STUDY AND COMPLETE

Lesson 16

how the systems of a car work.how to maintain a vehicle so it is safe.how to change a flat tire.

Study the lesson slides.Take lesson 16 test

Frame

The frame is the skeleton of the car. The wheels attach to the frame and the body of the car attaches to the frame.

tie rods Steering shaft

When you turn the steering shaft it is attachedto the tie rods and will push one and pull the othercausing the wheels to turn.

This shows how the wheels attach to the frame and how it is attached so the car rides smooth, stays on the road,leans the proper amount, and doesn’t sway to much (yaw).

Gray= frame and axelGreen is end of axel where the wheel mounts to the frame.Blue=shock absorber-- it goes up and down and holds the

car to the road and controls lean and sway. These need to be checked and replaced if worn out.

Red= coil spring—helps create a soft ride and helps controlcar lean.

Turquoise= control arm – works with springs and shocks.Pink=computer components—computer controls shocks

springs and control bar

TIREWHERE THE CAR MEETS THE ROAD

The tire is where all your traction comes from.The tread design determines how it will perform on different road surfaces (ice, snow, dry pavement, etc.). The design also determines how much road noise the tire will make and how long it will last.

How the grooves and sipes are arranged makes up the treaddesign.

Grooves

Sipes

Grooves help the car go straightAnd

Sipes give more traction

HIGHWAY ALL WEATHER

All season

MUD

HIGHWAY SPORTS CAR

WORN OUT—BAD ALIGHNMENT

Alignment is how the frame connects to the wheels. If this connection is crooked or not in alignment the tires will wear like this causing you to replace them to soon.

This tire will not perform very well and needs to be replaced.

LOOK IN YOUR OWNERS MANUAL FOR

AIR PRESSURE RECOMMENDATIONSAND

TIRE ROTATION RECOMMENDATIONS

Check the air pressure regularly (at least once a month).If the pressure is to low the outside tread will wear to fast.If the air pressure is to high the middle treads will wearto fast.

Rotating the tires (moving the tires from front to backand X ing the rear when you move them forward) will help them wear evenly.

Drive Train Or Power Train

transmission

Drive shaft

axel

differential

engine

Rear end

The power train is what makes the car go. The engine makes the power and is connected to the transmission.The transmission is where the gears live, they make the car go forward or backwardand help the car start up and go up steep hills. The transmission is connected to the drive shaft.The drive shaft connects to the differential and the rear end. It caries the power from the transmission to the rear end.The differential changes the direction of the power and sends it to the wheels.

The engine, transmission, and differential all havefluids that need to be kept fulland changed regularly. CheckOwners Manual.

FOUR WHEEL DRIVE

DIFFERENTIAL

DRIVE SHAFT

TRANSMISSION

TRANSFER CASE

ENGINE

ENGINE4 cycle gasoline engine

Piston Cylinder Intake valve

Exhaust valve

Connecting rod

Crank shaft

This is a picture of one cylinder in it’s four different cycles.

ENGINE4 cycle gasoline engine

Power stroke

Exhaust stroke

Compressionstroke

Intake stroke

Gas and airfill the cylinder

Gas and airare squeezedor compressed

Sparkignites gasmixture causingan explosionslamming piston down

Residue from explosion is forced into exhaust pipes.

ENGINE

The yellow represents oil being pumped through theengine. Wherever metal rubs metal there is friction and heat is produced. To much heat and the engine is ruined.Oil reduces the friction and heat.

When the car is at idle (700 rpm’s) each piston will go up anddown 12 times and have 6 explosions per second

At 30 mph (2500 rpm’s) each piston will go up and down42 times and have 21 explosions per second.

This causes lots of friction and heat—without enough oilyour engine is ruined.

ENGINE

Side view of engine

Master CylinderBrake Fluid

BRAKE SYSTEM

BRAKE LINES

When you step on the brake pedal fluid is pushed bythe master cylinder to each wheel were it forces thebrakes to stop the car.

BRAKE SYSTEMMASTER CYLINDER

ROTOR

BRAKE DRUM

PADS PINCH ROTORTO STOP

BRAKE SHOESPUSH AGAINSTDRUM TO STOP

Drum brakes get hot andfade easier than disk and and driving through wateraffects them more than disk.

ABS BRAKE SYSTEM

sensor

computer

holesThe sensor counts how fast the holes are going by. If they are slower than the other wheels the computer will release the brake to this wheel so that it won’t cause a skid.

rotor

pads

EXHAUST SYSTEM

EXHAUST MANIFOLD

CATALYTIC CONVERTER

MUFFLER RESONATOR TAIL PIPE

The residue gases from the engine are poison (carbon monoxide) and must be taken outside the body of the car.

Attaches tothe engine

Burnspollutants

Reducesnoise

Tunes thenoise

Gets the gasoutside the body of the carSystem needs to be checked for leaks.

COOLING SYSTEM

Takes heataway from engine.

radiator fan Water pump

Surgetank

thermostat Heater hoses

heater

Air blowing throughradiator cools thewater

Helps pullair throughthe radiatorat stops andslow speeds.

