Supraglottic Supraglottic

Glottic Glottic SubglotticSubglottic

•Vegitative function

•Voiced/Voiceless

•5 layers of tissue

Aerodynamic Myoelastic Theory: vibration of the vocal folds is the product of air flow and pressure through a constricted tube interacting with the elastic component of muscle tissue in absence of repetitive muscular contraction

Bernoulli Principle: given a constant volume flow of air or fluid, at a point of constriction there will be decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow and an increase in velocity of the flow

Phases:

Opening

Open

Closing

Closed

Sustained Phonation: The interaction of subglottal pressure, tissue elasticity, and constriction as long as pressure flow and vocal fold approximation are maintained

One Vocal Fold Cycle

Cartilages Cartilages of the of the

LarynxLarynxCuneiform Cartilage

Structures connected by

intrinsic ligaments and membranes

Fibroelastic MembraneFibroelastic Membrane

Upper quadrangular Upper quadrangular membranesmembranes Aryepiglottic foldsAryepiglottic folds Lower conus elasticusLower conus elasticus Vocal ligamentVocal ligament

Valleculae: a valley found

between the base of the tongue and epiglottis within

folds arising from the

glossoepiglottic ligaments

Pyriform Sinus: valley lateral to the vocal folds

5 Layers of Tissue:

Squamous cell epithelium 1

Lamina propria

elastin fibers-random 2

elastin fibers-ap 3

collagen fibers-ap 4

Thyrovocalis muscle 5

Cover: 1,2,3

Body: 4,5

Mucosal Lining: 1,2

Vocal Ligament: 3,4

Muscle: 5

SpacesSpaces AditusAditus:: entry to the larynx from the entry to the larynx from the

pharynx above, entryway to the pharynx above, entryway to the first cavityfirst cavity

VestibuleVestibule: first cavity of the larynx, : first cavity of the larynx, between aditus and between aditus and ventricular/vestibular foldsventricular/vestibular folds

Laryngeal ventricleLaryngeal ventricle: space between : space between the ventricular folds and vocal foldsthe ventricular folds and vocal folds

GlottisGlottis: space between the vocal : space between the vocal foldsfolds

The arytenoid cartilages sit on the superior surface of the cricoid. The cricoarytenoid joint permits rotation, rocking, and gliding.

Hyoid Bone: Only bone in the body that is not attached to other bone

Supra hyoid: laryngeal elevators Infra hyoid: laryngeal depressors

Cricothyroid Joint: contraction of the cricothyroid muscle, the effect is to tense the vocal folds

Articular facet of the arytenoid cartilage permits inward rocking, ap gliding, and rotation.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles AdductorsAdductors Innervation: Recurrent Branch of X VagusInnervation: Recurrent Branch of X Vagus

LCALCA: draws muscular process forward, : draws muscular process forward, this rocks the arytenoids inward and this rocks the arytenoids inward and downward creating adductiondownward creating adduction

TATA: pulls the arytenoids together : pulls the arytenoids together approximating VF, important in medial approximating VF, important in medial compression (degree of force applied by compression (degree of force applied by the vocal folds at their point of contact)the vocal folds at their point of contact)

OAOA: pulls apex of arytenoid medially : pulls apex of arytenoid medially which promotes adduction, enforces which promotes adduction, enforces medial compression, rocks arytenoids medial compression, rocks arytenoids down and in, aids in pulling the epiglottis down and in, aids in pulling the epiglottis over the larynx, serves tight adduction over the larynx, serves tight adduction

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles Abductor Abductor

Innervation: Recurrent Branch of X VagusInnervation: Recurrent Branch of X Vagus

PCAPCA: pulls muscular process : pulls muscular process posteriorly, abducts vocal posteriorly, abducts vocal folds, direct antagonist to LCAfolds, direct antagonist to LCA

Glottal TensorsGlottal Tensors

CTCT: rocks the thyroid cartilage : rocks the thyroid cartilage downward (pars recta) and forward downward (pars recta) and forward (pars oblique) thus stretching or (pars oblique) thus stretching or tensing the vocal folds, this is the tensing the vocal folds, this is the major adjustment for pitch change major adjustment for pitch change Inn. Superior Branch of X Vagus Inn. Superior Branch of X Vagus

ThyVThyV: medial muscle of vocal folds, : medial muscle of vocal folds, tenses vocal folds in its activity as tenses vocal folds in its activity as antagonist to CT Inn. Recurrent antagonist to CT Inn. Recurrent Branch of Vagus Branch of Vagus

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles Relaxers Relaxers

Innervation: Recurrent Branch of X VagusInnervation: Recurrent Branch of X Vagus

ThyMThyM: may be considered part : may be considered part of of ThyAThyA, lateral to , lateral to TVTV• Lateral fibers of TM adduct and Lateral fibers of TM adduct and

lengthen VFlengthen VF• Medial fibers relax VFMedial fibers relax VF

• Sup ThyA: Some consider part of TM

- Relaxes VF

Lateral Cricoaryteniod Muscle

Interaryteniod Muscles

Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscles

Cricothyroid Muscle

Thyroarytenoid Muscles

Abduction

and

Adduction

Movement due to the

Cricothyroid M.

