study of the optical properties of functionalized gold

Research ArticleStudy of the Optical Properties of Functionalized GoldNanoparticles in Different Tissues and Their Correlation withthe Temperature Increase

A Carrillo-Cazares12 N P Jimeacutenez-Mancilla123 M A Luna-Gutieacuterrez1

K Isaac-Oliveacute2 andM A Camacho-Loacutepez4

1Departamento de Materiales Radiactivos Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares 52750 Ocoyoacac MEX Mexico2Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico 50180 Toluca MEX Mexico3CONACyT Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares 52750 Ocoyoacac MEX Mexico4Laboratorio de Fotomedicina Biofotonica y Espectroscopıa Laser de Pulsos Ultracortos Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico 50180 Toluca MEX Mexico

Correspondence should be addressed to N P Jimenez-Mancilla nallely jimenezyahoocommx

Received 7 June 2017 Accepted 20 September 2017 Published 6 November 2017

Academic Editor Ajayan Vinu

Copyright copy 2017 A Carrillo-Cazares et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Mie theory explains the interaction of light with a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) through the absorption (119862abs) scattering (119862sca) andextinction (119862ext) cross sections These parameters have been calculated in the case of AuNPs dispersed in homogeneous mediabut not for specific tissues The aim of this research was to theoretically obtain the optical cross sections (119862abs 119862sca and 119862ext) offunctionalized AuNPs in liver and colon tissues through Mie theory and correlate them with the temperature increase observedexperimentally in tissues containing AuNPs under plasmonic photothermal irradiation using a Nd-YAG laser (120582 = 532 nm)Calculations showed that 119862abs represents 9896 plusmn 003 of 119862ext at 532 nm The 119862ext value for a functionalized AuNP in water was36566 nm2 (94 of the theoretical maximum value at 5225 nm) 40424 nm2 in colon (98 of the theoretical maximum valueat 525 nm) and 44239 nm2 in liver (96 of the theoretical maximum value at 525 nm) Therefore nanoparticles irradiated at532 nm are very close to their resonance value These results correlated with the experimental irradiation of functionalized AuNPsin different tissues where the average temperature increase showed the pattern liver gt colon gt water The temperature increaseobserved (Δ119879 up to 13∘C) is sufficient to produce cellular death

1 Introduction

The optical properties (absorption and scattering) presentin gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) play a significant role in thedevelopment of new photothermal ablation systems poten-tially applicable in cancer treatment [1ndash3] The photothermalablation process generated by AuNPs is due to the opticalabsorption phenomenon present whenAuNPs are exposed tolight that induces a collective oscillation of the free electrons(surface plasmon resonance SPR) [1 4ndash6] The temperaturearound the AuNPs reaches 800∘C and causes irreversiblethermal destruction to the tissue [7ndash11]

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been synthesized invarious sizes and shapes for instance spheres rods cubicand prisms forms [12 13] Some of these structures have beenproposed for a variety of medical applications [2 3 14 15]Many biomolecules such as DNA chains proteins peptidesand aptamers can be conjugated to one AuNP [3] The Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence has been reported to have highaffinity and selectivity for the 120572(V)120573(3) integrinThis integrinis expressed on the surface of healthy endothelial cells at lowlevels but is overexpressed in the tumor neovasculature ofosteosarcoma neuroblastoma glioblastomamelanoma lungcarcinoma and breast cancer [16ndash19]

HindawiJournal of NanomaterialsVolume 2017 Article ID 3628970 9 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520173628970

2 Journal of Nanomaterials

The SPR band intensity and wavelength characteristics ofthe AuNPs depend on factors affecting the electron chargedensity on the particle surface such as the metal typeparticle size shape structure composition and the dielectricconstant of the surrounding medium (water type of tissue)In the SPR phenomenon the electrons of gold resonate inresponse to incoming radiation causing both the absorptionand scattering of light these processes can be explained byMie theoryThis approach provides exact analytical solutionsto Maxwellrsquos equations for spheres with various diametersthe absorption and scattering probabilities are represented bythe absorption scattering and extinction cross sections (119862abs119862sca and 119862ext) [13] The optical absorption and scatteringphenomena strongly depend on the size of the nanoparticlesand the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium Forsmall AuNPs inwater (refractive index 119899 = 133 anddielectricconstant 120576 = 1198992) total extinction is completely ruled byabsorption when the size increases the scattering processappears and intensifies [20ndash23]

The theoretical calculations of the 119862abs 119862sca and119862ext coefficients through Mie theory have been previouslyreported in the case of light interactingwithAuNPs dispersedin a homogeneous medium where the refractive index isconsidered a constant However such parameters have notbeen determined for specific tissues where the refractiveindex has to be evaluated as a function of the interactingwavelength since the absorption and scattering cross sectionsare strongly affected by the composition of the tissue (amountof the water hemoglobin and melanin) The determinationof these parameters could explain the temperature increasegenerated by the AuNP which is a critical point in thepotential clinical application of the plasmonic photothermaltherapy

This research aimed to calculate the optical coefficients(119862abs 119862sca and 119862ext) of functionalized gold nanoparticles indifferent tissues (liver and colon) by Mie theory and todetermine their correlation with the temperature increaseobserved experimentally in tissues containing AuNPs underplasmonic photothermal irradiation using a Nd-YAG laser

2 Materials and Methods

21 Materials Gold nanoparticles (20 nm) were obtainedfrom Sigma-Aldrich (654 times 1011 particlesmL) A 50120583Msolution of c[RGDfK(C)] and PBS pH 7 was prepared in typeI grade water Homogeneous suspensions of pork liver andchicken intestinal viscera (for simulating colon tissue) wereblendedwith a small volume of waterThemixtures were thenpassed through a strainer for sieving and homogenization

