sustaining reforms for inclusive growth in cameroon: a development policy review

8/14/2019 Sustaining Reforms for Inclusive Growth in Cameroon: A Development Policy Review

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JWT Jfuhah Wtfgm KxgdheikKGHN Kequìtk Ghnkrfuehbsk hupräs jks NâehiksKGFYHW Kgfefnbg Gfnnuebty fc Ykst Hcrbghe WthtksKCH Kjughtbfe cfr Haa BebtbhtbvkKBZB Kxtrhgtbvk Bejustrbks Zrhesphrkegy BebtbhtbvkK[ Kurfpkhe [ebfeCJB cfrkbie jbrkgt bevkstnketCKBGFN Cfej Wpâgbha j‒Kqubpknket kt

j‒Betkrvketbfe BetkrgfnnuehaIJP irfss jfnkstbg prfjugt

IBGHN Irfupknket Betkrehtbfeha ju GhnkrfueIEB irfss ehtbfeha begfnkI[GK Iubgdkt [ebquk ju Gfnnkrgk KxtârbkurDBPG Dkhvbay Bejkotkj Pffr GfuetrbksBGZ becfrnhtbfe hej gfnnuebghtbfe tkgdefafiyBJH Betkrehtbfeha Jkvkafpnket HssfgbhtbfeBCG Betkrehtbfeha Cbehegk GfrpfrhtbfeBNC Betkrehtbfeha Nfekthry Cuej

BEW Bestbtut Ehtbfeha jk ah WthtbstbqukBSHG bestbtutkurs vhghthbrksNJI Nbaakeebun Jkvkafpnket IfhaNJ_B Nuatbahtkrha Jkot _kabkc BebtbhtbvkNBEKC Nbebstry fc Kevbrfenket hej CfrkstryNBEKCB Nbebstry fc Kgfefny hej CbehegkNBEKP Nbebstry fc Kevbrfenket hej Ehturk PrftkgtbfeNBEKPHZ Nbebstry fc Kgfefnbg Hc chbrs, Prfirhnnbei, hej

_kibfeha Jkvkafpnket NBECFC Nbebstry fc Cfrkstry hej YbajabckNBECFP_H Nbebstry fc Puoabg Wkrvbgk hej Hjnbebstrhtbvk _kcfrnsNBEPAHPJHZ Nbebstry fc Paheebei, Prfirhnnbei, hej _kibfeha

JkvkafpnketNBEWHEZK Nbebstry fc DkhatdNZKC nkjbun-tkrn kxpkejbturk crhnkwfrmNYd nkihwhtt EIF efeifvkrenketha frihebzhtbfe

EPS ekt prksket vhaukFKGJ‗JHG Frihebshtbfe cfr Kgfefnbg Gf-fpkrhtbfe hej

Jkvkafpnket‗ Jkvkafpnket Hssbsthegk GfnnbttkkFDHJH Frihebshtbfe pfur a‒Dhrnfebshtbfe ke Hcrbquk ju Jrfbt

jks Hcchbrks

xbv Hoorkvbhtbfes



FEHJKC Fcgk Ehtbfeha jk Jâvkafppknket jks CfrìtsFEGG Fcgk Ehtbfeha ju Ghghf kt ju GhcâFEGPO Fcgk Ehtbfeha jk ah Gfnnkrgbhabshtbfe jks Prfjubts

jk OhskPHNW Pfvkrty Hehaysbs Nhgrfkgfefnbg Wbnuahtfr PKZW Puoabg Kxpkejbturk Zrhgmbei Wurvky PIZ Phykur Iâeârha ju Zrâsfr PEJP Prfirhnnk Ehtbfeha jk Jâvkafppknket Phrtbgbphtbc PEI Prfirhnnk Ehtbfeha jk IfuvkrehegkP_IC Pfvkrty _kjugtbfe hej Irfwtd Chgbabty

P_WG Pfvkrty _kjugtbfe Wuppfrt GrkjbtP_WP Pfvkrty _kjugtbfe Wtrhtkiy PhpkrPW_C Prfirhnnk jk Wâgurbshtbfe jks _kgkttks CfrkstbärksWHG-BBB Zdbrj Wtrugturha Hjlustnket GrkjbtWIOG Wfgbâtâ Iâeârhak jks Ohequks hu GhnkrfueWBIKCB Wystânk Betâirâ jk Ikstbfe jks Cbehegks PuoabquksWBIBPKW Wystänk becfrnhtbquk jk ikstbfe betâirâk jks pkrsfeekas

jk B‒Ktht kt jk ah Wfajk

WBPHK Wystânk Betâirâ jk Prflkgtbfe jks HirâihtsÂgfefnbquks

WNK snhaa hej nkjbun-sbzk ketkrprbskWEKG Wfgbâtâ Ehtbfehak jks Khux ju GhnkrfueWED Wfgbâtâ Ehtbfehak jks DyjrfghrourksWFGHPHAN Wfgbâtâ Ghnkrfuehbsk jks PhankrhbksWFEH_H Wfgbâtâ Ehtbfehak jk _hcehikWFEHPFWZ Ghnkrffe Pfstha GfrpfrhtbfeWFEKA Wfgbâtâ Ehtbfehak j‒KakgtrbgbtâWFW[GHN Wfgbâtâ Wugrbärk ju Ghnkrfue[GB [ebvkrsha Gdbaj Bnnuebzhtbfe[KNFH [ebfe Âgfefnbquk kt Nfeâthbrk Fukst Hcrbghbek

SHZ vhauk hjjkj thx YHKN[ Ykst Hcrbghe Kgfefnbg hej Nfekthry [ebfe YJB Yfraj Jkvkafpnket Bejbghtfrs YDF Yfraj Dkhatd Frihebzhtbfe

G[__KEGR KX[BSHAKEZWGurrkegy uebt > GCH crheg (GCHC)[W$8.00 > ;87.7;? GCHC (Luek 70, ?003)

IFSK_ENKEZ CBWGHA R KH_

Lheuhry 8‗Jkgknokr 78

Hoorkvbhtbfes xv



xvbb

Kxkgutbvk Wunnhry

Ydke B vbsbt h gfuetry, B jf eft kxhnbek wdktdkr bt dhs iffj ahws,

out wdktdkr fr eft tdk ahws hrk bnpaknketkj.

‚Nfetksqubku, Jk a‒ksprbt jks afbs

Ghnkrffe dhs sthrtkj tf rkhp tdk crubts fc susthbekj strugturha rkcfrnshctkr ekhray twf jkghjks fc kgfefnbg jbcguatbks sbegk tdk 8240s.

Irfss jfnkstbg prfjugt (IJP) irfwtd dhs sthobabzkj ht he hvkrhik rhtk fc :.;pkrgket h ykhr oktwkke 822: hej ?007, up crfn ‗?.9 pkrgket oktwkke 8243hej 8227. Hs h rksuat fc rkcfrn, irfwtd efw rksts fe strfeikr cfuejhtbfes<prfjugtbvbty dhs bnprfvkj, h ahrikr sdhrk fc bevkstnket gfnks crfn tdkprbvhtk skgtfr, hej tdk sdhrks fc nheuchgturbei hej gfnnkrgk be IJPdhvk irhjuhaay rbske.

Zdk Gfst fc tdk [eebsdkj _kcfrn Hikejh hej tdkEkkj tf Gfnnbt tf _kcfrn

Jkspbtk tdksk sbiebghet hgdbkvknkets, tdkrk hrk sbies tdht rksfavk tf sus-thbe tdk rkcfrn hikejh nhy dhvk safwkj sbegk ?00: tdht nhy skrbfusaygfnprfnbsk tdk Pfvkrty _kjugtbfe Wtrhtkiy Phpkr (P_WP) folkgtbvks fc rhpbjkgfefnbg jbvkrsbghtbfe, hggkakrhtkj irfwtd, hej htthbenket fc tdk Nbaake-ebun Jkvkafpnket Ifhas (NJIs). Bejkkj, bnpaknkethtbfe fc rkcfrns dhsokke uekvke hej dhpdhzhrj, akhvbei mky strugturha prfoakns uerksfavkjhej becrhstrugturk skrvbgks behjkquhtk. Hs h rksuat, tdk ousbekss kevbrfe-nket be Ghnkrffe ahis tdht fc gfnphrhtfr gfuetrbks.

Begfnk pfvkrty dhs chaake sbiebghetay sbegk tdk nbj-8220s. Out jkspbtkh 87-pfbet jrfp be tdk pfvkrty rhtk oktwkke 8223 hej ?008, tdk sfgbhahej becrhstrugturk skgtfrs rknhbe wkhm. Be tdk kjughtbfe skgtfr, hatdfuidprbnhry-sgdffa kerfaanket dhs rbske, tdk begrkhsk dhs eft ykt trhesahtkj betf

gfnphrhoak bnprfvknket be gfnpaktbfe rhtks, hej ahrik jbsphrbtbks rknhbeoktwkke tdk pffr hej tdk efepffr hej oktwkke rurha hej urohe hrkhs. Betdk dkhatd skgtfr, bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk ?008 dkhatd strhtkiy dhs sthrtkjtf ybkaj sfnk bnprfvknkets, out nhey dkhatd bejbghtfrs rknhbe okafw tdk



Kxkgutbvk Wunnhry xbx

Grkhtk h Gfnpktbtbvk Kevbrfenket cfr

Jkkpkebei IrfwtdBnprfvbei tdk ousbekss kevbrfenket rkqubrks tdht tdk Ifvkrenkethjfpt hej gfesbstketay bnpaknket sfuej nhgrfkgfefnbg hej puoabgehegk nhehiknket pfabgbks hs wkaa hs gfnpktbtbvk trhjk hej ehegbhapfabgbks wbtdbe tdk rkibfeha crhnkwfrm. Bt hasf jknhejs bnprfvknket betdk quhabty hej gfst-kcckgtbvkekss fc becrhstrugturk skrvbgks.

Wtrkeitdke Nhgrfkgfefnbg Pfabgbks hej

Puoabg Cbehegk NhehiknketNhbethbebei nhgrfkgfefnbg sthobabty wdbak pursbei prf-irfwtd hej prf-pffr oujikthry pfabgbks hrk tdk twbe pbaahrs fc sfuej nhgrfkgfefnbg nhe-hiknket cfr irfwtd hej pfvkrty rkjugtbfe. Wkvkrha bssuks ekkj tf ok ibvke tdkdbidkst prbfrbty< offstbei rkvkeuk wbtdfut gfnprfnbsbei gfnpktbtbvkekssfr fvkrourjkebei tdk pffr= hgdbkvbei h akvka hej gfnpfsbtbfe fc spkejbeigfesbstket wbtd tdk Pfvkrty _kjugtbfe Wtrhtkiy hej vhstay bnprfvbei oujiktkxkgutbfe wdbak begrkhsbei trhesphrkegy hej hggfuethobabty= fvkrdhuabei tdk

pkrsfeeka hej phyrfaa nhehiknket systkn= prujketay nhehibei tdk fvkrhaajkot= hej gfesfabjhtbei tdk prfgurknket rkcfrn.

Cbsgha Nhehiknket hej _kvkeuk Nfobabzhtbfe

Jfefr-suppfrtkj rkcfrns bnpaknketkj sbegk 8229 dhvk orfhjkekj Ghnk-rffe‒s thx ohsk hej begrkhskj bts efefba rkvkeuk. Hs h rksuat, begfnk thxgurrketay gfetrboutks fek-ctd fc puoabg rkvkeuk. Zdk betrfjugtbfe fc tdk

vhauk-hjjkj thx (SHZ) be 8222 hej sgha rkcfrns be tdk cfrkstry skgtfr be?000 sbiebghetay begrkhskj thx rkvkeuk. Bnprfvknkets be thx hjnbebstrh-tbfe, begaujbei tdk betrfjugtbfe fc h pkrcfrnhegk-ohskj thx nhehiknketsystkn, hasf gfetrboutkj tf begrkhsk rkvkeuk gfaakgtbfe.

Zdk Ifvkrenket sdfuaj oubaj fe tdksk bnpfrthet hggfnpabsdnketsoy hggkakrhtbei bnpaknkethtbfe fc bts skgfej-ikekrhtbfe thx rkcfrns. Zdkekkj tf jf sf bs vbtha be tdk chgk fc jkgabebei fba prfjugtbfe, wdbgd wbaakvketuhaay akhj tf h jkgabek be fba rkvkeuk, hej tdk kxpkgtkj afss be gus-tfns jutbks fegk tdk kgfefnbg phrtekrsdbp hirkknket wbtd tdk Kurfpkhe[ebfe okgfnks kcckgtbvk. _kekwkj kccfrts ekkj tf ok nhjk tf bnpaknket

tdk ekw thx pfabgbks spkaakj fut be tdk P_WP be frjkr tf irhjuhaay begrkhsktdk sdhrk fc efefba rkvkeuk. Zdht okbei shbj, tdk Ifvkrenket wbaa ekkj tfkxkrgbsk nugd jbsgbpabek hej prujkegk tf lujbgbfusay gdffsk hnfei tdkgfnpktbei folkgtbvks fc prkskrvbei tdk gfnpktbtbvkekss fc tdk kgfefny,kedhegbei begketbvks cfr bevkstnket, hej hvfbjbei fvkrthxbei gfesunkrs



xx Kxkgutbvk Wunnhry

hej tdk pffr. Jfbei sf wbaa rkqubrk orfhjkebei tdk ohsk cfr oftd pkrsfehahej gfrpfrhtk thx rkvkeuks rhtdkr tdhe rhbsbei thx rhtks.

Bejkkj, tdk ?00: pkrsfeha begfnk thx pfabgy, wdbgd skkms iafoha hejuebcfrn thxhtbfe fc haa sfurgks fc dfuskdfaj begfnk, dhs rkjugkj tdk thxourjke fe tdk pffr. Zdk ekxt stkp bs tf rhbsk tdk gfrpfrhtk begfnk thx sdhrk,be phrtbguahr oy begrkhsbei rkvkeuk nfobabzhtbfe crfn snhaa hej nkjbun-sbzk ketkrprbsks. Wuosthetbha ihbes hrk hasf pfssboak be cfrkstry thx gfaakgtbfebc tdk Ifvkrenket puts be pahgk vbifrfus pfabgy nkhsurks tf gfnoht thx kvh-sbfe. Zf gfnpkeshtk cfr rkvkeuks afst hs h rksuat fc tdk rkjugtbfe be thrbcc rhtks(phrt fc tdk trhjk betkirhtbfe strhtkiy fc tdk Gfnnuehutâ Kgfefnbquk kt

Nfeâthbrk j‒Hcrbquk Gketrhak ]GKNHG^), tdk Ifvkrenket gfuaj rkjugk tdk vhst hrrhy fc kxknptbfes hej, tfiktdkr wbtd ftdkr GKNHG nknokrs, rkvbsbttdk SHZ systkn tf bnprfvk bts kcgbkegy hej chbrekss.

Kxpkejbturk hej Cbehegbha Nhehiknket

Wkvkrha hrkhs rkqubrk bnnkjbhtk hej rkekwkj httketbfe.Cbrst, oujikt prkphrhtbfe ekkjs tf ok bnprfvkj. Be phrtbguahr, tdk gfn-

pfsbtbfe fc spkejbei hej rksfurgk haafghtbfe ekkjs tf ok okttkr habiekj

wbtd P_WP prbfrbtbks. Zdbs nkhes irhjuhaay begrkhsbei ghpbtha spkejbei hejhaafghtbei nfrk cuejs tf tdk prfjugtbvk, sfgbha, hej becrhstrugturk skgtfrs.Pfabtbgha rksfavk hej phrtbgbphtfry oujikt-prkphrhtbfe prfgkssks bevfav-bei abek nbebstrbks wbaa ok ekkjkj bc tdk oujikt bs tf okgfnk he kcckgtbvkbestrunket cfr offstbei irfwtd hej rkjugbei pfvkrty. Be phrtbguahr, tdkIfvkrenket ekkjs tf ikekrhabzk tdk bnpaknkethtbfe fc h gfnprkdkesbvknkjbun-tkrn kxpkejbturk crhnkwfrm (NZKC). Bt hasf ekkjs tf prfnptayhjfpt hej bnpaknket tdk ekw oujikt gbrguahr, wdbgd whs jksbiekj tfsyegdrfebzk oujikt prkphrhtbfe hej kxkgutbfe wbtd tdk bnpaknkethtbfehej nfebtfrbei fc tdk P_WP. Jfbei sf bs kssketbha bc Ghnkrffe bs tf irhj-uhaay nfvk tfwhrj h rksuats-frbketkj hej pkrcfrnhegk-ohskj oujiktbeisystkn. Zdk ghphgbty fc skgtfr nbebstrbks tf prkphrk pfrtcfabfs fc prflkgtstdht hrk rkhjy cfr kxkgutbfe hej fc tdk gketrha nbebstr bks tf supkrvbsk tdkbevkstnket, paheebei, hej kxkgutbfe prfgkss nust ok strkeitdkekj. Nfrkbetkirhtbfe hej gfesbstkegy oktwkke tdk rkgurrket hej tdk ghpbtha oujiktsbs hasf ekkjkj wbtdbe tdk P_WP prbfrbty skgtfrs, kspkgbhaay be kjughtbfe,dkhatd, hej becrhstrugturk. Cfr tdkbr phrt, jfefrs nust gffrjbehtk tdkbr

hssbsthegk nfrk kcckgtbvkay hej habie bt wbtd tdk P_WP hej tdk ehtbfehaoujiktbei crhnkwfrm hs tdk NZKC systkn bs ikekrhabzkj.

Wkgfej, oujikt kxkgutbfe hej hggfuetbei ekkj sbiebghet bnprfvknket._ksuats crfn tdk Gfuetry Cbehegbha Hggfuethobabty Hsskssnket hej tdk ?00:



Kxkgutbvk Wunnhry xxb

Puoabg Kxpkejbturk Zrhgmbei Wurvky be dkhatd hej kjughtbfe bejbghtk tdhtspkgbg hgtbfes hrk rkqubrkj tf hggfnpabsd tdksk ifhas<

• Wtrkeitdke tdk rkspfesbobabty hej hggfuethobabty fc abek nbebstrbks wdbakbnprfvbei bestbtutbfeha gfaahofrhtbfe oktwkke tdk vhrbfus nbebstrbkshej sthmkdfajkrs tf kesurk kcckgtbvk bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk oujikt besuppfrt fc tdk irfwtd hej pfvkrty rkjugtbfe hikejh.

• Kedhegk tdk trhesphrkegy fc oujikt kxkgutbfe, begaujbei nhmbeinfrk-kcckgtbvk usk fc tdk suppaknkethry oujikt ahw tf rkvbsk rkvkeukhej kxpkejbturk hs jbgthtkj oy uecfrkskke gbrgunsthegks.

• Guro afei jkahys be eftbcybei skrvbgk prfvbjkrs fc tdk hvhbahobabty fccuejs, be frjkr tf begrkhsk tdk hosfrptbfe rhtk.• Bnprfvk tdk kxkgutbfe rhtk fc tdk bevkstnket oujikt, begaujbei rkks-

thoabsdbei nuatbykhr prfirhn hutdfrbzhtbfe wbtd he heeuha phynkethpprfprbhtbfes systkn cfr ghpbtha kxpkejbturk hej bnprfvbei tdk prf-gurknket prfgkss.

• Begrkhsk gfnnuebty phrtbgbphtbfe‚tdk ekw hggfuethobabty hikejh‚oy kegfurhibei, hnfei ftdkr tdbeis, tdk cfrnhtbfe fc dkhatd gfnnbt-tkks hej sgdffa gfuegbas.

Zdbrj, tdk puoabg ehegbha nhehiknket becfrnhtbfe systkn rkqubrkscurtdkr kxtkesbfe hej bnprfvknket. Zdkrk bs ef jfuot tdht sbegk bts begkp-tbfe be ?00:, tdk Betkirhtkj Cbehegbha Nhehiknket Wystkn (Wystänk Betâ-irâ jk Ikstbfe jks Cbehegks Puoabquks ]WBIKCB^) dhs bnprfvkj tdk fw fcbecfrnhtbfe hej gfetrboutkj tf tdk tbnkay rkpfrtbei fc tdk oujikt. Curtdkrstkps hrk ekkjkj cfr tdk systkn tf ybkaj tdk cuaa rheik fc kxpkgtkj okekts.

Zdk nfst bnpfrthet stkp bs tf abem WBIKCB tf tdk NZKC systkn uejkr jkvka-fpnket. Jfbei sf wfuaj gfesbjkrhoay bnprfvk tdk oujikt prkphrhtbfe prf-gkss hej bts habienket wbtd tdk P_WP. Hjjbtbfeha nfjuaks hrk hasf ekkjkjtf kehoak hutdfrbzbei fcgkrs wbtdbe abek nbebstrbks tf dhvk jbrkgt hggkss tftdk systkn cfr rkha-tbnk nfebtfrbei (gurrketay, feay ehegbha gfetrfaakrsdhvk jbrkgt hggkss tf tdk WBIKCB).

Cfurtd, Ghnkrffe‒s betkreha hej kxtkreha gfetrfa systkn bs vkry wkhmhej uriketay ekkjs tf ok strkeitdkekj. Zdk kx hetk gkrtbghtbfe fc skrvbgkjkabvkry sdfuaj ok trhesckrrkj tf spkejbei nbebstrbks= kx pfst hujbtbei thsmsgfuaj ok rkstrugturkj hej nkrikj uejkr tdk gfetrfa fc h ekw Ikekrha Bespkg-

tfrhtk tdht gfvkrs haa strugturks hej ketbtbks tdht nhehik puoabg cuejs. ZdkIfvkrenket bestbtutbfehabzkj tdk kxtkreha hujbtbei systkn be ?003 wbtdtdk bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk Hujbt Gdhnokr. Dfwkvkr, tdk nhejhtk fc tdkgdhnokr jfks eft gfecfrn tf tdk efrns ksthoabsdkj oy tdk Betkrehtbfeha



xxbb Kxkgutbvk Wunnhry

Frihebzhtbfe fc Wuprknk Hujbt Bestbtutbfes. Jfefrs dhvk strfeiay kegfur-hikj tdk Ifvkrenket tf hnkej tdk ahw be frjkr tf ibvk tdk gdhnokr tdk pfwkrtf if okyfej sthejhrj hujbtbei hgtbvbtbks hej tf bssuk fpbebfes rkihrjbei tdkchbrekss hej kcckgtbvkekss fc tdk wfrm jfek oy hutdfrbzbei fcgkrs.

Cbctd, trkhsury nhehiknket dhs skke sfnk eftbgkhoak bnprfvknket fvkrtdk phst ckw ykhrs. Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs gfesfabjhtkj tdk hggfuets prkvbfusaydkaj be gfnnkrgbha ohems, prfvbjbei h sbeiak ghsd pfsbtbfe tdht wbaa chgbabthtkghsd nhehiknket hej nhmk tdk phynket systkn hs h wdfak nfrk kcgbket.

Pkrsfeeka hej Phyrfaa Nhehiknket

Nhehiknket fc tdk phyrfaa rknhbes eftfrbfusay wkhm. Zdk pkrsfeeka akbs eft up tf jhtk= tdk fw fc becfrnhtbfe fe rkgrubtnket, rktbrknkets, hejtrhesckrs oktwkke nbebstrbks bs jkgbket= hej nhey tknpfrhry wfrmkrsrknhbe fe tdk phyrfaa cfr ykhrs wbtdfut dhvbei okke cfrnhaay rkgrubtkjfr rkibstkrkj hs gbvba skrvhets. Nhehiknket fc tdk puoabg skgtfr wfrmcfrgkahgms trhesphrkegy, wbtd sthcei jkgbsbfes hej prfnftbfes ohskj nfrk fepfabtbgha hej rkibfeha gfesbjkrhtbfes tdhe ekkj hej pkrcfrnhegk.

Fvkrdhua fc tdk pkrsfeeka hej phyrfaa nhehiknket systkn bs ekkjkj

tf ibvk nfrk rkspfesbobabtbks tf abek nbebstrbks. Zdk Ifvkrenket dhsgfejugtkj vhrbfus gkesusks tf ksthoabsd h sbeiak pkrsfeeka ak hej bt bsgfnnbttkj tf hggkakrhtbei tdk jkgfegketrhtbfe fc dunhe rksfurgk nhe-hiknket tf abek nbebstrbks tdrfuid jkpafynket fc tdk Betkirhtbfe fc WthtkPkrsfeeka hej Whahrbks (WBIBPKW) gfnputkr systkn. Zdk ekxt stkp wbaa oktf nfvk prfirkssbvkay tf h systkn fc dunhe rksfurgk nhehiknket ohskjfe ksthoabsdkj pfsbtbfes hej abek nbebstrbks‒ sthcei ekkjs, hs kxprksskjbe tdkbr skgtfr strhtkibg pahes hej NZKCs. Be phrhaaka hej hs h rst stkp benfvbei tfwhrj h nkrbt-ohskj systkn, tdk Ifvkrenket bs gfejugtbei hstujy fe shahry strugturk hej okekts. Zdk rksuats fc tdk stujy wbaa dkapiubjk tdk cfrnuahtbfe fc h orfhj nkrbt-ohskj dunhe rksfurgk nhehik-nket systkn cfr Ghnkrffe‒s puoabg hjnbebstrhtbfe.

Fba _ksfurgk Nhehiknket

Wbegk ?00?, tdk Ifvkrenket dhs bnpaknketkj h gfnprkdkesbvk prfirhn fcakiha hej bestbtutbfeha rkcfrns fc tdk pktrfakun skgtfr. Rkt h gfdkrket fba hejkekriy skgtfr jkvkafpnket strhtkiy bs stbaa nbssbei. Wugd h strhtkiy wfuaj

dkap jkek tdk nbssbfes, rfaks, hej rkspfesbobabtbks fc mky puoabg hikegbkshej puoabg gfnphebks (ehnkay, tdk ehtbfeha fba gfnphey ]WED^ hej tdkehtbfeha fba rkekry ]WFEH_H^) hej wfuaj prfpfsk nkhsurks cfr bnprfv-bei tdkbr nhehiknket hej fvkrdhuabei wdfakshak trhespfrt hej stfrhik



Kxkgutbvk Wunnhry xxbbb

chgbabtbks. H strhtkibg crhnkwfrm wfuaj hasf dkap tdk Ifvkrenket bnpaknkettdk Kxtrhgtbvk Bejustrbks Zrhesphrkegy Bebtbhtbvk (KBZB) gfesbstketay.

Jkot Nhehiknket

Prujket pfabgbks hej suggksscua ekiftbhtbfes wbtd jfefrs hej betkrehtbfehagrkjbtfrs dkapkj Ghnkrffe rkjugk bts kxtkreha jkot crfn 90 pkrgket fc IJPbe 822; tf ;0 pkrgket be ?007, rkjugbei kxtkreha jkot skrvbgk foabihtbfes oyhe kstbnhtkj $800 nbaabfe h ykhr. Dfwkvkr, be ?00:, wdke tdk prfirhn wbtdtdk Betkrehtbfeha Nfekthry Cuej wket fcc-trhgm, tdk Ifvkrenket gfuaj efafeikr nkkt bts kxtkreha jkot skrvbgk foabihtbfes, wdbgd cfrgkj bt tf rkqukst h

ekw jkot rksgdkjuabei pahe be ?00;. Zdk shtbschgtfry bnpaknkethtbfe fc h ekwPfvkrty _kjugtbfe hej Irfwtd Chgbabty (P_IC) prfirhn hej h rkekwkj kccfrtoy tdk Ifvkrenket tf hjvhegk bts orfhj strugturha rkcfrn hikejh akj tf tdkhtthbenket fc tdk gfnpaktbfe pfbet fc tdk Kedhegkj Dkhvbay Bejkotkj PffrGfuetrbks (DBPG) bebtbhtbvk be Hprba ?003. Zdbs rksuatkj be h rkjugtbfe be tdkekt prksket vhauk fc kxtkreha jkot hs h sdhrk fc kxpfrts crfn 8;7 pkrgket ht tdkkej fc ?00; tf 87 pkrgket ht tdk kej fc ?003 hej h jrfp be tdk rhtbf fc tdk ektprksket vhauk fc kxtkreha jkot tf kxpfrts crfn 77 pkrgket tf 7 pkrgket. Jkot

skrvbgk bs prflkgtkj tf hvkrhik 8.; pkrgket fc kxpfrt fc iffjs hej skrvbgks fvkr?003‗8;, h afwkr iurk tdhe tdht fc ftdkr gfuetrbks be tdk rkibfe.

Kesurbei jkot susthbehobabty be abidt fc stkhjbay jkgrkhsbei fba rkvkeuksbs kssketbha tf nhgrfkgfefnbg sthobabty. Afei-tkrn jkot susthbehobabty wbaarkqubrk gfesbstket bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk Ifvkrenket‒s nhgrfkgfefnbg hejstrugturha pfabgbks tf offst efefba skgtfr irfwtd hej sgha rkvkeuk wdbakrkjugbei gfetbeiket abhobabtbks.

Bejkkj, rksfautk bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk rkcfrn hikejh, begaujbei tdkprfnpt gfnpaktbfe fc tdk prbvhtbzhtbfe hej rkstrugturbei fc mky puoabgketkrprbsks, eft feay wfuaj kedhegk tdk ousbekss kevbrfenket hej prfvbjkfppfrtuebtbks cfr cfrkbie bevkstnkets, out hasf wfuaj rkjugk tdk sbiebghetgfetbeiket abhobabtbks tdk Ifvkrenket dhs hggunuahtkj fvkr tdk phst ckw

ykhrs hs h rksuat fc tdk jbstrksskj sthtk fc mky puoabg ketkrprbsks. Be phrtbgu-ahr, swbct hgtbfe bs ekkjkj tf gfnpaktk tdk prbvhtbzhtbfe hej rkstrugturbeifc Ghnkrffe Hbrabeks (GHNHB_), Ghnkrffe Pfstha Wkrvbgks (GHNPFWZ),hej Ghnkrffe Zkakgfnnuebghtbfes (GHNZKA).

Jfnkstbg jkot nhehiknket hej dunhe rksfurgks ekkj tf ok strkeitd-

kekj, hej h nfrk kcckgtbvk becfrnhtbfe systkn ekkjs tf ok jkvkafpkj cfrtrhgmbei tdk stfgm fc jfnkstbg jkot hej gfetbeiket abhobabtbks. Zdk Ifvkre-nket hasf ekkjs tf jkvkafp h pahe cfr pdhsbei fut sugd btkns crfn tdkoujikt be h susthbehoak nheekr.



xxbv Kxkgutbvk Wunnhry

H prujket strhtkiy cfr ehegbei rksfurgk ihps bs he bnpfrthet gfnpak-nket tf tdk jfnkstbg rksfurgk nfobabzhtbfe kccfrt ekkjkj tf suppfrt tdkP_WP. Hs tdk ahrikst gfuetry hej kgfefny be tdk GKNHG suorkibfe, Ghn-krffe wfuaj irkhtay okekt crfn tdk grkhtbfe fc h rkibfeha ifvkrenketofej nhrmkt‚wdbgd wfuaj ok cukakj oy rkskrvks fc tdk snhaa out fba-rbgdGKNHG gfuetrbks, sugd hs Kquhtfrbha Iubekh hej Ihofe, hs ifvkrenketsskkm tf stkrbabzk phrt fc tdk rhpbj begrkhsk be fba rkvkeuk. Bt bs, tdkrkcfrk, betdk betkrkst fc Ghnkrffe tf dhstke tdk fpkebei fc h rkibfeha ofej nhr-mkt. Ht tdk shnk tbnk, tdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf ksthoabsd h strfeikr trhgmrkgfrj fc nhgrfkgfefnbg hej jkot nhehiknket hej tf skrbfusay bnprfvk

ifvkrehegk be frjkr tf kedhegk bts grkjbtwfrtdbekss hej okekt crfn tdkekw ofej nhrmkt.

Puoabg Prfgurknket _kcfrns

Puoabg prfgurknket rkcfrn dhs sthrtkj tf ybkaj iffj rksuats= bt ekkjs tf oksusthbekj. Zdk gketkrpbkgk fc rkcfrn bs tdk ekw prfgurknket gfjk betrfjugkjbe ?00:. Zdk ekw gfjk, wdfsk akiha hej rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrm gfecfrns tfbetkrehtbfeha sthejhrjs, skkms tf kedhegk gfnpktbtbfe, trhesphrkegy, hej

kcgbkegy. H puoabg prfgurknket rkiuahtfry hikegy whs grkhtkj be Ckoruhry?008 tf fvkrskk tdk bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk ekw prfgurknket systkn. Wbegktdke, prfgurknket gfnnbttkks dhvk okke skt up be hikegbks ht tdk ehtbfehahej afgha akvkas, hej bejkpkejket foskrvkrs dhvk okke hppfbetkj tf tdkskgfnnbttkks. Heeuha hujbts fc puoabg prfgurknket gfetrhgts dhvk okke gfe-jugtkj sbegk Luay ?008. Zdk ?00; Gfuetry Prfgurknket Hsskssnket _kvbkw(GPH_) tdht tdk Yfraj Ohem hej tdk Ifvkrenket gfejugtkj, gfegaujkjtdht sbiebghet prfirkss dhj okke nhjk sbegk ?000. Be rkspfesk tf tdk GPH_

rkgfnnkejhtbfes, tdk Ifvkrenket hjfptkj h ekw prfgurknket bnprfvk-nket hgtbfe pahe cfr ?003‗04 hej bs gfnnbttkj tf systknhtbghaay kecfrgbeishegtbfes hs phrt fc bts orfhj strhtkiy cfr bnprfvbei ifvkrehegk.

Jkkpke Zrhjk hej Cbehegbha Pfabgbks wbtdbe tdk

_kibfeha Crhnkwfrm

Pfabgbks tdht kedhegk sghak, grkjbobabty, hej vbsbobabty hrk bnpfrthet kspk-gbhaay cfr snhaa, afw-begfnk gfuetrbks sugd hs Ghnkrffe. Wghak bs ekkjkj

tf rkjugk prfjugtbfe gfsts (kspkgbhaay be nheuchgturbei), jkkpke ehegbhanhrmkts (tdkrkoy rkjugbei tdk gfst fc ghpbtha), hej prfvbjk h ahrik kefuidpffa fc iffj-quhabty wfrmkrs hej rkjugk uebt ahofr gfsts. Jkkpkebeirkibfeha betkirhtbfe, kspkgbhaay be trhjk hej ehegk, wfuaj dkap Ghnkrffe



Kxkgutbvk Wunnhry xxv

begrkhsk bts betkrehtbfeha gfnpktbtbvkekss, httrhgt cfrkbie bevkstnket, hejhggkakrhtk jbvkrsbghtbfe.

Jkkpke Zrhjk _kcfrns tf Kedhegk Gfnpktbtbvkekss

_kjugbei ohrrbkrs tf trhjk hej bevkstnket bs kssketbha cfr offstbei gfn-pktbtbfe, rkjugbei trheshgtbfe gfsts, hej hggkakrhtbei jbvkrsbghtbfe hejirfwtd. Ghnkrffe bs fek fc tdk nhey gfuetrbks be Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbghtdht dhs sbiebghetay abokrhabzkj bts trhjk pfabgbks sbegk tdk 8240s. Jkkpkrrkcfrns hrk ekkjkj tf trhescfrn efnbeha rkcfrn betf kcckgtbvk gfnpktbtbvkpfabgy, dfwkvkr.

Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf prfvbjk akhjkrsdbp hej wfrm gafskay wbtdbts GKNHG phrtekrs tf bnpaknket tdk hirkkj-upfe trhjk rkcfrn hikejh. Btsdfuaj hggkakrhtk bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk ekw ikekrhtbfe fc trhjk rkcfrnshej trhjk chgbabthtbfe pfabgbks, begaujbei tdk kabnbehtbfe fc efethrbcc ohr-rbkrs, tdk gfrrkgtbfe fc bnpfrthet jyscuegtbfes be tdk gustfns uebfe, hejtdk rkjugtbfe fc hjnbebstrhtbvk ohrrbkrs hafei grbtbgha trhesbt gfrrbjfrs.Bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk sbeiak trhjk-prfgkssbei wbejfw (Iubgdkt [ebquk)gfestbtutks he bnpfrthet hej pfsbtbvk stkp tdht dhs sbiebghetay rkjugkj

gakhrhegk tbnk ht tdk Pfrt fc Jfuhah, tdk nhbe trhesbt gfrrbjfr cfr tdksuorkibfe. Cuturk kccfrts sdfuaj gfegketrhtk fe strkhnabebei tdk GKNHGgfnnfe kxtkreha thrbcc systkn hej nfrk rksfautkay hej gfesbstketaybnpaknketbei tdk gfnnfe trhjk pfabgy.

Jkkpke Cbehegbha Nhrmkts

Ybtd tdk rkstrugturbei fc bts ohembei hej besurhegk skgtfrs, Ghnkrffedhs suggksscuaay gfnpaktkj tdk sthobabzhtbfe pdhsk fc bts ehegbha skgtfrrkcfrn hikejh. Zdksk rkcfrns dhvk jkkpkekj tdk ehegbha nhrmkt, out

nugd rknhbes tf ok jfek tf offst gfnpktbtbfe, rkjugk tdk gfst fc ghpbtha,hej jbvkrsbcy shvbeis bestrunkets tf offst bevkstnket. Hs be nfst GKNHGgfuetrbks, tdk ohembei strugturk be Ghnkrffe bs jfnbehtkj oy h dhejcuafc ahrik ohems, wdbgd tkej tf gfegketrhtk fe sdfrt-tkrn akejbei hej trhjkehegk. Zdk gdhaakeik bs tf bnprfvk tdk bestbtutbfeha kevbrfenket hejkxphej ehegbha skrvbgks oy jkvkafpbei ehegbha prfjugts cfr bevkstnkethej kedhegbei hggkss tf ehegbha skrvbgks cfr tdk pffr, kspkgbhaay tdfskabvbei be rurha hrkhs. Zfwhrj tdbs kej, tdk rkcfrn hikejh ekkjs tf cfgus fe

tdk cfaafwbei hrkhs<• Bnprfvk tdk akiha kevbrfenket, strkeitdke tdk hggfuetbei hej hujbt

systkn, hej kedhegk tdk kcgbkegy fc tdk phynket systkn.• Wtrkeitdke nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfes.



xxvb Kxkgutbvk Wunnhry

• _kstrugturk tdk pfstha ehegbha skrvbgks.• Jkvkafp afei-tkrn ehegbha bestrunkets cfr bevkstnket, begaujbei be

dfusbei.• Jkkpke tdk besurhegk nhrmkt hej rkcfrn tdk sfgbha skgurbty systkn.• Fpkrhtbfehabzk tdk Jfuhah Wtfgm Kxgdheik hej jkvkafp h rkibfeha ifv-

krenket ofej nhrmkt.

Bnprfvk Becrhstrugturk Wkrvbgks

Bnprfvbei becrhstrugturk skrvbgks wfuaj kedhegk tdk gfnpktbtbvkekss fc

Ghnkrffe‒s kgfefny hej ofastkr bts kccfrts tf hggkakrhtk irfwtd. Bnprfv-bei hggkss tf mky becrhstrugturk bs hasf kssketbha cfr gfeekgtbei tdk pffr hejrurha hrkhs tf irfwtd pfaks, tdus nhmbei irfwtd nfrk begausbvk.

Ghnkrffe dhs skke sbiebghet bnprfvknkets be tdk trhespfrt ektwfrmbe rkgket ykhrs, tdhems tf tdk bnpaknkethtbfe fc h gfnprkdkesbvk strug-turha rkcfrn prfirhn suppfrtkj oy tdk Yfraj Ohem (tdk Zdbrj Wtrugturha

Hjlustnket Grkjbt hej tdk Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh Zrhespfrt Pfabgy Prfirhn). Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs betrfjugkj ahejnhrm rkcfrns be tdk skgtfr, begauj-bei prbvhtbzbei tdk rhbawhys hej gfnnkrgbha pfrt hgtbvbtbks hej grkhtbei hrfhj cuej.

Jkspbtk tdksk kccfrts, Ghnkrffe gfetbeuks tf uejkrpkrcfrn rkahtbvk tfgfnphrhtfr gfuetrbks be Hcrbgh hej Hsbh be tdk jkabvkry fc mky puoabg utbabtbks,hej tdk rkgket safwjfwe be sfnk rkcfrns rbsms uejkrnbebei bebtbha ihbes. Zfgafsk tdbs ihp, tdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf nhmk nhlfr bnprfvknkets be ekhrayhaa becrhstrugturk skrvbgks.

