50
1 - 1.5
> 10
> 50
< 1
U"oar ! Moderat! Sever !
ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular HeartDisease. Circulation 2006;114;84-231.
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Identificarea trombilor în AS / US
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Când este indicat cateterismul cardiac în SM?
• Când testele neinvazive sunt neconcludente
•
Când exist! discrepan#e între datele clinice "i
cele furnizate de testele neinvazive
•
Când PAP este dispropor #ionat de mare fa#! de
severitatea valvulopatiei
ESC Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease. EHJ 2007;28:230-68.
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Esen#ialul pentru diagnosticul SM
Clinic
•
dispnee (de efort, DPN, ortopnee)• fatigabilitate• uruitura, CDM, Z1 înt!rit
ECG
•
“P mitral”, FA, semne de HVD (std. tardiv)Rx
• AS dilatat; VS normalEco
•
valve îngro"ate, deschidere redus!, doming• gradient crescut, arie VM sc!zut!
Cateterism
•
rareori necesar, în cazuri selec#ionate
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Complica#iile SMHEMODINAMICE
TROMBOEMBOLICE
! PAS
!
PVP
!
PAP
Disfc! VD
Dilatare AS
Fibrila! ieatrial"
Tromb AS
EPA
Congestie sistemic! Embolism sistemic
Insuficien#! cardiac!
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Tratamentul stenozei mitrale
• Nefarmacologic
•
Farmacologic• Interventional
• Chirurgical
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Tratamentul farmacologic
Obiective:
Combaterea tahicardiei
(ex: beta blocante, calciu blocante)
Preventia trombembolismului
(anticoagulante orale)
Trat. insuficientei cardiace
(ex: diuretice, vasodilatatoare IEC,
digoxin)
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PMCb Follow-upSurgery PMC
Yes No
No Yes
YesNo
No Yes
Yes No
Exercise testing
No symptomsSymptoms
MS ≤1.5 cm2
High risk of embolism or
haemodynamic decompensationCI to PMC
CI or high risk
for surgery
Favourableanatomical
characteristicsa
Favourableclinical
characteristicsa
Unfavourableclinical
characteristicsa
Symptoms
CI to or unfavourablecharacteristics
for PMC
Unfavourableanatomical
characteristicsa
Tratamentul stenozeimitrale semnificative
ESC Guidelines
on VHD 2012
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Tratament interventional
Succes: arie peste 1,5 cm2
Insucces: 1-15%
Complicatii majore :mortalitate 0,5-4%hemopericard 0,5-10%embolism 0,5-5%regurgitare severa 2-10%
Interventie chirurgicala de urgenta < 1%
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Tratament chirurgical
Indicat pentru pacientii cu stenoza mitralasemnificativa simptomatici, la care comisurotomiapercutana cu balon nu este o solutie (anatomiedefavorabila, regurgitare mitrala >usoara,
tromb intracavitar) sau cu necesar debypass aortocoronarian
Comisurotomie pe cord deschis (95% supravietuire la 15 ani)
Protezare mitrala
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Tratament chirurgical
Protezare mitralamortalitate 3-10% (varsta, clasa functionala, HTP,boala coronariana asociata)
Supravietuirea pe termen lungvarstaclasa functionalaFia
HTPFEVS preoperatorcomplicatiile protezei