22 Preparation of the AuNP-c[RGDfK(C)] Conjugate Thesynthesis of cyclo[Arg-Gly-Asp-Phe-Lys(Cys)] (c[RGDfK(C)])was carried out according to the method reported by Ferro-Flores et al [14] In the c[RGDfK(C)] molecule the sequenceArg-Gly-Asp-(-RGD-) acts as the active biological site TheD-Phe (f) and Lys (K) residues completed the cyclic andthe pentapeptide structure and Cys (C) is the spacer thatcontains the active thiol group that interacts with the goldnanoparticle surface For conjugate preparation a 50 120583M

solution of c[RGDfK(C)] was prepared using type I gradewater and then 002mL (6023 times 1014 molecules) wasadded to 1mL of the AuNP suspension (20 nm 654 times 1011particlesmL) followed by stirring for 5min No furtherpurification was required

23 Characterization before and after Laser IrradiationBefore laser irradiation the chemical conjugation was con-firmed byUV-Vis medium- and far-IR Raman spectroscopyand Transmission ElectronMicroscopy (TEM) as previouslyreported [16 19]

After laser irradiation TEMand the absorption spectrumin the range of 400ndash800 nm were also obtained The UV-Vis analysis was performed with a Perkin-Elmer Lambda-Biospectrometer using a 1 cm quartz cuvette to monitor the sizeand the AuNP surface plasmon band around 520 nm

24 Absorption Cross Section Evaluation

241 Complex Dielectric Constant The complex dielectricconstant (120576119901 = 1205761015840119901 + 119894120576

10158401015840119901 ) of the AuNP was obtained from the

complex refractive index of gold (119899119901 = 119899119901 + 119894119896119901) at differentwavelengths (450 to 700 nm) according toWerner et al [20]These values were corrected by the nanoparticle size using acubic interpolation and calculated as

119899119901 = 119899119901 + 119894119896119901 (1)

The complex dielectric constant 1205761015840119901 + 11989412057610158401015840119901 was obtained as

follows

120576119901 = (119899119901)2= (119899119901 + 119894119896119901)

2

120576119901 = (119899119901)2minus (119896119901)

2+ 1198942 (119899119901 lowast 119896119901)

(2)

where

1205761015840119901 = (119899119901)2minus (119896119901)

2

12057610158401015840119901 = 2 (119899119901 lowast 119896119901) (3)

For the 120576119898 media (liver or colon tissue) the complex dielec-tric constants were obtained following the same procedureemployed for AuNP but using the complex index reportedby Giannios et al [22 23] The experimental data was usedto obtain the values for the refractive index as a continuousfunction dependent on the wavelength

242 Calculations of Optical Properties of AuNP-RGD-Tissueby the Mie Theory Theoretical calculations were carriedout using the generalized Mie theory considering sphericalnanoparticles (119903 = 20 nm) whose diameter is lower than theirradiation wavelength (532 nm) In this case the Mie-Drudetheory was not employed Therefore free electron densitywas not directly considered However electron movement istaken into account indirectly in the dielectric functions ofmaterials

Mie theory explains the interaction between the lightand AuNPs where the absorption and scattering probabilities

Journal of Nanomaterials 3

Figure 1 Laser arrangement

process are represented by the absorption cross section 119862abs(m2) the scattering cross section119862sca (m2) and the extinctioncross section 119862ext which is the sum of both (119862ext = 119862sca +119862abs) These cross sections were calculated as follows

119862ext =241205872119877312057611989832

120582lowast

12057610158401015840119901(1205761015840119901 + 2120576119898)

2+ 120576101584010158401199012

119862sca =2712058751198776

120582lowast1003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816

1205761015840119901 minus 1205761198981205761015840119901 + 2120576119898

1003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816

2

119862abs = 119862ext minus 119862sca

(4)

where 119877 is the radius of the particle and 120582 is the incidentwavelength

All the calculations were carried out considering the realand imaginary parts of the dielectric constant of the AuNPand tissue

25 Laser Arrangement Laser experiments were conductedusing an Nd-YAG laser (Qsmart-100 Quantel laser) pulsedfor 5 ns at 532 nm (energy = 459mJpulse) with a repetitionrate of 5 10 and 15Hz The power of each laser pulsewas measured by a Dual-Channel JoulemeterPower Meter(Molectron EPM 200 Coherent) A diverging lens was usedin the path of the laser beam in a way that the well plate wasfully covered by the laser (diameter = 7mm area = 038 cm2)(Figure 1) The well plate was placed on a heating plate at37∘C (Microplate Thermo Shaker Human Lab MB100-2AHangzhou Zhejia China) during laser irradiation

251 Laser Irradiation Experiments The effect of laser irra-diation on the temperature increasing rate was measured inthe following treatments

(a) Control (200120583L of type I gradewater or 200120583L of PBSpH 7)

(b) 100 120583L liver tissue and 100120583L of control solution

(c) 100 120583L colon tissue and 100 120583L of control solution(d) 100 120583L of AuNP-c[RGDfK(C)] and 100 120583L of control

solution(e) 100 120583L liver tissue and 100120583L of AuNP-c[RGDfK(C)](f) 100 120583L colon tissue and 100 120583L of AuNP-

c[RGDfK(C)]

The described treatments were exposed individually tothe laser (119899 = 6) The temperature was measured using a typeK-thermocouple (model TPK-01) of immediate reaction thathad been previously calibrated (probe diameter = 08mm)A thermocouple was introduced into the well plate and thetemperature was registered every single second using a cold-junction-compensated K-thermocouple fixed to a digitalconverter (MAX6675 Maxim Integrated TM) connected to amicrocontroller board (Arduino Uno) with a USB computerconnection

The total delivered energy (DEm Jcm2) to the well plate

was calculated as follows

DE119898 = DP119898 lowast 119905 (5)

where 119905 is the irradiation time and DP119898 is the irradiance ordensity power in Wcm2 and is calculated by

DP119898 =119875119898119860 (6)

where119875119898 is the average power (119875119898 = 119864lowast119891)119891 is the repetitionrate in Hz 119864 is the energy by pulse in Joulepulse and 119860 isthe irradiation area in cm2 The density power DP119898 was keptconstant at 065Wcm2 for each irradiation time point (6535 and 15min) which corresponds to the 5 10 and 15Hzfrequencies respectively [8 24]