Offstbei prbvhtk phrtbgbphtbfe be becrhstrugturk bevkstnket hej skrvbgkjkabvkry bs bnpfrthet cfr bnprfvbei becrhstrugturk skrvbgks wdbak khsbei tdk

strhbe fe puoabg ehegk. Hgrfss suoskgtfrs, hgtbfe bs ekkjkj be twf grbtb-gha hrkhs. Cbrst, puoabg utbabty gfnphebks ekkjs tf ok prbvhtbzkj nfrk kcckg-tbvkay, be phrtbguahr cfr tkakgfn hej hbr trhespfrt. Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tfjknfestrhtk gfesbstkegy hej jktkrnbehtbfe tf swbctay bnpaknket rkcfrnprfirhns. Wkgfej, tdk rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrm ekkjs strkeitdkebei. Bejkkj, hstrfei, bejkpkejket, hej gfnpktket rkiuahtfry ofjy ghe nbtbihtk tdk rbsm fcpfabtbgha betkrckrkegk be tdk prbvhtbzhtbfe prfgkss hej prfvbjk h cfgha pfbetcfr tkgdebgha kxpkrtbsk hej becfrnhtbfe fe nhrmkts, prbgbei, hej tkgdefafiy

trkejs, wdbgd wfuaj hggkakrhtk tdk phgk fc rkcfrn.

Nkktbei tdk Jknhej cfr Kekriy

Zdk nhbe gdhaakeik be kekriy pfabgy bs gafsbei tdk ihp oktwkke suppay hejrhpbjay begrkhsbei jknhej fvkr tdk nkjbun rue. Kekriy jknhej dhs okke



Kxkgutbvk Wunnhry xxvbb

begrkhsbei ht he kstbnhtkj rhtk fc 80 pkrgket h ykhr‚nfrk tdhe twbgk tdk hvkr-hik IJP irfwtd rhtk. Zdbs trkej bs abmkay tf gfetbeuk, hs h rksuat fc pfpuahtbfeirfwtd, rhpbj urohebzhtbfe, kgfefnbg jbvkrsbghtbfe, hej rbsbei pkr ghpbthbegfnk. Nkhewdbak, ghphgbty dhs sthiehtkj fvkr tdk phst skvkrha ykhrs.

Zf begrkhsk tdk suppay fc kekriy, tdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf hggkakrhtkbnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk knkrikegy hgtbfe pahe, wdbgd h ifvkrenket-hppfbetkj kekriy stkkrbei gfnnbttkk jkvkafpkj be khray ?00: tf gfpk wbtdtdk kekriy grbsbs. Wbegk ?00:, tdk Ifvkrenket dhs wfrmkj gafskay wbtd

HKW‗Wfeka (tdk pfwkr gfnphey) tf kesurk tdk gfestrugtbfe fc h Y-jbkskapahe be Abnok hej tdk hjfptbfe fc h $:00 nbaabfe ehegbha hrrheiknket

cfr bevkstnkets be tdk trhespfrt hej jbstrboutbfe fc kakgtrbgbty. Zdk Ifvkre-nket stbaa ekkjs tf ehabzk pahes cfr oubajbei h 8;0 NY ihs-rkj pfwkrpahet, wdbgd gfuaj okgfnk fpkrhtbfeha oy ?080.

Nfrk bnpfrthet, tdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf kahofrhtk h afei-tkrn kekriypahe cfr kxphejbei ghphgbtbks be h susthbekj nheekr. Chbaurk tf jkvkafphej bnpaknket h afei-tkrn kekriy skgtfr strhtkiy dhs cfrgkj Ghnkrffetf hjfpt gfstay knkrikegy sfautbfes tf h strugturha hej pkrkeebha kekriygrbsbs. H afei-tkrn jkvkafpnket pahe‚tdht gfesbjkrs tdk kgfefnbg hs wkaa

hs tdk kevbrfenketha hej sfgbha bnphgts fc hatkrehtbvk kekriy prflkgts‚bsbnpkrhtbvk. Zdk Ifvkrenket hasf ekkjs tf jf nfrk tf grkhtk fppfrtueb-tbks cfr betkrgfeekgtbei wbtd ekbidofrbei pfwkr irbjs, h prhgtbgk tdht bsgfnnfe be Ykst hej Wfutdkre Hcrbgh (tdk Ykst Hcrbgh Pfwkr Pffa hej tdkWfutdkre Hcrbgh Pfwkr Pffa).

Bnprfvbei tdk Zrhespfrt Wkgtfr

Ghnkrffe‒s rfhj, hbr, rhba, hej nhrbtbnk skgtfrs chgk jhuetbei gdhaakeiks.Nkktbei tdkn wbaa rkqubrk jktkrnbekj hgtbfes fe skvkrha crfets, hs cfaafws<

• Bnprfvk nhbetkehegk ehegbei nkgdhebsns hej tdk cuegtbfebei fctdk rfhj cuej, jksbie afei-tkrn ehegbha bestrunkets cfr kxtkejbeihej rkdhobabthtbei rfhjs, hej strkeitdke tdk hjnbebstrhtbvk ghphgbty tfpahe nhbetkehegk hej tf gfetrhgt fut skrvbgks.

• Prfnftk prbvhtk phrtbgbphtbfe be tdk hbr skgtfr hej swbctay ehabzk tdkprbvhtbzhtbfe fc GHNHB_.

• Gfegaujk ekiftbhtbfe fc h ekw gfegkssbfe-ehegbei sgdknk be tdk

rhba skgtfr tf kesurk tdk gfegkssbfe‒s hobabty tf nkkt bevkstnketrkqubrknket.• Gfesfabjhtk tdk prfirkss hgdbkvkj be tdk nhrbtbnk skgtfr oy strkeitd-

kebei rkiuahtbfe, tdk nhehiknket fc tdk Pfrt fc Jfuhah, hej trhjkchgbabthtbfe pfabgbks.



xxvbbb Kxkgutbvk Wunnhry

Jkvkafpbei Yhtkr _ksfurgks hej Bnprfvbei Nhehiknket

Jkspbtk chvfrhoak ehturha gfejbtbfes, Ghnkrffe chrks pffray be tkrns fchggkss tf hej jkvkafpnket fc whtkr rksfurgks. Zdk nhbe guaprbt bs tdk prbvh-tbzhtbfe prfirhn, wdbgd tffm nfrk tdhe kbidt ykhrs tf rkhgd tdk jkgbsbfepfbet, feay tf ok jkgahrkj uesuggksscua. Be ?00: tdk Ifvkrenket jkgbjkjtf rkstrugturk tdk puoabg whtkr gfnphey (WEKG) hs h puoabg-prbvhtk phrt-ekrsdbp. [ejkr tdk hirkknket, skrvbgk jkabvkry dhs okke suogfetrhgtkjfut tf h tkgdebgha phrtekr tdrfuid h akhsk gfetrhgt, wdbak h sthtk-fwekjhsskt gfnphey rkthbekj rkspfesbobabty cfr bevkstnket be rkdhobabthtbfe hejghphgbty kxphesbfe. Prfirkss be tdbs skgtfr wbaa dbeik fe tdk suggksscua

bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk phrtekrsdbp hirkknket, kxpkgtkj tf ok be pahgk bekhray ?009, hej tdk swbctekss hej kcckgtbvkekss wbtd wdbgd tdk Ifvkrenketbnpaknkets bts strhtkiy cfr bnprfvbei whtkr quhabty hej hggkss, kspkgbhaaybe rurha hrkhs.

Kedhegbei Becfrnhtbfe hej Gfnnuebghtbfes Zkgdefafibks

Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf thmk skvkrha stkps tf kedhegk tdk jkesbty, gfv-krhik, hej quhabty fc bts gfnnuebghtbfe becrhstrugturk. Bt sdfuaj jkkpke

nhrmkt abokrhabzhtbfe tf offst skrvbgks, swbctay gfnpaktk tdk prbvhtbzh-tbfe fc tdk ehtbfeha tkakgfnnuebghtbfes fpkrhtfr (GHNZKA), strkeitdketdk rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrm, hej prfnftk he kcckgtbvk phrtekrsdbp wbtd mkyfpkrhtfrs tf jkvkafp ghphgbtbks hej kxtkej skrvbgks tf pffr hej rknftkrurha hrkhs.

Yhys tf Wtrkeitdke tdk Wfgbha Wkgtfr hej

Kedhegk Begausbvkekss Zdk Ifvkrenket‒s dunhe rksfurgk jkvkafpnket strhtkiy gfestbtutks tdkayegdpbe fc bts prbvhtk skgtfr irfwtd hej suppfrt strhtkiy. Oy kedhegbeiGhnkrffe‒s dunhe ghpbtha, tdk strhtkiy skkms tf bnprfvk tdk fvkrhaa gfn-pktbtbvkekss fc tdk kgfefny hej begrkhsk knpafynket tdrfuid betkirhtkjstrhtkibks thriktbei pfvkrty pfgmkts be tdk rurha hej urohe skgtfrs.

Bevkstbei be Pkfpak

Zdk quhabty fc dunhe ghpbtha be Ghnkrffe bs iffj oy rkibfeha sthejhrjs,out bt rhems chr okafw tdht fc knkribei kgfefnbks, sugd hs Gdbeh, Bejbh,hej Zuebsbh. Pfabgbks ekkj tf ok grhctkj hej bnpaknketkj tf bnprfvk kjugh-tbfe hej dkhatd futgfnks hej rkjugk pfvkrty.



Kxkgutbvk Wunnhry xxbx

Bnprfvbei Kjughtbfe Futgfnks

Zdk Ifvkrenket‒s 8222 jkgbsbfe tf hofabsd sgdffa ckks cfr prbnhry kjughtbfeghuskj irfss prbnhry-sgdffa kerfaanket rhtks tf sfhr crfn 44 be 8222/?000tf 807 tdk cfaafwbei ykhr. Oubajbei fe tdbs futgfnk, tdk Ifvkrenkethjfptkj h ekw gfnprkdkesbvk kjughtbfe skgtfr strhtkiy be ?003 tdht ekkjstf ok rksfautkay bnpaknketkj. Zdk strhtkiy hjjrkssks tdk afw akvka fc betkrehakcgbkegy ghuskj oy dbid rkpktbtbfe rhtks= tdk dbid hvkrhik gfst fc kjughtbfe,kspkgbhaay ht tdk skgfejhry hej dbidkr akvkas= hej jkgbkegbks be tdk nhe-hiknket fc tkhgdkrs, tkxtoffm suppabks, hej gahssrffn gfestrugtbfe, wdbgdgfetrboutks tf pkrsbstket rkibfeha hej ikejkr jbsphrbtbks hej pffr quhabty.

Zdk strhtkiy hasf skkms tf kegfurhik puoabg-prbvhtk phrtekrsdbps hej cfstkrphrket bevfavknket be fpkrhtbei sgdffas hej hsskssbei kjughtbfe futgfnks.

Bnprfvbei Ohsbg Dkhatd hej Gfethbebei Gfethibfus Jbskhsks

Hs be kjughtbfe, bnprfvbei dkhatd futgfnks be Ghnkrffe wbaa rkqubrknfrk tdhe h susthbekj begrkhsk be tdk akvka fc puoabg kxpkejbturk. Shstbnprfvknket be tdk kcgbkegy fc dkhatd spkejbei hej nfrk kcckgtbvk thr-iktbei fc prbfrbty prfirhns (gdbaj hej nhtkreha dkhatd, gfnnuebghoak

jbskhsks) hrk grugbha. Wpkgbg pfabgbks hrk hasf ekkjkj tf rkhgd tdk ekkjsfc tdk jbshjvhethikj. _ksfurgks hej httketbfe ekkjs tf ok jkvftkj tf tdkcfaafwbei hgtbfes<

• Ibvk prbfrbty tf prbnhry dkhatd ghrk hej prkvketbfe.• Begrkhsk bevkstnkets be pffrkr hej uejkrskrvkj rkibfes tf rkjugk jbs-

phrbtbks be hggkss.• Begrkhsk ehegbei fc futrkhgd hgtbvbtbks cfr gfrk betkrvketbfes, be phrtbgu-

ahr, bnnuebzhtbfes, hetbnhahrbh prfirhns, hej DBS/HBJW prkvketbfe.

• Oubaj phrtekrsdbps wbtd efeifvkrenketha frihebzhtbfes (EIFs) tfprfvbjk h phgmhik fc gfrk skrvbgks tf vuaekrhoak irfups hej pkfpak abv-bei be rknftk hrkhs.

• Prfnftk dunhe rksfurgks pfabgbks tdht prfvbjk begketbvks cfr skrvbeibe rknftk hrkhs.

• Bnprfvk kcgbkegy hej hggfuethobabty tdrfuid irkhtkr phrtbgbphtbfe fcgfnnuebtbks be tdk nhehiknket fc dkhatd ghrk chgbabtbks.

• _kjugk tdk ehegbha ourjke fe pffr dfuskdfajs.

Wtrkeitdkebei Wkgtfr Pfabgbks tdrfuid he Betkirhtkj Hpprfhgd

Wkgtfr strhtkibks be rurha hej urohe hrkhs wbaa dkap kesurk tdht h dbidkr hejnfrk jbvkrsbkj rhtk fc kgfefnbg irfwtd trhesahtks betf kgfefnbg fppfr-tuebtbks hej knpafynket cfr tdk pffr.



xxx Kxkgutbvk Wunnhry

Zdk _urha Wkgtfr

Hatdfuid tdk rurha skgtfr hggfuets cfr ?0 pkrgket fc IJP, ?0 pkrgket fckxpfrts, ;0 pkrgket fc tdk pfpuahtbfe, hej 30 pkrgket fc knpafynket beGhnkrffe, bt gfetbeuks tf ok dfnk tf 40 pkrgket fc tdk gfuetry‒s pffr.

Zdk skgtfr gfetbeuks tf pkrcfrn pffray ibvke Ghnkrffe‒s gfesbjkrhoakkejfwnkets.

Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs hrtbguahtkj h gfnprkdkesbvk rurha skgtfr strhtkiytdht skkms tf rhbsk prfjugtbvbty hej jbvkrsbcy hirbguaturha prfjugtbfe. Zdknhbe tdrust fc tdk strhtkiy bs tf kedhegk tdk begketbvk crhnkwfrm, rkbecfrgkdunhe rksfurgks hej ghphgbtbks cfr offstbei suppay rkspfesk, strkeitdke

tdk nhrmktbei systkn, hej kedhegk abemhiks oktwkke hirfbejustry hejtrhjk tf spur kgfefnbg trhescfrnhtbfe.

Be 822:, Ghnkrffe ahuegdkj he hnobtbfus rkcfrn prfirhn be tdkcfrkstry skgtfr, h prfirhn tdht bs fctke vbkwkj hs h okst prhgtbgk. Dfwkvkr,bnpaknkethtbfe bs gdhaakeibei, hej tdk hutdfrbtbks ekkj tf phy phrtbguahrhttketbfe tf tdk shtbschgtfry bnpaknkethtbfe fc cfrkst nhehiknket pahes,rkvkeuk gfaakgtbfe, hej fvkrhaa skgtfr ifvkrehegk. Zdbs rkcfrn ekkjs tf oksghakj up be frjkr tf grkhtk gfejbtbfes be wdbgd afgha gfnnuebtbks hej

tdk prbvhtk skgtfr ghe keihik be susthbehoak nhehiknket, gfeskrvhtbfe,hej jkvkafpnket fc cfrksts hej ftdkr ehturha rksfurgks. Zdk Ifvkrenketekkjs tf phy phrtbguahr httketbfe tf gfnnuebty cfrksts hej tf ek-tuekrkiuahtbfes rkihrjbei gfnpktbtbvk gfegkssbfe-hwhrjbei nkgdhebsns. ZdkIfvkrenket hej jkvkafpnket phrtekrs dhvk jksbiekj h cfrkst hej kevbrfe-nket skgtfr prfirhn tf skgurk, jkkpke, hej sghak up tdbs pfabgy hikejh.

Zdk [rohe Wkgtfr

Ghnkrffe bs urohebzbei rhpbjay. [eakss tdk urohe skgtfr rkgkbvks bnnkjbhtkhej susthbekj httketbfe, gbtbks wbaa gfetbeuk tf succkr crfn afw-quhabty puoabg skrvbgks hej wbaa okgfnk ckrtbak irfuej cfr pfvkrty hej beskgurbty.Behjkquhtk skrvbgks hej gfeikstbfe be urohe hrkhs stkn phrtay crfn tdkuejkrcuejbei fc urohe becrhstrugturk hej tdk nbshaafghtbfe fc rksfurgksht tdk afgha akvka. Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf bnpaknket bts ekw urohe strht-kiy, wdbgd hbns tf bnprfvk tdk abvbei gfejbtbfes fc tdk urohe pfpuahtbfehej rkbecfrgk tdk kgfefnbg rfak fc gbtbks. Zdk strhtkiy rkabks phrtay fe gbtyjkvkafpnket gfetrhgts, wdbgd jkek h skt fc thrikts, hgtbfes, nkhes, hej

sdhrkj rkspfesbobabty ohskj fe gfesuathtbfes wbtd haa sthmkdfajkrs. Kcckg-tbvk bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdbs strhtkiy wbaa rkqubrk tdk jkvkafpnket fc urohebevkstnket ehegbei bestrunkets hej bnprfvknket be tdk kcgbkegy fcpuoabg spkejbei.



Kxkgutbvk Wunnhry xxxb

Nhehibei hej Prftkgtbei tdk Kevbrfenket

Ghnkrffe bs oaksskj wbtd h wkhatd fc ehturha rksfurgks hej obfafibghajbvkrsbty. Out rhpbj pfpuahtbfe irfwtd hej tdk rksuathet ekkj cfr kekriy,cffj, hej ftdkr gfnnfjbtbks dhvk akj tf jkcfrksthtbfe hej fvkrhaa jkirhjh-tbfe fc tdk kevbrfenket.

Zdk susthbehoak usk hej nhehiknket fc tdk kevbrfenket bs grbtbgha tftdk gfuetry‒s cuturk jkvkafpnket prfspkgts. Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf hgtqubgmay tf bnpaknket tdk ekw akibsahtbfe fe tdk kevbrfenket, wdbgd prfn-bsks nfrk-kcgbket nhehiknket fc haa ehturha rksfurgks, begaujbei gfhsthahej nhrbek rksfurgks. Bt hasf ekkjs tf strkeitdke tdk nhejhtks fc kevbrfe-

nketha prftkgtbfe hikegbks hej kedhegk gfnnuebty phrtbgbphtbfe.

Yhys tf Ksthoabsd Iffj Ifvkrehegk hejWuppfrtbvk Bestbtutbfes

Wbiebghet hej susthbekj bnprfvknket be ifvkrehegk wfuaj bnprfvk tdkkcckgtbvkekss fc oftd tdk Ifvkrenket hej tdk prbvhtk skgtfr be haa betkrvke-tbfe hrkhs. Bestbtutbfeha rkcfrns hrk ekkjkj tf bnprfvk tdk jkabvkry fc puoabg

skrvbgks, strkeitdke hggfuethobabty, hej kecfrgk tdk ruak fc ahw. Pfabgbks tdhtnhmk becfrnhtbfe puoabgay hvhbahoak hej haafw gbvba sfgbkty frihebzhtbfestf dfaj pfabtbgbhes hej pfabgynhmkrs hggfuethoak hrk hasf abmkay tf bnprfvkskrvbgks, phrtbguahray cfr pffr pkfpak.

Wfnk prfirkss dhs harkhjy okke hgdbkvkj wbtdbe tdk crhnkwfrm fctdk ehtbfeha ifvkrehegk prfirhn. Nugd rknhbes tf ok jfek, dfwkvkr, tfkedhegk trhesphrkegy hej hggfuethobabty.

Prfnftbei he Kcckgtbvk hej Phrtbgbphtfry Jkgbsbfe-Nhmbei Prfgkss

Zf hjjrkss tdksk gdhaakeiks, tdk Ifvkrenket bs jkvkafpbei skgfej- ikekrhtbfe bestbtutbfeha rkcfrns. Zdk nhbe gfnpfekets fc tdk ekw hikejhbegaujk gbvba skrvbgk rkcfrn tf bnprfvk tdk ghphgbty tf bnpaknket rkcfrns,jkgketrhabzhtbfe tf bnprfvk puoabg skrvbgk jkabvkry, hej irkhtkr gfnnuebtyphrtbgbphtbfe be puoabg hcchbrs.

Wtrkhnabebei tdk Gketrha Ifvkrenket‒s Jkgbsbfe-Nhmbei Prfgkss

Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf gfecrfet dkhj fe tdk prfoakn fc ourkhugrhtbg

bekrtbh, wdbgd dhs uejkrnbekj bts ghphgbty tf kcckgtbvkay kxkgutk pfabgbks. H ekw strhtkiy hej pfabtbgha rksfavk hrk ekkjkj tf htthgm tdk rfft ghusksfc tdbs pkrvhsbvk prfoakn, ehnkay, tdk kxgkssbvk crhinkethtbfe fc tdkhjnbebstrhtbfe hej tdk prfabckrhtbfe fc fvkrahppbei hikegbks (nbebstrbks,



xxxbb Kxkgutbvk Wunnhry

pkrnheket gfnnbttkks, spkgbha gfnnbssbfes, hej sf cfrtd)= tdk pkrvhsbvkphtrfehik-ohskj prfnftbfe hej jknftbfe systkn, wdbgd gfetrboutks tfafw nfrhak hej bekcckgtbvkekss be tdk gbvba skrvbgk= hej tdk bejbsgrbnbehtkafw whik pfabgy, wdbgd skrbfusay uejkrnbeks tdk knkrikegk fc h sthoak hej

wkaa-nftbvhtkj tkgdefgrhgy wbtdbe Ghnkrffe‒s hjnbebstrhtbfe. H gfnprkdkesbvk gbvba skrvbgk rkcfrn prfirhn bs ekkjkj be wdbgd dbrbei

bs ohskj fe gakhray jkekj pfsbtbfes hej be wdbgd gfnpkeshtbfe hej prfnf-tbfe hrk rkahtkj tf rkspfesbobabtbks hej pkrcfrnhegk. Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjstf rkjugk tdk gftkrbk fc spkgbha fr pkrnheket gfnnbttkks, bnpaknket h pahetf strkeitdke tdk ghphgbtbks fc rkiuahr nbebstkrbha hej hjnbebstrhtbvk strug-

turks, hej kegfurhik nfrk-kcckgtbvk ektwfrmbei hnfei tdkn. Bnpaknket-bei tdbs hikejh wbaa rkqubrk h prfcfuej gdheik be tdk beirhbekj guaturk fcrket-skkmbei hej skac-bejuaikegk tdht dhs bnphbrkj tdk hjnbebstrhtbfe. H ekwpfabtbgha hej guaturha nbej-skt wbaa ekkj tf ok bestbaakj crfn tdk dbidkst akvkafc akhjkrsdbp.

Jkgketrhabzhtbfe

Gketrhabzkj jkabvkry fc skrvbgks dhs skrvkj nfst fc Ghnkrffe‒s pkfpakpffray. Okttkr-thriktkj rkcfrns hrk ekkjkj tf bnprfvk skrvbgk jkabvkry. Zforbei skrvbgks gafskr tf uskrs hej tf ibvk uskrs begrkhskj vfbgk hej bnprfvkjgdfbgks, tdk Ifvkrenket dhs jkgbjkj tf jkgketrhabzk skrvbgk jkabvkry tftdk gfnnuebty akvka hej jkgfegketrhtk tdk wfrmbeis fc tdk gketrha ifv-krenket oy jkvfavbei pfwkr tf jkphrtnketha uebts wbtdbe abek nbebs-trbks. Zdbs strhtkiy wfuaj ekkj tf ok bnpaknketkj irhjuhaay hs ghphgbty bsstrkeitdkekj ht tdk afgha akvka.

Gfnnuebty Phrtbgbphtbfe

Nhey fc tdk pfabgbks nketbfekj prkvbfusay hrk jksbiekj tf bnprfvk ghphgbtytf suppay kcckgtbvk skrvbgks. Kquhaay bnpfrthet hrk frihebzkj kccfrts tf ofa-stkr jknhej cfr iffj-quhabty skrvbgks. Gfnnuebty-jrbvke jkvkafpnketskkms tf kedhegk afgha ghphgbty tdrfuid thriktkj hgtbfes. Zdrfuid h phr-tbgbphtfry prfgkss, bt dkaps afgha gfnnuebtbks skt up tdkbr fwe jkvkafpnketprflkgts hej nfebtfr tdk prfvbsbfe fc puoabg skrvbgks be dkhatd gketkrs,sgdffas, hej ftdkr bestbtutbfes.

Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs kegfurhikj gbvba sfgbkty phrtbgbphtbfe be puoabghcchbrs fvkr tdk phst jkghjk, be phrtbguahr tdrfuid sgdffa gfuegbas hej dkhatdgfnnbttkks. Bt dhs hasf nhjk sbiebghet kccfrts tf bnprfvk trhesphrkegy hejkedhegk gbtbzke vfbgk. Bt efw uejkrthmks oujikt rkpfrtbei hej nhmks btsejbeis hvhbahoak tf tdk puoabg= puoabsdks he heeuha rkpfrt fe tdk kxtrhgtbvkbejustry (gurrketay fba) tdrfuid tdk KBZB= hej nhmks puoabg hjnbebstrhtbvkhej lujbgbha shegtbfes cfr vbfahtbfes fc tdk ahw (cfr kxhnpak, prfgurknket



Kxkgutbvk Wunnhry xxxbbb

ruaks hej cfrkstry rkiuahtbfes). Zdksk hrk kegfurhibei stkps tdht ekkj tf okorfhjkekj, jkkpkekj, hej susthbekj tf bnprfvk ifvkrehegk.

Wtrkeitdkebei tdk Lujbgbha Wystkn

Dbstfrbghaay, lujbgbha nkgdhebsns cfr gdkgmbei hej gfestrhbebei tdk kxkg-utbvk orhegd dhvk okke kbtdkr hosket fr eftfrbfusay wkhm be Ghnkrffe._kgketay, dfwkvkr, prfirkss dhs okke nhjk be strkeitdkebei tdk lujbgbhaskgtfr tdrfuid bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk Hujbt Gdhnokr, hjfptbfe fc h ekwpkeha gfjk, hej tdk rkgrubtnket fc lujiks.

Zdk grkjbobabty fc rkcfrns rksts fe tdk shegtbfes bnpfskj hihbest tdfskhousbei tdkbr pfsbtbfe fr bevfavkj be uektdbgha fr ueahwcua gfejugts. ZdkIfvkrenket dhs thmke sfnk hgtbfes tf kabnbehtk idfst wfrmkrs, grhgmjfwe fe gfrrupt puoabg fcgkrs, hej puoabgbzk tdksk hetbgfrruptbfe kccfrts.Bt ekkjs tf stkp up hej susthbe bts jrbvk tf gfnoht gfrruptbfe tf bnprfvk tdkousbekss gabnhtk hej tdk kcckgtbvkekss fc tdk hjnbebstrhtbfe.

Nkjbun-Zkrn Prfspkgts cfr Irfwtd hej

Pfvkrty _kjugtbfe_hbsbei tdk irfwtd rhtk crfn :.; pkrgket be ?007 tf 3‗9 pkrgket oy ?009hej okyfej‚tdk thrikt skt be tdk P_WP tf dhavk pfvkrty oy ?08;‚rkqubrksjfuoabei tdk hvkrhik heeuha irfwtd rhtk fvkr tdk 8230‗?007 pkrbfj. Ohsk-abek prflkgtbfes kxtrhpfahtkj crfn rkgket trkejs bejbghtk tdht tdk nkjbun-tkrn irfwtd rhtk be ?009 hej okyfej wbaa hvkrhik ; pkrgket, chaabei wkaasdfrt fc tdk P_WP folkgtbvks. Wbnuahtbfe rksuats suiikst tdht heeuha irfwtdfc hofut 9 pkrgket gfuaj ok hgdbkvkj bc rkcfrns wkrk hggkakrhtkj, dfwkvkr.

Zdky bejbghtk tdht susthbekj bnprfvknket be dunhe ghpbtha hej becrhstrug-turk skrvbgks wbtdbe h nfrk gfnpktbtbvk hej fpke trhjk pfabgbks kevbrfe-nket gfuaj akhj tf h ?‗7 pfbet begrkhsk be IJP irfwtd hofvk tdk ohskabeksgkehrbf. Wugd bnprfvkj irfwtd pkrcfrnhegk gfuaj haafw Ghnkrffe tfrkhgd tdk NJI fc dhavbei tdk pfvkrty rhtk oy ?08;.

_bsm hsskssnket gfejugtkj usbei tdk Yfraj Ohem 8?7P_WP nfjka prfvbjks rkhsfes cfr gfegkre fvkr tdk nkjbun tkrn, dfwkvkr. Behjkquhtk pfabt-bgha rksfavk, begfesbstket bnpaknkethtbfe fc rkcfrns, hej tdk pkrsbstkegk fcstrugturha hej irfwtd-bedbobtbei rbibjbtbks gfuaj rkjugk irfwtd tf ?.0‗7.;pkrgket, mkkpbei pkr ghpbth begfnk sthiehet hej pfvkrty pkrsbstket.

Zdbs rkpfrt prfvbjks rkhsfes cfr iuhrjkj fptbnbsn. Nugd wbaa jkpkejfe tdk Ifvkrenket‒s pfabtbgha gfnnbtnket tf tdk rkcfrn hikejh spkaakjfut be tdk P_WP. Ybtd rkekwkj jktkrnbehtbfe, tdk Ifvkrenket ghe grkhtkh orbidtkr cuturk cfr bts gbtbzkes.



ZHOAK 8

Mky Kaknkets fc h Jkvkafpnket Hikejh

Btkn Mky hgtbfes

Nhbethbe sgha hej jkot susthbehobabty, hgdbkvk P_WP spkejbei wdbak nhbethbebei sgha sthobabty, hej bhggfuethobabty be oujikt kxkgutbfe.

Cbsgha nhehiknket hejrkvkeuk nfobabzhtbfe

• Gfetbeuk kccfrts tf orfhjke tdk thx ohsk hej bnprfvk thx hjnbebstrhtbfe, becrfn snhaa ketkrprbsks, orfhjkebei tdk SHZ ohsk, hej bnprfvbei rkgfvkry f

Kxpkejbturk hejehegbha nhehiknket

• Hjfpt hej bnpaknket tdk gbrguahr tdht syegdrfebzks tdk heeuha prfgkssks fcprkphrhtbfe (ohskj fe tdk NZKC systkn).

• Ikekrhabzk hej bestbtutbfehabzk h gfnprkdkesbvk NZKC tf haa nbebstrbks.

• Wtrkeitdke tdk rkspfesbobabty hej hggfuethobabty fc spkejbei nbebstrbks, begauhggfuethets (gfnpthoak nhtbärk ) uejkr abek nbebstrbks.

• Kedhegk tdk trhesphrkegy fc oujikt kxkgutbfe, begaujbei rkjugbei tdk usk fjbsgfetbeubei tdk prfvbsbfe fc ghsd hjvhegks oy tdk ehtbfeha fba gfnphey wahws hs ekkjkj.

• Guro afei jkahys be eftbcybei cuej hvhbahobabty.

• Bnprfvk tdk kxkgutbfe rhtk fc tdk bevkstnket oujikt, begaujbei rkksthoabsdbenhehiknket systkn fe tdk ohsbs fc nuatbykhr prfirhn hutdfrbzhtbfes gfnohpprfprbhtbfes.

• Dhrnfebzk hbj be gfecfrnbty wbtd tdk Phrbs Jkgahrhtbfe.



• [pirhjk tdk betkirhtkj puoabg ehegk becfrnhtbfe systkn (WBIKCB) tf begaujabemkj tf tdk NZKC, hej hjj nfjuaks tdht hrk hggkssboak tf hutdfrbzbei fcgpkrnbt rkha-tbnk nfebtfrbei fc spkejbei (h thsm gurrketay pkrcfrnkj oy ehe

• Wtrkeitdke betkreha gfetrfas, hej fpkrhtbfehabzk tdk kxtkreha hujbt systkn.

• Ksthoabsd kcckgtbvk phrabhnkethry fvkrsbidt, begaujbei be tdk bnpaknkethtbfe

• Bnprfvk Zrkhsury nhehiknket.

Pkrsfeeka hej phyrfaanhehiknket

• Ksthoabsd h uebquk pkrsfeeka ak cfr tdk hjnbebstrhtbfe, begaujbei gahrbghtbfwfrmkrs.

• Hggkakrhtk tdk jkgfegketrhtbfe fc dunhe rksfurgk nhehiknket oy ibvbei nbegaujbei kxtkejbei tdk WBIBPKW nhehiknket sfctwhrk tf haa abek nbebstrbks.

• Nfvk tfwhrj h systkn fc dunhe rksfurgk nhehiknket tdht bs ohskj fe ksthsthcei ekkjs.

Fba rksfurgknhehiknket

• Jkek gakhray tdk nbssbfes, rfaks, hej rkspfesbobabtbks fc mky puoabg hikegbksehtbfeha fba (WED) hej rkebei gfnphebks (WFEH_H).

• Bnprfvk tdk nhehiknket hej trhesphrkegy fc tdk ehtbfeha fba hej rkekry ghppabghtbfe fc tdk jfnkstbg cuka prbgbei cfrnuah.

• Bnprfvk wdfakshak trhespfrt hej stfrhik chgbabtbks.

• Bnpaknket tdk KBZB.

Jkot nhehiknket • Jkvkafp h prujket strhtkiy cfr ehegbei cuturk rksfurgk ekkjs.

• Wtrkeitdke puoabg jkot nhehiknket, kspkgbhaay jfnkstbg jkot.

• Gfethbe sgha gfsts fc gfetbeiket abhobabtbks oy rkjugbei afssks fc sthtk-fwek

gfnphebks (WEKG hej GHNZKA) hej GHNHB_, hej abnbtbei iuhrhetkks.Puoabg prfgurknket • Jksbie hej besthaa h gfnputkrbzkj systkn cfr paheebei, kxkgutbei, nfebtfrbe

hej nhmk bt hggkssboak tf tdk puoabg fe tdk Prfgurknket _kiuahtfry Hikegy

• Hsskss heeuhaay tdk pkrcfrnhegk fc tdk prfgurknket systkn.

• Kecfrgk shegtbfes tf kesurk kcckgtbvk hppabghtbfe fc tdk prfgurknket gfjk.



ZHOAK 8

Mky Kaknkets fc h Jkvkafpnket Hikejh (gfetbeukj )

Btkn Mky hgtbfes

Jkkpke trhjk rkcfrn tf kedhegk gfnpktbtbvkekss hej jkkpke ehegbha nhrmkts tf offst bevkstnket.

Zrhjk rkcfrn • Bebtbhtk jbsgussbfes wbtdbe GKNHG tf afwkr tdk gfnnfe kxtkreha thrbcc strug?0 pkrgket, hej rkjugk hjnbebstrhtbvk ohrrbkrs hafei trhjk gfrrbjfrs hej sup

• Gfnpaktk tdk gfnputkrbzhtbfe fc tdk sbeiak trhjk-prfgkssbei wbejfw.

Cbehegbha rkcfrn • Bnprfvk tdk akiha crhnkwfrm cfr tdk grkjbt kevbrfenket be tdk GKNHG zfekhujbt systkn wbtdbe GKNHG, hej kedhegk tdk kcgbkegy fc tdk rkibfeha phy

• Wtrkeitdke nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfes.

• _kstrugturk tdk pfstha ehegbha skrvbgks.

• Jkvkafp bestrunkets tf ehegk afei-tkrn ekkjs.

• Jkkpke tdk besurhegk nhrmkt.

• _kcfrn tdk sfgbha skgurbty systkn.

• Fpkrhtbfehabzk tdk Jfuhah Wtfgm Kxgdheik hej jkvkafp h rkibfeha ifvkren

Bnprfvk ohsbg becrhstrugturk skrvbgk tdrfuid kedhegkj hggkss hej quhabty.

Grfss-guttbei bssuks • Offst prbvhtk phrtbgbphtbfe be becrhstrugturk bevkstnket hej skrvbgk jkabvkry trheshgtbfes, kesurbei hjkquhtk bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk gfetrhgts, hej strkei

Kekriy • Hjfpt hej bnpaknket tdk afei-tkrn skgtfr strhtkiy.



Yhtkr • Prfnftk prbvhtk skgtfr phrtbgbphtbfe be tdk jkvkafpnket hej nhehiknket ftdk prfvbsbfe fc tdk gfetrhgt wbtd tdk prbvhtk akhsk gfetrhgtfr, hej bnprfvk dfajbei gfnphey.

• Cbehabzk hej bnpaknket tdk whtkr skgtfr strhtkiy.

Zkakgfnnuebghtbfes • Jkkpke nhrmkt abokrhabzhtbfe.

• Gfegaujk tdk prbvhtbzhtbfe fc tdk xkj abek gfnphey (GHNZKA).

• Prfnftk kcckgtbvk phrtekrsdbp wbtd mky fpkrhtfrs tf jkvkafp skrvbgks be rurh

Zrhespfrt • Wusthbe he hjkquhtk rfhj nhbetkehegk pfabgy.

• Gfnpaktk tdk ‑sgbssbfe/abqubjhtbfe„ fc GHNHB_, hej prfnftk prbvhtk phrtbg

• Bnprfvk kcgbkegy fc kxbstbei pfrt ghphgbty.

• Nfebtfr hej bnpaknket tdk prfvbsbfes fc tdk rhba gfegkssbfe gfetrhgt wbtd t

Bevkst be pkfpak.

Kjughtbfe • _kjugk tdk prbnhry sgdffa jrfpfut rhtk oy bnpaknketbei pkjhifibg hej hjrkpktbtbfe rhtk.

• _kgfesbjkr tdk trhjkfcc oktwkke quhetbty hej quhabty be dbidkr kjughtbfe tdirfwtd fc kerfaanket hej he begrkhsk fc tdk akvka fc kxpkejbturk pkr stujke

• Bnprfvk nhehiknket fc tkhgdkr hppfbetnkets hej tdk kcgbkegy fc tdk pkj

• Betrfjugk trhesphrket prfgurknket fc tkxtoffms hej gahssrffns tf rkjugk td

• Hjjrkss rkibfeha jbsphrbtbks tdrfuid thriktkj hssbsthegk tf irfups fr rkibfesstrkeitdkebei pfabgbks tf begrkhsk ibras‒ phrtbgbphtbfe ht sgdffa be prbfrbty kju

• Bnpaknket tdk ahw fe prbvhtk skgtfr kjughtbfe.



ZHOAK 8

Mky Kaknkets fc h Jkvkafpnket Hikejh (gfetbeukj )

Btkn Mky hgtbfes

Dkhatd • Begrkhsk futrkhgd hgtbvbtbks cfr gfrk betkrvketbfes.

• Bnprfvk thriktbei oy gfetrhgtbei fut wbtd EIFs hej tdk prbvhtk skgtfr tf opkfpak be rknftk hrkhs.

• Gfetbeuk tf prkvket tdk sprkhj fc DBS oy bnpaknketbei tdk ekw ehtbfeha st

Grfss-guttbei bssuks • Nhbethbe P_WP spkejbei fe kjughtbfe hej dkhatd, hej bnprfvk gfst-kcckgtbvnkhsurks.

• Cuaay bnpaknket tdk ekw sthtutks cfr kjughtbfe hej dkhatd pkrsfeeka, wdbgdphgmhik tf hjjrkss tdk prfoakns fc uejkrsthcei be rurha hrkhs.

• Wtrkeitdke bestbtutbfeha ghphgbtbks be tdk sfgbha skgtfrs‒ abek nbebstrbks, hej k

hej gbvba sfgbkty frihebzhtbfes be tdk jkabvkry hej nfebtfrbei fc sfgbha skrvbg

Wtrkeitdke skgtfr pfabgbks tdrfuid he betkirhtkj hpprfhgd.

_urha skgtfr • Wtrkeitdke tdk rkiuahtfry systkn, begaujbei rknfvbei ohrrbkrs hihbest nfobarkgfesbjkrbei tdk hirbguaturha thx systkn, hej haakvbhtbei nhrmktbei gfestrhbesuppfrt tf irfupknkets j‒betârìt gffpârhtbcs ]IBGs^, jksbiebei h nhrmkt prbgjfwe fe baakiha rfhj thxks).