Pumps the waterthrough the system.

Where youcheck and add coolant.

Always 50-50 solution.50% water50% coolant

Regulates flow ofcoolant

Carry coolant to heater andback to engine.

Upper hose

Lower hose

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

BATTERY

Stores electricity to start the car.

STARTERMOTOR

Gear at back of motor engagescar engine and spins the motorso it will start

ALTERNATOR

Makes electricity and charges battery

VOLTAGEREGULATOR

tells alternator howmuch electricity to make

DISTRIBUTORsends spark to spark plugs

IGNITIONturns electrical system on

Alternator beltand

Battery needto be checked

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

BATTERY

STARTERMOTOR

ALTERNATOR

VOLTAGEREGULATOR

DISTRIBUTORIGNITION

Belts need to be checked for being brittle and cracking, signs of

belt getting ready to break.

Battery posts need to be checked for corrosion and tightened occasionally.

DEAD BATTERY—CAR WON’T START

1. With engine running on car being used to jump from, connect red handles of jumper cables to the positive (+) posts of the battery(look for + signs or red posts or cables. Red for positive Black for

Negative (-).

3. Connect last black handle on jumper cables to metal part of car you are trying to start ( don’t connect to fuel line or intake manifold).

4. Try to start car. You may need to wiggle handles to get a good connection. Turn your headlights on to see if you have a good connection.

2. Connect black handle to (-) battery post on car that is running.

FUEL SYSTEMFUEL SYSTEM

Fuel filter

Filters gaskeeping it clean.Needs to bereplacedon schedule. Check owners manual.

Carburetoror

fuel injection

Regulates flow of gas toengine.

FUEL LINE

Carries fuel From tank to carburetor or injectors

GAS TANKand

FUEL PUMP

Make sure cap ison tight.Fuel Pump pumpsfuel to the engine And is usually inthe tank.

CHECKING UNDER THE HOOD

Have a parent, mechanic, or friend show you how to check under thehood when you fill up with gas. Below is a list of things to check atthe gas station.

1. Engine Oil 2. Coolant3. Brake fluid4. Window washer fluid5. Power steering fluid6. Battery

Your owners manual will tell you what fluids to addif you find something low.

Check your tires with a gauge at least once a monthand if going on a trip or if you have a heavy load

Check your wipers by using your window washer.If your wipers are causing streaking they need to be replaced.Check lights by watching reflection when parked neara wall or in front of a window.

OWNERS MANUAL

Get familiar with your owners manual. It has valuable information about how your car works, when it needs to be serviced, and what fluids and parts to use when adding or replacing something.

The owners manual will warn you about ways you mightharm your car. It will warn you about ways you can get hurt when working on your car.

The manual will explain about the car warranty and specific part warranties like tires and batteries. Many cars have roadside service as part of there customer service.

Also, you will find charts showing the capacities of differentsystems on the car. How big is your gas tank, how many quarts of oil are in the engine. Where to locate fuses and how to replace them.

FLAT TIRE

Drive to a safe place/ LEVEL WITH PLENTY OF ROOM AWAY FROM THE ROAD- TURN ON HAZARD LIGHTS PUT CAR IN PARK OR LOW GEAR SET EMERGENCY BRAKE.

Get the spare tire, the car jack and tools/ GET EVERYTHING OUT OF THE TRUNK AND CAR BEFORE YOU JACK IT UP

Block the car/PUT SOMETHING IN FRONT AND BACK OF THE TIRE THAT IS DIAGONAL FROM THE FLAT TIRE SO THE CAR WILL NOT ROLL WHEN ON THE JACK

Loosen lug nuts/BEFORE YOU JACK IT UP

Jack car up/ MAKE SURE THE JACK IS LIFTING STRAIGHT UP AND NOT AT AN ANGLE. DO NOT PUT ANY BODY PARTS UNDER THE CAR

Remove lugs/WILL BE EASIER IF YOU HOLD WHEEL TIGHT TO CAR

Remove wheel/NO BODY PARTS UNDER THE CAR

Place spare on car/NO BODY PARTS UNDER THE CAR

Tighten lugs (snug)/HOLD WHEEL TIGHT TO CARFINGURE TIGHTEN LUG NUTSLIGHTLY TIGHTEN LUGS WITH

WRENCH

Lower jack

Tighten lugs (secure)

Unblock wheels

Put tools and tire in car

SAFELY RE-ENTER HIGHWAY/REMEMBER TO SIGNAL

Lower jack

Tighten lugs (secure)

Unblock wheels

Put tools and tire in car

RE-ENTER THE HIGHWAY SAFELY

Place spare on car/HOLD WHEEL TIGHT TO CAR AND

FINGURE TIGHTEN LUG NUTS-SNUG LUG NUTS WITH WRENCH

Record just your answers on a separate sheet of paper and phone or email them to Excel in Driving at 303.952.8400 or dick@excelindriving.com