26 Statistical Analysis Differences among treatment datawere evaluated with Studentrsquos 119905-test (grouped analysis signif-icance was defined as 119901 lt 005)

3 Results and Discussion

31 Characterization before and after Laser Irradiation

311 Before Laser Irradiation Spectroscopy techniques andTEM images demonstrated that AuNPs were functionalizedwith the c[RGDfK(C)] peptide accordingly with previousreports [16 19] The average particle diameter was 2156 plusmn006 nm

The UV-Vis spectrum showed the surface plasmon reso-nance band at 520 nm forAuNPs and a red shift to 522 nm forAuNP-c[RGDfK(C)] was observedThis shifting is attributedto the changes in the refraction index as a consequence of theinteraction between the peptide and the AuNP surface [16]

Raman spectroscopy and medium- and far-infraredshowed several well-defined bands characteristics of theAuNP-c[RGDfK(C)] conjugate [16] The Far-IR spectrumof the AuNP-c[RGDfK(C)] showed a characteristic band at279plusmn1 cmminus1 which is representative of theAundashS bond [18 19]


AuNP-c[RGDfK(C)]before laser irradiationAuNP-c[RGDfK(C)]after laser irradiation

5198 522

500 600 700 800400Wavelength (nm)

00

02

04

06

08

10

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

20 nm

AuNP-c[RGDfK(C)]

0

20

40

60

80

100

Freq

uenc

y (

)

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2815Diameter (nm)

Before laser irradiation

After laser irradiationＰＬＡ = 2156 plusmn 006 nm

ＰＬＡ = 2113 plusmn 007 nm

Figure 2 Morphological results before and after laser irradiation

312 After Laser Irradiation TEM images after laser irra-diation demonstrated that the [RGDfK(C)] peptide remainsfunctionalized to AuNPs surface The particle average diam-eter changes from 2156 plusmn 006 nm to 2113 plusmn 007 nm(Figure 2) The observed size modification after laser irradi-ation on AuNP citrate-stabilized was from 20 plusmn 16 nm to1938 plusmn 002 nm which can be explained as a consequence ofmolecular steric rearrangement on the nanoparticle surface

TEMmeasurements were supported by SPR band onUV-Vis spectra The SPR for AuNP-c[RGDfK(C)] shifted from522 nm to 5198 nm after irradiation while for AuNP theshifting was from 520 nm to 5175 nm (Figure 2) These shiftsto a lower wavelength are also an indication of a reduction inthe nanoparticle size


321 Complex Dielectric Constant Figure 3 shows the differ-ences between the real and imaginary parts of the refractiveindex and dielectric constant of (a) gold (b) liver tissue and(c) colon tissue The real part of the dielectric constant isrelated to the stored energy and the imaginary part is relatedto the dissipation of the energy within the medium

33 Optical Coefficients of AuNP-RGD-Tissue by the MieTheory In agreement with previous reports [1 4] the resultsshown in this research demonstrated that 119862ext is mainlydue to the absorption process contribution (Figure 4) Theeffective absorption section represents the 9896 plusmn 003 of


Complex refractive index of gold

15

20

25

30

35

40

k im

agin

ary

part

of r

efra

ctiv

e ind

ex

nk

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14n

real

par

t of r

efra

ctiv

e ind

ex

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

Complex dielectric constant of gold

0005101520253035404550

minus150

minus125

minus100

minus75

minus50

minus25

00

r

eal p

art o

f the

die

lect

ric fu

nctio

n

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

im

agin

ary

part

of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

(a)

Complex refractive index of liver

nk

00031

00032

00033

00034

00035

00036

00037

00038k

imag

inar

y pa

rt o

f ref

ract

ive i

ndex

13681370137213741376137813801382138413861388

n re

al p

art o

f ref

ract

ive i

ndex

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

Complex dielectric constant of liver

00092

00094

00096

00098

00100

00102

00104

im

agin

ary

part

of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

1885

1890

1895

1900

1905

1910

1915

1920

1925

rea

l par

t of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

(b)

Complex dielectric constant of colon

00125

00130

00135

00140

00145

00150

00155

00160

00165

im

agin

ary

part

of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

r

eal p

art o

f the

die

lect

ric fu

nctio

n

Complex refractive index of colon

nk

00035

00040

00045

00050

00055

00060

k im

agin

ary

part

of r

efra

ctiv

e ind

ex

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

132

133

134

135

136

137

n re

al p

art o

f ref

ract

ive i

ndex

(c)

Figure 3 Real and imaginary parts of the refractive index (119899 119896) and dielectric constant (1205761015840 12057610158401015840) of the (a) gold (b) liver tissue and (c) colontissue


500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375Eff

ectiv

e sec

tion

(nm

2)

AuNP in waterCＲＮ

CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(a)

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375

450

Effec

tive s

ectio

n (n

m2)

AuNP in liver tissueCＲＮ

CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(b)

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375

450

Effec

tive s

ectio

n (n

m2)

AuNP in colon tissueCＲＮ

CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(c)

Figure 4 Cross section absorption scattering and extinction for AuNP in (a) water (b) liver tissue and (c) colon tissue

the total extinction effective section (119862ext)Therefore the scat-tering one can be considered negligible The maximum 119862extvalue is observed at the irradiation wavelength of 5225 nmfor AuNP-RGD in a water medium and 525 nm when thenanoparticles are deposited or embedded in the tissues Thisresult means that the maximum energy absorption occursat those wavelengths consequently the highest temperatureincrease rate should be reached at such wavelengths as well

In this research the experimental part was carried outusing a 532 nm Nd-YAG laser For this wavelength the