• Bevkst be puoabg iffjs sugd hs kjughtbfe fc chrnkrs, kspkgbhaay wfnke= chrnbecrhstrugturk.

• Bnprfvk tdk suppay rkspfesk oy strkeitdkebei skrvbgk jkabvkry, kxphejbei g

jkvkafpnket, hej rkbecfrgbei prfjugkrs frihebzhtbfes.

• Jkvkafp nbgrfehegk abemkj tf rurha hgtbvbtbks.



• Gfesfabjhtk tdk cfrkstry pfabgy rkcfrn hikejh.

[rohe skgtfr

Kevbrfenket

• Bnpaknket tdk gbty jkvkafpnket gfetrhgt sgdknk.

• Bnprfvk puoabg spkejbei be tdk urohe skgtfr, begaujbei rkvbsbei tdk sthejhrj

gfestrugtbfe fc puoabg wfrms.• Hjfpt bnpaknketbei jkgrkks tf fpkrhtbfehabzk nfst akiha prfvbsbfes fe tdk

• Wtrkeitdke kecfrgknket ghphgbty oy oubajbei bestbtutbfeha ghphgbty hej bnprbestbtutbfes bevfavkj be kevbrfenketha hej ehturha rksfurgks nhehiknket he

Ksthoabsd iffj ifvkrehegk hej suppfrtbvk bestbtutbfes.

Wtrkhnabek tdk gketrhaifvkrenket jkgbsbfe-nhmbei prfgkss

• _kjugk tdk eunokr fc spkgbha hej pkrnheket gfnnbttkks.

• Wtrkeitdke ghphgbtbks fc rkiuahr nbebstkrbha hej hjnbebstrhtbvk strugturks.

• Jkcbek gakhr pfsbtbfes hej rkahtk prfnftbfe hej gfnpkeshtbfe tf pkrcfrnhepkrsfeeka nhehiknket skgtbfe).

Wkrvbgk jkabvkrybnprfvknkets

• Hggkakrhtk tdk jkgfegketrhtbfe prfgkss.

• Bnpaknket tdk akibsahtbfe fe jkgketrhabzhtbfe, hs rkqubrkj oy tdk 8223 Gfes

• Begrkhsk afgha jknhej cfr iffj ifvkrehegk, begaujbei tdrfuid kcckgtbvk bnpjrbvke jkvkafpnket prflkgt.

Lujbgbha rkcfrn • Wtrkeitdke tdk cuegtbfebei fc tdk Hujbt Gdhnokr hej prfirkssbvkay kxtkej bt

• Bnpaknket tdk hgtbfe pahe jkrbvkj crfn tdk hujbt fc tdk lujbgbha systkn, be p lujiks, irhjuhaay prfvbjbei gfurts wbtd hjkquhtk rksfurgks, hej hppaybei td

• Ksthoabsd hej hppay h wfrmhoak systkn fc supkrvbsbfe hej shegtbfes.

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.



8

Betrfjugtbfe

G

hnkrffe chgks h gdhaakeibei pfabgy hikejh fvkr tdk ekxt ckw ykhrs.

Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs okke bnpaknketbei bts gfnprkdkesbvk Pfvkrty_kjugtbfe Wtrhtkiy sbegk Hprba ?007. Zdk P_WP skt he hnobtbfus hikejh

cfr orfhj-ohskj kgfefnbg jkvkafpnket wbtd spkgbg nkjbun-tkrn thrikts

hs wkaa hs jkthbakj skgtfr pfabgbks hej prfirhns cfr hggkakrhtbei kgfefnbg

irfwtd, strkeitdkebei tdk sfgbha skgtfrs, hej dhavbei pfvkrty fvkr tdk cfa-

afwbei 80 ykhrs.

Jkspbtk h strfei sthrt, bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk P_WP safwkj jurbei tdk

?007‗0: prksbjketbha kakgtbfe pkrbfj, wdke sgha jbsgbpabek whs rkahxkj hej

tdk rkstrugturbei fc mky puoabg ketkrprbsks safwkj. Zdbs chatkrbei prfirkss

trhesahtkj betf nugd afwkr sgha pkrcfrnhegk rkahtbvk tf prfirhn thrikts,

dbidkr ifvkrenket spkejbei tf prfp up jbstrksskj mky puoabg ketkrprbsks,

hej tdk hggunuahtbfe fc jfnkstbg hrrkhrs. Zdksk jkvkafpnkets akj tdk

Betkrehtbfeha Nfekthry Cuej (BNC) tf jkgahrk Ghnkrffe‒s Pfvkrty _kjug-

tbfe hej Irfwtd Chgbabty (P_IC) prfirhn fcc trhgm be tdk tdbrj quhrtkr fc

?00:, jkahybei htthbenket fc tdk Dkhvbay Bejkotkj Pffr Gfuetrbks (DBPG)

gfnpaktbfe pfbet oy ekhray twf ykhrs.

Be tdk hctkrnhtd fc tdk Jkgknokr ?00: kakgtbfe, h ekw ifvkrenket

whs cfrnkj tdht knohrmkj fe he hnobtbfus sgha hej oujikthry prfirhn

tf rkstfrk nhgrfkgfefnbg sthobabty hej hggkakrhtk tdk phgk fc strugturha

rkcfrns. Zdk ekw prfirhn haafwkj Ghnkrffe tf suggksscuaay bnpaknket

h sbx-nfetd Wthcc-Nfebtfrkj Prfirhn wbtd tdk BNC, wdbgd akj tf tdk gfe-

gausbfe fc h ekw P_IC prfirhn cfr Luay ?00;‗Luek ?004. Zdk suggksscua

gfegausbfe fc tdk rst sbx nfetds fc tdk ekw prfirhn haafwkj Ghnkrffe

tf htthbe tdk DBPG gfnpaktbfe pfbet be Hprba ?003 hej tf fothbe suosthe-

tbha jkot rkabkc crfn tdk Kedhegkj DBPG hs wkaa hs tdk Nuatbahtkrha Jkot

_kabkc Bebtbhtbvk.Be tdk hctkrnhtd fc tdk kakgtbfe, tdk Ifvkrenket jkvkafpkj he hnob-

tbfus nkjbun-tkrn bevkstnket prfirhn (a‒Hikejh jks Irhejks Hnobtbfes

ju Prâsbjket ) betkejkj tf hggkakrhtk kgfefnbg trhescfrnhtbfe hej prfpka



? Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

Ghnkrffe betf tdk irfup fc chst-irfwbei knkribei gfuetrbks. Zdk Ifvkre-

nket bs skt tf ahuegd prkphrhtbfe fc h ekw P_WP be khray ?009. Zdk ekw

ikekrhtbfe fc tdk P_WP bs kxpkgtkj tf gketkr fe kgfefnbg trhescfrnhtbfe

hej begausbvk irfwtd hej tf hrtbguahtk h pfabgy hikejh tdht gfuaj phvk tdk

why cfr Ghnkrffe tf thmk fcc hej ikt ohgm fe trhgm tf htthbe tdk Nbaakeebun

Jkvkafpnket Ifhas (NJIs) oy ?08;.

Nhgrfkgfefnbg Jkvkafpnkets

Hctkr ekhray h jkghjk fc kgfefnbg jbcguatbks, phrtbguahray jurbei tdk

824;‗27 pkrbfj, Ghnkrffe kxpkrbkegkj strfeikr nhgrfkgfefnbg pkrcfr-nhegk oktwkke 822; hej ?007. Bejkkj, tdhems tf tdk gfesbstket bnpak-

nkethtbfe fc h vhst rkcfrn prfirhn, IJP irfwtd hvkrhikj :.4 pkrgket h

ykhr fvkr tdk 822;‗?007 pkrbfj, up crfn ‗?.7 pkrgket fvkr tdk 8249‗2:

pkrbfj. Behtbfe rkhgdkj h afw fc 0.3 pkrgket be ?007, hej tdk sgha oha-

hegk rfsk tf 7.4 pkrgket fc irfss jfnkstbg prfjugt (IJP).

Nfrk-rkgket trkejs hrk rhbsbei gfegkre, dfwkvkr. Irfwtd ckaa wkaa okafw

P_WP thrikts jurbei tdk ?007‗03 pkrbfj (hvkrhibei 7.7 pkrgket hihbest h thr-

ikt fc ;.8 pkrgket). Zdk gfetbeukj jkgabek be fba prfjugtbfe dhs gkrthbeay durttdk kgfefny, out tdht jrfp akvkakj fcc be ?00; hej whs nfrk tdhe fccskt oy

tdk begrkhsk be fba prbgks jurbei ?00; hej ?003. Zdk nhbe ghusk fc tdk wkhm

pkrcfrnhegk sbegk ?00: bs tdk pkrsbstkegk fc strugturha prfoakns, begaujbei

jkgbket becrhstrugturk skrvbgks, wdbgd gfetbeuk tf rkjugk tdk gfnpktbtbvk-

ekss fc tdk efefba skgtfr hej tf jhnpke prfspkgts cfr hggkakrhtkj kgfefnbg

trhescfrnhtbfe, irfwtd, hej pfvkrty rkjugtbfe be Ghnkrffe.

Gdheiks be Pfvkrty

Ghnkrffe hgdbkvkj rknhrmhoak ihbes be pfvkrty rkjugtbfe jurbei tdk

8223‗?008 pkrbfj, wdke tdk Ifvkrenket rksfautkay bnpaknketkj bts

rkcfrn hikejh. Zdk skgfej Ghnkrffe Dfuskdfaj Wurvky (Kequìtk Ghn-

krfuehbsk Hupräs jks Nâehiks ]KGHN BB^) bejbghtks h 87-pfbet jrfp be tdk

pfvkrty rhtk oktwkke 8223 hej ?008. Ef dfuskdfaj survky dhs okke gfe-

jugtkj sbegk tdk KGHN BB, out safwkr irfwtd be pkr ghpbth begfnk jurbei

?007‗03 dhs nfst abmkay trhesahtkj betf ekiabiboak‚bc hey‚rkjugtbfes be

pfvkrty. Bejkkj, rksuats fc tdk phrtbgbphtfry gfesuathtbfes gfejugtkj be

tdk gfetkxt fc tdk bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk P_WP rkvkha tdht tdk nhlfrbty fc

Ghnkrffe‒s pkfpak jf eft pkrgkbvk hey nkhebeicua bnprfvknket be tdkbr

abvbei sthejhrjs.



Betrfjugtbfe 7

Prfirkss tfwhrj Nkktbei tdk NJIs

Jhth hej tdk rksuats fc sbnuahtbfes suiikst tdht ibvke tdk gurrket phgk fckgfefnbg irfwtd hej sfgbha jkvkafpnket, Ghnkrffe dhs okke fcc trhgm cfr

nkktbei tdk NJIs be ?08;. Zdk jbrk sthtk fc tdk sfgbha skgtfrs bs phrtay tdk

uecfrtuehtk akihgy fc tdk kgfefnbg grbsbs fc 8243‗27. Out bt hasf rkkgts tdk

ekiakgt fc tdksk skgtfrs be tdk rkcfrn hikejh fc tdk ahtk 8220s.

Zdk gfetbeukj wkhmekss fc tdk sfg bha skgtfrs gfestbtutks h skrbfus

bnpkjbnket tf pfvkrty rkjugtbfe. Bt hasf gfestrhbes irfwtd hej irkhtay

abnbts tdk jkirkk tf wdbgd okttkr kgfefnbg pfabgbks hej pkrcfrnhegk ghe

trhesahtk betf knpafynket grkhtbfe, begfnk ikekrhtbfe, hej kcckgtbvkdunhe jkvkafpnket.

Kcgbkegy fc Puoabg Wpkejbei

Nfrk rksfurgks hafek wbaa eft haafw Ghnkrffe tf surnfuet tdksk fosth-

gaks hej rkvkrsk tdk hahrnbei trkejs be h susthbehoak nheekr= gfesbjkr-

hoak bnprfvknket be puoabg ehegk nhehiknket hej begrkhskj kcgbkegy

fc puoabg spkejbei wbaa ok ekkjkj hs wkaa. Bejkkj, puoabg sfgbha spkejbeidhs begrkhskj nhrmkjay sbegk tdk Betkrbn-P_WP be ?000. Zdk nfjkst ihbes

rkvkha tdk pkrsbstkegk fc h skrbfus ahgm fc kcgbkegy be puoabg kxpkejbturk.

Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs nhjk sfnk kccfrts tf hjjrkss tdbs grbtbgha prfoakn

be tdk phst ckw ykhrs, jkvkafpbei h Nkjbun-Zkrn Kxpkejbturk Crhnkwfrm

(NZKC) systkn tf iubjk oujikthry rksfurgk haafghtbfes hej kedhegk tdk

oujikt prkphrhtbfe prfgkss cfr kcckgtbvk kxkgutbfe fc tdk P_WP. Dfwkvkr,

tdk oujikt rkcfrn prfgkss stbaa dhs tf ok cuaay bnpaknketkj be frjkr tf jkha

wbtd tdk nhey strugturha prfoakns tdht dbejkr kcckgtbvk kxkgutbfe fc tdk

oujikt hej gfestrhbe tdk kcgbkegy fc puoabg spkejbei.

Zdk [riket Ekkj cfr _kcfrn

Ibvke tdksk gdhaakeiks, tdkrk bs abttak rffn cfr gfnpahgkegy, ousbekss hs usuha,

fr stfp-hej-if kxkgutbfe fc tdk pfabgy hikejh. Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf

nhebckst rksfavk tf susthbe rkcfrns hej kxpkjbtbfusay jkha wbtd ofttakekgms

be frjkr tf offst irfwtd hej rkjugk pfvkrty, hs kevbsbfekj be tdk P_WP.

Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf nhmk tdk cfrtdgfnbei kjbtbfe fc tdk P_WP

tdk strhtkibg hej fpkrhtbfeha crhnkwfrm cfr h rkvhnpkj hikejh cfr rkmbej-

abei rksfavk tf hggkakrhtk hej jkkpke rkcfrns be frjkr tf offst kgfefnbg

jbvkrsbghtbfe hej begausbvk irfwtd.



: Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

Purpfsk hej Wtrugturk fc Zdbs _kpfrt

Zdbs Jkvkafpnket Pfabgy _kvbkw (JP_) skkms tf hssbst tdk Ifvkrenket bekvhauhtbei phst pfabgbks hej rkvbsk bts pfabgy hikejh cfr tdk ekw P_WP. Bt

prfvbjks h gfnprkdkesbvk hsskssnket fc Ghnkrffe‒s strugturha, sfgbha, hej

ftdkr mky skgtfr jkvkafpnket pfabgbks hej prbfrbtbks = bjketbks nhlfr rfhj-

oafgms= bt suiiksts prbfrbty hgtbfes tf offst kgfefnbg irfwtd hej dhstke

tdk phgk fc pfvkrty rkjugtbfe.

Zdk rkvbkw whs prkphrkj oy h Yfraj Ohem tkhn be gfaahofrhtbfe wbtd

tdk Ifvkrenket. Bt bs dfpkj tdht tdbs gfaahofrhtbvk kccfrt wbaa dkap haa sthmk-

dfajkrs ihbe h gfnnfe hej gfdkrket uejkrsthejbei fc tdk nhbe gdhaakeiksGhnkrffe bs chgbei. Zdk ghrkcuaay hrtbguahtkj pfabgy prbfrbtbks sdfuaj dkap

chgbabthtk pfabgy bnpaknkethtbfe hej prfvbjk cfr tdk nfebtfrbei fc bts fvkr-

haa kcckgtbvkekss. Zdk JP_ bs hasf nkhet tf dkap tdk Yfraj Ohem strkhnabek

bts gfuetry hssbsthegk strhtkiy (GHW) be frjkr tf nfrk kcckgtbvkay suppfrt

tdk Ifvkrenket‒s kccfrts. Bt prfvbjks he bevhauhoak fppfrtuebty cfr tdk

Ohem tf hsskss Ghnkrffe‒s rkhjbekss cfr h prfirhnnhtbg akejbei hpprfhgd.

Bejkkj, tdk JP_ gfuaj skrvk hs h prkaujk tf tdk kvketuha prkphrhtbfe fc h

Pfvkrty _kjugtbfe Wuppfrt Grkjbt (P_WG).

Zdk JP_ okektkj crfn bnpfrthet hehaytbgha wfrm gfejugtkj ht tdk

Ohem hej be Ghnkrffe wbtdbe tdk gfetkxt fc tdk P_WP. Zdht wfrm begaujks h

stujy fc tdk sfurgks fc irfwtd, h gfnprkdkesbvk irfwtd hej/pfvkrty nfj-

kabei kxpkrbnket, tdk prkphrhtbfe fc h NZKC, vhrbfus skgtfr hsskssnkets

prkphrkj oy tdk Ohem, hej oujikt trhgmbei hej okekgbhry hsskssnket

survkys be tdk kjughtbfe hej tdk dkhatd skgtfrs.

Zdk JP_ gfnprbsks vk phrts. Phrt B prfvbjks h gfnprkdkesbvk hsskss-

nket fc phst jkvkafpnket futgfnks (irfwtd, pfvkrty, hej sfgbha skgtfr

jkvkafpnket), dbidabidtbei tdk mky bnpkjbnkets tf jkkpkebei irfwtdhej rkjugbei pfvkrty. Phrt BB hjjrkssks tdk grbtbgha bssuk fc dfw tf grkhtk h

gfnpktbtbvk kevbrfenket cfr hggkakrhtbei prbvhtk skgtfr‗akj irfwtd. Phrt BBB

jkhas wbtd jkvkafpbei tdk sfgbha skgtfrs hej nhmbei irfwtd begausbvk. Phrt

BS kxhnbeks ifvkrehegk hej bestbtutbfe-oubajbei bssuks. Phrt S kvhauhtks

tdk nkjbun-tkrn futaffm cfr irfwtd hej pfvkrty rkjugtbfe hej hsskssks

pftketbha rbsms, ohskj fe sbnuahtbfe kxkrgbsks nhjk usbei irfwtdhej

pfvkrty-nfjkabei bestrunkets.



;

PH_Z

B

Irfwtd hejPfvkrty

Ghnkrffe kxpkrbkegkj rknhrmhoak irfwtd jurbei nfst fc tdk

8290s hej tdrfuid tdk nbj-8240s. Offstkj oy kxpfrts fc hirbgua-

turha prfjugts hej grujk fba, IJP irkw ht he hvkrhik rhtk fc 9 pkrgket,

susthbekj oy h dbid bevkstnket rhtk fc hofut fek-cfurtd fc IJP. Oy

tdk nbj-8240s, nhgrf-besthobabty okihe tf skttak betf tdk kgfefny.

Zdk dbid beht bfe rhtk hej tdk ahgm fc hjlustnket fc tdk efnbeha

kxgdheik rhtk rksuatkj be h sbiebghet hpprkgbhtbfe fc tdk rkha kxgdheikrhtk. Cbsgha hej trhjk bnohahegks jkvkafpkj hs hirbguaturha kxpfrts ckaa,

kxtkreha jkot okihe tf swkaa, hej jfnkstbg shvbeis hej bevkstnkets

jkgrkhskj gfesbjkrhoay.

Hs h rksuat, crfn 8243 tf 8227, Ghnkrffe kxpkrbkegkj h pkrbfj fc skrb-

fus kgfefnbg jkprkssbfe, wdbgd rksuatkj be h ;0 pkrgket jkgabek be pkr

ghpbth begfnk. Zdk gfetrhgtbfe fc tdk kgfefny, ghuskj oy h suosthetbha hej

prfafeikj jkgabek be tdk tkrns fc trhjk, gfupakj wbtd he fvkrvhauhtbfe fc

tdk kxgdheik rhtk, turekj betf h skvkrk sgha grbsbs. Zdk jkgabek be ifvkre-nket rkvkeuk akj tf h ahrik hej ueprkgkjketkj gut be efnbeha whiks= h

jrhstbg gut be kjughtbfe, dkhatd, hej becrhstrugturk kxpkejbturks= hej tdk

hggunuahtbfe fc kxtkreha hej betkreha hrrkhrs.



3 Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

Zdk ;0 pkrgket efnbeha jkvhauhtbfe (70 pkrgket rkha jkprkgbhtbfe)

fc tdk GCH crheg be 822: hggfnphebkj oy trhjk hej sgha rkcfrns wbtdbe

GKNHG rkprksketkj h turebei pfbet be ifvkrenket kccfrts tf rkstfrk

irfwtd-frbketkj nhgrfkgfefnbg sthobabty. Be nbj-8223, h ekw pfabgy hej

kgfefnbg nhehiknket tkhn whs put be pahgk, wbtd rkekwkj jktkrnbehtbfe

tf thgmak tdk irfwtd-bedbobtbei strugturha prfoakns be tdk kgfefny. Hctkr

tdk suggksscua gfnpaktbfe fc tdk tdrkk-ykhr Betkrehtbfeha Nfekthry Cuej

(BNC) Kedhegkj Wtrugturha Hjlustnket Chgbabty (8229‗?000), tdk ifvkre-

nket jkvkafpkj h tdrkk-ykhr, irfwtd-frbketkj nhgrfkgfefnbg prfirhn cfr

?000‗07, wdbgd whs suppfrtkj oy tdk BNC wbtd tdk Pfvkrty _kjugtbfe hej

Irfwtd chgbabty (P_IC). Zdk bnpaknkethtbfe fc nhgrfkgfefnbg hej YfrajOhem-suppfrtkj skgtfr rkcfrn pfabgbks (begaujbei be tdk cfrkstry, trhespfrth-

tbfe, hej ohembei skgtfrs) dhs bnprfvkj tdk pkrcfrnhegk fc tdk kgfefny.

Zdk beg bjkegk fc pfvkrty ckaa gfesbjkrhoay oktwkke 8223 hej ?008.

Out irfwtd dhs eft kspkgbhaay okektkj tdk gfrk pffr, hej bekquhabty dhs

rknhbekj dbid, dbejkrbei pfvkrty rkjugtbfe kccfrts. Zdbs phrtay rkkgts tdk

strugturk fc tdk kgfefny, wdbgd dhs rknhbekj dbiday jkpkejket fe h ckw

kxpfrt gfnnfjbtbks, begaujbei fba, hej tdus kspkgbhaay vuaekrhoak tf crk-

quket tkrns fc trhjk sdfgms. Dbid vfahtbabty hasf bnpabks ahrik ugtuhtbfesbe ifvkrenket oujikthry rksfurgks, wdbgd rkjugk ifvkrenket pfvkrty-

rkahtkj spkejbei, begaujbei spkejbei fe dkhatd, dunhe rksfurgks, hej

becrhstrugturk jkvkafpnket.

Zf hjjrkss tdksk gdhaakeiks, hggkakrhtk irfwtd, hej htthgm pfvkrty,

be ?007 tdk Ifvkrenket jkvkafpkj h gfnprkdkesbvk Pfvkrty _kjugtbfe

Wtrhtkiy Phpkr (P_WP) ohskj fe tdk rksuats fc h orfhj gfesuathtbvk hej

phrtbgbphtfry prfgkss, h jkthbakj hehaysbs fc tdk pfvkrty prfak, hej h

gfnprkdkesbvk hehaysbs fc tdk sfurgks fc irfwtd. Zdk strhtkiy skts wkaa-

quhetbkj thrikts tdht usk tdk Nbaakeebun Jkvkafpnket Ifhas (NJIs) hs

okegdnhrms, wbtd kxpabgbt tbnkthoaks cfr hgdbkvknket.

Jurbei tdk cbrst ykhr fc P_WP bnpaknkethtbfe, kgfefnbg pfabgy

pkrcfrnhegk jktkrbfrhtkj skvkrha nfetds okcfrk tdk Fgtfokr ?00:

prksbjketbha kakgtbfes hs h rksuat fc h ahgm fc sgha gfesfabjhtbfe hej tdk

jktkrbfrhtbfe be tdk ehegbha pfsbtbfe fc puoabg ketkrprbsks. Be ?00; tdk

ifvkrenket bnpaknketkj strbeiket oujikt pfabgbks tf rhpbjay gfrrkgt s-

gha sabpphiks hej nhjk sfnk kccfrts tf bnprfvk habienket fc tdk oujikt

wbtd P_WP prbfrbtbks.

Fvkrhaa, nhgrfkgfefnbg jkvkafpnkets dhvk okke uekvke sbegk ?007.

Zdk fba skg tfr‚tdk nhbe sfurgk fc irfwtd fvkr tdk phst ckw ykhrs‚dhs



Irfwtd hej Pfvkrty 9

jkgabekj gfesbjkrhoay sbegk 8222‗?000, hej kakgtrbgbty sdfrthiks dhvk

ghuskj h jkgrkhsk be bejustrbha prfjugtbfe.

Gdhptkr 8 prfvbjks he dbstfrbgha fvkrvbkw fc IJP irfwtd trkejs hej

hehaysks tdk sfurgks hej jktkrnbehets fc irfwtd tdht jrbvk tdk foskrvkj

afei-tkrn trkejs. Gdhptkr ? hehayzks trkejs be pfvkrty hej sfgbha skgtfr

futgfnks sbegk ?000.



2

Irfwtd Pkrcfrnhegk<

H Dbstfrbgha Fvkrvbkw

Ghnkrffe‒s heeuha pkr ghpbth begfnk whs $;84 jurbei tdk khray 8230s,

ekhray sbx tbnks tdht fc Gdbeh, twbgk tdht fc Bejfeksbh, hej dhac tdhtfc Nhahysbh (iurk 8.8). Cfrty-vk ykhrs ahtkr, be ?00:, bts pkr ghpbth begfnk

(be gfesthet ?000 [.W. jfaahrs) whs h nkrk $33? h ykhr‚rfuiday dhac tdht

fc Gdbeh hej h nkrk cfurtd tdht fc Nhahysbh (thoak 8.8).

Nfjkrhtk hej Sfahtbak Irfwtd sbegk tdk 8230s

Heeuha irfwtd be Ghnkrffe ahiikj tdht fc ftdkr gfuetrbks, hvkrhibei lust

7.; pkrgket sbegk tdk 8230s‚dhac tdk rhtk hgdbkvkj oy Gdbeh (9 pkrgket).

Nheuchgturbei‒s sdhrk fc futput sthiehtkj ht hofut 80 pkrgket be Ghnkrffe

wdbak begrkhsbei oy h chgtfr fc tdrkk be Gdbeh hej h chgtfr fc cfur be Bejfek-

sbh fvkr tdk shnk pkrbfj (thoak 8.?).

Zdk ahgm fc jbvkrsbghtbfe bs nhebckst be tdk nugd ahrikr vfahtbabty fc

irfwtd be Ghnkrffe tdhe be tdk gfnphrhtfr pkrcfrnkrs oktwkke 8240

8

0

8

?

7

:

8290 8220 ?00: _ h t b f f

c p k r g h p b t h I J P b e

G h n k r f f e t f p k r g h p b t h

I J P

b e f t d k r g f u e t r b k s

Gdbeh

BejbhBejfeksbh

NhahysbhZuebsbh

CBI[_K 8.8

_htbf fc pkr Ghpbth IJP be Ghnkrffe tf pkr Ghpbth IJP be Wkakgtkj FtdkrGfuetrbks, 8290‗?00:

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs, ohskj fe jhth crfn gketrha YJB jhthohsk.




ZHOAK 8.8

_htbf fc pkr Ghpbth IJP be Ghnkrffe tf pkr Ghpbth IJP be WkakgtkjGfuetrbks, 8290‗?00:

Gfuetry

_htbf fc pkr ghpbth IJP be Ghnkrffetf pkr ghpbth IJP be ftdkr gfuetry

8290 8220 ?00:

Gfuetrbks be Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh

Ghnkrffe 8.0 8.0 8.0

Gútk j‒Bvfbrk 0.; 8.0 8.?

Idheh 8.3 7.? ?.:

Mkeyh 8.; 8.; 8.3

Nhurbtbus ‚ 0.7 0.?

Ebikrbh 8.7 8.2 8.3

Ftdkr gfuetrbks

Gdbeh 7.9 8.9 0.;

Bejbh ?.? ?.8 8.?

Bejfeksbh 8.2 8.8 0.9

Nhahysbh 0.: 0.7 0.?

Zuebsbh 0.; 0.: 0.7

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs, ohskj fe jhth crfn gketrha YJB jhthohsk.

Eftk< ‚ > Eft hvhbahoak. IJP pkr ghpbth be ?000 [W$.

hej ?000 (hs rkkgtkj be rkahtbvkay ahrikr gfkcgbket fc vhrbhtbfe fc ?.8 beGhnkrffe, gfnphrkj tf 0.7 cfr Gdbeh hej Bejbh, hej 0.3 pkrgket cfr Zuebsbh

fvkr 8240 tf ?00;) (thoak 8.?).

Zdksk afei-tkrn trkejs fosgurk sbiebghet vhrbhtbfes be kgfefnbg pkr-

cfrnhegks fvkr tdk cfur jkghjks. Wfnk fc tdbs dbid vhrbhegk whs ghuskj oy

kxfikefus chgtfrs hej augm, out nugd fc bt rkkgtkj pfabgy gdfbgks.

Ghnkrffe‒s khrabkr jkvkafpnket pfabgbks wkrk uesusthbehoak. Zdk

gfuetry kxpkrbkegkj rhpbj irfwtd jurbei tdk cbrst twf jkghjks hctkr

bejkpkejkegk, out tdht irfwtd whs rksfurgk betkesbvk rhtdkr tdhe prfjug-

tbvbty jrbvke. Gfeskquketay, irfwtd whs vfahtbak hej uesusthbehoak fvkr tdk

afei rue. Offstkj oy kxpfrts fc hirbguaturha prfjugts (gfcckk, gfgfh, hej

gfttfe) hej grujk fba, IJP irfwtd hvkrhikj 9.: pkrgket pkr ykhr oktwkke

8290 hej 824; (thoak 8.7), hggfnphebkj oy h rkahtbvkay dbid bevkstnket



ZHOAK 8.?

Hvkrhik Heeuha IJP Irfwtd hej Nheuchgturbei Wdhrk fc Futput be Wkakgtkj Gfuetrbks, 823

pkrgket

Hvkrhik heeuha IJP irfwtd Gfkcgbketfc vhrbhtbfe8240‗?00;

Nheuch

8230‗32 8290‗92 8240‗42 8220‗22 ?000‗0; 823; 8290


Ghnkrffe ?.8 9.7 :.0 0.: 7.9 ?.8 2.; 80.7

Gútk j‒Bvfbrk 4.9 9.3 ‗0.? ?.3 ‗0.3 ;.0 2.8 80.7

Idheh ?.7 8.: ?.0 :.7 :.4 8.0 2.4 88.:

Mkeyh ;.9 9.? :.? ?.? 7.8 0.9 88.; 8?.0

Nhurbtbus ‚ ‚ ;.2 ;.: :.8 0.7 ‚ ‚Ebikrbh ?.2 9.0 0.2 7.8 ;.9 8.4 ;.: 7.9

Wkekiha 8.7 7.0 ?.: ?.9 :.: 8.8 ‚ ‚

Ftdkr gfuetrbks

Gdbeh 7.0 9.: 2.4 80.0 2.: 0.7 ?2.? 77.4

Bejbh :.0 ?.2 ;.9 ;.3 3.; 0.7 8:.9 8:.?

Bejfeksbh 7.9 9.4 3.: :.4 :.4 0.4 4.: 80.7

Nhahysbh 3.3 9.9 ;.2 9.? ;.8 0.9 2.; 8?.:

Zuebsbh ;.: 9.? 7.3 ;.8 :.; 0.3 4.8 4.:

Wfurgk < Hutdfrs, ohskj fe jhth crfn gketrha YJB jhthohsk.

‚ > Eft hvhbahoak.



ZHOAK 8.7

Nhgrfkgfefnbg Pkrcfrnhegk be Ghnkrffe, 8290‗?00;

8290‗94 8292‗4; 8243‗27 822:‗22 ?000 ?008 ?00

IJP pkr ghpbth ;;;.4 4??.? 933.9 ;28.: 37;.? 3:4.: 3;4Heeuha irfwtd rhtk pkrgkethik

IJP 9.: 9.7 ‗?.9 7.: :.; :.; :

Efe-fba IJP 9.7 ;.: ‗8.2 7.9 ;.8 ;.; :

prbnhry skgtfr 7.? 3.0 0.: 3.9 7.9 7.9 7

skgfejhry skgtfr 3.7 82.0 ‗7.2 8.3 :.4 8.0 0

tkrtbhry skgtfr 89.9 7.3 ‗;.8 ?.: :.: 4.; 9

Behtbfe (GPB) 80.9 80.2 ?.7 4.4 7.? ?.4 ?

_kha kxgdheik rhtk ‚ ‗0.? 8.0 ‗7.7 ‗2.8 7.0 7Zkrns fc trhjk ‗0.4 0.: 8.2 :.7 8;.: ‗4.2 ‗:

Pkrgket fc IJP

Kxpfrt ?7.7 70.? 82.0 ?7.4 ?7.7 ?8.2 82

fba kxpfrt 0.0 ??.? 8:.0 2.: 2.; 2.; 2

efe-fba kxpfrt ?7.7 4.0 ;.0 84.0 87.4 87.4 87

Bnpfrt ?;.2 70.9 89.; ?8.: ?4.0 ?4.3 ?2

Zrhjk ohahegk ‗?.3 ‗0.; 8.: ?.7 7.? 0.2 ‗8

Bevkstnket ?0.3 ?;.; 82.? 8;.4 89.8 ?0.7 82

ifvkrenket :.; ;.4 3.0 ?.7 7.3 ?.? ?

prbvhtk 83.8 82.9 88.; 80.7 87.; 8;.4 8;



Ifvkrenket rkvkeuk (kxgaujbei irhets) ‚ ?8.? 83.: 87.3 82.2 89.9 89

fba ‚ ‚ 7.9 7.9 3.3 :.4 :

efe-fba ‚ ‚ 8?.9 80.0 87.? 8?.2 87Ifvkrenket spkejbei ‚ ?0.9 ?7.0 83.2 8;.3 83.2 83

gurrket ‚ 8?.8 8;.3 8:.9 8?.8 87.3 87

jkot skrvbgk ‚ 0.3 ?.9 3.0 8.4 7.? ?

ghpbtha ‚ 4.; 9.: ?.? 7.7 7.7 ?

Fvkrhaa ohahegk fe h gfnnbtnket ohsbs (kxgaujbei irhets) ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ 0.0 0.2 8

Fvkrhaa ohahegk fe hgfnnbtnket ohsbs(wbtd irhets) ‚ 0.; ‗3.3 ‗7.: :.: 8.7 ?

Fvkrhaa ohahegk fe h ghsdohsbs (kxgaujbei irhets) ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ?.? ‗8.8 ‗7

Fvkrhaa ohahegk ghsd ohsbs(wbtd irhets) ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ?.7 ‗0.3 ‗?

Kxtkreha jkot (tftha) 92.; 878.7 80?.; 9?.; 32.0 3?.9 ;?

Wfurgks< Jhth cfr 8290‗22 hrk crfn tdk YJB gketrha jhthohsk. Jhth cfr ?000‗0; hrk crfn Ghnkrffe hutdfrbtbks.

Eftk< ‚ > Eft hvhbahoak.



8: Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

rhtk fc ?; pkrgket fc IJP (8292‗4;) hej dkhvy ifvkrenket spkejbei, wdbgd

pkhmkj ht ?? pkrgket fc IJP be tdk khray 8240s. Jurbei tdbs pkrbfj, Ghnkrffe,

abmk nhey Hcrbghe gfuetrbks, pursukj he bewhrj-affmbei bnpfrt-suostbtutbfe

bejustrbhabzhtbfe strhtkiy tdht whs suppfrtkj oy h rkstrbgtbvk trhjk pfabgy hej

nhssbvk puoabg spkejbei ehegkj tdrfuid thxhtbfe fc tdk hirbguaturha skgtfr

hej, oy 8294, fba rkvkeuk.

H gfnobehtbfe fc pffr pfabgy gdfbgks hej kxtkreha gfejbtbfes akj

tf h skvkrk kgfefnbg grbsbs oktwkke 8243 hej 8227. Oy tdk nbj-8240s, bt

dhj okgfnk gakhr tdht Ghnkrffe‒s strhtkiy whs eft susthbehoak, hs sbies

fc h Jutgd jbskhsk hofuejkj (ofx 8.8). Hs fba rkvkeuk pkhmkj ht :3 pkrgket

fc kxpfrts be 824?, jfnkstbg hosfrptbfe sfhrkj tf 807 pkrgket fc IJP,jrbvbei up tdk jfnkstbg prbgk fc efetrhjhoak iffjs, tdk fvkrhaa behtbfe

rhtk (80 pkrgket fvkr tdk 8299‗4; pkrbfj), hej whiks. Dbid uebt ahofr

gfsts, gfnobekj wbtd sbiebghet hpprkgbhtbfe fc tdk rkha kxgdheik rhtk,

ghuskj h sdhrp jkgabek be gfnpktbtbvkekss. Zdksk chgtfrs ghuskj h sdhrp

jkgabek be efefba kxpfrts (hirbguaturk hej nheuchgturkj iffjs) hej h

surik be bnpfrts. Kxtkreha gfejbtbfes gfnpfuejkj tdk sbtuhtbfe, hs tdk

tkrns fc trhjk jkgabekj 70 pkrgket oktwkke 8243 hej 8242.

IJP gfetrhgtkj oy hofut fek-cfurtd fvkr tdk kbidt-ykhr grbsbs pkrbfj,ghusbei pkr ghpbth begfnk tf chaa oy :0 pkrgket oktwkke 8243 hej 8227.

Gurrket kxpkejbturk rfsk crfn 88 pkrgket tf 82 pkrgket fc IJP. Zdk Ifv-

krenket‒s rktrkegdnket pfabgy ghuskj ghpbtha kxpkejbturk tf paunnkt,

crfn 8?.: pkrgket fc IJP be 8243 tf 7.; pkrgket oy 8227. Gfupakj wbtd tdk

jkgabek be begfnk‚hej tdus prbvhtk shvbeis‚tdk jkgrkhsk akj tf h gfaahpsk

be tdk bevkstnket rhtk, wdbgd ckaa crfn ?; pkrgket be tdk khray 8240s tf 8:

pkrgket oy 8227. Gfnobekj wbtd h gfegfnbthet gfetrhgtbfe be ifvkrenket

rkvkeuk hej besucgbket hjlustnket be gurrket spkejbei, tdk 4 pkrgket

jkgabek be begfnk be 8243 gfetrboutkj tf h sdhrp jktkrbfrhtbfe fc tdk sgha

ohahegk, crfn h surpaus tf h jkgbt tdht trbpakj crfn 8243 tf 822;. _kahtkj

begrkhsks be kxtkreha jkot skrvbgks rkjugkj ifvkrenket shvbeis hej puoabg

bevkstnket (thoak 8.7).

Hctkr chask sthrts hej nbsskj fppfrtuebtbks be tdk bnnkjbhtk pfstjkvhau-

htbfe pkrbfj, tdk Ifvkrenket sdfwkj begrkhskj jktkrnbehtbfe, bnpaknket-

bei h skrbks fc nfrk-prujket pfabgbks, wdbgd bnprfvkj pkrcfrnhegk be tdk

skgfej dhac fc tdk 8220s. Bejkkj, tdk pfst-8223 pkrbfj bs tdk nbrrfr fppfsbtk

fc tdk 8293‗43 krh. Hatdfuid Ghnkrffe kxpkrbkegkj wfrsk cfrtuek jur-

bei tdbs pkrbfj, tdk Ifvkrenket bnpaknketkj okttkr kgfefnbg pfabgbks hej

pfstkj strfeikr rksuats. Zdk 822: (;0 pkrgket efnbeha hej 70 pkrgket rkha)

jkvhauhtbfe fc tdk GCH crheg hej tdk trhjk hej sgha rkcfrns wbtdbe tdk



Irfwtd Pkrcfrnhegk< H Dbstfrbgha Fvkrvbkw 8;

Ofx 8.8

Yhs Jutgd Jbskhsk be Ghnkrffe Bekvbthoak6

Kxpkrbkegk sdfws tdht gfuetrbks, kspkgbhaay tdfsk wbtd wkhm pfabtbgha bestbtu-

tbfes, ej bt jbcguat tf gfethbe spkejbei wdke rkvkeuk begrkhsks hs h rksuat

fc h offn be prbnhry gfnnfjbty kxpfrts. [eakss stkrbabzkj tdrfuid hpprf-

prbhtk sgha hej nfekthry pfabgy nbx, tdk ahrik befw fc cfrkbie kxgdheik

tkejs tf hpprkgbhtk tdk afgha gurrkegy wdbak offstbei jfnkstbg hosfrptbfe

tdrfuid uerkstrhbekj puoabg spkejbei. Hs h rksuat, tkrns-fc-trhjk vfahtbabty bs

systknhtbghaay trhesnbttkj tf tdk ifvkrenket oujikt, cukabei behtbfe hej rkha

kxgdheik rhtk hpprkgbhtbfe, rhbsbei whiks, hej dbejkrbei tdk gfnpktbtbvkekss

fc tdk efegfnnfjbty trhjkj skgtfrs (kxpfrts hs wkaa hs bnpfrt suostbtutks).

