student submission -- gen psych different therapeutic approaches

7/28/2019 Student Submission -- Gen Psych Different Therapeutic Approaches

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• is the generic term for any technique or set of techniques that attempts to help

people who are suffering from a psychological disorder. It includes both the various

"talk therapies" and the more physiological approaches, including the use of

psychoactive medicines.

• Talk therapy was essentially invented by Sigmund Freud, or, perhaps a little more

historically honestly, by a woman called Anna O. and her doctor, Freud's friend and

colleague Joseph Breuer.

• Anna O. was Joseph Breuer's patient from 1880 through 1882. Twenty one years old,

Anna spent most of her time nursing her ailing father. She developed a bad cough

that proved to have no physical basis. She developed some speech difficulties, then

became mute, and then began speaking only in English, rather than her usual

German.



If all this weren't enough, she had fairy-tale fantasies, dramatic mood swings, and

made several suicide attempts. Breuer's diagnosis was that she was suffering from

what was then called hysteria (now called conversion disorder), which meant she

had symptoms that appeared to be physical, but were not.

Anna would sink into states of what Breuer called "spontaneous hypnosis," or what

Anna herself called "clouds." Breuer found that, during these trancelike states, Anna

could explain her daytime fantasies and other experiences, and she felt better

afterwards. Anna called these episodes "chimney sweeping" and "the talking cure."

Catharsis , from the Greek word for cleansing



Sigmund Freud's system of therapy

1. A Comfortable Physical Environment

- Freud felt that it was important to make the patient comfortable.

2. An Accepting Social Environment-Even more important was to make the patient feel at ease socially.

3. Free association.

Free association is the central "technique" of psychoanalysis

4. Resistance

- therapist, in the meantime, looks for clues to the patient's problems in their

conversations. One of these clues is resistance



5. Slips of the tongue

-slip of the tongue is technically called a parapraxis, and is commonly called a Freudian slip

6. Dream interpretation

- believed that when we dream, our defenses are down, and things that we are deeply concernedabout rise to the surface.

7. Transference

-Transference is when the patient begins to feel feelings towards the therapist. It can be

anger; it can be affection; it can even be sexual desire.

8. Catharsis

-Catharsis is an outpouring of "pent-up" emotions.

9. Insight

- a patient will achieve insight into their problems



Carl Rogers' Client Centered Therapy. - Carl Rogers is one of the most influential theorists, therapists, and researchers in

psychology. His approach to therapy involves allowing the patient, who he prefers to call the

client, to be in control of their own therapy. Originally, he called it non-directive therapy,

because he believed that the therapist should back off from trying to actively help the

client. Instead, the therapist should be a caring helper who listens.



Rogers believed that the job of the therapist is not so much to do this or

that, but to "be" a certain way for the client. He talks about three qualities that the

therapist should exhibit during therapy sessions: 1. He or she should be congruent. Basically, this comes down to being honest, not

phony. Rogers was particularly concerned that the therapist should be honest inregards to his or her feelings. He felt that clients can always tell when you are

pretending, so in order to engender trust in the therapeutic relationship, congruence is

a must. 2. He or she should be empathic. The therapist must be able to identify with the

client, understand them not so much as a psychologist but as a person who has also

seen their share of troubles. Therapist should be able to look into the client's eyes and

see himself. Active listening is one way the therapist can show that he or she is truly

trying to understand the client. 3. He or she should show the clientunconditional positive regard. This doesn't

mean that the therapist has to love the client, or even like them. It means he or she

should respect them as a human being, and not judge them. This can be the mostchallenging thing for a therapist to do, but Rogers believed that only by feeling

respected could a client get better.



Elllis is a very different person from Rogers. While Rogers is a quiet, laid-back sort of therapist,

Ellis is more dynamic and is as likely to argue with his clients as sympathize with them. Basically, Ellis believes that a person's problems come from their mistaken beliefs about the

world, others, and themselves. Your beliefs lead you to see things, feel things, and do things in a

certain way, and if those beliefs are wrong, so will be your perceptions, your emotions, and your

behaviors. Here are the twelve most common mistaken beliefs: I must be loved. Some acts are unredeemably wicked, and some people are damned. It is absolutely horrible when things don't go right.

All my suffering comes from outside, from others.

I should get upset at problems and obsess about them. I should avoid problems. I need someone or something stronger to lean on. I should be really competent at all things, because it is bad to be imperfect. Once something bad happens, it will affect me forever. I must have control over everything. I can only be happy by avoiding all action. I have no control over my emotions.



Joseph Wolpe's Systematic

Desensitization



Joseph Wolpe was a behavioral psychologist in South Africa

who was actually studying cats more than dealing withclients. Cats, like people, can get quite anxious. But Wolpe

noticed that there were several things that cats could do that

seemed to interfere with their anxiety. They could calm

themselves, for example, by grooming themselves. Or they could

eat. Eating and being nervous seemed to be incompatible. You may have noticed this yourself: Some of us, when we are

nervous, like to eat (maybe a gallon of Cookie Dough Ice Cream,

for example). We feel better, at least for a while. Others, when

they are nervous, can't eat, because their anxiety interferes with

their digestion. It's one or the other!



Drug therapy, also called pharmacotherapy, has become the fastest moving part of

psychotherapy, with new developments occuring every year. Our knowledge of the chemistry of

the nervous system is developing rapidly, and our knowledge of our genetic makeup even faster,

and it is the hope of every psychologist that someday every psychological problem that has

physiological roots will have a simple remedy in the form of a pill.

Antianxiety drugs Antianxiety drugs, also called anxiolytics, include such famous name brands

as Valium and Librium. These drugs work by blocking GABA receptor sites, toning down central

nervous system activity a bit like alcohol does. Although they help you to sleep, they do not cause

the excessive sleepiness or grogginess that alcohol does

. Antidepressant drugs Antidepressants have made a great deal of progress in the last twenty years or so. The

best known is the original one, Prozac (fluoxetine). Prozac is a member of a family of

drugs called the SSRIs, which stands for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Antipsychotic drugs

The best known antipsychotic drugs are the old drugchorpromazine and the newer drug clozapine. They both work by blocking dopamine receptors, thereby reducing a

person's response to "irrelevant" stimuli, such as those that cause hallucinations and

paranoia. The newer drugs such as clozapine also help a bit with various forms of

withdrawal, as well as with anxiety and depression.



Electroconvulsive therapy Electroconvulsive therapy or ECT is what some people call shock therapy. It was invented

in the 1930's by a team of Italian doctors, Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini. Originally, it was

done with the patient conscious and was rightly considered a terrifying procedure.

Psychosurgery The infamous lobotomy was invented by Antonio Egaz Moniz of the University of Lisbon

Medical School. He found that cutting the nerves that run from the frontal cortex to the

thalamus in psychotic patients who suffered from repetitive thoughts “short-circuited” the

problem. Together with his colleague Almeida Lima, he devised a technique involving

drilling two small holes on either side of the forehead, inserting a special surgical knife, and

severing the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain.

student submission -- gen psych different therapeutic approaches

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