AuNP-RGD in water (119899 = 133) has a 119862ext = 36566 nm2while these values were 44239 and 40424 nm2 for AuNP-RGD-liver and AuNP-RGD-colon respectively This resultmeans that the irradiation of these three media containingnanoparticles would increase the temperature in the patternliver gt colon gt water

34 Laser Irradiation The ratio between the temperatureincrease and the irradiation frequencies in each one of thetreatments is shown in Figure 5 Except for colon tissue


5Hz10 Hz15 Hz

Col

on

Con

trol

AuN

P-RG

D

AuN

P-RG

D-c

olon

AuN

P-RG

D-li

ver

Live

r

0123456789

101112131415

tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Δ

Figure 5 Total temperature increase versus irradiation frequencywith laser

there is no significant difference (119901 lt 005) between theΔ119879 values reached with 10 or 15Hz However there aresignificant differences between the higher frequencies withthe lowest tested (5Hz) To generate the greatest amountof temperature it is necessary that the pulse duration andrepetition frequency be in the same order as the relaxationtime of the SPR expansion wave which is of femtosecondsFor the three frequencies studied the temperature increaseproduced in the system AuNP-RGD-liver is significantlyhigher than the AuNP-RGD-colon and AuNP-RGD-watersystems These increments followed the same trend of thetheoretical 119862ext calculated before119862ext values obtained at 532 nm for AuNP-RGD in the

water media colon tissue and liver tissue are respectively94 98 and 96 of the 119862ext maximum values obtained at5225 nm and 525 nm In other words the nanoparticles wereirradiated with 120582 very close to that of the resonance valueThis incident energy reached the nanoparticle at all the testedfrequencies (5 10 and 15Hz) so the higher the frequencythe higher the energy deposited in the nanoparticle Thisenergy deposited is absorbed at 9896 meaning that almostall the absorbed energy is converted into heat leading totemperature increase Therefore the calculation of 119862ext 119862absand 119862sca helps in the prediction of a pattern of tempera-ture increase when AuNP-RGD immersed in a medium isirradiated

Figure 6 shows the total temperature increase reached ineach of the treatments at the different repetition frequenciesThere is no statistically significant difference between thetemperature values reached by the control sample as the

frequency changesThe temperature reaches amaximum andremains constant over time which indicates that the increasein the control sample does not depend on the repetitionfrequency

Holmer et al reported that the optical absorption ofliver tissue is higher than that of colon tissue because theformer contains more blood irrigation than the latter [25]Therefore liver and colon were employed in this work asmodels of high and low blood irrigation tissues respectivelyTissues showed statistically significant difference betweenthem regarding the temperature values reached by varyingthe frequency Higher temperature values are obtained withthe liver (asymp137∘C)This difference is attributed to the differenthemoglobin concentration between liver and colon andagrees with theHolmer et al results Hemoglobin is the tissuecomponent of greater absorbance to wavelengths close to532 nmConsequently liver tissue has higher absorption (119862extand 119862abs) and the AuNP-RGD-liver system has the highesttemperature increase

Several authors have mentioned that the local tem-perature near the AuNP is increased up to approximately700ndash800∘ which is lower than the fusion temperature ofgold (1063∘C) [7ndash11]Therefore a temperature increase of theorder of 10∘C at macroscopic levels could be expected In thiswork gold nanoparticles (654 times 1011 AuNPmL) generated atemperature rise of approximately 13∘C (200 s of irradiationat 10Hz or after 90 s of irradiation at 15Hz)

If a temperature increase of 13∘C occurs in cells or tis-sues above basal body temperature (37∘C) several processescould lead to cellular death These processes are related totransitions of lipid phases denaturalization of proteins andconformational changes of RNA and DNA among othersThis is the reason why the use of AuNPs could be usefulfor photothermal therapy using a Nd-YAG laser at 532 nmbecause the therapy efficiency (cell death) is directly relatedto the amount of heat produced

4 Conclusions

The calculation of 119862ext 119862abs and 119862sca for the AuNP-RGD-water AuNP-RGD-colon and AuNP-RGD-liver sys-tems helps to understand the temperature increase observedwhen they are irradiated with a Nd-YAG laser at 532 nmThe temperature increase obtained (approximately 13∘C) issufficient to produce cellular death by photothermal therapy

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Mexican National Councilof Science and Technology (CATEDRAS-CONACYT-ININ-337 and CONACYT-SEP-CB-2014-01-242443) This researchwas carried out as part of the activities of the ldquoLaboratorioNacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo de Radiofarmacos


ControlLiverColon

AuNP-RGDAuNP-RGD-liverAuNP-RGD-colon

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

30050 150 200 250100 350 4000Time (s)

Frequency 5 Hz

(a)

ControlLiverColon


373839404142434445464748495051

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

50 100 150 2000Time (s)

Frequency 10 Hz

(b)

ControlLiverColon


373839404142434445464748495051

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

15 30 45 60 75 900Time (s)

Frequency 15 Hz

(c)

Figure 6 Temperature increase at different frequencies (a) 5Hz (b) 10Hz and (c) 15Hz

CONACyTrdquo The scholarship granted to A Carrillo-Cazaresthrough CONACyT-PNPC program is also acknowledged

References

[1] X Huang and M A El-Sayed ldquoGold nanoparticles opticalproperties and implementations in cancer diagnosis and pho-tothermal therapyrdquo Journal of Advanced Research vol 1 no 1pp 13ndash28 2010

[2] J Gautier E Allard-Vannier K Herve-Aubert M Souce andI Chourpa ldquoDesign strategies of hybrid metallic nanoparticles

for theragnostic applicationsrdquo Nanotechnology vol 24 no 43Article ID 432002 2013

[3] G Ferro-Flores C A de Murphy and L Melendez-AlafortldquoThird generation radiopharmaceuticals for imaging and tar-geted therapyrdquo Current Pharmaceutical Analysis vol 2 no 4pp 339ndash352 2006

[4] SHashimotoDWerner andTUwada ldquoStudies on the interac-tion of pulsed lasers with plasmonic gold nanoparticles towardlight manipulation heat management and nanofabricationrdquoJournal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C PhotochemistryReviews vol 13 no 1 pp 28ndash54 2012