_kha kxgdheik rhtk hpprkgbhtbfe hej tdk begrkhsk be jfnkstbg hosfrptbfe

begrkhsk bnpfrts, kvketuhaay tdrfwbei tdk trhjk ohahegk betf jkgbt. Gfupakj

wbtd tdk oujikt jkgbt tdht stkns crfn uegfetrfaakj spkejbei, tdbs sbtuh-

tbfe rhpbjay akhjs tf bejkotkjekss. Zdbs pdkefnkefe, mefwe hs Jutgd jbs-

khsk, tkejs tf kxhgkrohtk kgfefnbg vfahtbabty hej stynbk jbvkrsbghtbfe hej

susthbehoak irfwtd.

Bs Jutgd jbskhsk bekvbthoak6 He bnpfrthet akssfe ghe ok akhrekj oy gfn-

phrbei tdk whys be wdbgd Ghnkrffe, Bejfeksbh, hej Ebikrbh nhehikj tdkbr fba

wkhatd jurbei tdk 8240s. Haa tdrkk gfuetrbks kxpkrbkegkj he fba offn jurbei tdk

ahtk 8290s hej khray 8240s. Haa tdrkk dhj sbnbahr pkr ghpbth begfnk akvkas, gfe-

sbjkrhoak hirbguaturk rksfurgks, hej pftketbha cfr bejustrbhabzhtbfe. Gfnphrbei

tdk tdrkk kxpkrbkegks suiiksts tdht pfabgbks ghe nhmk h obi jbcckrkegk.

Bejfeksbh

Okttkr-jksbiekj hej nfrk-kxboak pfabgbks dkapkj Bejfeksbh hvfbj Jutgd jbs-

khsk. Bejfeksbhe fcgbhas jktkrnbekj tdht tdk hpprkgbhtbfe fc tdk rkha kxgdheik

rhtk (oy 7; pkrgket oktwkke 8234 hej 8293/99) whs jktrbnketha tf efefba

irfwtd (Yfraj Ohem ?007j). Zf nhbethbe Bejfeksbh‒s gfnpktbtbvkekss, tdkytdkrkcfrk jkvhaukj tdk kxgdheik rhtk be 8294 hej 8292, mkkpbei tdk rkha

kxgdheik rhtk ht rfuiday tdk shnk akvka hs be 8234. Wuoskquket jkvhauhtbfes

wkrk uskj tf mkkp tdk rkha kxgdheik rhtk nfrk fr akss gfesthet.

Zdk kcckgts fe tdk rkha skgtfr hrk rkvkhabei. Zdk [.W. jfaahr vhauk fc

efefba kxpfrts irkw ht h dkhatdy heeuha rhtk fc 8? pkrgket jurbei tdk 8240s,

wdbak tdk fba skgtfr‒s sdhrk fc kxpfrts ckaa crfn ;; pkrgket tf ?? pkrgket. Zdht

whs tdk jhwe fc h suggksscua jbvkrsbghtbfe strhtkiy. Kquhaay bnpfrthet, tdk

Bejfeksbhe hutdfrbtbks kcckgtbvkay nhehikj tdk bekvbthoak strugturha gdheiks

be tdk kgfefny hej kesurkj nhgrfkgfefnbg sthobabty oy thmbei prujketstkps tf offst prfjugtbvbty be tdk efetrhjkj iffjs skgtfr‚tdrfuid oftd

prbvhtbzhtbfe hej rkstrugturbei‚hej gfetbeubei tf jbvkrsbcy tdk gfuetry‒s

(gfetbeukj )




Ofx 8.8 (gfetbeukj )

(gfetbeukj )

kxpfrt ohsk. Zdbs nhjk Bejfeksbh akss vuaekrhoak tf offn-oust gygaks hejftdkr kxtkreha sdfgms.

Ebikrbh

Zdk vfaunk fc Ebikrbh‒s fba kxpfrts jfuoakj be 8290, hej tdk vhauk fc kxpfrts

begrkhskj kvke nfrk, hs fba prbgks rfsk crfn $7 h ohrrka be 8290 tf $72 h

ohrrka be 8240. Nhssbvk ifvkrenket spkejbei‚begaujbei tdk oubajbei fc tdk

ghpbtha gbty be Houlh‚cukakj behtbfe. Zdbs, gfnobekj wbtd tdk xkj efnbeha

phrbty fc tdk ehbrh, akj tf he 47 pkrgket hpprkgbhtbfe be tdk rkha kxgdheik rhtk

oktwkke 8290 hej 8240 (Yfraj Ohem ?007j). Chbaurk tf hjlust oftd spkejbeihej tdk efnbeha kxgdheik rhtk kvke hs fba prbgks irhjuhaay ckaa akj tf h curtdkr

hpprkgbhtbfe fc tdk rkha kxgdheik rhtk oy 9: pkrgket oktwkke 8240 hej 824:.

Zdk rksuat whs h surik be bnpfrts‚begaujbei cffj‚hej jfnkstbg hosfrptbfe.

Zdk afss be gfnpktbtbvkekss akj tf h gfetrhgtbfe be hirbguaturha prfjugtbfe hej

kxpfrts, irkhtay uejkrnbebei prfspkgts cfr kgfefnbg jbvkrsbghtbfe hej grkht-

bei tdk gfuetry‒s jkot fvkrdhei. Ebikrbh nhjk sbiebghet hjlustnkets tf tdk

kxgdheik rhtk feay be 8243, ebek ykhrs hctkr Bejfeksbh hej vk ykhrs hctkr fba

prbgks okihe tf chaa.

Ghnkrffe

Ghnkrffe‒s hirbguaturha gfnnfjbty offn fc tdk 8290s whs cfaafwkj oy he fba

offn be 8294. Hs fba rkvkeuk sfhrkj crfn 0 pkrgket tf :3 pkrgket fc kxpfrt

rkvkeuk oktwkke 8294 hej 824?, jfnkstbg hosfrptbfe rfsk tf 807 pkrgket fc

IJP, jrbvke oy nhssbvk ifvkrenket spkejbei. Zdbs be ture rhbskj tdk jfnkstbg

prbgk fc efetrhjhoaks, tdk fvkrhaa behtbfe rhtk (80 pkrgket fvkr tdk 8299‗4;

pkrbfj), hej whik rhtks. Gfeskquketay, tdk rkha kxgdheik rhtk hpprkgbhtkj rhp-

bjay hej uebt ahofr gfsts rfsk sdhrpay. Zdbs jktkrbfrhtbfe be gfnpktbtbvkekss akj

tf h sdhrp jkgabek be efefba kxpfrts (hirbguaturk hej nheuchgturkj iffjs) hej

h surik be bnpfrts, wdbgd kxhgkrohtkj tdk jktkrbfrhtbfe fc tdk trhjk ohahegk

hej kvketuhaay akj tf tdk uesusthbehoak bejkotkjekss fc tdk 8240s.

Biefrbei whrebeis hofut tdk prfoakns fc susthbehobabty fc h prfgygabgha

oujikthry pfabgy hej tdk pftketbha feskt fc Jutgd jbskhsk, Ghnkrffebhe

fcgbhas chbakj tf nhmk tdk ekgksshry pfabgy hjlustnkets (Okelhnbe, Jkvhrhlhe,

hej Ykbekr 8242). Hs h rksuat, Ghnkrffe jbj eft rkgfvkr crfn tdk prfcfuej

kgfefnbg grbsbs tdht kesukj uetba hctkr tdk gurrkegy jkvhauhtbfe fc 822: hej

tdk strugturha rkcfrns fc tdk skgfej dhac fc tdk 8220s (iurk).

Akssfes Akhrekj

Pffr pfabgy gdfbgks hej, phrtbguahray, tdk behobabty tf hjlust dhvk sbiebghetay

hcckgtkj irfwtd, vfahtbabty, hej pfvkrty rkjugtbfe. Zfiktdkr wbtd ftdkr nknokr



Irfwtd Pkrcfrnhegk< H Dbstfrbgha Fvkrvbkw 89

gfuetrbks fc tdk Ohem fc Gketrha Hcrbghe Wthtks (OKHG), Ghnkrffe hjlustkj bts

efnbeha kxgdheik rhtk feay be 822:‚83 ykhrs hctkr Bejfeksbh.

Zdk susthbekj rkcfrns fc tdk ahtk 8220s, prujket oujikthry pfabgbks, hej

afw behtbfe jbj mkkp tdk rkha kxgdheik rhtk sthoak hej gfnpktbtbvk, wdbgd

dkapkj tdk efefba skgtfr.

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ gfnpbahtbfe, ohskj fe jhth crfn gketrha YJB jhthohsk.


Nhebcksthtbfe fc Jutgd Jbskhsk be Ghnkrffe, 8292‗27

0

;

80 p k r g k e t h i k

ykhr

ykhr ykhr

ykhr

8;

?0

?;

8290-94 8292-4; 8243-27 822:-22

fba kxpfrt (pkrgkethik fc IJP)ifvkrenket spkejbei (pkrgkethik fc IJP)

‗8?

‗9

‗?

7

p k r g k e t h i k

p k r g k e t h i k

p k r g k e t h i k

4

87

8 2 4 0

8 2 4 ?

8 2 4 :

8 2 4 3

8 2 4 4

8 2 2 0

8 2 2 ?

8 2 2 :

8 2 2 3

8 2 2 4

? 0 0 0

gurrket hggfuet ohahegk (pkrgkethik fc IJP)

gurrket oujikt ohahegk, begaujbei irhets(pkrgkethik fc IEP)

‗:0

‗70

‗?0

‗80

0

80

?0

70

8 2 4 0

8 2 4 8

8 2 4 ?

8 2 4 7

8 2 4 :

8 2 4 ;

8 2 4 3

8 2 4 9

8 2 4 4

8 2 4 2

8 2 2 0

8 2 2 8

8 2 2 ?

8 2 2 7

8 2 2 :

8 2 2 ;

8 2 2 3

8 2 2 9

8 2 2 4

8 2 2 2

? 0 0 0

GPB (pkrgkethik fc heeuha irfwtd)

_KK_ (pkrgkethik fc heeuha irfwtd)

0

80

?0

70

:0

8 2 9 0 8 2 9 ? 8 2 9 : 8 2 9 3 8 2 9 4 8 2 4 0 8 2 4 ? 8 2 4 : 8 2 4 3 8 2 4 4 8 2 2 0 8 2 2 ? 8 2 2 : 8 2 2 3 8 2 2 4 ? 0 0 0

kxpfrts fc iffjs hej skrvbgks (pkrgkethik fc IJP)

bnpfrts fc iffjs hej skrvbgks (pkrgkethik fc IJP)

Wfurgk < Hutdfrs, ohskj fe jhth crfn gketrha YJB jhthohsk.

Eftk< IEP > irfss ehtbfeha prfjugt.

Kgfefnbg hej Nfekthry Gfnnuebty fc Gketrha Hcrbgh (GKNHG) nhrmkj h

turebei pfbet be tdk Ifvkrenket‒s kccfrts tf rkstfrk nhgrfkgfefnbg sthobabty.

Ekvkrtdkakss, bnpaknkethtbfe fc pfstjkvhauhtbfe rkcfrns whs ht rst efe-

gfnnbttha, hej tdk Ifvkrenket chbakj tf cuaay ghpbthabzk fe tdk wbejfw fc

fppfrtuebty fpkekj oy tdk gurrkegy jkvhauhtbfe. Feay be 8223, hctkr skvkrha

chbakj httknpts, jbj tdk Ifvkrenket jkgbjk tf put be pahgk h ekw kgfefnbg

nhehiknket tkhn wbtd h rn nhejhtk tf wfrm wbtd tdk betkrehtbfeha gfn-

nuebty, kspkgbhaay tdk Betkrehtbfeha Nfekthry Cuej (BNC) hej tdk Yfraj




Ohem, tf thgmak tdk strugturha prfoakns uejkrpbeebei tdk kgfefny. Zdk

hnobtbfus rkcfrn prfirhn begaujkj BNC‗suppfrtkj nhgrfkgfefnbg sthob-

abzhtbfe pfabgbks (tdk 8229‗?000 BNC prfirhn) hs wkaa hs Ohem-suppfrtkj

skgtfr hjlustnket prfirhns (Zdbrj Wtrugturha Hjlustnket Grkjbt ]WHG-BBB^)

kegfnphssbei cfrkstry, trhespfrthtbfe, ohembei, hej becrhstrugturk.

Zdk strfei pfabgy sthegk kvketuhaay phbj fcc. Bt trhesahtkj betf nhrmkjay

bnprfvkj kgfefnbg pkrcfrnhegk jurbei tdk 8223‗?000 pkrbfj (iurk 8.?),

jkspbtk akss chvfrhoak kxfikefus gfejbtbfes‚tdk tkrns fc trhjk bnprfvkj,

out fba futput jkgabekj (iurk 8.7). _kha IJP irkw ht he hvkrhik heeuha rhtk

fc :.4 pkrgket jurbei 8223 tf ?000, suppfrtkj oy tdk sfabj pkrcfrnhegk fc

tdk efefba skgtfr hej h rkbevbifrhtkj prbvhtk skgtfr. Zdk dbid behtbfe rhtktdht cfaafwkj tdk gurrkegy hjlustnket whs prfirkssbvkay rkjugkj crfn 70

pkrgket tf ‗8 pkrgket fvkr tdk shnk pkrbfj.

Oktwkke ?000 hej ?007, Ghnkrffe kxpkrbkegkj susthbekj IJP

irfwtd ht he heeuha rhtk fc rfuiday :.; pkrgket, jkspbtk jkgabebei fba fut-

put hej pkrsbstket kekriy prfoakns. Nkhewdbak, behtbfe rknhbekj afw,

CBI[_K 8.?

Heeuha IJP hej Efefba-_kahtkj Irfwtd, 8290‗?00;

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ gfnpbahtbfe, ohskj fe jhth fothbekj crfn Ghnkrffe hutdfrbtbks.

‗;

0

;

80

p k

r g k e t

8;

?0

8 2 9 0 ‗ 9 4

8 2 9 2 ‗ 4 ;

8 2 4 3 ‗ 2 7

8 2 2 : ‗ ? 0 0 0

? 0 0 8

? 0 0 ?

? 0 0 7

? 0 0 :

? 0 0 ;

ykhrs

efe-fba bejustrbks IJP



Irfwtd Pkrcfrnhegk< H Dbstfrbgha Fvkrvbkw 82

hvkrhibei ?.7 pkrgket h ykhr, wdbak tdk fvkrhaa ohahegk fe h gfnnbtnket

ohsbs bnprfvkj gfesbjkrhoay (hvkrhibei ?.: pkrgket fc IJP oktwkke ?000

hej ?007), wdbgd gfesbjkrhoay bnprfvkj tdk gfuetry‒s jkot rhtbfs.Irfwtd dhs wkhmkekj sbiebghetay sbegk ?00:. Hggkakrhtkj rkcfrns hej

jktkrnbekj bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk P_WP hrk tdkrkcfrk ekkjkj tf bnprfvk

tdk ousbekss gabnhtk hej rkvbvk irfwtd. Be tdk rue-up tf tdk Fgtfokr

prksbjketbha kakgtbfes, tdk Ifvkrenket wkhmkekj bts sgha pfsbtbfe tdrfuid

ahrik fvkrrues be gurrket spkejbei hs wkaa hs he hggunuahtbfe fc jfnkstbg

hrrkhrs hej h jktkrbfrhtbfe be tdk ehegbha sbtuhtbfe fc puoabg ketkrprbsks.

Zdksk sgha sabpphiks hjvkrskay hcckgtkj tdk bevkstnket gabnhtk hej, tfiktdkr

wbtd tdk kekriy grbsbs, dbejkrkj irfwtd. Be Jkgknokr ?00; h ekw ghob-

ekt whs cfrnkj, wdbgd swbctay bnpaknketkj strbeiket pfabgbks tf irhjuhaay

gfrrkgt tdksk sgha sabpphiks. Bt hggkakrhtkj tdk prbvhtbzhtbfe/rkstrugturbei

prfgkss fc puoabg ketkrprbsks hej wfrmkj wbtd HKW WFEKA, tdk nhbe kekriy

gfnphey, tf prkphrk hej bnpaknket he knkrikegy hgtbfe pahe tf hjjrkss

CBI[_K 8.7

Heeuha Gdheik be Fba _kvkeuks, 8290‗?00;

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ gfnpbahtbfe, ohskj fe jhth fothbekj crfn Ghnkrffe hutdfrbtbks.

ykhrs

p k r

g k e t

‗?0

‗8;

‗80

‗;

0

;

80

8 2 9 0 ‗ 9 4

8 2 9 2 ‗ 4 ;

8 2 4 3 ‗ 2 7

8 2 2 : ‗ ? 0 0 0

? 0 0 8

? 0 0 ?

? 0 0 7

? 0 0 :

? 0 0 ;



?0 Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

tdk kekriy grbsbs. Zdksk kccfrts haafwkj Ghnkrffe tf rkhgd tdk DBPG gfn-

paktbfe pfbet be Hprba ?003.

Jkspbtk tdksk hgdbkvknkets, irfwtd pkrcfrnhegk hej prfspkgts rknhbe

wkaa okafw Ghnkrffe‒s pftketbha. Bejkkj, jkspbtk h sthoak nhgrfkgfefnbg

crhnkwfrm hej h rkahtbvkay chvfrhoak betkrehtbfeha kevbrfenket, tdk ousb-

ekss gabnhtk be Ghnkrffe rknhbes iaffny hej bevkstnket sauiibsd. Zdk

prbvhtk skgtfr hppkhrs tf ok hwhbtbei h gakhr sbieha crfn tdk Ifvkrenket be

rkihrj tf bts nkjbun-tkrn sgha pfabgbks hs wkaa hs rksfautk stkps tf bnprfvk

tdk ousbekss kevbrfenket. Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf hjjrkss tdksk gfe-

gkres hej sdhmk fcc tdk pkrvhsbvk nhahbsk wbtd h prujket ykt hnobtbfus hej

grkjboak strhtkiy be frjkr tf rkvbthabzk tdk kgfefny, offst bevkstnket, hejhggkakrhtk irfwtd.

Zdk _ksfurgk-Betkesbvk Ehturk fc Irfwtd

Hehaysbs fc tdk sfurgks hej jktkrnbehets fc irfwtd be Ghnkrffe bs bnpfr-

thet cfr kxpahbebei bts jkptd, vfahtbabty, hej susthbehobabty. Zdbs skgtbfe

bevkstbihtks dfw prfjugtbfe skgtfrs‚hirbguaturk, nbebei, bejustrbks, hej

skrvbgks‚hej mky prfjugtbfe chgtfrs‚ahofr hej ghpbtha‚gfetrboutkj tfhiirkihtk IJP irfwtd (iurk 8.:).

Wkgtfr Gfetrboutbfes tf Irfwtd

Jurbei tdk rst twf jkghjks hctkr bejkpkejkegk, hirbguaturk, kspkgbhaay

kxpfrt grfps sugd hs gfcckk hej gfgfh, jfnbehtkj tdk kgfefny, wbtd

hirbguaturk hggfuetbei cfr 7: pkrgket fc IJP, nfrk tdhe 40 pkrgket fc

knpafynket, hej ?0 pkrgket fc kxpfrts. Zdk jbsgfvkry fc fba be 8294 hej

tdk suoskquket fba offn fc 8294‗4? gdheikj tdbs gfnpfsbtbfe jrhnhtb-ghaay (thoak 8.:). Fba okghnk tdk nhbe keibek fc Ghnkrffe‒s kgfefny,

wbtd bts gfetrboutbfe pkhmbei be 824:, wdke bt hggfuetkj cfr 83 pkrgket fc

IJP, 98 pkrgket fc kxpfrts, hej :8 pkrgket fc ifvkrenket begfnk.

Zdk fba offn hasf akj tf tdk knkrikegk fc Jutgd jbskhsk (jksgrbokj

be ofx 8.8), wbtd rhpbj begrkhsks be jfnkstbg prbgks hej whiks hej hpprk-

gbhtbfe fc tdk rkha kxgdheik rhtk. Zdksk jkvkafpnkets dhnpkrkj hirbgua-

turha prfjugtbfe hej kxpfrts, sdhrpay rkjugbei hvkrhik irfwtd rhtks crfn

3 pkrgket be tdk khray 8240s tf ekhray zkrf pkrgket fvkr 8243 tf 8227, uetbatdk Lheuhry 822: gurrkegy jkvhauhtbfe. Zdk bejustrbha skgtfr kxpkrbkegkj

h sbnbahr jkgabek hctkr tdk offn fc tdk khrabkr pkrbfj. Ybtd jkgabebei gfn-

pktbtbvkekss, rbsbei whiks, hej rkha kxgdheik rhtk hpprkgbhtbfe, bejustrbha



Irfwtd Pkrcfrnhegk< H Dbstfrbgha Fvkrvbkw ?8

futput, wdbgd dhj irfwe ht hofut 87 pkrgket oktwkke 8292 hej 824;,

jkgabekj hofut ‗8 pkrgket jurbei tdk 8243‗27 pkrbfj.

Zdk pfstjkvhauhtbfe rkgfvkry hej irfwtd whs jrbvke oy h gfnobehtbfe

fc bnprfvkj pkrcfrnhegk be tdk prbnhry skgtfr (wdkrk irfwtd hvkrhikj

;.3 pkrgket h ykhr fvkr 822: tf ?00?), hej chvfrhoak tkrns fc trhjk. Zdk nhbe

bnpktus, dfwkvkr, dhs gfnk crfn h rkvbthabzkj efefba skgfejhry skgtfr, wdbgd irkw ht h rfoust rhtk fc 3 pkrgket h ykhr, fvkr 822: tf ?00?, offstkj

oy tdk kedhegkj gfnpktbtbvkekss fc tdk pfstjkvhauhtbfe pkrbfj hej tdk

tkrtbhry skgtfr. Zdk nhlfr gfetrboutfrs wkrk nheuchgturbei, gfestrugtbfe

hej puoabg wfrms, cukakj oy tdk Gdhj-Ghnkrffe fba pbpkabek gfestrugtbfe

crfn 8222 tf ?008 (iurk 8.;).

Zdksk kegfurhibei trkejs wkrk dhatkj be ?00:, wbtd tdk jkirhjhtbfe

fc tdk nhgrfkgfefnbg kevbrfenket hej tdk hggunuahtbfe fc jfnkstbg

hrrkhrs tf tdk prbvhtk skgtfr. Oktwkke ?00: hej ?003, tdk efefba bejus-trbha skgtfr irfwtd hvkrhikj ?.: pkrgket‚dhnpkrkj oy kekriy prfoakns‚

wdbak hiirkihtk irfwtd hvkrhikj h nkhikr 7.8 pkrgket, wkaa okafw tdk P_WP

thrikt fc ;.7 pkrgket.

CBI[_K 8.:

Kvfautbfe fc tdk Wtrugturk fc tdk Kgfefny, 8220‗?00;

8220

?;.0%

7?.:%

:?.;%

?00;

?0.?%

?2.9%

;0.0%

prbnhry skgtfr

skgfejhry skgtfr

tkrtbhry skgtfr

prbnhry skgtfr

skgfejhry skgtfr

tkrtbhry skgtfr

Wfurgk< Hutdfr‒s gfnpbahtbfe ohskj fe jhth fothbekj crfn Ghnkrffe hutdfrbtbks.

Eftk< Prbnhry > hirbguaturk, cfrkstry, sdkrbks, hej stfgm orkkjbei= skgfejhry > nbebei, nheuchgturbei,

utbabtbks, hej gfestrugtbfe= tkrtbhry > skrvbgks begaujbei ifvkrenket.



ZHOAK 8.:

Heeuha IJP Irfwtd hej Wkgtfrha Gfetrboutbfes tf Irfwtd, 8290‗?00;

pkrgket

Wkgtfr gfetrboutbfes tf irfwtd

Wkgtfr pkr ykhr 8290‗94 8292‗4; 8243‗27

822:‗ ?00? ?007 ?00: ?00; 8290‗94 8292‗4; 82

Hirbguaturk hej cfrkstry

8.0 8.; 0.8 8.; 0.9 0.: 0.; 7.? 3.0

Fba 0.8 7.8 ‗8.7 ‗0.8 ‗0.7 ‗0.: ‗0.: 83.8 3:.9 ‗Nheuchgturbei

bejustrbks8.8 8.3 ‗0.? 0.2 0.; 0.4 0.7 9.0 8?.9

Gfnnkrgbhaskrvbgks

:.2 0.2 ‗8.7 0.3 ?.4 ?.: 8.3 89.9 7.3

Ifvkrenketskgtfrs

0.7 0.; 0.7 0.7 0.: 0.3 0.8 7.2 9.0

IJP 9.; 9.; ‗?.: 7.? :.8 7.4 ?.8 9.: 9.7

Wfurgk < Hutdfrs‒ ghaguahtbfes ohskj fe jhth crfn gketrha YJB jhthohsk hej jhth fothbekj crfn Ghnkrffe hutdfrbtbks.




CBI[_K 8.;

Zdk Wtrugturk fc tdk Kgfefny oy Wkgtfr

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ gfnpbahtbfe ohskj fe jhth fothbekj crfn Ghnkrffe hutdfrbtbks.

?00;

Prbnhry skgtfr Wkgfejhry skgtfr

Zkrtbhry skgtfr

39%

4%

8?%

9%3%

?00;

?4%

;4%

7%

88%

cffj grfp hirbguaturk

stfgmorkkjbei, ihnkmkkpbei

cbsdkrbks cfrkstry

bejustrbha & kxpfrt hirbguaturk

?00;

:3%

87%

7%

?8%

89%

trhjk, dftka, hej rksthurhet

ohembei hej cbehegbha skrvbgks

ftdkr ifvkrenket skrvbgk

trhespfrt hej gfnnuebghtbfes

nbebei hej quhrrybei

kakgtrbgbty, ihs, hej whtkr

gfestrugtbfe

nheuchgturbei



?: Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

Chgtfr Gfetrboutbfes tf Irfwtd

Zdbs skgtbfe prkskets he hehaysbs fc tdk gfetrboutbfe fc mky chg tfrs fcafei-tkrn irfwtd (dunhe hej pdysbgha ghpbtha, becrhstrugturk, hej

prfjugtbvbty).

Chgtfr Betkesbty hej Prfjugtbvbty

Wkvkrha kstbnhtkj irfwtd nfjkas wkrk uskj tf hehayzk tdk jktkrnbehets fc

afei-tkrn irfwtd hej sdfrt-tkrn ugtuhtbfes fvkr tdk phst tdrkk jkghjks

be Ghnkrffe. Zdk knpbrbgha bevkstbihtbfes akj tf tdk ghutbfusay kegfurhi-

bei gfegausbfes<

• Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe whs rksfurgk betkesbvk be tdk cbrst twf jkghjks hctkr

bejkpkejkegk= prfjugtbvbty hej kccbgbkegy pahykj feay nbefr rfaks.

• Cfaafwbei he betkesbghtbfe fc strugturha rkcfrns hej jkspbtk akss-

chvfrhoak kxtkreha gfejbtbfes, irfwtd rkstkj fe strfeikr afei-tkrn

cfuejhtbfes fc kedhegkj prfjugtbvbty crfn 8223 tf ?007.

• Wbegk tdke, irfwtd dhs safwkj sfnkwdht, hs tdk cfuejhtbfes wkhmkekj,

hafei wbtd tdk pfabgy rksfavk. Irfwtd safwkj be oftd hirbguaturk hej

efenbebei bejustrbks, suiikstbei tdht jkkpkebei strugturha rkcfrnsdfajs tdk mky tf dbidkr hej susthbekj irfwtd cfr pfvkrty rkjugtbfe be

Ghnkrffe.

Gfnphrbei tdk pkrbfj fc rhpbj kxphesbfe fc tdk 8230s hej 8290s

tf tdk pfstjkvhauhtbfe pkrbfj fc susthbekj hjlustnket, bt hppkhrs tdht

prfjugtbvbty nhjk h ahrikr gfetrboutbfe tf irfwtd be tdk skgfej pkrbfj

tdhe be tdk rst (ofx 8.?), wdbak chgtfr beputs irkw nugd nfrk rhpbjay

jurbei tdk rst pkrbfj.

Bevkstnket Sfaunk hej Kcgbkegy

Zdk kvfautbfe fc bevkstnket be Ghnkrffe bs gfesbstket wbtd tdk phttkre fc

irfwtd. Zdk hvkrhik bevkstnket rhtk whs nugd dbidkr jurbei tdk pkrbfj fc

rhpbj kxphesbfe (8294‗43) tdhe jurbei tdk pfstjkvhauhtbfe hjlustnket

pkrbfj. Zdbs suiiksts sbiebghet bnprfvknket be tdk irfss nhribeha kc-

gbkegy fc ghpbtha (tdk rhtbf fc IJP irfwtd tf tdk bevkstnket rhtk) jurbei

tdk skgfej pkrbfj.

Zdk gfaahpsk be tdk bevkstnket rhtk jurbei tdk grbsbs pkrbfj bs tdk gfn-obekj rksuat fc sdhrp guts be ifvkrenket ghpbtha spkejbei, tdk jkgabek be

jfnkstbg shvbeis be tdk whmk fc tdk jkgabek be begfnk, hej tdk rkjugtbfe be

ekt cfrkbie rksfurgk befws (oy 88.; pkrgket pkr ykhr) cfaafwbei tdk rhpbj



Irfwtd Pkrcfrnhegk< H Dbstfrbgha Fvkrvbkw ?;

Ofx 8.?

Wfurgks fc Irfwtd< Ydht Hrk tdk Gfetrboutbfes fc Chgtfrs hej

Prfjugtbvbty6

H grbtbgha qukstbfe be hsskssbei tdk afei-tkrn susthbehobabty fc irfwtd bs dfw nugd

fc phst irfwtd ghe ok httrboutkj tf tdk nfrk-betkesbvk usk fc rksfurgks sugd hs

ahofr, ghpbtha, ahej, hej sf cfrtd (quhetbty irfwtd) hej dfw nugd rkkgts nfrk-

kcckgtbvk usk fc rksfurgks, dbidkr prfjugtbvbty, hej sfuej pfabgbks hej bestbtu-

tbfes (quhabty irfwtd). Zdk jbstbegtbfe hcckgts oftd tdk betkesbty hej tdk vfahtbabty

fc irfwtd‚hej tdkrkcfrk tdk pfvkrty hej sfgbha bnphgts fc irfwtd‚okghusk

chgtfr beputs, kspkgbhaay bevkstnket, ugtuhtk fvkr tbnk wdbak ihbes crfn prfjug-

tbvbty tkej tf ok nfrk sthoak. Ydht jfks tdk kvbjkegk bejbghtk wbtd rkihrj tf phst

irfwtd pkrcfrnhegk be Ghnkrffe, hej wdht pfabgy akssfes ghe ok akhrekj crfn

tdht pkrcfrnhegk6

Zdrkk kstbnhtkj kejfikefus irfwtd nfjkas wkrk uskj tf uetheiak tdk

gfetrboutbfe fc mky chgtfrs. Zdk rksbjuha crfn khgd kstbnhtkj kquhtbfe prf-

vbjks he hpprfxbnhtbfe fc tftha chgtfr prfjugtbvbty irfwtd. Zdk rst nfjka

(Idurh 8229) jbstbeiubsdks tdk gfetrboutbfes fc prbvhtk ghpbtha, ifvkrenket

prfjugtbvk ghpbtha, hej dunhe ghpbtha. Zdbs nfjka whs kstbnhtkj usbei

8230‗?007 tbnk-skrbks jhth. Zdk skgfej nfjka (Gheebei 8222) jbstbeiubsdks

tdk kcckgts fc pdysbgha ghpbtha, dunhe ghpbtha, hej becrhstrugturk (tkakgfn,

kakgtrbgbty, hej rfhjs). Bt whs kstbnhtkj cfr h grfss-skgtbfe fc gfuetrbks. Zdk

tdbrj nfjka (Gdhrabkr hej E‒gdf-Fiubk ?003) jbstbeiubsdks tdk rfak fc prbvhtk

ghpbtha, ifvkrenket ghpbtha, hej becrhstrugturk fe hiirkihtk hej skgtfr-ohskj

irfwtd (hirbguaturk, nheuchgturbei, hej skrvbgks). Bt bs kstbnhtkj cfr Ghnkrffe.

Zdk rksuats hrk gfesbstket wbtd tdk hsskssnket fc irfwtd phttkres be Ghnkrffe

(gfetbeukj )

Kejfikefus Irfwtd Nfjka Kstbnhtks fc Zftha Chgtfr Prfjugtbvbty

8293‗43 8249‗27 822:‗?00;

Wtujy ZCP IKC FI ZCP IKC FI ZCP IKC FI

Idurh (8229) ‗2.8 89.8 4.0 ‗;.4 ‗8.2 ‗8.2 0.7 :.7 :.3

Gheebei (8222) ?.7 ;.9 4.0 ‗:.0 ?.8 ‗8.2 8.: 7.? :.3

E‒gdf-Fiubk hejGdhrabkr (?003) 0.9 9.7 4.0 ‗8.; ‗0.: ‗8.2 0.: :.? :.3

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ ghaguahtbfes ohskj fe kstbnhtkj nfjkas.

Eftk< ZCP > tftha chgtfr prfjugtbvbty= IKC > irfwtd kxpahbekj oy chgtfrs= FI > foskrvkj

irfwtd.




begrkhsk be bejkotkjekss fc tdk gfuetry. Kvke wbtd bnprfvkj irfwtd hej

shvbei pkrcfrnhegks, tdk bevkstnket rhtk rknhbekj afw rkahtbvk tf gfn-

phrhtfr gfuetrbks (thoak 8.;).

Zdbs pffr pkrcfrnhegk phrtay rkkgts tdk afw akvkas fc puoabg bevkst-

nket, wdbgd hvkrhikj lust ?.7 pkrgket fc IJP jurbei tdk 8220s. Out bt bs hasf

truk tdht hiirkihtk shvbeis gfetbeuk tf ok afw hej cfrkbie rksfurgk befws

vkry wkhm gfnphrkj wbtd ftdkr gfuetrbks. Zdk rhtbf fc cfrkbie jbrkgt bevkst-

nket (CJB) tf IJP, cfr kxhnpak, rknhbekj afw hej kvke gfetrhgtkj nbajay

be tdk 822;‗24 pkrbfj rkahtbvk tf 8228‗2:, hej tdk cfrkbie bevkstnket rhtk

rknhbes afw rkahtbvk tf gfnphrhtfr gfuetrbks (thoak 8.3). Zdk afw akvka fc

CJB bs phrtay rkahtkj tf prfoakns fc ifvkrehegk hej tdk safw phgk fc kxkgu-

tbfe fc tdk mky prbvhtbzhtbfe prfirhns. Zdk hehaysbs bejbghtks tdht prbvhtk

bevkstnket be Ghnkrffe bs pfsbtbvkay rkahtkj tf, tdht bs, grfwjs be, oftd

CJB hej puoabg prfjugtbvk bevkstnket (becrhstrugturk hej dunhe ghpbtha),uejkrsgfrbei tdk bnpfrthegk fc pfabgbks cfr httrhgtbei CJB hej kedhegbei

oftd tdk vfaunk hej tdk kcgbkegy fc prfjugtbvk puoabg bevkstnket.

Zdk _fak fc Gfnpktbtbvkekss

Zdk jktkrbfrhtbfe fc gfnpktbtbvkekss be tdk whmk fc Jutgd jbskhsk dur t

Ghnkrffe‒s hirbguaturha skgtfr hej grbppakj bts bejustrbks jurbei nugd fc

tdk 8290s hej 8240s, ahrikay kxpahbebei tdk nkjbfgrk pkrcfrnhegk jurbei

tdbs pkrbfj. Eunkrfus sbies bejbghtk bnprfvkj gfnpktbtbvkekss be Ghn-krffe‒s kgfefny jurbei tdk pfstjkvhauhtbfe pkrbfj. Zdk rkha kxgdheik

rhtk dhs jkprkgbhtkj gfesbjkrhoay sbegk jkvhauhtbfe, hej kvke tdk rkgket

hpprkgbhtbfe fc tdk GCH crheg (hafei wbtd tdk kurf) wbtd rkspkgt tf tdk

[.W. jfaahr hej tdk gurrkegbks fc Ghnkrffe‒s gfnpktbtfrs dhs okke phrtay

fccskt oy vkry afw jfnkstbg behtbfe, akhvbei tdk rkha kxgdheik rhtk chbray

Ofx 8.? (gfetbeukj )

(skk thoak fe prkvbfus phik)< irfwtd whs nfrk rksfurgk betkesbvk be tdk prk-

8243 pkrbfj fc fba offn tdht cukakj nhssbvk ifvkrenket spkejbei hej dbid

bevkstnket rhtk, hej tdk gfetrboutbfe fc tftha chgtfr prfjugtbvbty whs sbiebghetay

dbidkr be tdk pfstjkvhauhtbfe pkrbfj, wdke rksfurgks wkrk akss houejhet.

Wtrfeikr hej nfrk-sthoak irfwtd rkqubrks bnprfvknkets be prfjugtbvbty,

wdbgd be ture rkqubrk sfuej pfabgbks tdht grkhtk h chvfrhoak kevbrfenket cfr

cfrkbie bevkstnket hej kcgbket becrhstrugturk skrvbgk jkabvkry. Zf grkhtk sugd

he kevbrfenket, tdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf jknfestrhtk rkekwkj gfnnbtnket

tf rkcfrns hej nfrk-kcckgtbvk bnpaknkethtbfe fc grbtbgha rkcfrn nkhsurks, bephrtbguahr tdfsk abemkj tf becrhstrugturk hej ifvkrehegk.

Wfurgk < Hutdfrs.




ZHOAK 8.3

Hvkrhik Heeuha IJP Irfwtd, pkr Ghpbth IJP, Cfrkbie Jbrkgt Bevkstnket,

hej Hiirkihtk Jfnkstbg Whvbeis be Wkakgtkj Gfuetrbks, 829;‗?00:

Gfuetry

Hvkrhikheeuha IJP

irfwtd,829;‗?00:(pkrgket)

IJP pkrghpbth ?00:(gfesthet

?000 [W$)_htbf fc

CJB/IJP

Hiirkihtkjfnkstbg

shvbeis ?00:(pkrgkethik

fc IJP)


Ghnkrffe 7.4 33?.80 8.: 83.3

Gútk j‒Bvfbrk 8.3 ;9:.80 8.: ?0.;

Idheh ?.2 ?94.;0 8.8 4.0

Ebikrbh ?.3 :08.30 ?.9 72.9

Wkekiha 7.? :30.40 0.3 80.3

Ftdkr gfuetrbks

Gdbeh 2.8 8,7?7.80 7.? :8.?

Bejfeksbh ;.3 203.?0 8.3 ?3.9

Nhahysbh 3.? :,?42.90 :.; :7.2

Nhurbtbus ;.? :,?42.:0 8.8 ?7.7

Zuebsbh :.3 ?,773.;0 ?.? ?8.:

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ gfnpbahtbfe ohskj fe jhth crfn gketrha YJB jhthohsk.