Vocal Fold Contraction

Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

Supra Hyoid Laryngeal

Elevators

Supra Hyoid Laryngeal Elevators Supra Hyoid Laryngeal Elevators

• DigastricDigastric: elevate the hyoid, can : elevate the hyoid, can pull mandible inferiorly if pull mandible inferiorly if infrahyoids are fixedinfrahyoids are fixed Anterior: draw the hyoid up and Anterior: draw the hyoid up and forward, Inn. V Trigeminalforward, Inn. V Trigeminal

Posterior: draw the hyoid up Posterior: draw the hyoid up and back, Inn. V11 Facialand back, Inn. V11 Facial

• StylohyoidStylohyoid: elevates and retracts : elevates and retracts hyoid bone, with anchoring of hyoid bone, with anchoring of infrahyoids could facilitate infrahyoids could facilitate tongue movement tongue movement Inn. V11 Facial Inn. V11 Facial

Supra Hyoid Supra Hyoid Laryngeal Elevators Laryngeal Elevators

MylohyoidMylohyoid: forms the floor or the oral : forms the floor or the oral cavity, elevates hyoid and projects it cavity, elevates hyoid and projects it forward, elevation of the floor of the forward, elevation of the floor of the mouth during the first stage of mouth during the first stage of deglutition, depress mandible with IH deglutition, depress mandible with IH fixed fixed Inn. V Trigeminal Inn. V Trigeminal

GeniohyoidGeniohyoid: superior to mylohyoid, : superior to mylohyoid, elevates hyoid, draws it forward, elevates hyoid, draws it forward, depress mandible with IHdepress mandible with IH fixed fixed Inn. Inn. XII HypoglossalXII Hypoglossal

Supra Hyoid Supra Hyoid Laryngeal Elevators Laryngeal Elevators

HyoglossusHyoglossus: lingual depressor or hyoid : lingual depressor or hyoid elevator Inn. XII hypoglossalelevator Inn. XII hypoglossal

GenioglossusGenioglossus: muscle of the tongue : muscle of the tongue which will elevate the hyoid which will elevate the hyoid Inn. XII Inn. XII HypoglossalHypoglossal

ThyropharyngeusThyropharyngeus: part of inferior : part of inferior constrictor m., propels food through constrictor m., propels food through the pharynx, elevates larynx and the pharynx, elevates larynx and constricts pharynx, not a SH m. constricts pharynx, not a SH m. Inn. ansa cervicalis arising from C1-C3 Inn. ansa cervicalis arising from C1-C3 spinal nervesspinal nerves

Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

Infra Hyoid

Laryngeal Depressors

Infra Hyoid Laryngeal DepressorsInfra Hyoid Laryngeal Depressors SternohyoidSternohyoid: depress hyoid, : depress hyoid,

lowering important following lowering important following pharyngeal stage of swallow, pharyngeal stage of swallow, with SH m. are contracted it will with SH m. are contracted it will fix hyoid and larynx fix hyoid and larynx Inn. ansa cervicallis C1-C3 Inn. ansa cervicallis C1-C3

OmohyoidOmohyoid: two bellies scapula to : two bellies scapula to hyoid, depress hyoid and larynx hyoid, depress hyoid and larynx Inn. ansa Inn. ansa cervicalis C1 (sup) C2 and C3 (inf)cervicalis C1 (sup) C2 and C3 (inf)

Infra Hyoid Infra Hyoid Laryngeal DepressorsLaryngeal Depressors

SternothyroidSternothyroid: depress thyroid : depress thyroid cartilage, draws larynx inferiorly cartilage, draws larynx inferiorly following pharyngeal stage of swallow following pharyngeal stage of swallow Inn. spinal nerves from C1 and C2 Inn. spinal nerves from C1 and C2 that course in the hypoglossal nervesthat course in the hypoglossal nerves