[5] R R Letfullin T F George G C Duree and B M BollingerldquoUltrashort laser pulse heating of nanoparticles Comparisonof theoretical approachesrdquo Advances in Optical TechnologiesArticle ID 251718 2008

[6] A Moores and F Goettmann ldquoThe plasmon band in noblemetal nanoparticles an introduction to theory and applica-tionsrdquo New Journal of Chemistry vol 30 no 8 pp 1121ndash11322006

[7] R R Letfullin C B Iversen and T F George ldquoModelingnanophotothermal therapy Kinetics of thermal ablation ofhealthy and cancerous cell organelles and gold nanoparticlesrdquoNanomedicine Nanotechnology Biology andMedicine vol 7 no2 pp 137ndash145 2011

[8] H Mendoza-Nava G Ferro-Flores B Ocampo-Garcıa etal ldquoLaser heating of gold nanospheres functionalized withoctreotide in vitro effect on hela cell viabilityrdquo Photomedicineand Laser Surgery vol 31 no 1 pp 17ndash22 2013

[9] N N Nedyalkov S E Imamova P A Atanasov et al ldquoInter-action of gold nanoparticles with nanosecond laser pulsesNanoparticle heatingrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 257 no 12pp 5456ndash5459 2011

[10] L Sanchez-Hernandez G Ferro-Flores N P Jimenez-Mancillaet al ldquoComparative effect between laser and radiofrequencyheating of rgd-gold nanospheres onMCF7 cell viabilityrdquo Journalof Nanoscience and Nanotechnology vol 15 no 12 pp 9840ndash9848 2015

[11] X Huang P K Jain I H El-Sayed and M A El-Sayed ldquoPlas-monic photothermal therapy (PPTT) using gold nanoparticlesrdquoLasers in Medical Science vol 23 no 3 pp 217ndash228 2008

[12] M X Wang J D Brodin J A Millan et al ldquoAltering DNA-programmable colloidal crystallization paths by modulatingparticle repulsionrdquo Nano Letters vol 17 no 8 pp 5126ndash51322017

[13] P K Jain K S Lee I H El-Sayed and M A El-Sayed ldquoCal-culated absorption and scattering properties of gold nanopar-ticles of different size shape and composition applications inbiological imaging and biomedicinerdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 110 no 14 pp 7238ndash7248 2006

[14] G Ferro-Flores B E Ocampo-Garcıa C L Santos-CuevasE Morales-Avila and E Azorın-Vega ldquoMultifunctional radio-labeled nanoparticles for targeted therapyrdquo Current MedicinalChemistry vol 21 no 1 pp 124ndash138 2014

[15] A Cantelli G Battistelli G Guidetti J Manzi M Di Giosiaand M Montalti ldquoLuminescent gold nanoclusters as biocom-patible probes for optical imaging and theranosticsrdquo Dyes andPigments vol 135 pp 64ndash79 2016

[16] M Luna-Gutierrez G Ferro-Flores B Ocampo-Garcıa et al ldquo177Lu-labeled monomeric dimeric and multimeric RGD pep-tides for the therapy of tumors expressing 120572(])120573(3) integrinsrdquoJournal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals vol55 no 4 pp 140ndash148 2012

[17] B E Ocampo-Garcıa C L Santos-Cuevas L M De Leon-Rodrıguez et al ldquoDesign and biological evaluation of 99mTc-N2S2-Tat(49-57)-c(RGDyK) A hybrid radiopharmaceutical fortumors expressing 120572(v)120573(3) integrinsrdquo Nuclear Medicine andBiology vol 40 no 4 pp 481ndash487 2013

[18] A Vilchis-Juarez G Ferro-Flores C Santos-Cuevas et alldquoMolecular targeting radiotherapy with Cyclo-RGDfK(C) pep-tides conjugated to 177Lu-labeled gold nanoparticles in tumor-bearingmicerdquo Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology vol 10 no3 pp 393ndash404 2014

[19] E Morales-Avila G Ferro-Flores B E Ocampo-Garcıa andL M Gomez-Olivan ldquoEngineered multifunctional RGD-goldnanoparticles for the detection of tumour-specific 120572(120592)120573(3)expression Chemical characterisation and ecotoxicological riskassessmentrdquo Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology vol 8 no 6pp 991ndash999 2012

[20] W S M Werner K Glantschnig and C Ambrosch-DraxlldquoOptical constants and inelastic electron-scattering data for 17elemental metalsrdquo Journal of Physical and Chemical ReferenceData vol 38 no 4 pp 1013ndash1092 2009

[21] P B Johnson and R W Christy ldquoOptical constants of the noblemetalsrdquo Physical Review B Condensed Matter and MaterialsPhysics vol 6 no 12 pp 4370ndash4379 1972

[22] P Giannios S Koutsoumpos K G Toutouzas M Matiatou GC Zografos and K Moutzouris ldquoComplex refractive index ofnormal andmalignant human colorectal tissue in the visible andnear-infraredrdquo Journal of Biophotonics vol 10 no 2 pp 303ndash310 2017

[23] P Giannios K G Toutouzas M Matiatou et al ldquoVisible tonear-infrared refractive properties of freshly-excised human-liver tissues Marking hepatic malignanciesrdquo Scientific Reportsvol 6 Article ID 27910 2016

[24] N Jimenez-Mancilla G Ferro-Flores C Santos-Cuevas et alldquoMultifunctional targeted therapy system based on 99mTc177Lu-labeled gold nanoparticles-Tat(49-57)-Lys3-bombesininternalized in nuclei of prostate cancer cellsrdquo Journal ofLabelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals vol 56 no 13pp 663ndash671 2013

[25] C Holmer K S Lehmann J Risk et al ldquoColorectal tumors andhepatic metastases differ in their optical properties - Relevancefor dosimetry in laser-induced interstitial thermotherapyrdquoLasers in Surgery andMedicine vol 38 no 4 pp 296ndash304 2006