ZHOAK 8.;

Bevkstnket hej Ghpbtha Kcgbkegy be Wkakgtkj Gfuetrbks, 8294‗?00:

Bevkstnket rhtk(pkrgkethik fc IJP)

Nhribeha kcgbkegy fc ghpbtha (pkrgket)

Gfuetry 8294‗2: 822;‗?00: 8294‗2: 822;‗?00:


Ghnkrffe ??.7 83.2 9.0 ?9.0

Gútk j‒Bvfbrk 8;.9 8?.8 7.; 8:.2

Idheh 80.; ?7.8 8?.9 82.4

Ebikrbh 84.3 ?0.4 88.4 84.2

Wkekiha 8?.2 84.2 83.9 ?:.0

Ftdkr gfuetrbks

Gdbeh 73.? 73.8 ?9.3 ?;.7

Bejfeksbh ?4.9 ??.9 ?:.4 80.3

Nhahysbh 70.? ?2.9 ?7.3 ?4.7

Zuebsbh ?2.: ?;.2 8:.7 8:.3

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ ghaguahtbfes, ohskj fe jhth crfn gketrha YJB jhthohsk.




sthoak hej gfnpktbtbvk. Hatdfuid strugturha prfoakns pkrsbst be kekriy,

tkakgfn, hej trhespfrt, tdk gfst fc becrhstrugturk skrvbgks ckaa sfnkwdht

jurbei tdk ahtk 8220s. Dfwkvkr, nhey ousbekss gfst btkns be Ghnkrffe

rknhbe dbid rkahtbvk tf gfnphrhtfr gfuetrbks, (thoak 8.9 hej ofx :.8). Zdk

gfst fc rkibstkrbei h ousbekss, cfr kxhnpak, bs hanfst 89 tbnks dbidkr be

Ghnkrffe tdhe be Zuebsbh, hej tdk gfst fc kecfrgbei h gfetrhgt bs twf

tbnks dbidkr. Bnprfvbei tdk gfnpktbtbvkekss fc tdk kgfefny bs bnpkrh-

tbvk cfr begrkhsbei jbvkrsbghtbfe hej offstbei irfwtd.

Hehaysbs fc jfnkstbg rksfurgk gfst (J_G) oy skgtfr bejbghtks tdht nhey

fc Ghnkrffe‒s hirbguaturha hej bejustrbha hgtbvbtbks hrk ofrjkrabek gfn-

pktbtbvk. Zdksk skgtfrs gfuaj ok offstkj oy hpprfprbhtk pfabgbks tf kedhegkgfnpktbtbvkekss.8

Ghnkrffe bs J_G‗gfnpktbtbvk cfr cffj grfps tdht hrk begrkhsbeiay

tdk suolkgt fc suorkibfeha trhjk (pahethbe hej pfuatry) hej ghsd grfps,

sugd hs gfgfh hej kvke gfcckk (thoak 8.4). Out dbid nhrmktbei gfsts

(trhespfrthtbfe, dhejabei, whrkdfusbei, hej afssks), wdbgd rkprksket

70‗:0 pkrgket fc prfjugkr prbgks, irkhtay rkjugk prfjugkrs‒ nhribe,

grkhtbei jbsbegketbvks cfr prfjugtbfe (thoak 8.2).? Zrhespfrthtbfe gfsts,

wdbgd jkpkej fe tdk jbsthegk hej tdk skhsfe (rhbey fr jry), hggfuet cfrh sbiebghet phrt fc nhrmktbei gfsts (iurk 8.3).7

Ghnkrffebhe nheuchgturbei dhs h eunokr fc J_G‗gfnpktbtbvk skg-

tfrs, sugd hs wffj prfjugts hej okvkrhiks, hej h nugd ahrikr irfup

fc nhribehaay gfnpktbtbvk orhegdks, begaujbei tkxtbaks, cffj prfjugts,

hej haunbeun (thoak 8.80). Zdbs hehaysbs suiiksts tdht bnprfvknkets be

becrhstrugturk skrvbgks, kspkgbhaay trhespfrt, gfuaj irkhtay kedhegk tdk

gfnpktbtbvkekss fc tdksk skgtfrs hej prfvbjk h nugd-ekkjkj bnpktus cfr

jbvkrsbghtbfe hej dbidkr irfwtd.

Hehaysbs fc tdk sfurgks fc afei-tkrn irfwtd ibvks rkhsfe cfr ghutbfus

fptbnbsn rkihrjbei Ghnkrffe‒s irfwtd prfspkgts. Zdhems tf kedhegkj

prfjugtbvbty hej kcgbkegy, tdk gfuetry hgdbkvkj sfnk jkirkk fc quha-

bty irfwtd be tdk phst jkghjk. Zdbs bejbghtks tdk pftketbha cfr gafsbei tdk

irfwtd ihp oy jkkpkebei strugturha rkcfrns hej bnprfvbei becrhstrugturk

hej ifvkrehegk tf kedhegk gfnpktbtbvkekss hej bnprfvk fvkrhaa kgfefnbg

kcgbkegy. Ht tdk shnk tbnk, kedhegkj shvbeis crfn jkot rkabkc, prujket

strugturha pfabgbks, hej bnprfvkj rksfurgk haafghtbfe tfwhrj kjughtbfe,

dkhatd, hej becrhstrugturk wfuaj dhstke tdk phgk fc prbvhtk becrhstrugturk

hej dunhe ghpbtha cfrnhtbfe. Gunuahtbvkay, bevkstnkets be tdksk skgtfrs

wbaa prfvbjk curtdkr bnpktus cfr afei-tkrn irfwtd.



ZHOAK 8.9

Gfst fc Jfbei Ousbekss be Wkakgtkj Gfuetrbks

Bejbghtfr Ghnkrffe Gdbeh Gútk j‒Bvfbrk Idheh

Ousbekss bejbghtfrs

Gfst tf rkibstkr h ousbekss (pkrgkethik fcIEB pkr ghpbth, ?003) 8;?.? 2.7 87:.8 :2.3

Gfst tf kecfrgk h gfetrhgt (pkrgkethik fcIEB pkr ghpbth, ?003) 73.: ?3.4 ?2.; 87.0

Becrhstrugturk bejbghtfrs

Kakgtrbg pfwkr gfesunptbfe (Mwd pkrghpbth, ?007) 894.8 8,794.; 89:.7 ?:9.3

Zkakpdfek nhbeabeks (pkr 8,000pkfpak, ?00:) 9 ?:8 ?0 8:

_fhj ektwfrm hs pkrgkethik fc tftha surchgk(8,000 mbafnktkrs, ?00?) 89 82 83 ?0

Wfurgks< Hutdfrs, ohskj fe jhth crfn gketrha YJB jhthohsk, Jfbei Ousbekss ?003 hej Ghnkrffe BEW. _fhj, tkakpdfek, h

BEW cfr Ghnkrffe= ousbekss bejbghtfrs hej thxks hrk ohskj fe Jfbei Ousbekss ?003 (feabek jhth).

Eftk< ‚ > Eft hvhbahoak. IEB > irfss ehtbfeha begfnk.




ZHOAK 8.2

Nhrmktbei Gfsts fc Pahethbes, Gfre, hej Pfthtfks

Btkn Pahethbes Gfre Pfthtfks

Nhrmktbei gfst hs pkrgkethik fc tftha gfst 78 :: :7

Zrhespfrt gfst hs pkrgkethik fc nhrmktbei gfst 80.? 80.8 82.;

(Whaks prbgk akss prfjugkr prbgk) hs pkrgkethik

fc prfjugkr prbgk 8:0 80: ?00Betkrnkjbhrbks‒ nhribe hs pkrgkethik fc

prfjugkr prbgk 23 ?3 8?3

Wfurgk< Ikrikay ?00?.

Eftk< Kstbnhtks cfr pahethbes hej gfre hrk ohskj fe jry skhsfe gfsts.

ZHOAK 8.4

Jfnkstbg _ksfurgk Gfst fc Shrbfus Grfps

Btkn Jfnkstbg rksfurgk gfst

Ohsbg cffj grfps

Pahethbe 0.;4

Gfre 0.;0

Hvbguaturk

Betkesbvk fr sknb-betkesbvk hvbguaturk, begaujbeiprfjugtbfe fc prfvkejkr 0.3;

Betkesbvk fr sknb-betkesbvk hvbguaturk wbtdpurgdhsk fc prfvkejkr 8.80

Zrhjbtbfeha hvbguaturk 0.2;

Bnprfvkj trhjbtbfeha hvbguaturk 0.40

Betkesbvk kii prfjugtbfe 0.90

Kxpfrt grfps

Gfgfh

Kofafwh 0.?0

Wfutdwkst 0.?0

Nohn-Aâmbâ 0.?0

Gfcckk

_fousth 0.20

Hrhobgh 8 0.30

Hrhobgh ? 0.:0

Wfurgk< Ikrikay ?00?.

Eftk< Jfnkstbg rksfurgk gfst bejbghtks tdk gfst fc tdk jfnkstbg rksfurgks uskj tf prfjugk tdk kqubvh-

aket fc fek uebt fc cfrkbie kxgdheik.



ZHOAK 8.80

Bejbghtfrs fc Gfnpktbtbvkekss be Bejustry

Akvka fcgfnpktbtbvkekss pkr skgtfr

Hvkrhik jfnkstbgrksfurgk gfst,

8229‗?000

Bejustrbha vhauk hjjkj,822:‗?000(pkrgket)

Bejustrbhknpafynket

(pkrgkethik f

Gfnpktbtbvk

Yffj prfjugts

Okvkrhiks

0.29

0.44

88.33

83.:2

4.92

7.:8

Nhribehaay gfnpktbtbvk

Zkxtbaks

Cffj prfjugts

_uookr

Gdknbghas

Oubajbei nhtkrbhas

Haunbeun

8.70

8.:;

8.?4

8.:9

8.:8

8.83

80.87

?.2:

8?.0;

:.:?

3.03

8?.97

;.?;

0.33

7;.42

8.94

0.4?

8.9;

Efegfnpktbtbvk

Gbihrkttk nheuchgturbei

Ftdkr nheuchgturbei bejustrbks

?.40

8.;3

?.77

8.:;

0.97

0.;?

Irfssay efegfnpktbtbvk

Nkgdhebgha hppabhegks (ekihtbvkcrkk trhjk vhauk-hjjkj) 10.00 8.79 0.;;

Wfurgk< Emhnh ?000.



7? Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

Eftks

8. Zdk J_G nkhsurks tdk fppfrtuebty gfst fc prfjugbei fr shvbei cfrkbie

kxgdheik be tkrns fc rkha rksfurgks. Bt bs ghaguahtkj oy jbvbjbei tdk kgfefnbg

vhauk fc jfnkstbg rksfurgk beputs oy tdk betkrehtbfeha kgfefnbg vhauk hjjkj.

J_G vhauks fc akss tdhe 8 bejbghtk he kcgbket usk fc rksfurgks. Ht tdbs akvka tdkgfst fc tdk cfrkbie kxgdheik khrekj fr shvkj tdrfuid jfnkstbg prfjugtbfe bs akss

tdhe tdk betkrehtbfeha gfst. Mkkpbei be nbej tdk kcckgt fc jyehnbg abems hej

tdk chgt tdht sfnk suoskgtfrs tdht hrk efegfnpktbtbvk be tdk sdfrt tkrn gfuaj

okgfnk gfnpktbtbvk be tdk nkjbun tkrn wbtd hpprfprbhtk grfss-skgtfr pfabgbks,

h skgfej irfup fc pftketbhaay gfnpktbtbvk suoskgtfrs dhs okke bjketbkj. Zdksk

suoskgtfrs dhvk J_G vhauks fc 8.0‗8.;. Wuoskgtfrs wbtd J_G vhauks fc nfrk

tdhe 8.; hrk gfesbjkrkj efegfnpktbtbvk. Ekihtbvk J_Gs bejbghtk h vkry bekc-

gbket usk fc rksfurgks, gfrrkspfejbei tf sbtuhtbfes be wdbgd crkk trhjk vhauk

hjjkj bs ekihtbvk.

?. Cfr sfnk prfjugts, sugd hs pfthtfks, tdk betkrnkjbhrbks‒ prft nhribe bs nfrktdhe 800 pkrgket fc prfjugkr prbgks.

7. Zdk hvkrhik gfst pkr mbafnktkr bs GCHC ?0? cfr h snhaa trugm hej GCHC ?72 cfr

h ahrik trugm. Zdk jkstbehtbfe nhrmkt bs Jfuhah cfr pahethbes hej Rhfuejâ cfr

gfre hej pfthtfks.

0

80

?070

:0

;0

30

90

40

20

800

P k r g k e t

I r f u e j e u t s

O h e h e h p a h e t h b e s

O h e h e h s

Z f n h t f k s

" F a b v k t t k "

P f t h t f k s

N h b z k

F e b f e s ( c r f n t d k

E f r t d )

M f m b o k h e s f c I h r f u h

Jfuhah Rhfuejâ

CBI[_K 8.3

Wdhrk fc Zrhespfrt be Zftha Kxpkejbturks oy Ydfakshakrs, oy Prfjugt

Wfurgk< _kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe ?007o.



77

Pfvkrty hej Wfgbha Jkvkafpnket< H Afei-Zkrn Hsskssnket

_kgket trkejs be pfvkrty hej sfgbha jkvkafpnket rkvkha h nbxkj pbgturk.

Ghnkrffe dhs hgdbkvkj h rknhrmhoak rkjugtbfe be begfnk pfvkrtysbegk irfwtd rksunkj be tdk nbj-8220s. Ykrk bt eft cfr tdk safwjfwe fc

?00:‗03, bt gfuaj dhvk okke fe trhgm tf nkkt tdk Nbaakeebun Jkvkafp-

nket Ifha (NJI) fc dhavbei begfnk pfvkrty oy ?08;. Be gfetrhst, tdk sfgbha

skgtfr‚kspkgbhaay kjughtbfe hej dkhatd‚bs feay safway rkgfvkrbei crfn

tdk kgfefnbg grbsbs (8243‗27) cfaafwkj oy ykhrs fc behjkquhtk httketbfe

hej bekcckgtbvk puoabg pfabgbks (822:‗24). Jkspbtk rkgket bnprfvknkets,

phrtbguahray sbegk tdk hjvket fc tdk P_WP, Ghnkrffe rknhbes fcc trhgm tf

nkkt tdk sfgbha skgtfr NJIs.

Ydbak tdk sfgbha skgtfr bs btskac h mky jbnkesbfe fc pfvkrty, bts wkhm-

ekss hasf gfestbtutks he bnpkjbnket tf nfrk-rhpbj pfvkrty rkjugtbfe be

twf ftdkr bnpfrthet rkspkgts. Cbrst, h wkhm sfgbha skgtfr jbnbebsdks tdk

stfgm fc dunhe ghpbtha, rhbsbei gfsts, rkjugbei gfnpktbtbvkekss, hej dbe-

jkrbei afei-tkrn irfwtd. Wkgfej, oy abnbtbei tdk kxtket tf wdbgd tdk pffr

ghe phrtbgbphtk be tdk irfwtd prfgkss, h wkhm sfgbha skgtfr prkvkets irfwtd

crfn okbei nfrk begausbvk. Wfgbha skgtfr jkvkafpnket bs h mky jktkrnbehet

fc tdk jkirkk tf wdbgd kgfefnbg pfabgbks trhesahtk betf knpafynket grk-

htbfe, begfnk ikekrhtbfe, hej pfvkrty rkjugtbfe.

Zdk Jkgabek be Begfnk Pfvkrty hej tdkPkrsbstkegk fc Bekquhabty

Bnprfvkj irfwtd pkrcfrnhegk sbegk 8223 dhs trhesahtkj betf h sbiebghet

rkjugtbfe be begfnk pfvkrty be Ghnkrffe.8 _ksuats crfn tdk ahst twf

Ghnkrffe Dfuskdfaj Wurvkys (KGHN B hej BB)? bejbghtk tdht tdk begbjkegk

fc begfnk pfvkrty 7 be Ghnkrffe ckaa oy h rknhrmhoak 87 pfbets‚crfn;7.7 pkrgket tf :0.? pkrgket oktwkke 8223 hej ?008 (thoak ?.8). Hehaysbs

fc tdk sfurgks fc pfvkrty rkjugtbfe bejbghtks tdht nfst fc tdk ihbe (88 fc

87 pfbets) ghe ok httrboutkj tf susthbekj pkr ghpbth begfnk irfwtd, wdbgd

?




hvkrhikj rfuiday ? pkrgket h ykhr, wbtd tdk rknhbebei ? pfbets stknnbei

crfn tdk sabidtay bnprfvkj jbstrboutbfe fc begfnk. Zdk jkptd fc pfvkrty

cfaafwkj h sbnbahr trkej (thoak ?.?) jurbei tdbs pkrbfj.: Zdk jbsthegk

oktwkke tdk hvkrhik begfnk fc pffr dfuskdfajs hej tdk pfvkrty abek

hasf jkgabekj, sdrbembei crfn 82.8 pkrgket fc tdk pfvkrty abek be 8223 tf

8:.8 pkrgket be ?008.;

Wurprbsbeiay, hatdfuid irfwtd whs strfeikr be tdk rurha skgtfr

(:.: pkrgket) tdhe be tdk urohe skrvbgk skgtfr (7.0 pkrgket), tdk begbjkegk

fc urohe pfvkrty ckaa oy 82.7 pkrgkethik pfbets (crfn :8.: tf ??.8 pkrgket),

wdkrkhs rurha pfvkrty ckaa oy lust 2.9 pfbets (crfn ;2.3. tf :2.2 pkrgket) (thoak

?.8). Zdk nfrk-nutkj rkspfesk be tdk rurha skgtfr nhy ok httrboutkj tf strug-turha prfoakns, kspkgbhaay tdk ahgm fc hggkss tf ohsbg becrhstrugturk skrvbgks.3

Zdk survky rksuats hasf sdfw tdht sfgbfkgfefnbg vhrbhoaks dhvk h

sbiebghet kcckgt fe tdk prfak fc pfvkrty be Ghnkrffe. Zdk begbjkegk

fc begfnk pfvkrty bs phrtbguahray dbid cfr chrnkrs hej becfrnha wfrmkrs

ZHOAK ?.?

Jkptd fc Pfvkrty, 8223 hej ?008

pkrgket

Hrkh 8223 ?008 Gdheik

[rohe 8:.9 3.7 ‗4.?

_urha ?8.; 84.7 ‗7.?

Zftha 82.8 8:.8 ‗;.0

Wfurgk< BEW, hs rkpfrtkj be KGHN B hej KGHN BB rkpfrts (_kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe 8229, ?00?).

Eftk< Wkk eftk : ht tdk kej fc tdbs gdhptkr.

ZHOAK ?.8

Jkgfnpfsbtbfe fc tdk Gdheik be Pfvkrty Begbjkegk< Irfwtd hej

_kjbstrboutbfe Kcckgts, 8223 hej ?008pkrgket

Wfurgks

Begbjkegk fc pfvkrty Irfwtdkcckgt

Jbstrboutbfekcckgt _ksbjuha Hrkh 8223 ?008 Gdheik

[rohe :8.: ??.8 ‗82.7 ‗88.0 ‗3.7 ‗?.0

_urha ;2.3 :2.2 ‗2.9 ‗88.: ‗8.8 ?.4

Zftha ;7.7 :0.? ‗87.8 ‗88.4 ‗8.4 0.;

Wfurgk< BEW, hs rkpfrtkj be KGHN B hej KGHN BB rkpfrts (_kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe 8229,?00?).



Pfvkrty hej Wfgbha Jkvkafpnket< H Afei-Zkrn Hsskssnket 7;

(thoak ?.7). Ehturhaay, tdbs rksuat bs jrbvke oy he bnpfrthet uejkraybei

chgtfr, ehnkay kjughtbfe. Bejkkj, hnfei pkfpak wbtd ef cfrnha kjughtbfe,

fek dfuskdfaj be twf bs pffr. Zdbs pfvkrty begbjkegk jkgabeks hs tdk dfusk-

dfaj dkhj—s akvka fc kjughtbfe rbsks< be oftd 8223 hej ?008, tdk dbidkr tdk

akvka fc kjughtbfe, tdk irkhtkr tdk gdhegks fc khrebei begfnk hej ksghpbei

crfn pfvkrty (thoak ?.:).

ZHOAK ?.7

Begbjkegk fc Pfvkrty oy Fgguphtbfe fc Dfuskdfaj Dkhj, ?008

Fgguphtbfeha sthtus Begbjkegk fc pfvkrty GfetrboutbfePuoabg skgtfr wfrmkr 83.9 :.;

Cfrnha prbvhtk skgtfr wfrmkr 8:.8 :.8

Chrnkr ;3.2 34.3

Becfrnha wfrmkr 78.9 8:.7

[eknpafykj ?;.0 ?.2

Eft be wfrmcfrgk 7;.; ;.9

Zftha :0.? 800.0


ZHOAK ?.:

Begbjkegk fc Pfvkrty oy Ikejkr hej Kjughtbfe fc Dfuskdfaj Dkhj,

8223 hej ?008

pkrgket

Btkn 8223 ?008 Gdheik

Oy ikejkr fc dfuskdfaj dkhj Nhak ;:.? :0.3 ‗87.3

Cknhak :;.4 74.9 ‗9.8

Zftha ;7.7 :0.? ‗87.8

Oy akvka fc kjughtbfe fc dfuskdfaj dkhj

Ef jbpafnh ;2.3 ;0.8 ‗2.;

Prbnhry 30.: :9.4 ‗8?.3

Afwkr-skgfejhry :9.4 78.? ‗83.3

[ppkr-skgfejhry 77.2 89.3 ‗83.7

Zkrtbhry 9.3 9.9 0.8

Zftha ;7.7 :0.? ‗87.8





Curtdkr jhth hehaysbs sdfws tdht tdk pfvkrty rhtk rbsks wbtd tdk hik fc

tdk dfuskdfaj dkhj, rkihrjakss fc pahgk fc rksbjkegk.9 Zdk pfvkrty rhtk hasf

rbsks wbtd dfuskdfaj sbzk< pffr dfuskdfajs dhvk he hvkrhik fc 3.3 nknokrs, wdbak tdk hvkrhik cfr efepffr dfuskdfajs bs :.?.

Zdk rhtk fc rurha pfvkrty vhrbks hgrfss hirfkgfafibgha zfeks. Zdk begb-

jkegk bs dbidkst be tdk cfrkst zfek hej tdk dbid pahtkhus, hatdfuid oftd

hrkhs wbteksskj jkgabeks be pfvkrty oktwkke 8223 hej ?008. Be gfetrhst,

pfvkrty sabidtay begrkhskj be tdk shvheeh zfek (kspkgbhaay be tdk Efrtd

hej Kxtrknk-Efrtd prfvbegks), wdkrk tdk begbjkegk rfsk oy 8.7 pkrgkethik

pfbets oktwkke 8223 hej ?008 (thoak ?.;).

Begfnk jbstrboutbfe bnprfvkj feay nfjkrhtkay oktwkke 8223 hej

?008, wbtd tdk Ibeb gfkcgbket chaabei crfn 0.:: pkrgket tf 0.:8 pkrgket,

hofut tdk hvkrhik akvka cfr Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh. Zdk begfnk rhtbf fc tdk

wkhatdbkst ?0 pkrgket tf tdk pffrkst ?0 pkrgket fc tdk pfpuahtbfe rknhbekj

sthoak, ht h rkahtbvkay dbid rhtbf fc 4. Zdbs nfjkst bnprfvknket kxpahbes

wdy tdk jbstrboutbfe kcckgt whs chr wkhmkr tdhe tdk irfwtd kcckgt.

Dfwkvkr, bt bs kegfurhibei tdht Ghnkrffe kxpkrbkegkj oftd dbidkr

irfwtd hej sabidtay bnprfvkj begfnk jbstrboutbfe jurbei tdk pkrbfj fc

susthbekj rkcfrns. Zdbs hggfnpabsdnket sthejs fut be tdk rkibfe hej rkp-

rkskets he hgdbkvknket fe wdbgd Ghnkrffe ghe oubaj.

Ykhmekss fc tdk Wfgbha Wkgtfrs

Jkspbtk bnprfvknkets be irfwtd hej begfnk pfvkrty, tdk sfgbha skg-

tfr rknhbes wkhm, bnpkjbei nfrk-rhpbj hej nfrk-begausbvk irfwtd.

ZHOAK ?.;

Begbjkegk fc Pfvkrty oy _kibfe, 8223 hej ?008

pkrgket

_kibfe 8223 ?008 Gdheik

[rohe :8.: ??.8 ‗82.7

Jfuhah 79.7 84.; ‗84.4

Rhfuejâ :2.0 84.7 ‗70.9

Ftdkr gbtbks 73.7 ?3.? ‗80.8

_urha ;2.3 :2.2 ‗2.9

Cfrkst 9?.; ;;.: ‗89.8 Dbid pahtkhu 3?.2 ;0.9 ‗8?.?

Whvheeh ::.: :;.9 8.7

Zftha ;7.7 :0.? ‗87.8




Pfvkrty hej Wfgbha Jkvkafpnket< H Afei-Zkrn Hsskssnket 79

Bejbghtfrs fc dunhe jkvkafpnket jktkrbfrhtkj gfesbjkrhoay jurbei tdk

grbsbs ykhrs, okghusk tdk Ifvkrenket gut gurrket hs wkaa hs ghpbtha oujikts

cfr ohsbg dkhatd, kjughtbfe, hej becrhstrugturk. Bnprfvknkets be nhgrfkgf-

efnbg pkrcfrnhegk jurbei 8223 tf ?000 jbj eft trhesahtk betf gfnphrhoak

bnprfvknkets be sfgbha skgtfr futgfnks, okghusk tdk skgtfr‒s oujikt sdhrk

gfetbeukj tf jkgabek jurbei tdk hjlustnket pkrbfj.

Efektdkakss, sbegk tdk bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk Betkrbn-P_WP be ?000,

tdk sfgbha skgtfr dhs rkgkbvkj he begrkhskj sdhrk fc tdk oujikt. Irfwbei

kvbjkegk suiiksts, dfwkvkr, tdht tdk pkrvhsbvk prfoakns hssfgbhtkj wbtd

pffr kxkgutbfe fc tdk oujikt‚kspkgbhaay tdk ghpbtha oujikt‚hej bekc-

gbkegy be puoabg skrvbgk jkabvkry dhvk prkvketkj tdk begrkhskj vfaunk fcrksfurgks haafghtkj tf tdksk skgtfrs crfn ybkajbei tdk kxpkgtkj rksuats.

Kjughtbfe

Zdk jkgabek be oujikthry haafghtbfes gfupakj wbtd bekcckgtbvk nhehiknket

grkhtkj h vhrbkty fc prfoakns cfr tdk skgtfr. Zdky begaujk h sdfrthik fc pdysb-

gha chgbabtbks (okghusk fc tdk dhat tf gahssrffn bestrugtbfe), he begrkhsk be tdk

pupba-tf-tkhgdkr rhtbf (okghusk fc tdk tkhgdkr dbrbei crkkzk), hej sdfrthiks fc

tkhgdbei nhtkrbhas hej ftdkr sgdffa suppabks (_kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe ?007h).

Prbnhry Kjughtbfe

Ohsbg kjughtbfe futgfnks dhvk bnprfvkj be rkgket ykhrs, out jbsphrbtbks

hej pffr pfabgy gdfbgks dhvk uejkrnbekj nfrk-rhpbj prfirkss. Zdk rhtk fc

prbnhry sgdffa kerfaanket whs 28.3 pkrgket be tdk khray 8290s, h rhtk tdht

gfnphrkj chvfrhoay wbtd tdht fc gfnphrhtfr gfuetrbks. Kerfaanket jkgabekj

sdhrpay jurbei tdk grbsbs pkrbfj, dfwkvkr, rkgfvkrbei feay safway jurbei tdk

pfstjkvhauhtbfe pkrbfj, be abek wbtd nfjkrhtk begrkhsks be begfnk hej kju-ghtbfe oujikt sdhrks (thoak ?.3).

Kerfaanket rhtks rfsk rhpbjay jurbei tdk P_WP pkrbfj crfn ?000

tf ?007 (thoak ?.9). Zdbs bnprfvknket phrtay rkkgtkj tdk begrkhsk be

oujikthry futahys cfr ohsbg kjughtbfe, dbidkr rkvkeuks, hej begrkhskj

ifvkrenket httketbfe. Zdk nhlfr rkhsfe okdbej tdk bnprfvknket, dfw-

kvkr, whs h skrbks fc ofaj pfabgy gdfbgks, be phrtbguahr tdk Ifvkrenket‒s

8222 jkgbsbfe tf kabnbehtk prbnhry sgdffa ckks, wdbgd offstkj hggkss tf

prbnhry sgdffa crfn 4;.9 pkrgket be 8222 tf 80;.: pkrgket be ?00? hej

rhbskj kerfaanket oy hs nugd hs kbidt pfbets. Dbidkr kerfaanket dhs eft

trhesahtkj betf h gfnphrhoak bnprfvknket be gfnpaktbfe, dfwkvkr, h

wkhmekss tdht ghe ok trhgkj tf grbtbgha pfabgy bssuks, kspkgbhaay tdk hrtb-

gbhaay dbid rkpktbtbfe rhtk hej tdk gfrrkspfejbeiay dbid jrfp-fut rhtk be

prbnhry sgdffa.



ZHOAK ?.3

Irfss Kerfaanket _htk, oy Akvka fc Kjughtbfe, 8220‗?007

pkrgket, kxgkpt wdkrk ftdkrwbsk bejbghtkj

Akvka 8220‗28 822;‗23 8223‗29 8229‗24 8224‗22 8222‗?000

Prbnhry kjughtbfe 23.7 48.? 48.3 47.: 4;.9 49.9

Ikekrha skgfejhry kjughtbfe ??.3 ??.3 ??.0 ??.0 ?8.; ??.2

Zkgdebgha skgfejhrykjughtbfe

;.0 ;.8 :.2 :.2 ;.? ;.2

Dbidkr kjughtbfe (stujketspkr 800,000 bedhobthets)

?;: ?49 ?47 7;: :?7 :72

Wfurgk< Yfraj Ohem, _kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe, hej WGHG ?007.



ZHOAK ?.9

Prbnhry Wgdffa _kpktbtbfe, Gfnpaktbfe, hej Irfss Kerfaanket _htks be Wkakgtkj Gfuetrbks, 82

_kpktbtbfe rhtk (pkrgkethik fc tfthakerfaanket)

Gfnpaktbfe rhtk (pkrgkethik fcrkakvhet hik irfup)

I

Gfuetry 8220 ?00; 8220 ?00;


Ghnkrffe ?2.? ?;.4 ;3.3 3?.:

Gútk j‒Bvfbrk ?:.7 89.3 :7.9 ‚

Idheh ?.2 ;.4 3?.3 9?.8

Mkeyh ‚ ;.4 37.8 2;.0

Nhurbtbus :.3 :.4 87;.; 29.;

Ebikrbh ‚ ?.2 9?.? 40.:

Wkekiha ‚ 88.2 ‚ ;0.;

Ftdkr gfuetrbks

Gdbeh 3.8 0.7 22.0 ‚

Bejbh ‚ 7.: 32.; 42.2

Bejfeksbh 2.9 :.3 28.3 808.8

Nhahysbh ‚ ‚ 20.9 28.3

Zuebsbh 82.4 4.; 9;.; 22.;Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ gfnpbahtbfe ohskj fe jhth crfn gketrha Yfraj Jkvkafpnket Bejbghtfrs (YJB) jhthohsk.




:0 Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

Iffj prfirkss be rhbsbei tdk fvkrhaa prbnhry kerfaanket rhtk nhsms

bnpfrthet jbsphrbtbks hgrfss rkibfes hs wkaa hs oktwkke tdk pffr hej efe-

pffr. Ydbak ekt prbnhry kerfaanket rhtks begrkhskj nhrmkjay oktwkke 8223

hej ?008 cfr tdk efepffr (rbsbei crfn 9; pkrgket tf 47 pkrgket) hej urohe

rksbjkets (rbsbei crfn 48 pkrgket tf 28 pkrgket), tdky jkgrkhskj sbiebghetay

cfr tdk pffr (chaabei crfn 99 pkrgket tf 9: pkrgket) hej rknhbekj sthiehet

be rurha hrkhs (sdbctbei feay sabidtay, crfn 9:.; pkrgket tf 97.; pkrgket)

(thoak ?.4). Zdksk trkejs bejbghtk wbjkebei rhtdkr tdhe ehrrfwbei ihps

hgrfss sfgbha irfups hej rkibfes. Zdbs bssuk jkskrvks begrkhskj httketbfe

hej hpprfprbhtk hjlustnket be tdk Ifvkrenket‒s kjughtbfe skgtfr strhtkiy

bc Ghnkrffe bs tf nkkt tdk NJI gdhaakeik fc hgdbkvbei uebvkrsha prbnhrykjughtbfe oy ?08; hej strkeitdkebei tdk cfuejhtbfes cfr nfrk-betkesbvk

hej begausbvk irfwtd.

Wkgfejhry Kjughtbfe

Zdk sbtuhtbfe be skgfejhry sgdffas bs hasf trfuoabei. Hatdfuid Ghnkr-

ffe gfnphrks chvfrhoay wbtd gfnphrhtfr gfuetrbks be rkihrj tf ohsbg kju-

ghtbfe, tdk pkrcfrnhegk ihp be skgfejhry sgdffa kerfaanket bs chr akss

ZHOAK ?.4

Ekt Prbnhry Kerfaanket _htks hej Zftha Puoabg hej Prbvhtk Kjughtbfe

Kxpkejbturks be [rohe hej _urha Hrkhs, 8223 hej ?008

8223 ?008

Btkn [rohe _urha Zftha [rohe _urha Zftha

Ekt kerfaanket rhtk (pkrgket)

Pffr 9:.8 94.8 99.? 92.3 32.4 98.8Efepffr 49.0 39.9 9:.2 27.: 92.8 4;.2

Zftha 48.0 9:.; 93.7 20.; 97.; 94.4

Hvkrhik kjughtbfe kxpkejbturk pkr stujket (GCH crhegs)

Pffr ?7,?32 8:,493 89,78: ?9,;:; 87,;?; 8;,297

Efepffr 38,3;0 ?4,880 :9,3;; 43,38: 74,;87 34,008

Zftha :3,949 82,032 70,32? 92,940 ?:,480 :4,0:3

Wdhrk fc kjughtbfe spkejbei be tftha spkejbei (pkrgket)

Pffr ;.4 :.? :.4 3.3 7.3 :.?

Efepffr :.4 ?.: 7.2 3.9 7.9 ;.3

Zftha ;.0 7.8 :.8 3.9 7.9 ;.:

Wfurgk< BEW, hs rkpfrtkj be _kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe ?00?.



Pfvkrty hej Wfgbha Jkvkafpnket< H Afei-Zkrn Hsskssnket :8

chvfrhoak. Be phrtbguahr, hatdfuid rkha ifvkrenket spkejbei pkr stujket be

Ghnkrffe bs ef akss tdhe be tdk ftdkr gfnphrhtfr gfuetrbks, kerfaanket

rhtks hrk nugd afwkr (thoak ?.2). Zdk jbcckrkegk be futgfnks bs tdk rksuat

fc uecfrtuehtk pfabgy gdfbgks tdht trhesahtk betf h afw prbnhry-sgdffa

gfnpaktbfe rhtk, h afw trhesbtbfe rhtk crfn prbnhry tf skgfejhry sgdffa,

hej h afw rktketbfe rhtk wbtdbe tdk skgfejhry-sgdffa systkn.

Wtujbks dhvk ksthoabsdkj tdk bnpfrthegk fc skgfejhry kjughtbfe tf

dunhe ghpbtha hggunuahtbfe, kgfefnbg irfwtd, hej knpafynket grkhtbfe

(Nbeiht hej Zhe 8223= Hidbfe hej Gfdke ?00:). Kedhegbei skgfejhry

kjughtbfe futgfnks bs hasf grbtbgha tf strkeitdkebei tdk cfuejhtbfes cfr

rhpbj kgfefnbg irfwtd hej knpafynket grkhtbfe, wdbgd ghe hggkakrhtk tdkphgk fc pfvkrty rkjugtbfe. Bnprfvkj oujikt haafghtbfe tf tdk kjughtbfe skg-

tfr wbaa eft ok sucgbket tf bnprfvk kjughtbfe skgtfr futgfnks. H ckw ofaj

hej lujbgbfus pfabgy gdfbgks hrk ekkjkj (skk gdhptkr 3).

ZHOAK ?.2

Irfss Wkgfejhry-Wgdffa Kerfaanket _htk hej Zftha Puoabg Wpkejbei fe

Kjughtbfe be Wkakgtkj Gfuetrbks, 8290‗?000

Irfss skgfejhry-sgdffakerfaanket

(pkrgkethik)

Zftha puoabg spkejbei fekjughtbfe

(pkrgkethik fc IJP)

Gfuetry 8290 8240 8220 ?000 8290 8240 8220 ?000


Ghnkrffe 4.8 84.7 ?4.0 ?;.0 7.7 7.? 7.? 7.?

Gútk j‒Bvfbrk 2.8 84.3 ??.0 ‚ ;.? 3.2 ‚ :.3

Idheh 8:.8 :0.9 73.: 7;.3 :.? 7.8 7.? ‚

Mkeyh 2.8 82.3 ?:.8 70.3 :.4 3.; 3.9 3.7

Nhurbtbus 70.9 ;0.0 ;?.2 93.; ‚ ;.; 7.4 7.9

Ebikrbh ;.? 84.0 ?:.2 ‚ ‚ ‚ 0.2 ‚

Wkekiha 2.7 88.7 83.? 89.7 7.9 ‚ 7.2 7.?

Ftdkr gfuetrbks

Gdbeh ?:.7 :;.2 :4.9 34.? 8.7 ?.; ?.7 ‚

Bejbh ?:.? ?2.2 ::.: :4.; ?.; ?.4 7.9 :.8

Bejfeksbh 83.8 ?2.0 ::.0 ;3.4 ?.3 8.3 8.0 8.;

Nhahysbh 7:.? :9.9 ;3.7 32.7 :.0 ;.9 ;.8 3.?

Zuebsbh ??.9 ?9.0 ::.2 99.3 3.4 ;.? 3.0 3.4

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ gfnpbahtbfe ohskj fe jhth crfn gketrha YJB jhthohsk.




:? Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

Dkhatd

Abmk kjughtbfe, dkhatd bs he bnpfrthet kaknket eft feay cfr tdk quhabty fcabck out hasf cfr tdk prfjugtbvbty fc tdk gfuetry‒s dunhe rksfurgks. Zdk gfe-

tbeukj jkgabek be pkrcfrnhegk bs tdk rksuat fc behjkquhtk puoabg httketbfe tf

tdk dkhatd skgtfr jurbei tdk rst pdhsk fc tdk pfstjkvhauhtbfe rkcfrns hej

prfoakns hssfgbhtkj wbtd oftd tdk thriktbei hej tdk kcgbkegy be jkabvkry

fc dkhatd skrvbgks tdkrkhctkr. Zdk hjfptbfe hej irhjuha bnpaknkethtbfe fc h

dkhatd strhtkiy be ?008 dhs sthrtkj tf ybkaj sfnk bnprfvknkets (thoak ?.80).

Mky Dkhatd Wkgtfr Pkrcfrnhegk BejbghtfrsDkhatd bejbghtfrs jktkrbfrhtkj jurbei tdk 8240s hej tdk 8220s, wbtd

Ghnkrffe uejkrpkrcfrnbei gfuetrbks wbtd kqubvhaket irfwtd hej pkr

ghpbth begfnk. Jurbei tdbs tbnk, tdk rhtks fc bechet nfrthabty hej gdrfebg

nhaeutrbtbfe rfsk sdhrpay, wdbak tdk rhtk fc prfckssbfehaay hssbstkj gdbajobrtd

jkgabekj. Zdkrk dhs hasf okke h rksurikegk fc jbskhsks tdht wkrk fegk fe tdk

vkrik fc jbshppkhrhegk, sugd hs tuokrguafsbs, wdbgd bs fctke cfuej be gfnob-

ehtbfe wbtd tdk rbsbei begbjkegk fc DBS/HBJW.

Gdbaj Nfrthabty. Nfrthabty rhtks hnfei bechets hej gdbajrke be Ghnkrffe

begrkhskj suosthetbhaay jurbei tdk 8220s wdbak jkgabebei be Wuo-Whdhrhe

Hcrbgh hs h wdfak (thoak ?.80). Fvkr tdk 8228‗24 pkrbfj, tdk nfrthabty rhtk

ZHOAK ?.80

Wkakgtkj Puoabg Dkhatd Bejbghtfrs, 8228‗?00:

Gdheik

Bejbghtfr 8228 8224 ?00: 8228‗24 8224‗?00:

[ejkr-; nfrthabty rhtk (pkr 8,000abvk obrtds)

8:: 8;; 8:: 88 ‗88

Gdrfebg nhaeutrbtbfe rhtk (pkrgket) ?7 ?2 70 ‗3 ‗8

[ejkrwkbidt (pkrgket) 83 ?? 82 ‗3 ‚

Nhtkreha nfrthabty rhtk (pkr800,000 abvk obrtds)

:70 :;: 332 ‗?: ‗?72

Hssbstkj gdbajobrtd rhtk (pkrgket) 37.4 ;4.? 38.4 ‗;.3 7.3

JPZ7 vhggbehtbfe rhtk (pkrgket)

(hik irfup 8?-?7 nfetds)

:4.0 ;0.; 3?.9 8:.0 0.?