ThyrohyoidThyrohyoid: superior counterpart of : superior counterpart of sternothyroid, either depress hyoid or sternothyroid, either depress hyoid or raise larynx depending on who is fixed raise larynx depending on who is fixed Inn. Inn. spinal nerves from C1 that course in spinal nerves from C1 that course in hypoglossal nervehypoglossal nerve

Oscillation: continued vibration

Elasticity: return to original shape after being displaced

Stiffness: strength of the forces held within a given material that restores it to its original shape after being distended

Inertia: property of mass that dictates that a body in motion tends to stay in motion

Periodic: repeats itself in a predictable fashion

Cycle of Vibration: moving from one point in the vibratory pattern to the same point

Period: the time it takes to pass through one cycle of vibration

Frequency: how often something occurs, how often a cycle of vibration repeats itself, frequency equals 1 divided by the time it takes for one period

f=1/T: T=1/f

Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz) which is the numbers of cycles per second

Vocal Fundamental FrequencyVocal Fundamental Frequency

The primary frequency of The primary frequency of vibration: Fo 100Hzvibration: Fo 100Hz

Harmonics (Ho) are multiples of Harmonics (Ho) are multiples of this Fo 200,300,400,500HZthis Fo 200,300,400,500HZ

Formant Frequencies are vocal Formant Frequencies are vocal tract resonances, do not relate tract resonances, do not relate to the Fo or Ho to the Fo or Ho 400HzF1 2600HzF2400HzF1 2600HzF2

Vocal IntensityVocal Intensity

Relative power or pressure of an Relative power or pressure of an acoustic signalacoustic signal

Direct function of the amount of Direct function of the amount of pressure exerted by the sound pressure exerted by the sound wavewave

Measured in decibles (dB)Measured in decibles (dB)

Vegitative Function

Cough

Throat Clearing

Swallow

Abdominal Fixation

Laryngeal Postures

Vocal AttackVocal Attack Attack: the process of bringing vocal Attack: the process of bringing vocal

folds together to begin phonationfolds together to begin phonation• Simultaneous vocal attack: coordinate Simultaneous vocal attack: coordinate

adduction and onset of respirationadduction and onset of respiration• Breathy Vocal Attack: starting Breathy Vocal Attack: starting

significant air flow before adducting the significant air flow before adducting the vocal foldsvocal folds

• Glottal Attack: adduction of the vocal Glottal Attack: adduction of the vocal folds occurs prior to air flow, hard folds occurs prior to air flow, hard glottal attack may damage vocal tissuesglottal attack may damage vocal tissues

•Vocal Register: differences in mode of Vocal Register: differences in mode of vibration of vocal foldsvibration of vocal folds

Mode of Vibration: pattern of Mode of Vibration: pattern of activity that the vocal folds activity that the vocal folds undergo during a cycle of undergo during a cycle of vibration, varies for each register vibration, varies for each register

VF variation dependent on VF variation dependent on laryngeal tension, medial laryngeal tension, medial compression subglottal pressurecompression subglottal pressure

Register/Mode

RegistersRegisters

•ModalModal: the pattern of phonation : the pattern of phonation used in daily conversationused in daily conversation Pressed: medial compression Pressed: medial compression is greatly increased, strident is greatly increased, strident or harsh quality, vocal abuseor harsh quality, vocal abuse

Breathy : inadaquate closure Breathy : inadaquate closure in closed phase, inefficient in closed phase, inefficient with air wastagewith air wastage

RegistersRegisters•Glottal Fry: different or syncopated Glottal Fry: different or syncopated

vibration in low frequency, rough vibration in low frequency, rough perceptually, low subglottal pressure, perceptually, low subglottal pressure, reduced vocalis tension, vibrating reduced vocalis tension, vibrating margin flaccid and thick, strong margin flaccid and thick, strong medial compression due to lateral medial compression due to lateral portion of vocal fold is tensed, long portion of vocal fold is tensed, long closed cycleclosed cycle

•Falcetto: elevated pitch, breathy, Falcetto: elevated pitch, breathy, vocal folds lengthen and are thin, vocal folds lengthen and are thin, glottis remains open, no closed cycleglottis remains open, no closed cycle

WhisperingWhispering

Not a phonatory modeNot a phonatory mode VF partially adducted and tenseVF partially adducted and tense

•Produces turbulent air streamProduces turbulent air stream•Enlarged space in Enlarged space in

cartilagenous larynxcartilagenous larynx•Breathy vs tense whisperBreathy vs tense whisper

Verticle and Transverse

Phase Relationships During One

Glottic Cycle

Vetricle Transverse

Verticle Phase:opening and closing is inferior to superior

Transverse Phase: less consistent, opening posterior to anterior, closing posterior is last

Frequency, Pitch, Pitch ChangeFrequency, Pitch, Pitch Change

PitchPitch• Perceptual correlate of frequencyPerceptual correlate of frequency• Important element in speech Important element in speech

perceptionperception• Change is perceived when mass of Change is perceived when mass of

VF and elastic elements changeVF and elastic elements change• Increase by stretching and tensing Increase by stretching and tensing

VF using cricothyroid and vocalis m.VF using cricothyroid and vocalis m.