Submit your manuscripts athttpswwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of



CeramicsJournal of


CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of



International Journal of

Biomaterials


NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research



MetallurgyJournal of


BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of



The SPR band intensity and wavelength characteristics ofthe AuNPs depend on factors affecting the electron chargedensity on the particle surface such as the metal typeparticle size shape structure composition and the dielectricconstant of the surrounding medium (water type of tissue)In the SPR phenomenon the electrons of gold resonate inresponse to incoming radiation causing both the absorptionand scattering of light these processes can be explained byMie theoryThis approach provides exact analytical solutionsto Maxwellrsquos equations for spheres with various diametersthe absorption and scattering probabilities are represented bythe absorption scattering and extinction cross sections (119862abs119862sca and 119862ext) [13] The optical absorption and scatteringphenomena strongly depend on the size of the nanoparticlesand the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium Forsmall AuNPs inwater (refractive index 119899 = 133 anddielectricconstant 120576 = 1198992) total extinction is completely ruled byabsorption when the size increases the scattering processappears and intensifies [20ndash23]

The theoretical calculations of the 119862abs 119862sca and119862ext coefficients through Mie theory have been previouslyreported in the case of light interactingwithAuNPs dispersedin a homogeneous medium where the refractive index isconsidered a constant However such parameters have notbeen determined for specific tissues where the refractiveindex has to be evaluated as a function of the interactingwavelength since the absorption and scattering cross sectionsare strongly affected by the composition of the tissue (amountof the water hemoglobin and melanin) The determinationof these parameters could explain the temperature increasegenerated by the AuNP which is a critical point in thepotential clinical application of the plasmonic photothermaltherapy

This research aimed to calculate the optical coefficients(119862abs 119862sca and 119862ext) of functionalized gold nanoparticles indifferent tissues (liver and colon) by Mie theory and todetermine their correlation with the temperature increaseobserved experimentally in tissues containing AuNPs underplasmonic photothermal irradiation using a Nd-YAG laser

2 Materials and Methods

21 Materials Gold nanoparticles (20 nm) were obtainedfrom Sigma-Aldrich (654 times 1011 particlesmL) A 50120583Msolution of c[RGDfK(C)] and PBS pH 7 was prepared in typeI grade water Homogeneous suspensions of pork liver andchicken intestinal viscera (for simulating colon tissue) wereblendedwith a small volume of waterThemixtures were thenpassed through a strainer for sieving and homogenization

22 Preparation of the AuNP-c[RGDfK(C)] Conjugate Thesynthesis of cyclo[Arg-Gly-Asp-Phe-Lys(Cys)] (c[RGDfK(C)])was carried out according to the method reported by Ferro-Flores et al [14] In the c[RGDfK(C)] molecule the sequenceArg-Gly-Asp-(-RGD-) acts as the active biological site TheD-Phe (f) and Lys (K) residues completed the cyclic andthe pentapeptide structure and Cys (C) is the spacer thatcontains the active thiol group that interacts with the goldnanoparticle surface For conjugate preparation a 50 120583M

solution of c[RGDfK(C)] was prepared using type I gradewater and then 002mL (6023 times 1014 molecules) wasadded to 1mL of the AuNP suspension (20 nm 654 times 1011particlesmL) followed by stirring for 5min No furtherpurification was required

23 Characterization before and after Laser IrradiationBefore laser irradiation the chemical conjugation was con-firmed byUV-Vis medium- and far-IR Raman spectroscopyand Transmission ElectronMicroscopy (TEM) as previouslyreported [16 19]

After laser irradiation TEMand the absorption spectrumin the range of 400ndash800 nm were also obtained The UV-Vis analysis was performed with a Perkin-Elmer Lambda-Biospectrometer using a 1 cm quartz cuvette to monitor the sizeand the AuNP surface plasmon band around 520 nm


241 Complex Dielectric Constant The complex dielectricconstant (120576119901 = 1205761015840119901 + 119894120576

10158401015840119901 ) of the AuNP was obtained from the

complex refractive index of gold (119899119901 = 119899119901 + 119894119896119901) at differentwavelengths (450 to 700 nm) according toWerner et al [20]These values were corrected by the nanoparticle size using acubic interpolation and calculated as

119899119901 = 119899119901 + 119894119896119901 (1)

The complex dielectric constant 1205761015840119901 + 11989412057610158401015840119901 was obtained as

follows

120576119901 = (119899119901)2= (119899119901 + 119894119896119901)

2

120576119901 = (119899119901)2minus (119896119901)

2+ 1198942 (119899119901 lowast 119896119901)

(2)

where

1205761015840119901 = (119899119901)2minus (119896119901)

2

12057610158401015840119901 = 2 (119899119901 lowast 119896119901) (3)

For the 120576119898 media (liver or colon tissue) the complex dielec-tric constants were obtained following the same procedureemployed for AuNP but using the complex index reportedby Giannios et al [22 23] The experimental data was usedto obtain the values for the refractive index as a continuousfunction dependent on the wavelength

242 Calculations of Optical Properties of AuNP-RGD-Tissueby the Mie Theory Theoretical calculations were carriedout using the generalized Mie theory considering sphericalnanoparticles (119903 = 20 nm) whose diameter is lower than theirradiation wavelength (532 nm) In this case the Mie-Drudetheory was not employed Therefore free electron densitywas not directly considered However electron movement istaken into account indirectly in the dielectric functions ofmaterials

Mie theory explains the interaction between the lightand AuNPs where the absorption and scattering probabilities




119862ext =241205872119877312057611989832

120582lowast

12057610158401015840119901(1205761015840119901 + 2120576119898)

2+ 120576101584010158401199012

119862sca =2712058751198776

120582lowast1003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816

1205761015840119901 minus 1205761198981205761015840119901 + 2120576119898

1003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816

2

119862abs = 119862ext minus 119862sca

(4)









c[RGDfK(C)]