DBS/HBJW prkvhakegk (pkrgket) ?.0 9.? ;.; ‗;.? 8.9

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ gfnpbahtbfe ohskj fe jhth crfn JDW B, JDW BB, hej JDW BBB survkys hej tdk Nbebstry

fc Dkhatd‒s ?008 dkhatd skgtfr strhtkiy (hs gbtkj be _kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe 8224, ?008, hej ?00:h).

‚ > Eft hvhbahoak. JPZ > jbptdkrbh, pkrtussbs, tktheus 7.




cfr gdbajrke uejkr vk rfsk crfn 8:: tf 8;8. Zdk ?00: Jknfirhpdbg hej

Dkhatd Wurvky (JDW) bejbghtks sfnk bnprfvknket, wbtd tdk uejkr-vk

nfrthabty rhtk sthejbei ht 8::.

Bnnuebzhtbfe. Oktwkke 8240 hej 8220, gfvkrhik begrkhskj stkkpay phrtay

juk tf ghnphbies be tdk skgfej dhac fc tdk 8240s tf rkhgd tdk uebvkrsha

gdbaj bnnuebzhtbfe ([GB) ifha. Dfwkvkr, tdk pkrbfj oktwkke 8228 hej

8224 shw h nhrmkj jkgabek be bnnuebzhtbfe gfvkrhik juk tf h sdfrthik

fc vhggbeks hej h rupturk be tdk gfaj gdhbe hs wkaa hs tdk kgfefnbg grbsbs.

Gfeskquketay, tdk pkrgkethik fc cuaay vhggbehtkj gdbajrke4 jrfppkj crfn

:8 tf 73 pkrgket. Zdbs jkgabek ahrikay rkkgtkj tdk jrfp be bnnuebzhtbfegfvkrhik hnfei tdk pffrkst ?0 pkrgket fc dfuskdfajs. Gfvkrhik akvkas

sthrtkj tf begrkhsk be tdk skgfej dhac fc tdk 8220s= tdbs ghe ok httrboutkj tf

h sthobabzbei kgfefny hej h jkgketrhabzhtbfe fc tdk dkhatd systkn. Be ?008,

tdk Ifvkrenket ahuegdkj h orfhj bnnuebzhtbfe prfirhn. Zdk ?00: JDW

bejbghtks tdht tdk prfirhn rksuatkj be h nhrmkj begrkhskj be tdk bnnueb-

zhtbfe rhtk= cfr kxhnpak, JPZ7 gfvkrhik rfsk okyfej 30 pkrgket be ?00:

(iurk ?.8). Jbsphrbtbks be gfvkrhik hasf skkn tf dhvk ehrrfwkj jurbei tdbs

pkrbfj (iurk ?.7). Ydbak be 8224, gfvkrhik rhtks cfr gdbajrke be tdk dbid-kst wkhatd qubetbak wkrk ?.? tbnks dbidkr tdhe be tdk afwkst= oy ?00: tdbs

jbcckrketbha dhj ehrrfwkj tf 8.;.

CBI[_K ?.8

Gdbaj Bnnuebzhtbfe _htks be Ghnkrffe, 8228‗?00:

93

:4 ;0;3

:8

??

9;

;8:9

;:

73

8?

43

37 39 3;

:4

;

0

80

?0

70

:0

;0

30

90

4020

800

haa vhggbeksnkhsaksPfabf7JPZ7OGI ef vhggbek

p k r g k e t

JDW-B 8228 JDW-BB 8224 JDW-BBB ?00:

Wfurgk< JDW BBB ?00: hs gbtkj be _kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe (?00:h).

Eftk< Cbiurks hrk cfr gdbajrke 8?‗?7 nfetds.



:: Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

Nhaeutrbtbfe. Nhaeutrbtbfe bs fek fc tdk nhlfr rbsm chgtfrs cfr sbgmekss

hej jkhtd hnfei gdbajrke uejkr vk. Zdk 8228‗24 pkrbfj wbteksskj he

begrkhsk be gdrfebg gdbaj nhaeutrbtbfe be Ghnkrffe, hej tdk ?00: JDW

bejbghtks tdht tdk sbtuhtbfe jbj eft bnprfvk oktwkke 8224 hej ?00:. Zdbs

trkej bs gfernkj oy tdk ekihtbvk trkejs be tdk tdrkk nhbe bejbghtfrs fc

nhaeutrbtbfe, ehnkay, stuetbei (sbzk-cfr-hik, h nkhsurk fc behjkquhtk cffj

bethmk fvkr tbnk), whstbei (wkbidt-cfr-sbzk, h nkhsurk nhaeutrbtbfe okghusk

fc sdfrt-tkrn cffj jkprbvhtbfe fr beckgtbfe), hej uejkrwkbidt (wkbidt-cfr-

hik, h gfnpfsbtk bejbghtfr fc stuetbei hej whstbei) (iurk ?.?).

Nhtkreha Dkhatd. Nhtkreha nfrthabty bs rkahtbvkay dbid be Ghnkrffe, kstb-nhtkj ht 332 pkr 800,000 abvk obrtds be tdk ?00: JDW. Ydbak fvkrhaa usk

fc nhtkreha dkhatd skrvbgks bs rkahtbvkay dbid, ahrik jbsphrbtbks hrk hpphr-

ket hgrfss irfups hej rkibfes (iurk ?.7). Ybjk hej irfwbei jbsphrbtbks

oktwkke rbgd hej pffr rkkgt ahgm fc hccfrjhobabty, bekqubthoak hggkss tf

dkhatd chgbabtbks, hej guaturha prkckrkegks.2

[sk fc prkehtha ghrk hej hssbstkj jkabvkrbks sthiehtkj oktwkke 8228

hej 8224. Zdk ?00: JDW suiiksts nfjkst bnprfvknkets be gfvkrhik fc

oftd nkhsurks. Prkehtha gfvkrhik rfsk crfn hofut 94.4 pkrgket be 8224 tf

CBI[_K ?.?

Begbjkegk fc Wtuetbei, Yhstbei, hej [ejkrwkbidt be Ghnkrffe, 8228‗?00:

?7

:

83

?2

3

??

70

9

82

0

;

80

8;

?0

?;

70

7;

uejkrwkbidtwhstbeistuetbei

p k r g k e t

JDW-B 8228 JDW-BB 8224 JDW-BBB ?00:




Pfvkrty hej Wfgbha Jkvkafpnket< H Afei-Zkrn Hsskssnket :;

47.: pkrgket be ?00:, wbtd bnpfrthet begrkhsks be tdk rkahtbvkay jbshjvhe-

thikj rkibfes fc Hjhnhfuh, tdk Chr Efrtd, hej tdk Efrtd. Zdk begbjkegk fc

hssbstkj jkabvkrbks rfsk crfn ;:.0 pkrgket be 8224 tf 38.4 pkrgket be ?00:.

Gfnnuebghoak Jbskhsks. Zdk DBS/HBJW kpbjknbg, gfnobekj wbtd tdk

rksurikegk fc tuokrguafsbs hej nhahrbh, rues tdk rbsm fc kxhgkrohtbei wkhm

dkhatd futgfnks. Nhahrbh rknhbes tdk nhbe ghusk fc sbgmekss be Ghnkrffe,

hggfuetbei cfr up tf ;0 pkrgket fc futphtbket gfesuathtbfes, ?7 pkrgket

fc dfspbthabzhtbfes, hej :0 pkrgket fc dfuskdfaj dkhatd spkejbei. ZdkDBS/HBJW prkvhakegk rhtk whs kstbnhtkj ht hofut ;.; pkrgket be tdk ?00:

JDW. Zdk jbskhsk jbsprfpfrtbfehtkay hcckgts pkfpak be tdkbr prbnk ykhrs

(8;‗7:), wbtd h phrtbguahray jkvhsthtbei bnphgt fe wfnke hej tdk smbaakj

wfrmkrs.80 Bt tdus gfestrhbes dunhe ghpbtha jkvkafpnket hej dkegk kgf-

efnbg irfwtd.

Fek kegfurhibei trkej bs tdk rbsk be tdk usk fc nfjkre gfetrhgkptbvks

sbegk 8224. Hatdfuid tdk rhtk fc usk rknhbes afw, usk ekhray jfuoakj be cfur

ykhrs (crfn 9 pkrgket be 8224 tf 87 pkrgket be ?00:), wbtd gfejfns tdk

prkckrrkj nktdfj. Zdk offst be gfejfn usk hppkhrs tf ok rkahtkj nhbeay tf

prkvketbei trhesnbssbfe fc DBS/HBJW (rhtdkr tdhe prkvketbei prkiehegy),

suiikstbei tdht hwhrkekss ghnphbies hofut tdk rbsms fc beckgtbfe hrk okibe-

ebei tf dhvk he bnphgt fe httbtujks hej okdhvbfrs.

CBI[_K ?.7

[sk fc Nhtkreha hej Gdbaj Dkhatd Wkrvbgks, oy Begfnk Xubetbak, ?00:


0

?0

:0

30

40

p k r g k e t

800

8?0

vkry rbgdrbgdnbjjak

qubetbak

pffrvkry pffr

hssbstkj jkabvkry prkehtha ghrk (cbrst vbsbt) bnnuebzhtbfe (JPZ7)




Mky Dkhatd Wkgtfr Jkvkafpnket Pfabgy Bssuks

Puoabg dkhatd spkejbei ckaa chr sdfrt fc ekkjs jurbei tdk 8240s hej 8220s.

Bejbghtfrs fc tdk hvhbahobabty fc dkhatd skrvbgks suiikst tdht nugd rknhbes

tf ok jfek be tkrns fc trhbebei hej rkgrubtbei nkjbgha hej phrhnkjbgha

pkrsfeeka hej gfestrugtbei hej kqubppbei dkhatd gketkrs.

Behjkquhtk Hggkss hej Xuhabty, Kspkgbhaay be Jbshjvhethikj _kibfes.

Zdk kgfefnbg grbsbs akj tf skrbfus jbsbevkstnkets be dkhatd. Hs h rksuat, pdysb-

gha hggkss bs besucgbket (feay ;: pkrgket fc tdk pfpuahtbfe abvk wbtdbe vk

mbafnktkrs fc h dkhatd gketkr) hej dbiday vhrbhoak hgrfss prfvbegks (thoak ?.88).

Ibvke tdk dbaay tkrrhbe be nhey phrts fc Ghnkrffe, feay ?: pkrgket fc dkhatdgketkrs hrk wbtdbe fek dfur‒s whambei jbsthegk, hej heftdkr 8; pkrgket hrk

wbtdbe twf dfurs‒ whambei jbsthegk. Zdk vhst nhlfrbty‚38 pkrgket‚hrk ht

akhst tdrkk dfurs hwhy oy cfft.

Behjkquhtk dunhe rksfurgks, afw prfjugtbvbty, hej smkwkj jbstrb-

outbfe be hssbienket fc pkrsfeeka dhvk akct nhey prfvbegks‚kspkgbhaay

Hjhnhfuh, tdk Efrtd, hej tdk Chr-Efrtd‚ahiibei ftdkrs, phrtbguahray

be tkrns fc hvhbahobabty fc eursks, wdf hrk grbtbgha be prfvbjbei gdbaj hej

nhtkreha dkhatd ghrk. Wbnbahr phttkres fc sdfrthiks hrk kejknbg cfr jruishej ohsbg nkjbgha kqubpnket. Jrui hvhbahobabty be puoabg chgbabtbks bs dbiday

uekvke hgrfss prfvbegks, wbtd jbcckrkegks irkhtkr hnfei jbstrbgt dfspbthas

ZHOAK ?.88

Pkrgkethik fc Pfpuahtbfe Abvbei wbtdbe Cbvk

Mbafnktkrs fc h Dkhatd Gketkr, 8222

Prfvbegk Pkrgket

Abttfrha 94

Ykst 9;

Wfutd-Ykst 3;

Efrtd ;8

Chr-Efrtd ;0

Efrtd-Ykst ;0

Gketrk :;

Wfutd :;

Hjhnhfuh ::

Khst :0

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ gfnpbahtbfe ohskj fe Nbebstry fc Dkhatd

jhth.




tdhe prfvbegbha dfspbthas. Oy gfetrhst, prbvhtk dkhatd chgbabtbks, wdbgd tkej

tf ok gfegketrhtkj be rkahtbvkay wkaa-fcc urohe hrkhs, tkej tf dhvk akss-crk-

quket jrui sdfrthiks.

Afw Puoabg Dkhatd Ghrk Wpkejbei hej Dbid Fut-fc-Pfgmkt Gfsts. Zdk

kgfefnbg grbsbs fc tdk nbj-8240s hej 8220s rksuatkj be h jrhstbg jkgabek

be pkr ghpbth begfnk hej puoabg ifvkrenket kxpkejbturk fe dkhatd,

wdbgd paueikj tdk dkhatd skgtfr betf h skvkrk grbsbs. Puoabg spkejbei hs

h pkrgkethik fc tdk tftha ifvkrenket oujikt jrfppkj tf : pkrgket oy tdk

kej fc tdk 8220s‚chr okafw tdk efrn fc 80 pkrgket rkgfnnkejkj oy tdk

Yfraj Dkhatd Frihebzhtbfe (YDF).Oktwkke 8220 hej 8224, dkhatd spkejbei be Ghnkrffe rkhgdkj

; pkrgket fc IJP, feay 8 pkrgket fc wdbgd whs puoabg spkejbei. Zdbs pahgkj

Ghnkrffe gafsk tf tdk hvkrhik cfr Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbghe gfuetrbks wbtd

sbnbahr pkr ghpbth akvkas fc irfss ehtbfeha begfnk (IEB) be tkrns fc fvkrhaa

pkr ghpbth spkejbei fe dkhatd ghrk, haokbt ht tdk afwkr kej be tkrns fc

puoabg spkejbei.

Zdk afw akvka fc puoabg spkejbei nkhes tdht h ahrik sdhrk fc dkhatd

spkejbei chaas fe bejbvbjuhas. Okghusk fut-fc-pfgmkt phynkets tkej tf ok

rkirkssbvk, tdbs nkhes tdht tdk pffr hrk jbsprfpfrtbfehtkay thxkj oy dbid

dkhatd ghrk gfst.88 Nfrkfvkr, puoabg spkejbei fe dkhatd ghrk bs dkhvbay smkwkj

be chvfr fc nhlfr urohe hrkhs. Zdk Ifvkrenket bs hwhrk fc tdksk bekqubtbks

hej dhs okiue tf hjjrkss tdkn be h rksfautk nheekr (skk gdhptkr 3).

Jktkrbfrhtbfe fc Ohsbg Becrhstrugturk Wkrvbgks

Ohsbg becrhstrugturk skrvbgks‚jrbembei whtkr, rfhjs, hej kakgtrbgbty‚

jktkrbfrhtkj nhrmkjay jurbei tdk grbsbs ykhrs. Pkrsbstbei strugturha prfoaknshej behjkquhtk httketbfe jurbei tdk rkgfvkry pkrbfj crfn 8223 tf ?000

dhvk nkhet tdht tdk begrkhskj oujikt haafghtbfe be tdk skgtfr jurbei tdk

phst ckw ykhrs dhs eft trhesahtkj betf phrhaaka bnprfvknkets be skrvbgks

(thoak ?.8?). Be sfnk suoskgtfrs‚whtkr, kakgtrbgbty, hej tkakgfn‚strugturha

rkcfrns dhvk ykt tf ok gfnpaktkj. Zdk prbvhtbzhtbfe fc tdk ehtbfeha whtkr

gfnphey, WEKG, hej tdk ehtbfeha tkakgfn gfnphey, Ghnkrffe Zkakgfn-

nuebghtbfes (GHNZKA), dhvk eft okke gfnpaktkj, hej tdk prbvhtbzhtbfefc tdk ehtbfeha kakgtrbgbty gfnphey, HKW WFEKA, dhs chbakj tf begrkhsk

ghphgbty hs rhpbjay hs kxpkgtkj.8? Behjkquhtk suppabks fc whtkr hej phr-

tbguahray kakgtrbgbty dhvk skrbfusay dbejkrkj kgfefnbg jbvkrsbcbghtbfe

hej uejkrnbekj susthbekj irfwtd. _urha rfhj ektwfrms dhvk skke sfnk




bnprfvknkets fvkr tdk phst ckw ykhrs, out tdky tff chaa chr sdfrt fc wdht bs

ekkjkj tf kcckgtbvkay gfeekgt tdk rurha pfpuahtbfe tf tdk wbjkr kgfefnyhej sfgbkty.

Zdk Hikejh fc tdk Cbrst P_WP

Zdk P_WP skts fut he hnobtbfus nkjbun-tkrn hikejh cfr mkkpbei Ghnkr-

ffe fe trhgm tfwhrj tdk NJIs. Fek skt fc pfabgbks bs ikhrkj tfwhrj hggka-

krhtbei kgfefnbg jbvkrsbghtbfe hej rhbsbei tdk hvkrhik irfwtd rhtk crfn

; pkrgket tf 9 pkrgket be tdk ekxt ckw ykhrs, wbtd tdk ifha fc guttbei pfv-

krty be dhac oy ?08;. _hbsbei tdk hvkrhik irfwtd rhtk tf 9 pkrgket‚tdht bs,

ekhray jfuoabei tdk afei-tkrn rhtk fc tdk phst cfur jkghjks‚gfestbtutks

h nhlfr gdhaakeik. Hehaysbs hej rkgket trkejs suiikst tdht jfbei sf wbaa

rkqubrk quhabty irfwtd, jrbvke oy gfnpktbtbvkekss hej prfjugtbvbty wbtdbe

ZHOAK ?.8?

Hggkss tf Jrbembei Yhtkr, Kakgtrbgbty, hej Ftdkr Ohsbg Becrhstrugturk

Wkrvbgks, 8223 hej ?008

8223 ?008

Btkn [rohe _urha [rohe _urha

Jrbembei whtkr (pkrgket)

Pffr ;3.3 ??.: 98.; ?4.?

Efepffr 48.0 ?4.: 44.7 77.:

Zftha 97.3 ?;.; 43.? 78.7

Kakgtrbgbty (pkrgket)

Pffr 38.: 2.3 34.? 8:.2

Efepffr 4?.2 87.3 28.0 ?2.0

Zftha 93.7 88.9 44.? ?7.:

Zbnk tf ekhrkst phvkj rfhj (nbeutks)

Pffr ‚ ‚ 4.: 9;.8

Efepffr ‚ ‚ 3.0 3?.0

Zftha ‚ ‚ 3.7 39.8

Cbxkj tkakpdfek (pkrgket) Pffr ‚ ‚ 3.? 0.:

Efepffr ‚ ‚ ;8.3 ?.;

Zftha ‚ ‚ :3.0 8.3

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ gfnpbahtbfe ohskj fe jhth crfn Ghnkrffe hutdfrbtbks, hs gbtkj be _kpuoabg fc

Ghnkrffe 8229 hej ?00?.





h nfrk-rkspfesbvk ousbekss kevbrfenket, rhtdkr tdhe tdk rksfurgk-betkesbvk

irfwtd fc tdk 8290s hej khray 8240s.

Heftdkr skt fc ifhas hej pfabg bks bs jksbiekj tf st rkei tdke tdk

sfgbha skgtfr hej tf kesurk tdht irfwtd bs begausbvk hej trhesahtks betf

lfo grkhtbfe hej rkha bnprfvknkets be abvbei sthejhrjs. Zdk gfrrkspfej-

bei P_WP thrikts hej NJIs‚hgdbkvbei uebvkrsha prbnhry kjughtbfe oy

?088, rkjugbei bechet hej nhtkreha nfrthabty rhtks oy twf-tdbrjs crfn

tdkbr gurrket akvka, gfethbebei fr rkvkrsbei tdk sprkhj fc DBS/HBJW, hej

bnprfvbei hggkss tf shck whtkr hej ohsbg becrhstrugturk skrvbgks oy ?08;‚

rknhbe gdhaakeibei.

Prkabnbehry gfstbei kxkrgbsks gfejugtkj oy ifvkrenket sthcc bejbghtktdht tdk oujikthry gfst fc sthybei fe tdk NJI phtd bs uesusthbehoak ibvke

gurrket pfabgy gdfbgks hej rkahtkj puoabg skgtfr bekcgbkegbks. Zdkrkcfrk,

hgdbkvbei tdk P_WP sfgbha folkgtbvks wbaa rkqubrk eft feay susthbekj irfwtd

rhtks out hasf chr nfrk-kcckgtbvk puoabg pfabgbks, begaujbei nugd sdhrpkr

thriktbei fc kxpkejbturk hej bnprfvkj jkabvkry fc puoabg skrvbgks.

H susthbehoak gfursk fc hgtbfe wbaa rkqubrk gfesbjkrhoak bnprfvk-

nket be gfnpktbtbvkekss hej tdk kcgbkegy fc rksfurgks rhtdkr tdhe tdk

kxtkesbvk usk fc rksfurgks. Hs tdk P_WP hgmefwakjiks, Ghnkrffe kelfysbnpfrthet strhtkibg hsskts, begaujbei h sthoak pfabtbgha kevbrfenket, nugd

bnprfvkj nhgrfkgfefnbg gfejbtbfes, h jbvkrsbkj ehturha rksfurgk ohsk,

hej he kevbhoak pfsbtbfe hs h jkvkafpnket pfak ekxt tf Ebikrbh be tdk dkhrt

fc tdk fba-rbgd GKNHG gfuetrbks. Dfwkvkr, ueakss jkgbsbvkay gfecrfetkj

hej swbctay gfrrkgtkj, besucgbket gfnpktbtbvkekss hej bekcgbket puoabg

spkejbei wbaa gfetbeuk tf dhnpkr kccfrts tf hgdbkvk Ghnkrffe‒s trknke-

jfus pftketbha hej tf ofastkr irfwtd cfr susthbehoak pfvkrty rkjugtbfe hej

sfgbha jkvkafpnket.

Eftks

8. Wkk tdk ?007 Pfvkrty _kjugtbfe Wtrhtkiy Phpkr (_kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe ?007h)

hej tdk skgfej Kequìtk Ghnkrfuehbsk hupräs jks nâehiks (KGHN BB) (_kpuoabg

fc Ghnkrffe ?00?) cfr h jkthbakj hehaysbs fc Ghnkrffe‒s pfvkrty prfak hej

tdk jyehnbgs fc pfvkrty oktwkke 8223 hej ?008.

?. Zdk pfvkrty hsskssnket stujy whs gfejugtkj fe tdk ohsbs fc gfnphrhobabty-

hjlustkj jhth crfn KGHN B (8223) hej KGHN BB (?008). Zdk nhbe jbcguaty whs gfestrugtbei gfnphrhoak hiirkihtks oktwkke tdk twf ykhrs, ibvke tdk

jbcckrkegks be tdk qukstbfeehbrks, tdk survky nktdfjfafibks, hej tdk shnpabei

sgdknks. Wkvkrha gfrrkgtbfe chgtfrs wkrk gfesbjkrkj. Zwkavk wkachrk nkhsurk-

nket bejbghtfrs wkrk ghaguahtkj ohskj fe tdksk chgtfrs. H skesbtbvbty hehaysbs fc



;0 Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

jyehnbg gfnphrbsfes (ehtbfeha, urohe, rurha) hej betkrrkibfeha gfnphrbsfes

(urohe vkrsus rurha) whs pkrcfrnkj cfr tdksk 8? bejbghtfrs. Zdk rksuats sdfw

tdht rkihrjakss fc tdk akvka fc tdk wkachrk bejbghtfr uskj, pfvkrty jkgabekjoktwkke 8223 hej ?008.

7. Zdk begbjkegk fc pfvkrty (dkhjgfuet bejkx) bs tdk sdhrk fc tdk pfpuahtbfe

wdfsk begfnk fr gfesunptbfe bs okafw tdk pfvkrty abek‚tdht bs, tdk sdhrk fc

tdk pfpuahtbfe tdht gheeft hccfrj tf ouy h ohsmkt fc ohsbg iffjs.

:. Zdk jkptd fc pfvkrty (pfvkrty ihp) prfvbjks becfrnhtbfe hofut dfw chr

dfuskdfajs hrk crfn tdk pfvkrty abek. Zdbs nkhsurk ghpturks tdk nkhe hiirk-

ihtk begfnk fc gfesunptbfe sdfrtchaa rkahtbvk tf tdk pfvkrty abek hgrfss tdk

wdfak pfpuahtbfe. Zdk pfvkrty ihp ghe ok uskj hs h nkhsurk fc tdk nbebnun

hnfuet fc rksfurgks ekgksshry tf krhjbghtk pfvkrty‚tdht bs, tdk hnfuet fek

wfuaj dhvk tf trhesckr tf tdk pffr uejkr pkrckgt thriktbei tf puaa haa fc tdkn

fut fc pfvkrty.

;. Be 8223, bt rkqubrkj he hvkrhik heeuha suppaknkethry trhesckr fc GCHC 7;,:?3

tf abct he bejbvbjuha fut fc pfvkrty, nugd nfrk tdhe tdk GCHC ?3,8;: rkqubrkj

be ?008.

3. Wkk tdk sthtbstbgha hehaysbs fc tdk jktkrnbehets fc pfvkrty be Yfraj Ohem

(?00;o).

9. Bt bs bnpfrthet tf eftk, dfwkvkr, tdht 7 fut fc : dfuskdfajs hrk dkhjkj oy nke

hej tdht ekhray 4 fut fc 80 pffr pkfpak abvk be dfuskdfajs dkhjkj oy nke.

4. H gdbaj bs cuaay vhggbehtkj wdkekvkr dk rkgkbvks belkgtbfes cfr tuokrguafsbs

(OGI), nkhsaks, hej 7 sdfts cfr (JPZ7) hej pfabf (PFA7) okcfrk 8? nfetds.

2. Be 8224, rfuiday 30 pkrgket fc wfnke crfn tdk pffrkst ?0 pkrgket fc tdk

pfpuahtbfe hej 800 pkrgket fc wfnke crfn tdk rbgdkst ?0 pkrgket rkgkbvkj

hetkehtha ghrk crfn h trhbekj pkrsfe. Zdksk bekquhabtbks hrk hasf rkkgtkj be

hssbstkj jkabvkrbks ht obrtd< ?2 pkrgket fc wfnke crfn tdk pffrkst qubetbak hej

20 pkrgket fc wfnke crfn tdk rbgdkst qubetbak wkrk httkejkj oy h nkjbghaay

trhbekj pkrsfe.

80. Zdk begbjkegk fc DBS bs suosthetbhaay dbidkr hnfei cknhaks (3.4 pkrgket) tdhe

nhaks (:.8 pkrgket), wbtd tdk ahrikst jbsphrbtbks fggurrbei oktwkke tdk hiks fc

?0 hej ?2, dbidabidtbei tdk kxtrknk vuaekrhobabty fc yfueikr wfnke. 88. Wdhrp jbcckrkegks be pkr ghpbth dkhatd kxpkejbturks kxbst hgrfss begfnk

irfups, wbtd tdk pffrkst 80 pkrgket fc tdk pfpuahtbfe spkejbei feay [W$;.:0

be ?008 hej tdk rbgdkst 80 pkrgket spkejbei hofut [W$20.:0 (8223 prbgks).

8?. Ht tdk tbnk tdbs rkpfrt whs wrbttke, tdk whtkr gfnphey dhj okke prbvhtbzkj out

tdk prbvhtbzhtbfe fc tdk tkakgfn gfnphey rknhbekj sthaakj.



;8

PH_Z

BB

Ghnkrffe‒s Pfvkrty _kjugtbfe Wtrhtkiy gfnprbsks twf pbaahrs. Zdk

rst bs h jyehnbg prbvhtk skgtfr wbtd tdk pftketbha tf jrbvk kgfefnbg

irfwtd hej jbstrboutk tdk crubts fc irfwtd kqubthoay. Zdk skgfej bs h gfe-

sfabjhtkj hej gfdksbvk sfgbha skgtfr wbtd tdk ghphgbty tf suppfrt irfwtd

hej knpfwkr gbtbzkes, kspkgbhaay tdk pffr, tf phrtbgbphtk be tdk irfwtd

prfgkss. Zdksk pbaahrs gfnpaknket fek heftdkr, kesurbei tdht irfwtd bs

hggkakrhtkj hej trhesahtkj betf nkhebeicua bnprfvknkets be tdk sthejhrj

fc abvbei fc tdk vhst nhlfrbty fc Ghnkrffe‒s pkfpak. Bnprfvbei tdk bevkst-

nket gabnhtk hej tdk fvkrhaa gfnpktbtbvkekss fc tdk kgfefny hrk dbid

prbfrbtbks okghusk sugd bnprfvknket bs grbtbgha cfr ueakhsdbei tdk pftketbha

fc Ghnkrffe‒s prbvhtk skgtfr.

Grkhtbei hGfnpktbtbvkKevbrfenketcfr JkkpkebeiIrfwtd



;? Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

He Bevkstnket Gabnhtk Hsskssnket fc Ghnkrffe gfejugtkj oy tdk

Yfraj Ohem be ?003, be gfaahofrhtbfe wbtd tdk Irfupknket Betkrphtrfeha

ju Ghnkrfue (IBGHN), rkvkhakj skvkrk bnpkjbnkets tf prbvhtk skgtfr

jkvkafpnket (ofxks BB.8 hej BB.?). Hggfrjbei tf tdk prbvhtk ketrkprkekurs

survkykj oy tdbs pkrgkptbfe-ohskj stujy, tdk nfst bnpfrthet fosthgaks

begaujkj gfrruptbfe, pffr becrhstrugturk skrvbgks, tdk wkhm rkiuahtfry

crhnkwfrm, tdk wkhm lujbgbhry systkn, he uechvfrhoak thx systkn, hej pffr

ehegbha skrvbgks.

Zf bnprfvk tdk ousbekss kevbrfenket, skvkrha rkqubrknkets nust ok nkt<

• Irfwtd-kedhegbei nhgrfkgfefnbg pfabgbks nust ok hjfptkj hej puoabgcbehegk nhehiknket nust ok strkeitdkekj.

Ofx BB.8

?003 Bevkstnket Gabnhtk Hsskssnket

Hggfrjbei tf tdk ?003 Bevkstnket Gabnhtk Hsskssnket, Ghnkrffe‒s bevkst-

nket gabnhtk bs eft chvfrhoak tf tdk prbvhtk skgtfr. Zdk nfst bnpfrthet chgtfrs

begaujk tdk cfaafwbei<

• Gfrruptbfe. Gfrruptbfe rkprkskets h skrbfus gfegkre cfr nfrk tdhe

dhac fc tdk ketrkprkekurs be tdk cfrnha skgtfr hej :0 pkrgket fc tdk

ketrkprkekurs be tdk becfrnha skgtfr.

• Becrhstrugturk . Zwf-tdbrjs fc nheuchgturkrs bjketbcy kekriy-rkahtkj

prfoakns hs skvkrk. Zdk kstbnhtkj fppfrtuebty gfst fc kekriy sdfrthiks

hnfuetkj tf hofut ; pkrgket fc turefvkr be ?00;. Fek-tdbrj fc

nheuchgturkrs rkpfrt behjkquhtk trhespfrt becrhstrugturk hs h skvkrk

gfestrhbet.

• _kiuahtfry gfestrhbets . Hnfei ketrkprkekurs survkykj, 30‗4;

pkrgket gfnpahbe tdht thxks hrk tff dbid hej hrk hssksskj fe tff

ehrrfw h thx ohsk= 99‗2? pkrgket jf eft trust tdk lujbgbhry systkn,

okabkvbei tdht tdk hppabghtbfe fc rkiuahtbfes hej ahws hrk rhejfn.

_kspfejkets rkpfrt spkejbei 8?‗8; pkrgket fc tdkbr tbnk jkhabei wbtd

hjnbebstrhtbvk bssuks.

• Jyscuegtbfeha chgtfr nhrmkt . Ketrkprkekurs gfnpahbe hofut tdk rbibj

akibsahtbfe ifvkrebei tdk cfrnha ahofr nhrmkt (phrtbguahray rkihrjbei

ahybei fcc wfrmkrs), h wkhm becfrnhtbfe systkn, hej h ehrrfw cfrnha

ehegbha skgtfr gdhrhgtkrbzkj oy afw hggkss hej dbid grkjbt gfst.

Wfurgk< Yfraj Ohem ?003g.



Grkhtbei h Gfnpktbtbvk Kevbrfenket cfr Jkkpkebei Irfwtd ;7

• Gfnpktbtbvk trhjk hej ehegbha pfabgbks nust ok hjfptkj.

• Gfst-kcckgtbvk becrhstrugturk skrvbgks nust ok prfvbjkj.

• Nfrk kcckgtbvk ifvkrehegk‚he hjnbebstrhtbfe tdht ghe ikt tdbeis

jfek‚bs ekkjkj tf grkhtk hej prfnftk h ousbekss-crbkejay akiha hej

rkiuahtfry kevbrfenket cfr tdk prbvhtk skgtfr hej kesurk hjkquhtk

jkabvkry fc sfgbha skrvbgks.

Gdhptkr 7 rkvbkws nhgrfkgfefnbg hej puoabg ehegk nhehiknket

pfabgbks. Gdhptkr : affms ht trhjk hej ehegbha pfabgbks wbtdbe tdk rkibfeha

crhnkwfrm. Gdhptkr ; hsskssks becrhstrugturk pfabgbks rkahtkj tf kekriy,

trhespfrt, whtkr, hej tkakgfnnuebghtbfes, begaujbei h rkvbkw fc tdk prbvh-tbzhtbfe prfgkss hej rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrm.

Ofx BB.?

?003 Bevkstnket Gabnhtk Prfak

Zfp 80 gfestrhbets pkrgkbvkj oy ketrkprkekurs

800

40

30

:0

?0

0

P k r g k e t h i k f c c b r n s

b j k e t b c y b e i p r f o a k n h

s

‑ n h l f r „ f r ‑ v k

r y s k v k r k „ f o s t h g a k

thxrhtks

thx hjnbebs-trhtbfe

hggksstf cbehegk

(hvhbahobabtyhej gfst)

hetb-gfnpktbtbvkfr becfrnhaprhgtbgks

kakgtrbgbty gfrruptbfe gustfns& trhjk

rkiuahtbfes

trhes-pfrthtbfe

nhgrf-kgfefnbgbesthobabty

akihasystkn/gfecabgt

rksfautbfe

Ghnkrffe Hcrbgh Nbjjak begfnk

(gfetbeukj)



;: Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

Nhgrf jbnkesbfe Nbgrf jbnkesbfe

G h n k r f f e

_ k i b f e

B e g f n k

W n h a a

N k j b u n

A h r i k

K x p f r t k r

E f e -

k x p f r t k r

J f n k s t b g

C f r k b i e

Ourkhugrhgy

Wkebfr nhehiknket

tbnk spket be jkhabei

wbtd rkqubrknkets fc

ifvkrenket rkiuahtbfe

(pkrgket) 8?.40 ;.33 3.7; 87.;9 8:.70 2.0? 88.09 87.84 87.:; 80.27

Gfesbstkegy/prkjbgthobabty

fc fcgbhas betkrprkthtbfes

fc rkiuahtbfes hcckgtbei

tdk rn 89.03 ;?.?0 ;9.;0 83.49 87.97 ??.?? 8;.00 89.47 83.:8 82.;8

Gfrruptbfe

[efcgbha phynkets

cfr typbgha rn tf ikt

tdbeis jfek (pkrgket

fc shaks) ?.;4 ?.?; 0.43 ?.28 7.04 8.?3 8.23 ?.48 ?.24 0.2?

Cbrns kxpkgtkj tf ibvk

ibcts be nkktbeis wbtd

thx bespkgtfrs

(pkrgket) 3:.33 84.?; 88.4: 3;.98 9;.00 :4.:4 ;?.94 90.00 98.2; :9.03

Shauk fc ibct kxpkgtkj tfskgurk ifvkrenket

gfetrhgt (pkrgket

fc gfetrhgt) 9.?4 7.87 0.23 4.72 3.00 ;.44 7.37 4.;4 4.02 :.;3

Gfurts

Gfejkegk akvka be

tdk lujbgbhry

systkn (pkrgket) e.h. 37.03 33.27 e.h. e.h. e.h. e.h. e.h. e.h. e.h.

Grbnk

Wkgurbty gfsts (pkrgket

fc shaks) 0.24 8.?9 8.0? 8.?: 8.?7 0.:? 0.3? 8.8; 8.?8 0.:3

Afssks juk tf tdkct,rfookry, vhejhabsn,

hej hrsfe hihbest tdk rn

(pkrgket fc shaks) 7.00 0.39 0.93 ?.03 :.29 8.03 ?.49 7.03 7.74 8.42

Becfrnhabty

Whaks hnfuet

rkpfrtkj oy h typbgha

rn cfr thx purpfsks

(pkrgket) 44.2: 3?.2: 9?.?3 4?.:7 2?.;3 22.7? 23.39 43.20 43.?7 29.87

Cbehegk

Betkreha ehegk cfr

bevkstnket (pkrgket) 39.44 99.73 9:.78 9?.7: 38.84 39.9; 3?.33 90.?2 39.2? 32.39

Ohem ehegk cfr bevkstnket

(pkrgket) 8?.72 88.;4 87.4? 3.:9 8?.79 ?7.83 ?0.:3 4.:3 2.;8 89.?;

Becfrnha ehegk cfr

bevkstnket (pkrgket) 3.7; 7.38 ?.?2 9.24 2.?8 0.00 8.:7 4.74 4.0; ?.??

(gfetbeukj)



Grkhtbei h Gfnpktbtbvk Kevbrfenket cfr Jkkpkebei Irfwtd ;;

(gfetbeukj)

(gfetbeukj )


G h n k r f f e

_ k i b f e

B e g f n k

W n h a a

N k j b u n

A h r i k

K x p f r t k r

E f e -

k x p f r t k r

J f n k s t b g

C f r k b i e

Wuppabkr grkjbt ehegbei

(pkrgket) 83.8? 8:.?0 8;.89 8:.:9 87.94 ?7.?; 82.39 8;.70 87.90 ?:.34

Shauk fc gfaahtkrha ekkjkj

cfr h afhe (pkrgket fc tdk

afhe hnfuet) 870.24 8;?.?9 8;4.40 8:4.42 8?9.84 8?9.77 877.84 8?2.79 8?4.73 873.44

Afhes rkqubrbei gfaahtkrha(pkrgket) 20.83 4:.00 92.73 48.4? 23.;; 4;.98 4;.98 27.2: 2:.49 48.4?

Heeuha ehegbha sthtknket

rkvbkwkj oy kxtkreha

hujbtfr (pkrgket) 2:.9: ;7.37 34.7: 20.73 24.04 800.00 800.00 27.04 2:.;9 2;.8?

Becrhstrugturk

Jkahy be fothbebei he

kakgtrbgha gfeekgtbfe

(jhys) ;4.00 ?4.9; ?0.0: ‚ 94.8: ‚ ‚ ;2.84 3?.3: ‚

Eunokr fc kakgtrbgha

futhiks (jhys) 8?.2: 8?.27 :.20 8;.02 8?.8? 88.38 88.?: 87.90 8:.34 4.;0

Shauk afst juk tf kakgtrbghafuthiks (pkrgket fc shaks) :.02 9.38 7.03 :.?0 7.23 :.8; 7.?8 :.:9 :.47 ?.07

Jkahy be fothbebei h

nhbeabek tkakpdfek

gfeekgtbfe (jhys) 97.88 7?.28 ?9.82 ‚ 9;.;3 ;8.00 34.:: 99.94 94.84 3;.8:

Ghrif afst be trhesbt

(pkrgket fc vhauk) e.h. 8.79 8.?2 e.h. e.h. e.h. e.h. e.h. e.h. e.h.