Frequency, Pitch, Pitch ChangeFrequency, Pitch, Pitch Change

Optimal PitchOptimal Pitch• Most appropriate for an individualMost appropriate for an individual• Function of mass and elasticity of Function of mass and elasticity of

VFVF• About ¼ octave above the lowest About ¼ octave above the lowest

frequency of vibrationfrequency of vibration• Function of gender and ageFunction of gender and age

Frequency, Pitch, Pitch ChangeFrequency, Pitch, Pitch Change Habitual Pitch: frequency of vibration of Habitual Pitch: frequency of vibration of

the vocal folds habitually used during the vocal folds habitually used during speech, ideally same as optimal pitchspeech, ideally same as optimal pitch

Average Fundamental Frequency: Average Fundamental Frequency: frequency of vibration of sustained frequency of vibration of sustained phonation, best determined in a phonation, best determined in a conversational sampleconversational sample

Pitch Range: individual Fo range Pitch Range: individual Fo range calculated as difference between lowest calculated as difference between lowest and highest frequencies averages and highest frequencies averages around 2 octavesaround 2 octaves

Tension, Length, Mass of VFTension, Length, Mass of VF

Tension increased by contraction of Tension increased by contraction of the CT and TV, will increase Fo the CT and TV, will increase Fo vibrationvibration

Mass per unit length is decreased Mass per unit length is decreased by lengthening the VF, as mass by lengthening the VF, as mass decreases Fo increasesdecreases Fo increases

Mass per unit length increases, Mass per unit length increases, tension decreases and Fo tension decreases and Fo decreasesdecreases

Increased Fo requires increased Increased Fo requires increased tension which requires increased tension which requires increased subglottic pressuresubglottic pressure

Intensity and Intensity ChangeIntensity and Intensity Change

Intensity (SPL): physical measure of power or pressure ratios

Loudness: perceptual correlate of intensity, how we perceive pressure or power changes

Subglottal Pressure: increased to increase vocal intensity

Medial Compression: increased to increase vocal intensity

Impedance Measurements on EGG

Conversation Level Sustained Vowel

Loud Sustained Vowel

Longer Closed Phase = Increased Intensity = Increased VF tension, Mass, and Subglottal Pressure

Sustained Vowel at Two Sustained Vowel at Two IntensitiesIntensities

PerturbationPerturbation

Frequency: cycle to cycle Frequency: cycle to cycle variability, vocal jitter, measured variability, vocal jitter, measured in % of differences compared to in % of differences compared to the average periodthe average period

Intensity: cycle to cycle variability, Intensity: cycle to cycle variability, vocal shimmervocal shimmer

Other MeasuresOther Measures Maximum Phonation Time: the Maximum Phonation Time: the

duration of phonation an individual is duration of phonation an individual is capable of sustaining, indication of capable of sustaining, indication of phonatory plus respiratory efficiencyphonatory plus respiratory efficiency

Diadokokinesis: alternation of Diadokokinesis: alternation of articulators (alternate motion rate-articulators (alternate motion rate-AMR), coordination of the phonatory AMR), coordination of the phonatory and articulatory systemand articulatory system

Linguistic AspectsLinguistic Aspects

Suprasegmentals: parameters of Suprasegmentals: parameters of speech above the phonetic levelspeech above the phonetic level• Prosody: the system of stress used Prosody: the system of stress used

to vary meaning in speechto vary meaning in speech Pitch, intonation, loudness, Pitch, intonation, loudness, stress, duration and rhythmstress, duration and rhythm

Prosody Prosody essential for naturalnessessential for naturalness

Intonation: Changes in pitch in Intonation: Changes in pitch in speechspeech

Stress: Emphasis to syllables or Stress: Emphasis to syllables or words through frequency and words through frequency and intensity changes, needs greater intensity changes, needs greater increase in subglottal pressureincrease in subglottal pressure• Monotone: monopitch or Monotone: monopitch or

monoloudness affect naturalnessmonoloudness affect naturalness

Declarative

Interrogative

Fo and Io changes during a question