DE119898 = DP119898 lowast 119905 (5)


DP119898 =119875119898119860 (6)










5198 522

500 600 700 800400Wavelength (nm)

00

02

04

06

08

10

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

20 nm

AuNP-c[RGDfK(C)]

0

20

40

60

80

100

Freq

uenc

y (

)

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2815Diameter (nm)












15

20

25

30

35

40

k im

agin

ary

part

of r

efra

ctiv

e ind

ex

nk

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14n

real

par

t of r

efra

ctiv

e ind

ex

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)


0005101520253035404550

minus150

minus125

minus100

minus75

minus50

minus25

00

r

eal p

art o

f the

die

lect

ric fu

nctio

n

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

im

agin

ary

part

of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

(a)


nk

00031

00032

00033

00034

00035

00036

00037

00038k

imag

inar

y pa

rt o

f ref

ract

ive i

ndex

13681370137213741376137813801382138413861388

n re

al p

art o

f ref

ract

ive i

ndex

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)


00092

00094

00096

00098

00100

00102

00104

im

agin

ary

part

of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

1885

1890

1895

1900

1905

1910

1915

1920

1925

rea

l par

t of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

(b)


00125

00130

00135

00140

00145

00150

00155

00160

00165

im

agin

ary

part

of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

r

eal p

art o

f the

die

lect

ric fu

nctio

n


nk

00035

00040

00045

00050

00055

00060

k im

agin

ary

part

of r

efra

ctiv

e ind

ex

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

132

133

134

135

136

137

n re

al p

art o

f ref

ract

ive i

ndex

(c)



500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375Eff

ectiv

e sec

tion

(nm

2)


CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(a)

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375

450

Effec

tive s

ectio

n (n

m2)


CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(b)

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375

450

Effec

tive s

ectio

n (n

m2)


CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(c)







5Hz10 Hz15 Hz

Col

on

Con

trol

AuN

P-RG

D

AuN

P-RG

D-c

olon

AuN

P-RG

D-li

ver

Live

r

0123456789

101112131415

tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Δ









4 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



ControlLiverColon


37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

30050 150 200 250100 350 4000Time (s)

Frequency 5 Hz

(a)

ControlLiverColon


373839404142434445464748495051

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

50 100 150 2000Time (s)

Frequency 10 Hz

(b)

ControlLiverColon


373839404142434445464748495051

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

15 30 45 60 75 900Time (s)

Frequency 15 Hz

(c)



References



































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of





119862ext =241205872119877312057611989832

120582lowast

12057610158401015840119901(1205761015840119901 + 2120576119898)

2+ 120576101584010158401199012

119862sca =2712058751198776

120582lowast1003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816

1205761015840119901 minus 1205761198981205761015840119901 + 2120576119898

1003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816100381610038161003816

2

119862abs = 119862ext minus 119862sca

(4)









c[RGDfK(C)]




DE119898 = DP119898 lowast 119905 (5)


DP119898 =119875119898119860 (6)










5198 522

500 600 700 800400Wavelength (nm)

00

02

04

06

08

10

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

20 nm

AuNP-c[RGDfK(C)]

0

20

40

60

80

100

Freq

uenc

y (

)

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2815Diameter (nm)












15

20

25

30

35

40

k im

agin

ary

part

of r

efra

ctiv

e ind

ex

nk

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14n

real

par

t of r

efra

ctiv

e ind

ex

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)


0005101520253035404550

minus150

minus125

minus100

minus75

minus50

minus25

00

r

eal p

art o

f the

die

lect

ric fu

nctio

n

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

im

agin

ary

part

of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

(a)


nk

00031

00032

00033

00034

00035

00036

00037

00038k

imag

inar

y pa

rt o

f ref

ract

ive i

ndex

13681370137213741376137813801382138413861388

n re

al p

art o

f ref

ract

ive i

ndex

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)


00092

00094

00096

00098

00100

00102

00104

im

agin

ary

part

of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

1885

1890

1895

1900

1905

1910

1915

1920

1925

rea

l par

t of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

(b)


00125

00130

00135

00140

00145

00150

00155

00160

00165

im

agin

ary

part

of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

r

eal p

art o

f the

die

lect

ric fu

nctio

n


nk

00035

00040

00045

00050

00055

00060

k im

agin

ary

part

of r

efra

ctiv

e ind

ex

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

132

133

134

135

136

137

n re

al p

art o

f ref

ract

ive i

ndex

(c)



500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375Eff

ectiv

e sec

tion

(nm

2)


CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(a)

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375

450

Effec

tive s

ectio

n (n

m2)


CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(b)

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375

450

Effec

tive s

ectio

n (n

m2)


CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(c)







5Hz10 Hz15 Hz

Col

on

Con

trol

AuN

P-RG

D

AuN

P-RG

D-c

olon

AuN

P-RG

D-li

ver

Live

r

0123456789

101112131415

tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Δ









4 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



ControlLiverColon


37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

30050 150 200 250100 350 4000Time (s)

Frequency 5 Hz

(a)

ControlLiverColon


373839404142434445464748495051

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

50 100 150 2000Time (s)

Frequency 10 Hz

(b)

ControlLiverColon


373839404142434445464748495051

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

15 30 45 60 75 900Time (s)

Frequency 15 Hz

(c)



References



































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of




5198 522

500 600 700 800400Wavelength (nm)

00

02

04

06

08

10

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

20 nm

AuNP-c[RGDfK(C)]

0

20

40

60

80

100

Freq

uenc

y (

)

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2815Diameter (nm)












15

20

25

30

35

40

k im

agin

ary

part

of r

efra

ctiv

e ind

ex

nk

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14n

real

par

t of r

efra

ctiv

e ind

ex

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)