Cbrns usbei tdk Yko be

betkrhgtbfe wbtd gabkets/

suppabkrs (pkrgket) 87.2; 84.?: ?;.07 :.93 82.?7 ?9.94 ?;.00 80.99 87.2; 8:.37

Beefvhtbfe

BWF gkrtbghtbfefwekrsdbp (pkrgket) 83.79 87.9? 83.2: 2.3: 89.78 70.;3 :0.00 2.70 80.2: 7:.8;

Ekw prfjugtbfe tkgdefafiy

(pkrgket) 7;.?2 :;.29 74.:0 78.98 7:.3? ::.:: ?9.;0 74.?4 7;.2: 7;.00

Lfos

Cbrns fcckrbei cfrnht trhbebei

(pkrgket) 7;.;0 7?.3? ?2.38 ??.?? :3.8; ;0.00 ;0.00 78.?; 70.98 :4.94

Pkrnheket smbaakj

wfrmkrs rkgkbvbei

trhbebei (pkrgket) 4.03 89.2; 8:.72 2.73 3.;4 4.93 80.07 9.8: 4.:2 9.09

Zhx hjnbebstrhtbfe

Hvkrhik tbnk rns spketbe nkktbeis wbtd thx

fcgbhas (jhys) :.42 7.0; 8.42 :.40 ;.00 :.2? :.30 ;.0? ;.?2 7.97




(gfetbeukj )


G h n k r f f e

_ k i b f e

B e g f n k

W n h a a

N k j b u n

A h r i k

K x p f r t k r

E f e -

k x p f r t k r

J f n k s t b g

C f r k b i e

Zrhjk

Hvkrhik tbnk tf gakhr

jbrkgt kxpfrts tdrfuid

gustfns (jhys) :.:? :.7; :.00 ‚ :.:: :.9; :.89 ;.?2 ;.78 7.94

Afeikst tbnk tf gakhr

jbrkgt kxpfrts tdrfuid

gustfns (jhys) 4.;4 87.:8 3.4; ‚ 4.88 2.;0 9.74 8?.98 80.;: 9.89

Hvkrhik tbnk tf gahbn

bnpfrts crfn gustfns

(jhys) 4.:? 80.90 9.?8 2.39 4.87 4.?3 2.;? 9.79 2.79 9.:;

Afeikst tbnk tf gahbn

bnpfrts crfn gustfns

(jhys) ?8.24 83.78 8:.8? 82.88 ?:.?0 ?0.29 ?0.47 ?7.07 ?9.84 8;.20

Cbrns tdht kxpfrt jbrkgtay

(pkrgket) ?4.2? 88.7; 84.74 4.;: ?3.2? 99.94 800.00 3.2? 8:.4: 97.89

Wfurgk< Ketkrprbsk Wurvkys.

Eftk< Wthtbstbgs wbtd ckwkr tdhe cbvk cbrns hrk jbspahykj wbtd h ‑‚„ tf nhbethbe gfecbjketbhaay hej sdfuaj ok jbstbeiubsdkj

crfn ‑e.h.„ wdbgd rkprkskets nbssbei vhauks. Nfrk jhth hrk hvhbahoak ht dttp<//www.ketkrprbsksurvkys.fri/.



;9

Wtrkeitdkebei Nhgrfkgfefnbg

Pfabgbks hej Puoabg Cbehegk

Nhehiknket

Nhgrfkgfefnbg pfabgbks dhvk dhj h sbiebghet kcckgt fe irfwtd hej vfahtbabty be Ghnkrffe, hs jbsgusskj be gdhptkr 8. Zdk uesusthbehoak

pfabgbks fc tdk 8290s akj tf dbid behtbfe hej rkha kxgdheik rhtk hpprk-gbhtbfe, wbtd jkobabthtbei gfeskqukegks cfr gfnpktbtbvkekss hej irfwtd behirbguaturk hej bejustry. Zdksk hjvkrsk jkvkafpnkets nhy dhvk jkahykj cfrjkghjks Ghnkrffe‒s gdhegk cfr rhpbj kgfefnbg trhescfrnhtbfe hej hggkakr-htkj irfwtd. Hasf, behjkquhtk kxpkejbturk hjlustnket jurbei tdk 8240s akjtf ahrik jkgbts hej nhssbvk bejkotkjekss, gfetrhgtbei shvbeis hej grbppabeibevkstnket hej irfwtd.

Oy gfetrhst, tdk bnprfvkj nhgrfkgfefnbg hej sgha pfabgbks fc tdkphst jkghjk nfjkrhtkj behtbfe, rkjugkj tdk jkgbt, begrkhskj shvbeis, hejgfetrboutkj tf susthbekj irfwtd (skk thoak 8.7), dkapbei bnprfvk tdk gfue-try‒s rbsm rhtbei (iurk 7.8) hej tdk bevkstnket gabnhtk. Zdk gdhaakeik efwbs tf gfetbeuk bnprfvbei tdk ousbekss kevbrfenket tf grkhtk nfrk-chvfrhoakgfejbtbfes cfr httrhgtbei cfrkbie bevkstnket hej hggkakrhtbei trhescfrnh-tbfe hej irfwtd.

Zdk nhlfr rbsms tf nhgrfkgfefnbg sthobabty be Ghnkrffe rknhbe tdksgha sbtuhtbfe= tdk gfejbtbfes fc mky puoabg ketkrprbsks= hej tdk bnpabgh-tbfes cfr puoabg jkot, gfetbeiket abhobabtbks, hej cfrkbie hej prbvhtk bevkst-nket. Zdk bnpfrthegk fc sgha jbsgbpabek bs wkaa baaustrhtkj be tdk DBPGgfnpaktbfe pfbet kpbsfjk wdke bnpfrthet sgha sabpphiks jkahy htthbenketfc tdk gfnpaktbfe pfbet cfr nfrk tdhe h ykhr (ofx 7.8). Zdkrk bs h ckhr tdhtbegrkhskj spkejbei rkahtkj tf tdk rst ykhrs fc tdk P_WP bnpaknkethtbfehej behjkquhtk rkvkeuk nfobabzhtbfe wbaa grkhtk ahrikr, uesusthbehoak sgha

jkgbts. Ybtd rkstrbgtkj hggkss tf gketrha ohem ehegbei hs tdk ekw ruak fctdk Gketrha Ohem fc tdk Gketrha Hcrbghe Wthtks (OKHG) prfirkssbvkay thmkskcckgt hej rkstrbgtkj rkgfursk tf efegfegkssbfeeha kxtkreha ofrrfwbei hsphrt fc DBPG jkot susthbehobabty gfejbtbfes, tdkrk bs h rkha rbsm tdht h ahrikr

7




Ofx 7.8

Zdk Gfsts fc [etbnkay _kahxhtbfe fc Wtrugturha _kcfrn< Dfw Ghnkrffe

Nbsskj tdk DBPG Gfnpaktbfe Pfbet

Dfw Ghnkrffe nbsskj tdk DBPG gfnpaktbfe pfbet be ?00: uejkrsgfrks tdk

bnpfrthegk fc susthbebei rkcfrn gfesbstketay. Jurbei tdk prksbjketbha ghnphbie

fc ?00:, kgfefnbg nhehiknket jktkrbfrhtkj gfesbjkrhoay. Zdk Ifvkrenket eft

feay safwkj tdk phgk fc mky strugturha rkcfrns (begaujbei rkstrugturbei fc puoabg

ketkrprbsks), out hasf rkahxkj sgha hej oujikthry pfabgbks hej nhehiknket.Hs h rksuat, hatdfuid irfwtd hej behtbfe pkrcfrnhegk rknhbekj iffj,

bnpfrthet sabpphiks fggurrkj be sgha hej oujikthry pkrcfrnhegk, begauj-

bei afwkr-tdhe-thriktkj efefba sgha rkvkeuk hej dbidkr-tdhe-prfirhnnkj

spkejbei fe jbstrksskj puoabg ketkrprbsks. Eft surprbsbeiay, tdk fvkrhaa sgha

ohahegk‚kxgaujbei irhets‚jktkrbfrhtkj, tf ‗0.? pkrgket fc IJP be ?00:, hs sgha

pkrcfrnhegk wkhmkekj. Efefba rkvkeuk ckaa tf 88 pkrgket fc IJP be ?00:.

Zdk jkgabek be ifvkrenket rkvkeuks rkkgtkj wkhm pkrcfrnhegk fc vhauk

hjjkj thx (SHZ) hej kxgbsks thxks hej ahrikr-tdhe-kxpkgtkj rkvkeuk afssks crfn

tdk ekw pkrsfeha begfnk thx rkcfrn bnpaknketkj be Lheuhry ?00:. Jfnkstb-ghaay ehegkj puoabg bevkstnket jkgabekj oy 0.7 pkrgket fc IJP be ?007, wdbak

efebetkrkst gurrket kxpkejbturks rfsk oy 8 pkrgket. Nkhewdbak, tdk wkhmkebei

fc kxpkejbturk gfetrfa akj tf he begrkhsk be fcc-oujikt spkejbei hej hrrkhrs hej

(gfetbeukj )

:0:;

;0

;;

30

3;

90

9;

40

8220 822; ?000ykhr

?00;

r h t b e i

Ghnkrffe Gdbeh Idheh Bejbh

CBI[_K 7.8

Gfnpfsbtk BG_I _bsm _htbeis be Wkakgtkj Gfuetrbks, 8220‗?003

Wfurgk< Pfabtbgha _bsm Wkrvbgks ?009.

Eftk< Zdk Gfnpfsbtk Betkrehtbfeha Gfuetry _bsm Iubjk (BG_I) rhtbei bs ohskj fe ?? gfnpfekets fc

rbsm. Bt rheiks crfn 0 (dbidkst rbsm) tf 800 (afwkst rbsm).



Wtrkeitdkebei Nhgrfkgfefnbg Pfabgbks hej Puoabg Cbehegk Nhehiknket ;2

h jktkrbfrhtbfe fc tdk Zrkhsury sbtuhtbfe wdbgd akj tf h jrhwbei jfwe fc ghsdrksfurgks hs wkaa hs he hggunuahtbfe fc jfnkstbg hej kxtkreha hrrkhrs. Hvhbahoak

ghsd rksfurgks jrfppkj sdhrpay, wkaa okafw tdk prfirhn thrikts, wbtd tdk Ifv-

krenket nkktbei feay hofut 70 pkrgket fc bts efeohem jfnkstbg jkot foabihtbfes

hej trhesckrs crfn tdk Zrkhsury tf tdk DBPG hggfuet.h

Be hjjbtbfe, tdk safw phgk fc bnpaknkethtbfe fc strugturha rkcfrns akj tf h

jktkrbfrhtbfe be tdk ehegbha sbtuhtbfe fc tdk ahrikst puoabg ketkrprbsks, wdbgd

begrkhskj hgtuha hej gfetbeiket sgha abhobabtbks. Zdk jktkrbfrhtbfe rkkgtkj wkhm

nhehiknket hs wkaa hs irfwbei phynket hrrkhrs fc tdk Ifvkrenket. Ghnkrffe

Hbrabeks (GHNHB_), tdk ehtbfeha hbrabek, whs mkpt hfht wbtd sbzhoak oujikt sup-pfrt out hppkhrkj tf ok ohemrupt. Ifvkrenket hrrkhrs tf tdk xkj-abek tkakpdfek

gfnphey, GHNZKA, uejkrnbekj bts hobabty tf fpkrhtk kcckgtbvkay be h dbiday gfn-

pktbtbvk nhrmkt. Zdk afgha rkekry, WFEH_H, begurrkj suosthetbha afssks be ?00:,

ghuskj be phrt oy tdk jkgbsbfe tf rst safw hej tdke suspkej tdk nkgdhebsn cfr

hjlustbei jfnkstbg cuka prbgks tf gdheiks be betkrehtbfeha fba prbgks. Zdk pfstha

shvbeis ohem gfetbeukj tf chgk h abqubjbty grbsbs hej rkqubrkj sbiebghet ghsd

belkgtbfes crfn tdk Ifvkrenket tf nkkt strfei jknhej cfr ghsd wbtdjrhwhas.

Zdksk jkvkafpnkets akj tdk BNC tf jkgahrk tdk P_IC prfirhn fcc trhgm,

jkahybei tdk DBPG gfnpaktbfe pfbet oy twf ykhrs. Zdk nfrk tdhe vk-ykhr ahpskoktwkke jkgbsbfe pfbet hej gfnpaktbfe pfbet hej tdk gfetbeukj jkahy be htthbe-

nket fc tdk gfnpaktbfe pfbet ghnk ht h gfesbjkrhoak fppfrtuebty gfst tf Ghnkr-

ffe. Grbtbgha rksfurgks crfn tdk Crkegd Jkot _kjugtbfe-Jkvkafpnket Gfetrhgt

(G?J‗Gfetrht jk jâskejkttknket-jâvkafppknket ) wkrk afst, hej tdk jkahy

be cuaa jkot rkabkc ht gfnpaktbfe pfbet skrbfusay gfestrhbekj tdk Ifvkrenket‒s

hobabty tf offst spkejbei hs rkqubrkj tf nkkt tdk P_WP hej NJI thrikts.

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.

h. Zdk OKHG hggfuet ckaa wkaa sdfrt fc tdk jkot rkabkc tdk Ifvkrenket rkgkbvkj.


jkgbt wbaa akhj tf begrkhskj ofrrfwbei crfn tdk jfnkstbg ehegbha nhrmkt. Zdbs prfoakn gfuaj rhbsk tdk gfst fc cuejs, pftketbhaay grfwjbei fut prbvhtkbevkstnket hej jhnpkebei irfwtd. Zdkrkcfrk, kcckgtbvk rkvkeuk nfobabzh-tbfe hej kcgbket kxpkejbturk nhehiknket hrk bejbspkeshoak tf nhbethbeirfwtd-suppfrtbvk nhgrfkgfefnbg pfabgbks. Zdbs gdhptkr rkvbkws bnpfrthettrkejs hej pfabgbks be tdksk hrkhs.

Nhbethbebei Nhgrfkgfefnbg Wthobabty wbtdbehe Kedhegkj _kibfeha Crhnkwfrm

Zdkrk bs irfwbei rkhabzhtbfe hnfei pfabgynhmkrs be tdk rkibfe tdht irkhtkrgffrjbehtbfe fc nhgrfkgfefnbg pfabgbks hej tdk abemhiks ikekrhtkj oy mky




betrhrkibfeha prflkgts sugd hs tdk Gdhj‗Ghnkrffe pbpkabek hej tdk okrfptbg suonhrbek ghoak, wdbgd prfvbjks gfeekgtbvbty tf Kurfpk hej Hsbh, hrk okekgbha tf haa gfuetrbks be tdk suorkibfe. Cfr ahejafgmkj gfuetrbks bephrtbguahr, sugd hs tdk Gketrha Hcrbghe _kpuoabg hej Gdhj, tdk okekts fcrkibfeha betkirhtbfe hrk phrtbguahray irkht, okghusk tdk trheshgtbfes gfsts fcjfbei ousbekss ghe ok rkjugkj feay tdrfuid rkibfeha gffpkrhtbfe.

Zdk nfnketun tfwhrj rkibfeha betkirhtbfe hggkakrhtkj irkhtay be tdk8220s, kspkgbhaay wbtd tdk rhtbghtbfe fc tdk GKNHG Zrkhty be 8222 hej tdkgfeskquket strkeitdkebei fc tdk nfekthry hej gustfns uebfe. Wbegk 8222hej ?000, he kcckgtbvk systkn fc nhgrfkgfefnbg gfevkrikegk hej nuatb-

ahtkrha survkbaahegk hej tdk grkhtbfe fc h rbgd bestbtutbfeha hrgdbtkgturk dhvkprfvbjkj h crhnkwfrm cfr jkkpkebei rkibfeha betkirhtbfe. He Kxkgutbvk Wkg-rkthrbht dhs okke ksthoabsdkj be Oheiub tf nfebtfr bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdkrkibfeha hrrheiknkets, hej h lujbgbhry gfurt dhs okke skt up be E‒Jlhnkehtf jkha wbtd rkahtkj akiha bssuks.

OKHG, tdk rkibfeha gketrha ohem, dhs pursukj h tbidt nfekthry pfabgy,kedhegbei nhgrfkgfefnbg sthobabty. Zdk gffpkrhtbfe hirkknkets abembeiCrhegk tf tdk twf GCH nfekthry uebfes dhvk rknhbekj uegdheikj sbegk

tdk hjvket fc tdk kurf. Gfevkrtbobabty fc tdk GCH crheg bs stbaa iuhrhetkkjtdrfuid he fvkrjrhct chgbabty wbtd tdk Crkegd Zrkhsury, hej crkk ghpbthanfobabty bs iuhrhetkkj tdrfuidfut tdk zfek. Out phynkets futsbjk tdk zfek(okyfej skt tdrksdfajs) stbaa rkqubrk gketrha ohem hutdfrbzhtbfe, hej tdkuebfe stbaa dhs tf irhjuhaay pdhsk fut sthtutfry gketrha ohem ehegbei fcifvkrenket jkgbts.

_kibfeha betkirhtbfe dhs hasf gfetrboutkj tf jkkpkebei nhgrfkgf-efnbg hej sgha rkcfrns be GKNHG gfuetrbks oy prfvbjbei afgm-bes hejlfbet gfnnbtnket nkgdhebsns tdht akj tf susthbekj rkcfrn hej kcckgtbvknhgrfkgfefnbg pfabgy gffrjbehtbfe. Fek sugd nkgdhebsn bs tdk Nhgrf-kgfefnbg Gfevkrikegk hej Wthobabty Phgt hjfptkj be ?000, wdbgd prfvbjksh skt fc gfevkrikegk grbtkrbh jksbiekj tf kedhegk nhgrfkgfefnbg sthobabtyhej iubjk sgha pfabgbks.

Ghnkrffe dhs okke rbifrfus be bnpaknketbei tdk phgt, sthejbei hs hrfak nfjka cfr ftdkr gfuetrbks be tdk suorkibfe. Hs tdk ehturha kgfefnbggketkr fc tdk zfek, Ghnkrffe dhs sbiebghet beukegk fvkr tdk kgfefnbksfc ekbidofrbei gfuetrbks. Zdhems tf bts rkahtbvkay tbidt sgha pfabgbks hej

OKHG‒s prujket nfekthry pfabgy, Ghnkrffe‒s pkrcfrnhegk be tkrns fc tdknhbe gfevkrikegk grbtkrbh dhs okke iffj, kspkgbhaay jurbei tdk ?008‗0;pkrbfj. Bejkkj, tdk ahst gfevkrikegk gfnnbttkk rkpfrt, be Wkptknokr ?003,



Wtrkeitdkebei Nhgrfkgfefnbg Pfabgbks hej Puoabg Cbehegk Nhehiknket 38

gfnnkejkj Ghnkrffe cfr rkhgdbei haa fc tdk nhbe gfevkrikegk grbtkrbh be

?00; (thoak 7.8).Jkspbtk tdksk suggkssks, rkibfeha betkirhtbfe be Gketrha Hcrbgh chgks h

eunokr fc grbtbgha gdhaakeiks. Cbrst, ehrrfway pkrgkbvkj ehtbfeha betkrksts dhvktkejkj tf jfnbehtk orfhjkr ehtbfeha hej rkibfeha gfegkres. Zdk rksuatbeiahgm fc strfei pfabtbgha gfnnbtnket hej akhjkrsdbp oy tdk twf mky nknokrsthtks (Ghnkrffe hej Ihofe) dhs trhesahtkj betf h sbiebghet ihp oktwkkecfrnha hirkknkets hej hgtuha bnpaknkethtbfe. Bt dhs hasf bnphbrkj tdkhobabty fc rkibfeha frihebzhtbfes sugd hs tdk GKNHG Wkgrkthrbht hej OKHG tf

kcckgtbvkay ghrry fut tdkbr nbssbfes.Wkgfej, tdk suorkibfe rknhbes vuaekrhoak tf tkrns-fc-trhjk sdfgms hej vfahtbabty be fba prbgks. H jfweture be fba prbgks grkhtks sgha sabpphiks benhey fc tdk fba kgfefnbks be tdk rkibfe wdbak grkhtbei hjvkrsk tkrns fc trhjksdfgms fe tdk ekt fba bnpfrtkrs, nhmbei bt nfrk jbcguat tf nkkt tdk nhgrf-kgfefnbg gfevkrikegk grbtkrbh.

Ghnkrffe dhs nfrk tf ihbe crfn jkkpkr betkirhtbfe tdhe tdk ftdkrgfuetrbks be tdk suorkibfe. Bts hirbguaturk, bejustry, hej trhjk furbsd phrtayhs h rksuat fc tdk suorkibfeha nhrmkt. Bt bs tdkrkcfrk be tdk dbidkst betkrkstfc Ghnkrffe tf spkhrdkhj tdk rkibfeha betkirhtbfe hikejh hej tf cfstkrgffpkrhtbfe wbtd bts ahrik wkstkre ekbidofr (Ebikrbh) hej tdk KgfefnbgGfnnuebty fc Ykst Hcrbghe Wthtks (KGFYHW) gfuetrbks.

ZHOAK 7.8

Gfevkrikegk Grbtkrbh Pkrcfrnhegk fc GKNHG Gfuetrbks, ?00;

Gfuetry

Prbnhryohahegk/

IJP(pkrgket)h

Kxtkrehajkot/IJP(pkrgket)o

Hrrkhrs(kxtkreha)

(GCHCobaabfe)

Behtbfe(pkrgket)j

Ghnkrffe ;.0 74.2 0.0 ?.0

Gketrha Hcrbghe _kpuoabg ‗:.3 4:.: 83.2 ?.2

Gdhj ‗0.? ?9.9 ?.2 9.2

Gfeif, _kp. fc 89.; 884.4 7.3 ?.4

Kquhtfrbha Iubekh ?8.7 7.2 0.0 ;.0

Ihofe 8?.? 74.9 0.0 ‗0.?

Wfurgk< GKNHG ?003.

h. Prbnhry ohahegk whs tf ok zkrf fr pfsbtbvk oy ?00:.

o. Zftha puoabg jkot whs eft tf kxgkkj 90 pkrgket fc IJP oy ?00:.

g. Hggunuahtkj kxtkreha hej betkreha hrrkhrs wkrk tf ok kabnbehtkj oy ?00:.

j. Heeuha rhtk fc becahtbfe whs eft tf kxgkkj 7 pkrgket.




Cbsgha Nhehiknket hej _kvkeuk Nfobabzhtbfe

_kvkeuk whs vfahtbak okcfrk 822:. Zdk rkvkeuk-tf-IJP rhtbf jkgrkhskj crfn?8 pkrgket fc IJP okcfrk tdk 8243‗27 grbsbs tf hanfst 8? pkrgket ht tdkdkbidt fc tdk grbsbs be 8227. Zdk jfwewhrj trkej be rkvkeuk crfn 824: tf822: hej tdk rksuatbei ihp oktwkke rkvkeuks hej kxpkejbturks whs tdk nhlfrghusk fc tdk uesusthbehoak bejkotkjekss hej abqubjbty gruegd. Zdbs prfoaknbs rkspfesboak cfr jkkpkebei tdk kgfefnbg grbsbs be Ghnkrffe oktwkke 824:hej 822:. Dfwkvkr, tdk grbsbs hasf prfvbjkj tdk bebtbha bnpktus cfr tdk kstho-absdnket fc h sthobabzhtbfe pahe cfr puoabg ehegks hej tdk ekiftbhtbfe be

8244 fc tdk rst Wtrugturha Hjlustnket Prfirhn (WHP) wbtd tdk Yfraj Ohemhej tdk Betkrehtbfeha Nfekthry Cuej (BNC).Ofaj rkcfrns bnpaknketkj sbegk 8229 dhvk dkapkj bnprfvk efefba

rkvkeuk hej orfhjkekj tdk thx ohsk (iurk 7.?). Zdhems be ahrik phrt tf tdkgfnprkdkesbvk jfefr-suppfrtkj rkcfrn prfirhns fc tdk pfstjkvhauhtbfepkrbfj (8229‗?007), tdk rkvkeuk-tf-IJP rhtbf rkofuejkj crfn 8? pkrgketbe 8227 tf 82 pkrgket be ?000‗0;. Wbegk tdk rkcfrn pkrbfj, sgha pfabgy dhsokgfnk nfrk frbketkj tfwhrj strkeitdkebei puoabg ehegks hej rhbsbei tdkefefba rkvkeuk-tf-IJP rhtbf oy wbjkebei tdk thx ohsk. H eunokr fc nkh-surks dhvk okke hjfptkj be tdk hrkhs fc thx pfabgy hej thx hjnbebstrhtbfetf kedhegk rkgfvkry.

CBI[_K 7.?

Zftha Ifvkrenket _kvkeuk, Fba _kvkeuk, hej Efefba _kvkeuk, 8222‗?00;

0

;

80

8;

?0

?;

8222 ?000 ?008 ?00?

ykhr

?007 ?00: ?00;

p k r g k e t h i k f c I J P

tftha rkvkeuk fba rkvkeuk efefba rkvkeuk

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ gfnpbahtbfe ohskj fe WBPHK jhth fothbekj crfn Ghnkrffe hutdfrbtbks.




Zhx Pfabgy< He Fvkrvbkw

Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs nhjk sfnk kccfrts tf wbjke tdk begfnk thx ohsk oybegrkhsbei tdk eunokr fc dfuskdfajs uejkr tdk thx ekt hej keihibei be hrkahtbvkay hiirkssbvk gfrpfrhtk thx gfaakgtbfe kccfrt. Hs h rksuat, Ghnkrffe‒sbegfnk thx gfetrboutkj nfrk tdhe fek-ctd fc efefba ifvkrenket rkvkeukbe ?00;. Zdbs iurk bs dbidkr tdhe tdk hvkrhik cfr Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh.

Hs phrt fc tdk rkcfrn prfgkss, be Lheuhry 8222 h vhauk hjjkj thx (SHZ) whs betrfjugkj tf rkpahgk tdk faj turefvkr thx. Hatdfuid gfnpakx tfhjnbebstkr, tdk SHZ dhs skrvkj tdk nhbe folkgtbvk fc wbjkebei tdk thx ekt

hej offstbei rkvkeuk (iurk 7.7). Zdk sgha rkcfrns be tdk bnpfrthet cfrkstry skgtfr hjfptkj be tdk Luay?000 Cbehegk Ahw dhvk ybkajkj suosthetbha jbvbjkejs, begaujbei qubetupabeicfrkstry thx rkvkeuk oktwkke 822; hej ?007. Zdky dhvk jkkpay trhescfrnkjtdk cfrkstry thx strugturk hej begrkhskj bts gfetrboutbfe tf Ifvkrenket rkv-keuk (iurk 7.:). Be phrtbguahr, tdk ekw systkn dhs begrkhskj hrkh-ohskjcfrkst rfyhatbks oy h chgtfr fc :0.

Mky hspkgts fc tdk rkcfrn begaujk tdk cfaafwbei<

• Hjfptbfe fc h puoabg objjbei systkn wbtd wkaa-ksthoabsdkj caffr prbgkshs h trhesphrket nkgdhebsn cfr hwhrjbei cfrkst gfegkssbfes

• Ekw nfjhabtbks cfr thxhtbfe fc rhw hej prfgksskj tbnokr • He hrkh-ohskj cfrkst thx (rkjkvhegk cfrkstbärk heeukaak) hej h thx ohskj fe

tdk vhauk fc tdk tbnokr dhrvkstkj (thxk j‒hohtthik)• H shwnbaa ketry ckk (89.; pkrgket) cfr wffj prfgksskj be crkk kgfefnbg

zfeks (pfbets crhegs bejustrbkas)• Zdk nhejhtfry hej bnnkjbhtk phynket fc pkrcfrnhegk iuhrhetkks cfr

cfrkst gfegkssbfe dfajkrs8

• Ksthoabsdnket fc h systkn tdht haafws cfr gfnpktbtbvk haafghtbfe fc kxpfrtqufths cfr abnbtkj quhetbtbks fc ueprfgksskj wffj?

• Ksthoabsdnket fc he kquhabzhtbfe cuej cfr bnprfvbei kqubty be tdk jbstrb-outbfe fc cbsgha rkvkeuks tf afgha gfnnuebtbks

H ekw rkvkeuk-sdhrbei sgdknk bs hasf be pahgk (ofx 7.?). Bt kesurkstdht rfuiday ;0 pkrgket fc tdk prfgkkjs crfn cfrkst thxks if tf tdk gketrha

ifvkrenket, :0 pkrgket tf afgha gfuegbas, hej 80 pkrgket tf afgha gfnnu-ebtbks. Ibvke tdht tdk hrkh-ohskj thx ikekrhtks hofut 73 pkrgket fc tdk tfthacfrkst ckks, tdk Ifvkrenket‒s jkgbsbfe ghe ok skke hs h strfei nfvk tfwhrjafgha jkvkafpnket be hrkhs ekbidofrbei cfrkst gfegkssbfes.




CBI[_K 7.7

Wfurgks fc Efefba Ifvkrenket _kvkeuk, ?00;

thxks febetkrehtbfeha trhjk

89%

jbrkgt thxks

??%

thxks feiffjs hej skrvbgks

;0%

efethx rkvkeuks88%


CBI[_K 7.:

Gfnpfsbtbfe fc Cfrkstry Zhx _kvkeuk, 8228 hej ?007

0

80

?0

70

:0

;0

30

90

40

p k r g k e t h i k f c c f r k s t r y t h x

r k v k e u k s

chaabeithxks

hrkh-ohskjcfrkst ckk

ftdkrthxks

shwnbaaketry ckk

rkvkeuk sfurgk

hugtbfe pkehatbks

8228 ?007

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ gfnpbahtbfe ohskj fe ?00: jhth fothbekj crfn Ghnkrffe hutdfrbtbks.



Wtrkeitdkebei Nhgrfkgfefnbg Pfabgbks hej Puoabg Cbehegk Nhehiknket 3;

Ofx 7.?

Hrk Cfrkst Zhx _kvkeuks Okekttbei Afgha Gfnnuebtbks6

Oktwkke ?000 hej nbj-?00:, tdk Ifvkrenket trhesckrrkj nfrk tdhe

$;0 nbaabfe tf gfuegbas hej gfnnuebty frihebzhtbfes. Zdksk trhesckrs rkprk-

sket tdk prbnhry sfurgk fc begfnk cfr gfnnuebtbks abvbei be cfrkst hrkhs. Zf

cfstkr trhesphrkegy hej afgha hggfuethobabty, tdk trhesckr fc cuejs tf gfuegbas

bs puoabsdkj quhrtkray be tdk prkss.

Bnprfvbei tdk usk fc tdk gfnnuebty thx tf nkkt afgha ekkjs gfetrboutks

tf afgha jkvkafpnket. Dfwkvkr, tdkrk bs stbaa abnbtkj trhesphrkegy rkihrjbei

tdk cuaa usk fc tdksk rksfurgks oy afgha kabtks. H ?007 hujbt rkvkhakj tdht feay

h snhaa crhgtbfe fc tdk rksfurgks gfaakgtkj wkrk spket fe kjughtbfe (sgdffas

hej dfusbei cfr tkhgdkrs), whtkr suppay cfr vbaahiks, hej afgha jbspkeshrbks. Zdk

ouam fc tdk cuej whs uskj nhbeay tf oubaj becrhstrugturk be tdk hrkhs gafsk tf tdk

dkhjquhrtkrs fc tdk gfuegbas, wbtd vkry abttak ifbei tf tdk gfuetrysbjk. Kvbjkegk

sdfw tdht h snhaa crhgtbfe wket fe tf ehegk rffcs cfr prbvhtk dfnks, spfrts

chgbabtbks, hej gdurgd becrhstrugturk, fr rkvkeuk-ikekrhtbei prflkgts.

Hatdfuid sfnk pfsbtbvk jkvkafpnkets dhvk okke rkgfrjkj, tdk jbsgrkp-

hegy oktwkke tdk hnfuet haafghtkj tf afgha jkvkafpnket hej tdk rksuats

hgdbkvkj be tdk kaj suiiksts tdht tdbs trhesckr jfks eft gfetrboutk sbieb-

ghetay tf afgha jkvkafpnket. Bt bs, tdkrkcfrk, grbtbgha tf dkap gfnnuebtbks pahe,

bnpaknket, hej nfebtfr hgtbvbtbks ghrrbkj fut ht tdk gfuegba akvka hej be tdk

vbaahiks. Knpdhsbs sdfuaj ok pahgkj fe trhesphrkegy, wbtd becfrnhtbfe fe tdk

trhesckr fc rksfurgks tf vbaahiks (wdke, dfw nugd, hej tf wdfn) prfvbjkj be

frjkr tf oubaj hggfuethobabty hej trust.

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.

Ybtd ahrikr sdhrks fc jfnkstbg thxks hej akss jkpkejkegk fe vfahtbak trhjkthxks hej fba rkvkeuks, tdk gfnpfsbtbfe fc rkvkeuk bs nfrk chvfrhoak efwtdhe bt whs okcfrk 822: (thoak 7.?). Dbstfrbghaay, Ghnkrffe dhs jkpkejkjfe fba rkvkeuks hej trhjk thxks. H gfnobehtbfe fc jbrkgt thxks fe kxpfrts hejbnpfrts, gfupakj wbtd efethx rkvkeuk crfn phrhsththa nhrmktbei ofhrjs hejfba rkvkeuk, wkrk tdk nhbesthy fc tdk kgfefny be tdk 8290s hej 8240s.

Wbegk strugturha gdheiks, begaujbei tdk abokrhabzhtbfe fc tdk trhjk rkibnkhej rkcfrns be tdk thx systkn, wkrk nhjk, tdk sdhrk fc tdksk twf sfurgks dhsjbnbebsdkj prfirkssbvkay. Hs h rksuat, tdk rkvkeuk sdhrk fc thxks fe iffjshej skrvbgks ekhray jfuoakj oktwkke 822? hej ?00; (begrkhsbei crfn ?0tf 74 pkrgket fc tftha ifvkrenket rkvkeuk) wdbak tdk sdhrk fc trhjk thxksjrfppkj oy 80 pfbets oktwkke 8242 hej ?00; (jkgabebei crfn ?7 tf8? pkrgket). Zdk rkjugtbfe be oftd thxks dhs nhjk Ghnkrffe‒s rkvkeuk akss

vuaekrhoak tf jfwetures be tdk tkrns fc trhjk hej tdk efnbeha kxgdheik rhtk




hej okttkr hoak tf gfpk wbtd nkjbun- tf afei-tkrn kxpkejbturk pahes. Hasf,tdk rkjugtbfe hej pdhsbei fut fc kxpfrt thxks dhs rkjugkj tdk hetbkxpfrt obhsbe tdk trhjk rkibnk, bnprfvbei tdk fvkrhaa gfnpktbtbvkekss fc tdk kgfefny.Nfrk bnpfrthet, tdk ahrikr sdhrk fc jfnkstbg thxks rkahtbvk tf trhjk thxks dhs

bnprfvkj tdk strugturk fc Ifvkrenket rkvkeuk be tdk jbrkgtbfe fc nfrk sth-obabty, wdbgd bs grbtbgha cfr sgha susthbehobabty be tdk chgk fc stkhjy hej irfw-bei kxpkejbturks tf suppfrt tdk P_WP.

Zhx Hjnbebstrhtbfe< He Fvkrvbkw

Zdk hutdfrbtbks dhvk ahuegdkj h gfnprkdkesbvk prfirhn tf kedhegk tdk kc-gbkegy fc tdk thx hjnbebstrhtbfe systkn sbegk 8224. Mky prfirhn kaknketsbegaujk tdk cfaafwbei<

• He folkgtbvk hej pkrcfrnhegk-ohskj nhehiknket systkn uejkr wdbgdsthcc rkgkbvk begketbvks cfr nkktbei thx gfaakgtbfe thrikts

• He kedhegkj thx hujbtbei systkn tdht bnprfvks rkahtbfes wbtd hejhssbsthegk tf thxphykrs (puoabghtbfe fc h thxhtbfe prfgkjurks nhe-uha spkgbcybei thxphykrs‒ rbidts hej foabihtbfes= sbnpabghtbfe fc thxcfrns= grkhtbfe fc he becfrnhtbfe systkn, begaujbei h Yko sbtk hej htkakpdfek gketkr)

• Zdk rkfrihebzhtbfe fc thx gketkrs hafei cuegtbfeha abeks, nhmbei tdknfek-stfp thx fcgks tdht ghe skrvbgk tdk cuaa rheik fc thx-gfaakgtbfehgtbvbtbks (hsskssnket, gfetrfa, gfaakgtbfe, hej jbsputk rksfautbfe)

• Bnprfvkj sthcc trhbebei be phrtekrsdbp wbtd tdk Ehtbfeha Wgdffa fc Hjnbebstrhtbfe hej Nhibstrhgy (KEHN)

ZHOAK 7.?

Zhxks fe Betkrehtbfeha Zrhjk be Wkakgtkj Gfuetrbks, 824;‗?00:

pkrgket fc ifvkrenket rkvkeuk

Gfuetry 824; 8220 822; ?000 ?00:

Ghnkrffe 83.9 89.8 82.; 88.0 8?.0

Gútk j‒Bvfbrk 77.3 ?3.? 74.2 78.3 :3.0

Mkeyh 8:.9 3.8 70.3 7?.8 70.0

Gdbeh 4.? :.7 :.: ;.; 4.0

Bejfeksbh 7.4 :.2 :.; 7.: 7.0

Nhurbtbus ;8.9 :2.3 72.4 70.: ?0.0

Zuebsbh 84.0 84.8 83.0 2.2 9.0

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ gfnpbahtbfe ohskj fe jhth crfn tdk YJB gketrha jhthohsk.




H cfrkstry thx rkvkeuk kedhegknket prfirhn, ksthoabsdkj be Luek 8222,gfetbeuks tf fpkrhtk uejkr tdk lfbet rkspfesbobabty fc tdk Nbebstry fc Kgfe-fny hej Cbehegk hej tdk Nbebstry fc Cfrkstry. Zdk prfirhn whs rkstrugturkjbe ?008 tf strkhnabek hej gketrhabzk tdk phynkets fc cfrkst-rkahtkj SHZ hejbegfnk thxks.

Zdk Cbsgha Hikejh uejkr P_WP B (?00:‗03)

Ghnkrffe‒s thx pkrcfrnhegk bs iffj rkahtbvk tf ftdkr gfuetrbks be Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh, out nugd rknhbes tf ok jfek, dfwkvkr, tf ghtgd up wbtd tdk

strfei pkrcfrnkrs futsbjk tdk rkibfe (thoak 7.7).7

Zdkrk bs abttak rffn cfrgfnpahgkegy, hs phrt fc Ghnkrffe‒s rkahtbvkay strfei pkrcfrnhegk rksts fe btschvfrhoak rksfurgk kejfwnket (cfrkstry hej fba) hej h strhtkibg gfhstha afgh-tbfe tdht haafws bt tf rkhp tdk okekts fc okbei h suorkibfeha duo hej trhesbtgfrrbjfr cfr fba-rbgd gfuetrbks sugd hs Gdhj hej tdk Jknfgrhtbg _kpuoabg fcGfeif. Offstbei thx rkvkeuk bs tdus kssketbha cfr sgha susthbehobabty, hs ftdkrsfurgks fc begfnk hrk abmkay tf gfetrhgt be tdk nkjbun tkrn.

Zdk Ifvkrenket rkgfiebzkj tdk bnpfrthegk fc hggkakrhtbei bnpaknketh-tbfe fc h ekw rkvkeuk nfobabzhtbfe prfirhn be ?00:‗03. Zdk P_WP prfvbjks hsunnhry fc tdk skgfej ikekrhtbfe fc rkcfrns be thx hjnbebstrhtbfe hej pfabgybetkejkj tf offst rkvkeuk. Nkktbei tdbs gdhaakeik jknhejs ghrkcua gfesbjkr-htbfe fc tdk trhjkfccs rkqubrkj tf nkkt twf gfnpktbei ifhas< prkskrvbei tdk gfn-pktbtbvkekss fc tdk kgfefny hej kedhegbei begketbvks cfr bevkstnket fe tdk fekdhej hej hvfbjbei fvkrthxbei gfesunkrs hej tdk pffr fe tdk ftdkr dhej.

ZHOAK 7.7

Zhx _kvkeuk hs Pkrgkethik fc IJP be Wkakgtkj Gfuetrbks, ?008 hej ?00;

Gfuetry ?008 ?00;

Ghnkrffe 89.9 89.2

Gútk j‒Bvfbrk 83.7 8:.2

Bejbh 2.2 80.?