0005101520253035404550

minus150

minus125

minus100

minus75

minus50

minus25

00

r

eal p

art o

f the

die

lect

ric fu

nctio

n

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

im

agin

ary

part

of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

(a)


nk

00031

00032

00033

00034

00035

00036

00037

00038k

imag

inar

y pa

rt o

f ref

ract

ive i

ndex

13681370137213741376137813801382138413861388

n re

al p

art o

f ref

ract

ive i

ndex

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)


00092

00094

00096

00098

00100

00102

00104

im

agin

ary

part

of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

1885

1890

1895

1900

1905

1910

1915

1920

1925

rea

l par

t of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

(b)


00125

00130

00135

00140

00145

00150

00155

00160

00165

im

agin

ary

part

of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

r

eal p

art o

f the

die

lect

ric fu

nctio

n


nk

00035

00040

00045

00050

00055

00060

k im

agin

ary

part

of r

efra

ctiv

e ind

ex

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

132

133

134

135

136

137

n re

al p

art o

f ref

ract

ive i

ndex

(c)



500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375Eff

ectiv

e sec

tion

(nm

2)


CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(a)

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375

450

Effec

tive s

ectio

n (n

m2)


CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(b)

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375

450

Effec

tive s

ectio

n (n

m2)


CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(c)







5Hz10 Hz15 Hz

Col

on

Con

trol

AuN

P-RG

D

AuN

P-RG

D-c

olon

AuN

P-RG

D-li

ver

Live

r

0123456789

101112131415

tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Δ









4 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



ControlLiverColon


37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

30050 150 200 250100 350 4000Time (s)

Frequency 5 Hz

(a)

ControlLiverColon


373839404142434445464748495051

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

50 100 150 2000Time (s)

Frequency 10 Hz

(b)

ControlLiverColon


373839404142434445464748495051

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

15 30 45 60 75 900Time (s)

Frequency 15 Hz

(c)



References



































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of




15

20

25

30

35

40

k im

agin

ary

part

of r

efra

ctiv

e ind

ex

nk

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14n

real

par

t of r

efra

ctiv

e ind

ex

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)


0005101520253035404550

minus150

minus125

minus100

minus75

minus50

minus25

00

r

eal p

art o

f the

die

lect

ric fu

nctio

n

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

im

agin

ary

part

of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

(a)


nk

00031

00032

00033

00034

00035

00036

00037

00038k

imag

inar

y pa

rt o

f ref

ract

ive i

ndex

13681370137213741376137813801382138413861388

n re

al p

art o

f ref

ract

ive i

ndex

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)


00092

00094

00096

00098

00100

00102

00104

im

agin

ary

part

of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

1885

1890

1895

1900

1905

1910

1915

1920

1925

rea

l par

t of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

(b)


00125

00130

00135

00140

00145

00150

00155

00160

00165

im

agin

ary

part

of t

he d

iele

ctric

func

tion

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

r

eal p

art o

f the

die

lect

ric fu

nctio

n


nk

00035

00040

00045

00050

00055

00060

k im

agin

ary

part

of r

efra

ctiv

e ind

ex

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

132

133

134

135

136

137

n re

al p

art o

f ref

ract

ive i

ndex

(c)



500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375Eff

ectiv

e sec

tion

(nm

2)


CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(a)

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375

450

Effec

tive s

ectio

n (n

m2)


CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(b)

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375

450

Effec

tive s

ectio

n (n

m2)


CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(c)







5Hz10 Hz15 Hz

Col

on

Con

trol

AuN

P-RG

D

AuN

P-RG

D-c

olon

AuN

P-RG

D-li

ver

Live

r

0123456789

101112131415

tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Δ









4 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



ControlLiverColon


37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

30050 150 200 250100 350 4000Time (s)

Frequency 5 Hz

(a)

ControlLiverColon


373839404142434445464748495051

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

50 100 150 2000Time (s)

Frequency 10 Hz

(b)

ControlLiverColon


373839404142434445464748495051

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

15 30 45 60 75 900Time (s)

Frequency 15 Hz

(c)



References



































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of



500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375Eff

ectiv

e sec

tion

(nm

2)


CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(a)

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375

450

Effec

tive s

ectio

n (n

m2)


CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(b)

500 550 600 650 700450Wavelength (nm)

0

75

150

225

300

375

450

Effec

tive s

ectio

n (n

m2)


CＭ＝

C＜Ｍ

(c)







5Hz10 Hz15 Hz

Col

on

Con

trol

AuN

P-RG

D

AuN

P-RG

D-c

olon

AuN

P-RG

D-li

ver

Live

r

0123456789

101112131415

tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Δ









4 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



ControlLiverColon


37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

30050 150 200 250100 350 4000Time (s)

Frequency 5 Hz

(a)

ControlLiverColon


373839404142434445464748495051

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

50 100 150 2000Time (s)

Frequency 10 Hz

(b)

ControlLiverColon


373839404142434445464748495051

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

15 30 45 60 75 900Time (s)

Frequency 15 Hz

(c)



References



































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of



5Hz10 Hz15 Hz

Col

on

Con

trol

AuN

P-RG

D

AuN

P-RG

D-c

olon

AuN

P-RG

D-li

ver

Live

r

0123456789

101112131415

tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Δ









4 Conclusions




Acknowledgments



ControlLiverColon


37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

30050 150 200 250100 350 4000Time (s)

Frequency 5 Hz

(a)

ControlLiverColon


373839404142434445464748495051

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

50 100 150 2000Time (s)

Frequency 10 Hz

(b)

ControlLiverColon


373839404142434445464748495051

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

15 30 45 60 75 900Time (s)

Frequency 15 Hz

(c)



References



































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of



ControlLiverColon


37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

30050 150 200 250100 350 4000Time (s)

Frequency 5 Hz

(a)

ControlLiverColon


373839404142434445464748495051

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

50 100 150 2000Time (s)

Frequency 10 Hz

(b)

ControlLiverColon


373839404142434445464748495051

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

15 30 45 60 75 900Time (s)

Frequency 15 Hz

(c)



References



































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


study of the optical properties of functionalized gold

Documents