Bejfeksbh 87.; 8?.7

Nhurbtbus 89.7 89.4

Wkekiha 89.0 ‚

Zuebsbh ?3.0 ?0.9

[ihejh 80.4 88.2

Wfurgks< Hutdfrs‒ gfnpbahtbfe ohskj fe jhth crfn tdk YJB gketrha jhthohsk hej jhthfothbekj crfn Ghnkrffe hutdfrbtbks.





Gfetbeukj kxphesbfe fc gfrpfrhtk hs wkaa hs bejbvbjuha thx ohsks wbtdfutbegrkhsbei efnbeha rhtks bs fek why tf nfobabzk rksfurgks wbtdfut fvkrour-jkebei tdk prbvhtk skgtfr fr fvkrthxbei tdk pffr. Zdbs bs h mky kaknket fc tdkIfvkrenket‒s ekw rkcfrn hikejh. Hs phrt fc tdbs hikejh, tdk Ifvkrenketgrkhtkj h spkgbha uebt‚tdk Jbrkgtfrhtk cfr Ahrik Gfnphebks‚be gdhrik fc thxhjnbebstrhtbfe cfr gfnphebks wbtd irfss heeuha begfnk fc nfrk tdhe GCHC8 obaabfe. Zdk uebt bs knpfwkrkj tf nhehik thx gfaakgtbfe, hujbt ahrik gfn-phebks, hej rksfavk jbsputks bevfavbei sugd gfnphebks. Ekhray 40 pkrgket fcjfnkstbg thx rkvkeuk bs kstbnhtkj tf frbibehtk crfn tdk ;00 ahrikst gfnphebksbe Ghnkrffe. Phybei spkgbha httketbfe tf ahrik ketkrprbsks bs tdkrkcfrk h gfst-

kcckgtbvk rkvkeuk nfobabzhtbfe strhtkiy. Zdk rkcfrn hasf begaujks spkgbg hgtbfes cfr kedhegbei thx gfaakgtbfe

crfn snhaa ketkrprbsks, wdbgd hggfuet cfr ; pkrgket fc jfnkstbg thx rkvkeuk. Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs jkvkafpkj h jhthohsk fc snhaa ketkrprbsks be frjkr tfchgbabthtk hsskssnket fc ousbekss hgtbvbtbks hej rkvkeuk gfaakgtbfe. Bt betkejstf skt up thx gketkrs cfr snhaa ketkrprbsks oy tdk kej fc ?004. Gketkrs cfrnkjbun-sbzk gfnphebks hrk kxpkgtkj tf ok cuegtbfebei be tdk nhbe gbtbks,kspkgbhaay Jfuhah hej Rhfuejâ, oy ?009. Zdk thx jbrkgtfrhtk bs paheebei tf

skt irhjuha folkgtbvks tf thx gketkrs be frjkr tf kedhegk thx gfaakgtbfe crfntdbs gahss fc begfnk khrekrs.

Phrt fc tdk hikejh hasf ghaas cfr okttkr gffrjbehtbfe oktwkke tdk Cfrkstry Zhx _kvkeuk Kedhegknket Prfirhn (phrt fc tdk Prfirhnnk jk Wâgurbshtbfe jks_kgkttks Cfrkstbärks ]PW_C^) wbtdbe tdk Nbebstry fc Kgfefny hej Cbehegk hejtdk Nbebstry fc Cfrkstry hej Ybajabck (NBECFC), wdbgd bs ekkjkj tf gfnohtsgha kvhsbfe nfrk kcckgtbvkay. Jkspbtk rkgket bnprfvknkets, suosthetbhaaydbidkr gfaakgtbfes hrk stbaa pfssboak bc tdk Ifvkrenket puts be pahgk h ckw vbi-frfus pfabgy nkhsurks tf gfnoht thx kvhsbfe. Zf tdbs kcckgt, tdk PW_C ekkjs tf

wfrm gafskay wbtd NBECFC tf bnpaknket he betkirhtkj cfrkst jhth nhehik-nket systkn tdht begaujks gfnputkrbzkj afi trhgmbei (h systkn fc ohr gfjkshej gdkgmpfbets hafei tdk nhbe rfhj hxbs tf bnprfvk gfetrfa) hej trhgmbeifc rkahtkj phynkets fc cfrkst ckks, thxks, hej kxpfrt jutbks. Bnpaknkethtbfefc h gfnputkrbzkj becfrnhtbfe nhehiknket systkn cfr tdk cfrkstry skgtfr

wfuaj chgbabthtk becfrnhtbfe sdhrbei oktwkke tdk twf nbebstrbks hej kedhegkfvkrhaa fvkrsbidt fc cfrkst thx rkvkeuk.

H grbtbgha kaknket fc tdk hikejh rkahtks tf tdk pkrsfeha begfnk thx pfabgy

bnpaknketkj be Lheuhry ?00:, wdbgd skkms iafoha hej uebcfrn thxhtbfe fcdfuskdfaj begfnk crfn haa sfurgks. Wbnuahtbfe rksuats bejbghtk tdht tdk ekwahw nhy hgtuhaay okekt pffr dfuskdfajs oy abidtkebei tdkbr thx ourjke(ofx 7.7). Zdkrk hrk hasf bejbghtbfes, dfwkvkr, tdht tdk rkcfrn wbaa dhvk




h ekihtbvk bnphgt fe ifvkrenket rkvkeuk, ht akhst jurbei tdk rst twf tftdrkk ykhrs fc bnpaknkethtbfe. Zf prkvket rkvkeuk crfn jkgabebei, tdk BNCrkgfnnkejkj tdht tdk Ifvkrenket pahgk h gkbabei fe tdk ?0 pkrgket thxrkjugtbfe (hohttknket ) cfr thxphykrs wdfsk begfnk kxgkkjs GCHC ; nbaabfe.

Zdk Ifvkrenket sdfuaj ghrkcuaay rkvbkw tdbs prfpfsha hej swbctay nfvk tfbnpaknket h rkekj vkrsbfe fc tdk ekw pkrsfeha begfnk thx sgdknk.

Zdk Ifvkrenket hasf ekkjs tf rkvbkw tdk SHZ systkn be frjkr tf nfrkkcckgtbvkay rkgfegbak tdk gfnpktbei folkgtbvks fc kedhegbei rksfurgk nfob-abzhtbfe hej kcgbkegy wdbak rkjugbei pfssboak hjvkrsk pfvkrty hej sfgbhabnphgts. [ejfuotkjay, tdk suggksscua hej prfirkssbvk rkpahgknket fc trhjkthxks oy jfnkstbg thxks fe begfnk hej eha gfesunptbfe akhjs tf ckwkr

jbstfrtbfes hej bs ikekrhaay chvfrhoak tf fvkrhaa gfnpktbtbvkekss hej kcgbkegybe rksfurgk haafghtbfe. Bt gfuaj, dfwkvkr, hasf dhvk hjvkrsk jbstrboutbfehagfeskqukegks, okghusk bt nhy sdbct tdk thx ourjke fetf gfesunkrs, kspkgbhaaytdk pffr, wdf spkej h ahrikr sdhrk fc begfnk fe ohsbg gfesunptbfe.

Ofx 7.7

H Ekw Begfnk Zhx tdht Chvfrs Pffr Yhik Khrekrs

Zdk ekw begfnk thx bs iafoha, uebquk, sbnpabkj, hej ekutrha wbtd rkspkgt tf

jbcckrket ghtkifrbks fc rkvkeuks. Hggfrjbei tf tdk ahw, kvkry thxphykr okekts

crfn h jkjugtboak (hohttknket ) fc GCHC ;00,000. Be hjjbtbfe, whik khrekrs

okekt crfn h ?0 pkrgket jkjugtboak (hohttknket ), hej ckks phbj tf tdk Ghbssk

Ehtbfehak jk Prâvfyhegk Wfgbhak hrk jkjugtboak. Zdk prfirkssbvk begfnk thx

systkn dhs rhtks fc 80 pkrgket (cfr begfnks okafw GCHC ? nbaabfe), 8; pkrgket

(cfr begfnks fc GCHC ?‗7 nbaabfe), ?; pkrgket (cfr begfnks fc GCHC 7‗;

nbaabfe), hej 7; pkrgket (cfr begfnks fc nfrk tdhe GCHC ; nbaabfe).

Prkabnbehry hehaysks fe h shnpak fc thxphykrs gfejugtkj oy tdk BNC be

gfaahofrhtbfe wbtd tdk Ghnkrffebhe hutdfrbtbks bejbghtk tdht tdk ekw thx systkn

rkjugks thxks cfr whik khrekrs wbtd begfnks okafw GCHC 8.; nbaabfe. Hofut

24.7 pkrgket fc puoabg whik khrekrs khre akss tdhe GCHC ? nbaabfe. Zdk rkcfrn

bs prflkgtkj tf rkjugk tdkbr begfnk thx rhtk oy ekhray 8 pkrgkethik pfbet (crfn

3.7 pkrgket tf ;.; pkrgket).

Zdk bnphgt fc tdk rkcfrn fe prbvhtk skgtfr whik khrekrs whs kstbnhtkj

fe h ehrrfw shnpak (akss tdhe 9 pkrgket fc prbvhtk whik khrekrs hej 3 pkrgket

fc tftha prbvhtk whiks). Prkabnbehry rksuats bejbghtk tdht rfuiday dhac fc prbvhtk

whik khrekrs rkgkbvk heeuha begfnks fc nfrk tdhe GCHC ? nbaabfe. Zdk hvkr-

hik begfnk thx rhtk fc bejbvbjuhas be tdk 80 pkrgket rheik whs kxpkgtkj tf

jkgrkhsk, wdbak tdht fc begfnk khrekrs be tdk ?; pkrgket rheik whs kxpkgtkj

tf begrkhsk crfn 2.7 pkrgket tf 80.? pkrgket.

Wfurgk< BNC ?007.




Wkvkrha nkhsurks gfuaj nbtbihtk tdksk hjvkrsk jbstrboutbfeha gfeskqukegks.Cbrst, wdbak fvkrhaa rhtks hrk okbei afwkrkj hs phrt fc tdk GKNHG trhjk betkirh-tbfe strhtkiy, tdk Ifvkrenket gfuaj nbtbihtk rkvkeuk afssks oy rkjugbei tdkahrik hrrhy fc kxknptbfes, tdkrkoy rkjugbei tdk prkssurk fe jfnkstbg thxhtbfe.

Wkgfej, wdbak tdk hutdfrbtbks hrk rkebei hej dhrnfebzbei tdk SHZ sys-tkn wbtdbe tdk GKNHG crhnkwfrm, h eunokr fc grbtbgha qukstbfes dhvk tf okrkvbsbtkj wbtd rkihrj tf tdk kcgbkegy hej chbrekss fc tdk systkn, phrtbguahraybts bnphgt fe pfvkrty. Gfesbjkrhtbfe sdfuaj ok ibvke tf h twf-rhtk SHZ sys-tkn, wbtd h afwkr rhtk hppaybei tf nhss gfesunptbfe btkns, sugd hs cffj,kjughtbfe, hej nkjbgha suppabks. Hatdfuid h uebcfrn thx rhtk wfuaj ok nugd

sbnpakr tf hjnbebstkr hej akss jbstfrtbei, sugd h systkn bs hasf nfrk vuaekr-hoak tf kxknptbfes, hs vhrbfus gfestbtukegbks afooy cfr thx rkabkc. Zdk nuatb-pabgbty fc kxknptbfes rksuats be sbiebghet rkvkeuk akhmhiks be tdk SHZ systknhej fpkes tdk jffr tf housk fc tdk thx systkn.

Zdbrj, h uebcfrn SHZ systkn nhy dhvk h ekihtbvk bnphgt fe snhaa, ike-krhaay pffr, hej nfstay becfrnha prfjugkrs, begaujbei chrnkrs, wdf hrk eftsuolkgt tf tdk SHZ systkn. Okghusk tdky jf eft phy SHZ, tdksk snhaa prfjugkrsdhvk ef why tf wrbtk fcc tdk SHZ phbj fe beputs (sugd hs ckrtbabzkrs, skkjs,

hej pkstbgbjks). Zdbs nhy hjvkrskay hcckgt ekt begfnks, kspkgbhaay wdke prbgkshrk skt kxtkrehaay hs be tdk ghsk fc kxpfrt grfps.

Zdk Gdhaakeik Okyfej ?003

Zdk Ifvkrenket bs gfecrfetbei h nhlfr gdhaakeik< dfw tf irhjuhaay begrkhskjfnkstbg efefba rkvkeuk tf fccskt tdk kxpkgtkj jkgabek be fba hej cfrkstry rkv-keuk hs wkaa hs thxks fe betkrehtbfeha trhjk wbtdfut bnphbrbei tdk bevkstnketgabnhtk. _kvkeuk bs dbiday jkpkejket fe kxdhustboak rksfurgks, sugd hs fba.

Zdk ghphgbty fc tdk cfrkstry skgtfr tf ikekrhtk puoabg rkvkeuks wbaa bekvbthoayjkgrkhsk fvkr tbnk, hs haa cfrkstry nhehiknket uebts hrk hssbiekj hej tdkbnpaknkethtbfe fc susthbehoak cfrkst nhehiknket pahe safws tdk phgk fctbnokr dhrvkstbei.

Zrhjk thxks hrk hasf abmkay tf chaa be tdk nkjbun rue. Zfiktdkr wbtdftdkr GKNHG nknokr sthtks, tdk Ifvkrenket dhs ketkrkj betf ekiftbhtbfes

wbtd tdk Kurfpkhe [ebfe (K[) fe he Kgfefnbg Phrtekrsdbp Hirkknket tfkesurk rkgbprfgha prkckrketbha hrrheiknkets, be abek wbtd tdk ekw Yfraj Zrhjk

Frihebzhtbfe (YZF) ruaks. Bc fek hssunks tdht sugd he hirkknket dfajs,Ghnkrffe hej ftdkr GKNHG gfuetrbks wfuaj affsk trhjk thxks fe bnpfrtscrfn K[ gfuetrbks, curtdkr krfjbei rkvkeuk. Hasf, Ghnkrffe hej bts GKNHGphrtekrs nhy whet tf jkkpke trhjk abokrhabzhtbfe gfesbstket wbtd nuatbahtkrha




prbegbpaks tf begrkhsk iafoha gfnpktbtbvkekss. Zdbs gdheik wfuaj kethba hrkjugtbfe be tdk hvkrhik kxtkreha thrbcc cfr haa trhjbei phrtekrs.

Wdfuaj tdfsk jkvkafpnkets fggur, tdk Ifvkrenket wbaa ekkj tf fccskttdk afss be rkvkeuk oy irhjuhaay begrkhsbei jfnkstbg thxks. Jfbei sf wfuajprfvk kxtrknkay jbcguat tf hggfnpabsd wbtdfut begrkhsbei thxks fe bevks-tfrs, gfesunkrs, hej tdk pffr. Zdk SHZ be Ghnkrffe hej ftdkr GKNHGgfuetrbks bs harkhjy dbidkr tdhe be Idheh (8?.; pkrgket), Ebikrbh (; pkr-gket), hej tdk YHKN[ gfuetrbks (84 pkrgket). Gfrpfrhtk thxks hrk hasfdbidkr tdhe gfnphrhtfr gfuetrbks= hey begrkhsk wfuaj wfrske tdk ousbekssgabnhtk hej bnphbr rkvkeuk nfobabzhtbfe oy pusdbei nhey fpkrhtfrs betf

tdk becfrnha skgtfr.Ibvke tdk gfnpakxbty fc tdk bssuk, tdk Ifvkrenket uriketay ekkjs

tf rkvbsk bts nkjbun-tkrn sgha pahe tf nhmk tdk pahe gfesbstket wbtd btsrkibfeha foabihtbfes hej tf bnprfvk tdk ousbekss gabnhtk wdbak idtbei pfv-krty. Be tdk prfgkss, bt ekkjs tf kxkrt keabidtkekj akhjkrsdbp wbtdbe tdk GKNHGsuorkibfe be frjkr tf jkvkafp gfeskesuha pfabgbks tdht kedhegk gfnpktbtbvk-ekss, strkeitdke tdk ousbekss kevbrfenket, hej tdus hggkakrhtk kgfefnbgjbvkrsbghtbfe, irfwtd, hej pfvkrty rkjugtbfe. H nfrk prkjbgthoak nkjbun-

tkrn sgha strhtkiy wfuaj spur bevkstnket, okghusk bt wfuaj haafw bevkstfrstf okttkr hsskss ousbekss gfejbtbfes hej rbsms.

Kxpkejbturk hej Cbehegbha Nhehiknket

Oktwkke 8230 hej 8243, kxpkejbturk trkejs kxphejkj be phrhaaka wbtd kgf-efnbg irfwtd. Jurbei tdk 8243‗27 grbsbs pkrbfj, jrhnhtbg kxpkejbturk guts

wkrk ekgksshry tf hjlust tf tdk sujjke gfaahpsk fc gfnnfjbty prbgks hejifvkrenket rkvkeuk jurbei tdk nbj‗8240s. Zftha kxpkejbturk hs h pkrgket-hik fc IJP ckaa sdhrpay, crfn ?7.? pkrgket be 8249 tf 87.2 pkrgket oy 822:.

Phst oujikt rktrkegdnkets fvkrwdkanbeiay ckaa fe ghpbtha hej sfgbhaskgtfr spkejbei. Bejkkj, jurbei tdk 8243‗27 grbsbs, tdk Ifvkrenket rksfrtkjtf guttbei efewhik kxpkejbturk be dkhatd hej kjughtbfe hej vbtha ghpbthakxpkejbturk, okghusk pfabtbgha gfestrhbets nhjk bt jbcguat tf rkjugk tdk sbzkfc tdk gbvba skrvbgk. Hs kgfefnbg gfejbtbfes jktkrbfrhtkj, tdksk guts prfvkjbesucgbket, kvketuhaay akhjbei tdk Ifvkrenket tf bejbsgrbnbehtkay gut

whiks cfr gbvba skrvhets fe tdk kvk fc jkvhauhtbfe. Zdk kcckgt whs tf rkjugk

tdk whiks fc wdbtk-gfaahr wfrmkrs be tdk puoabg skgtfr rkahtbvk tf ftdkr skgtfrs(thoak 7.:). Zdk rheik fc whiks bs nugd wbjkr be tdk prbvhtk skgtfr tdhe betdk puoabg skgtfr, wbtd tdk nhxbnun prbvhtk whik cfur tbnks hs irkht hs tdkhvkrhik puoabg-skgtfr whik.




_kha whiks wkrk curtdkr rkjugkj oy tdk gurrkegy jkvhauhtbfe be 822:hej tdk rksuathet behtbfe fc 822: hej 822;. Zdk krfsbfe gfetrboutkj tf afw

nfrhak, gfrruptbfe, hej bekcgbkegbks be tdk puoabg skgtfr. Bejkkj, chbaurktf jfwesbzk tdk hjnbebstrhtbfe‚wdbgd akj tf bejbsgrbnbehtk whik guts‚bstdk rfft ghusk fc tdk ahgm fc kcgbkegy tdht dhs afei pahiukj Ghnkrffe‒sgbvba skrvbgk hej dkegk gfestrhbekj oujikt kxkgutbfe. Zdbs bssuk ekkjs tf okhjjrksskj hs phrt fc h gfnprkdkesbvk gbvba skrvbgk rkcfrn be frjkr tf kedhegktdk kcgbkegy fc puoabg spkejbei hej kxkgutbfe fc puoabg pfabgbks.

Jurbei tdk pfstjkvhauhtbfe rkcfrn pkrbfj, kxpkejbturk rkofuejkj.Oy ?008 bt dhj rkhgdkj 89 pkrgket fc IJP (Zhoak 8.7).

Bnpfrthet puoabg ehegbha nhehiknket rkcfrns uejkrthmke be rkgket ykhrs dhvk rksuatkj be systknbg bnprfvknkets (ofx 7.:). Ghnkrffe‒s rhtbeisbe tdk DBPG Zrhgmbei hej Hsskssnket hej Hgtbfe Pahe (DBPG HHP) rfsk crfnshtbschgtfry be : fut fc 8; hrkhs be ?008 tf shtbschgtfry be 9 fut fc 83 hrkhs be?00: (Yfraj Ohem ?008o, ?00:h).

ZHOAK 7.:

Hvkrhik Yhiks be tdk Puoabg, Phrhpuoabg, hej Prbvhtk (Cfrnha) Wkgtfrs, ?008

Wkgtfr hej typkfc wfrmkr

Nfetdayhvkrhik whik

(GCHC)Gfkcgbket fc

vhrbhtbfe

Heeuha hvkrhikwhik hs pkrgkethikfc pkr ghpbth IJP

Puoabg

Ydbtk-gfaahr (ghjrks) 8:8,;;4 0.3 7.4

Efenhehikrbha 2?,9?9 ?.03 ?.;

[esmbaakj :2,;?8 0.9: 8.7

Zftha 880,924 8.7: ?.2

Phrhpuoabg

Ydbtk-gfaahr (ghjrks) ?82,:4; 8.0 ;.4

Efenhehikrbha ;?,492 0.93 8.:

[esmbaakj 73,:7? 0.90 8.0

Zftha 34,039 8.;7 8.4

Prbvhtk(cfrnha)

Ydbtk-gfaahr (ghjrks) 89?,204 ?.88 :.3

Efenhehikrbha ;;,?27 0.2; 8.;[esmbaakj 78,98? 0.37 0.4

Zftha 90,39? ?.4 8.2

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs, ohskj fe jhth crfn KGHN BB (_kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe ?00?).

Eftk< Ghjrks hrk jkekj hs wfrmkrs be tdk H8, H?, hej 80td ghtkifrbks hej dbidkr.




Ofx 7.:

Prfirkss be Puoabg Cbehegk Nhehiknket sbegk tdk DBPG Jkgbsbfe Pfbet

Ghnkrffe dhs nhjk sbiebghet prfirkss be bnprfvbei puoabg ehegk nhe-

hiknket. Oftd oujikt cfrnuahtbfe hej oujikt kxkgutbfe hej rkpfrtbei

dhvk bnprfvkj.

Oujikt Prkphrhtbfe

• Zdk oujikt bs nfrk gfnprkdkesbvk tdhe bt whs, okghusk bt begfrpfrhtks

gketrha ifvkrenket fpkrhtbfes hej tdk rfhj cuej hej betkirhtks betf tdk

oujikt crhnkwfrm spkejbei tdht uskj tf ok ehegkj jbrkgtay tdrfuid tdk

ehtbfeha fba gfnphey.

• Zdk oujikt prkphrhtbfe prfgkss bevfavks prkoujikt hej oujikt gfeckrkegks

tf strkeitdke bevfavknket fc abek nbebstrbks hej haafw jkthbakj jbsgussbfes

fc tdkbr prfpfshas okcfrk tdky hrk hpprfvkj.

• Zdk oujikt efnkegahturk hjfptkj be ?007 haafws kxpkejbturk gahssbghtbfe

fe he hjnbebstrhtbvk, kgfefnbg, hej jkthbakj cuegtbfeha ohsbs. Zdk

cuegtbfeha efnkegahturk pkrnbts tdk trhgmbei fc kxpkejbturks jkvftkj tf

rkjugbei pfvkrty. Zdk ekw efnkegahturk bs jkthbakj hej gfnprkdkesbvk

out ahgms prfirhn gfjbei, wdbgd bs h dbejrhegk tf rksuats-ohskj oujiktbei.Hjjbtbfeha wfrm wbaa ok ekkjkj tf sbnpabcy tdk crhnkwfrm hej prfvbjk cfr

prfirhn gahssbghtbfe.

• Wkgtfr strhtkibks hej Nkjbun-Zkrn Kxpkejbturk Crhnkwfrms (NZKCs) dhvk

okke jkvkafpkj, wbtd Yfraj Ohem suppfrt, cfr tdk nbebstrbks fc kjughtbfe,

dkhatd, rurha jkvkafpnket, hej puoabg wfrms tf suppfrt oujikt prkphrhtbfe

hej habie tdk oujikt wbtd bts strhtkibg prbfrbtbks. Zdk prkphrhtbfe fc skgtfr

strhtkibks hej NZKCs cfr h eunokr fc ftdkr nbebstrbks (begaujbei lustbgk,

tkakgfnnuebghtbfes, hej sfgbha jkvkafpnket) bs uejkrwhy.

• Oujikt haafghtbfes tf tdk prbfrbty skgtfrs bjketbkj be tdk P_WP, phrtbguahraykjughtbfe, dkhatd, hej becrhstrugturk, dhvk okke prfirkssbvkay begrkhskj

sbegk ?000 (thoak 7.:).

Oujikt Kxkgutbfe hej _kpfrtbei

• Betrfjugtbfe fc he betkirhtkj puoabg ehegk becfrnhtbfe systkn (WBIKCB)

dhs bnprfvkj tdk trhgmbei fc tdk fw fc rksfurgks tdrfuid tdk oujikt

kxkgutbfe gdhbe, chgbabthtkj tdk prkphrhtbfe fc oujikt kxkgutbfe rkpfrts

hej tdk rkiuahr rkgfegbabhtbfe fc rkgkbpts hej phynkets, hej bnprfvkj tdk

trhesphrkegy fc oujikt nhehiknket.• Oujikt kxkgutbfe nhehiknket dhs bnprfvkj, hs h rksuat fc tdk

gfnputkrbzhtbfe fc oujikt trheshgtbfes= tdk jbsgfetbeuhtbfe (hs fc Lheuhry

(gfetbeukj )




?003) fc spkgbha prfgkjurks tdht oyphss tdk kxpkejbturk gdhbe= tdk phy-nket fc tdk jfnkstbg jkot hej hrrkhrs hggfrjbei tf h nuatbykhr phynket

pahe hjfptkj be ?000= hej tdk rkiuahr phynket oy tdk Ifvkrenket fc bts

quhrtkray obaas tf puoabg utbabtbks hej tdk nfebtfrbei fc puoabg ketkrprbsks,

begaujbei tdkbr kxtkreha jkots.

• Prfgurknket rkcfrns dhvk begaujkj tdk jkgketrhabzhtbfe fc prfgurknket

rkspfesbobabty oy bejbvbjuha nbebstrbks, wbtd fvkrsbidt oy h rkiuahtfry

hikegy hej spkgbhabzkj prfgurknket gfnnbssbfes= tdk hppfbetnket

fc bejkpkejket foskrvkrs be tdk jkabokrhtbfe fc haa puoabg prfgurknket

gfnnbttkks= heeuha bejkpkejket hujbts fc gfetrhgts tdht hrk eft suolkgttf prbfr rkvbkw= hej tdk pfstbei fc prbgks cfr skrvbgks prfvbjkj oy tdk

Ifvkrenket, tf rkjugk tdk sgfpk cfr gfrruptbfe.

• Phyrfaa nhehiknket bs okbei jkgketrhabzkj be frjkr tf nhmk abek nbebstrbks

hggfuethoak tf tdk jhbay nhehiknket fc tdkbr pkrsfeeka. Zdbs prfirhn

bs efw fpkrhtbfeha ht skvkrha pbaft nbebstrbks (prbnhry hej skgfejhry

kjughtbfe, dkhatd, ehegk, hej gbvba skrvbgk). H gfnputkr nhehiknket

becfrnhtbfe systkn (WBIBPKW) dhs okke betrfjugkj tf chgbabthtk hej

gffrjbehtk tdbs jkgketrhabzhtbfe. Be ?00;, tdk Ifvkrenket upjhtkj bts

pkrsfeeka ak, wdbgd akj tf tdk kabnbehtbfe fc hofut 7,000 sf-ghaakj

idfst knpafykks. Zdk hutdfrbtbks hrk tbidtkebei tdk skgurbty fc tdk phyrfaa

nhehiknket systkn hihbest crhuj hej nbsnhehiknket wdbak kxtkejbei

tdbs jkgketrhabzhtbfe prfgkss tf ftdkr nbebstrbks.

• Zrkhsury hej jkot nhehiknket dhvk okke bnprfvkj. Zdk nhlfrbty

fc ifvkrenket hggfuets dkaj be gfnnkrgbha ohems dhvk okke gafskj

hej tdkbr ohahegks trhesckrrkj tf tdk sbeiak trkhsury hggfuet ht tdk

OKHG. Prfgkjurks dhvk okke hjfptkj tf gketrhabzk ghsd nhehiknket

tdrfuid tdk grkhtbfe fc h pkrnheket gfnnbttkk be gdhrik fc nhehibei

tdk Zrkhsury. He bejkpkejket hujbt fc jfnkstbg jkot whs uejkrthmke,

hej h ekw jkot skrvbgk sgdkjuak cfr ?003 hej okyfej bs okbei

bnpaknketkj.

• He betkreha gfetrfa systkn kxbsts out rknhbes wkhm, phrtay okghusk

fc tdk ahgm fc gahrbty fc tdk nhejhtks fc tdk vhrbfus gfetrfa uebts hej

sfnk jbcguatbks ghuskj oy tdk trhesbtbfe crfn nheuha tf gfnputkrbzkj

becfrnhtbfe systkns.

• Zdk quhabty hej tbnkabekss fc sgha rkpfrtbei dhvk bnprfvkj. Nfetday

sgha jhth hrk efw hvhbahoak wbtdbe fek nfetd fc tdk rkpfrtbei pkrbfjhej hrk gfesbstket fe h gfnnbtnket hej ghsd ohsbs. Wbegk nbj-?00;, tdk

Ifvkrenket dhs okke puoabsdbei nfetday oujikt kxkgutbfe nfebtfrbei

Ofx 7.: (gfetbeukj )

(gfetbeukj )




Jkspbtk bnprfvknkets, nhey gdhaakeiks rknhbe bc Ghnkrffe kxpkgtstf hgdbkvk tdk P_WP prbfrbty skgtfr thrikts wbtdfut wkhmkebei tdk nhgrfkgf-efnbg cfuejhtbfes cfr susthbekj irfwtd. Puoabg kxpkejbturk nhehiknketchgks cfur betkrrkahtkj gdhaakeiks<

• Wkt h jksbrhoak hej susthbehoak hiirkihtk-spkejbei irfwtd phtd tdht bsgfesbstket wbtd Ghnkrffe‒s ghphgbty tf nfobabzk rksfurgks hej hjk-quhtk tf nkkt tdk fvkrhaa ekkjs fc tdk P_WP.

• Kesurk tdht tdk haafghtbfe fc tdk oujikt hgrfss skgtfrs hej spkejbei nbe-bstrbks bs gfesbstket wbtd P_WP prbfrbtbks fvkr tdk nkjbun rue.

• Bnprfvk oujikt kxkgutbfe hej kesurbei tdht rksfurgks hrk prfpkray thr-iktkj hej grkjbt uskj kcckgtbvkay.• Bnprfvk tdk kccbgbkegy fc ifvkrenket spkejbei hej bnprfvbei skrvbgk

jkabvkry, kspkgbhaay be P_WP prbfrbty skgtfrs.

Oujikt Prkphrhtbfe

Oujikt prkphrhtbfe ekkjs tf gfecfrn tf tdk P_WP prfgkss hej kesurk tdhthaafghtbfes rkkgt P_WP prbfrbtbks. Zdk oujikt gfestbtutks tdk mky bestrunket

tdk Ifvkrenket dhs ht bts jbspfsha tf kcckgtbvkay bnpaknket bts pfvkrty rkjug-tbfe strhtkiy. Zdkrkcfrk, tdk kxpkejbturk crhnkwfrm, hs wkaa hs tdk prfgkss fcprkphrbei hej kxkgutbei tdk oujikt, nust gfecfrn tf tdk P_WP. Zdk Ifv-krenket dhs prflkgtkj he hiirkihtk spkejbei trkej fc hofut 89 pkrgket fcIJP fvkr tdk nkjbun tkrn. Hatdfuid tdbs trkej hppkhrs susthbehoak, tdkgfnpfsbtbfe fc tftha spkejbei ekkjs tf ok okttkr habiekj wbtd P_WP prbfrbtbks.

Zdbs hpprfhgd bnpabks irhjuhaay sdbctbei kxpkejbturk crfn gurrket tf ghpbthaspkejbei, hs wkaa hs cfgusbei fe tdk sfgbha hej becrhstrugturk skgtfrs.

_kgket trkejs sbegk tdk begkptbfe fc tdk betkrbn P_WP dhvk okke kegfurhi-bei. Ghpbtha spkejbei, cfr kxhnpak, rfsk crfn 8.2 pkrgket fc IJP be 8222 tf?.7 pkrgket be ?00;, wdbak sfgbha skgtfr hej becrhstrugturk spkejbei rfsk crfn7:.3 pkrgket fc tftha spkejbei be 8222 tf :3.: pkrgket be ?00; (skk thoak 7.;).

jfgunkets fe h rkiuahr ohsbs. Zdk hggfuetbei efnkegahturk dhs okkehjhptkj hej dhrnfebzkj wbtd tdk oujikt efnkegahturk, chgbabthtbei tdk

prkphrhtbfe fc ehegbha hggfuets. Zdk Hujbt Gdhnokr okghnk fpkrhtbfeha

ht tdk okibeebei fc ?003.

Wfurgk< Yfraj Ohem ?003o.

Ofx 7.: (gfetbeukj )



ZHOAK 7.;

Ifvkrenket Kxpkejbturk oy Wkgtfr, hs h Pkrgkethik fc IJP hej Zftha Ifvkrenket Kxpkejbtu

8222 ?000 ?008 ?00? ?007

Wkgtfr

Pgti fc

IJP

Pgti fc

ifvkrenket

kxpkejbturk

Pgti fc

IJP

Pgti fc

ifvkrenket

kxpkejbturk

Pgti fc

IJP

Pgti fc

ifvkrenket

kxpkejbturk

Pgti fc

IJP

Pgti fc

ifvkrenket

kxpkejbturk

Pgti fc

IJP

P

ifv

kxp

Kjughtbfe 8.4 84.8 ?.8 84.0 ?.; ?8.7 ?.9 ?7.2 ?.3

Dkhatd 0.; ;.3 0.; ;.7 0.3 3.8 0.9 9.7 0.;

Prfjugtbfebecrhstrugturk 0.2 80.2 0.2 2.2 0.2 80.? 0.2 88.4 0.2

Ftdkr

nbebstrbks hej

bestbtutbfes 8.; 89.4 8.3 8;.4 8.9 83.? 8.4 89.9 ?.0

Zftha nbebstkrbha

oujikt 9.8 9:.2 9.; 33.4 9.2 98.: 4.; 48.; 4.:



Eftk< Zdksk kxpkejbturks kxgaujk cfrkbie-cbehegkj ghpbtha kxpkejbturks, hs wkaa hs trhesckrs hej ftdkr gfnnfe kxpkejbturk




Zdksk trkejs hrk be tdk rbidt jbrkgtbfe hej hrk gfesbstket wbtd trkejs begfnphrhoak gfuetrbks. Zdky ekkj tf ok susthbekj bc Ghnkrffe bs tf rkhgd btsP_WP spkejbei folkgtbvks.

Fpkrhtbfehabzbei tdk NZKC hs tdk Gfrekrstfek

fc Oujikt Prkphrhtbfe

Zdk oujikt ekkjs tf ok habiekj wbtd tdk P_WP tf bnprfvk haafghtbvk kcgbkegy. Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs nhjk strbjks be tdbs hrkh, kspkgbhaay oy bnpaknketbei hgfnprkdkesbvk Nkjbun-Zkrn Kxpkejbturk Crhnkwfrm (NZKC) tf iubjk tdkbetkrskgtfrha haafghtbfe fc oujikthry rksfurgks. Ybtd suppfrt crfn tdk Yfraj

Ohem, tdk Ifvkrenket dhs jkvkafpkj h skt fc bestrunkets, begaujbei h gketrhaNZKC hej prbfrbty skgtfr nfjuaks tdht hrk betkrgfeekgtkj hej abemkj tf tdkIfvkrenket‒s nhgrfkgfefnbg prflkgtbfes hej pfabgy sbnuahtbfe nfjka. Zdkgketrha NZKC bs uskj tf haafghtk oujikthry rksfurgks tf abek nbebstrbks hggfrjbeitf skt iubjkabeks, begaujbei P_WP spkejbei thrikts oy skgtfrs, prfirhn eheg-bei ekkjs oy skgtfrs hej nbebstrbks, hej phst skgtfr pkrcfrnhegk be oujiktkxkgutbfe hej kxpkejbturk kcgbkegy.: Zdk Ifvkrenket betkejs tf gfetbeuk tdkjkvkafpnket fc tdk NZKC hej tf kxtkej bt tf gfvkr haa spkejbei nbebstrbks.

Nkrk jkvkafpnket fc tkgdebgha bestrunkets wbaa dhrjay succbgk tfbnprfvk oujikt prkphrhtbfe, dfwkvkr. Pfabtbgha rksfavk, jbsgbpabek, hej hnfrk-phrtbgbphtfry oujikt prkphrhtbfe prfgkss‚bevfavbei abek nbebs-trbks‚wbaa ok ekkjkj bc tdk oujikt bs tf okgfnk he kcckgtbvk bestrunket cfrbnpaknketbei Ghnkrffe‒s P_WP.

Zdk gketrha NZKC bs fpkrhtbfeha. Bt whs uskj tf jktkrnbek oujikt kevk-afpks be ?009 hej tf becfrn tdk oujikt jbsgussbfes jurbei tdk prkgfeckrkegkhej tdk hgtuha oujikt gfeckrkegks.

H ekw gbrguahr, prkphrkj lfbetay oy tdk Nbebstry fc Paheebei, Prf-

irhnnbei hej _kibfeha Jkvkafpnket (NBEPAHPJHZ) hej tdk Nbebstryfc Kgfefny hej Cbehegk (NBEKCB), skkms tf syegdrfebzk tdk heeuha P_WPkxkgutbfe hej rkvbkw prfgkss wbtd tdht fc oujikt prkphrhtbfe hej kxkgutbfe.

Zdbs ekw strhtkibg crhnkwfrm cfr oujikt prkphrhtbfe rkprkskets h nbakstfekhgdbkvknket hej bs kxpkgtkj tf kedhegk gfaahofrhtbfe hnfei NBEKCB, NBE-PAHPJHZ, hej skgtfr nbebstrbks. Oujikt prkphrhtbfe wfuaj ibvk nfrk vfbgktf abek nbebstrbks hej kesurk tdht prbfrbty skgtfr prfirhns hej prflkgts hrkhjkquhtkay ehegkj hej ghe ok kcckgtbvkay kxkgutkj. Wpkgbghaay, tdk ekw

gbrguahr begaujks h ghakejhr hej jbrkgtbvks cfr

• Prkphrbei hej vhabjhtbei tdk nhgrfkgfefnbg crhnkwfrm sf tdht bt rkcakgtsstrhtkibg gdfbgks, prbfrbtbks, hej tdk kcckgts fc skgtfr pfabgbks hej oujikt-hry haafghtbfes fe irfwtd hej pfvkrty=




• Prkphrbei hej vhabjhtbei tdk gketrha NZKC hej gfnnuebghtbei oujiktkevkafpks tf abek nbebstrbks=

• Frihebzbei oujikt jbsgussbfes hrfuej skgtfr prfirhn ehegbei ekkjshs wkaa hs hgtuha pkrcfrnhegk= hej

• Prkphrbei hej vhabjhtbei heeuha rkpfrts fe skgtfr strhtkibks hej tdkheeuha P_WP prfirkss rkpfrt.

Zdk gbrguahr, wdbgd dhs okke kejfrskj oy mky sthmkdfajkrs, dhs ykt tf oksbiekj. Wwbct bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdbs ekw prfgkjurk, wdbgd wfuaj akhj tftdk kcckgtbvk bestbtutbfehabzhtbfe fc tdk NZKC systkn, bs uriketay ekkjkj. Zdk

Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf dhvk tdbs ekw prfgkjurk cfrnhaay be pahgk hej hssbstnbebstrbks be usbei bt. Chbaurk tf jf sf wfuaj pfstpfek bnpaknkethtbfe fctdbs grbtbgha gfnpfeket fc tdk puoabg ehegk rkcfrn hikejh, bnphbrbei prfi-rkss tfwhrj rksuats-ohskj oujiktbei hej prfirhnnhtbg akejbei.

Bnpaknketbei tdk Ekw Oujikt Efnkegahturk

Ghnkrffe dhs hjfptkj h ekw oujikt efnkegahturk tdht pkrnbts gahssbgh-tbfe fc oujikt kxpkejbturks oy bestbtutbfeha jkstbehtbfes (abek nbebstrbks), hs

wkaa hs oy orfhj kgfefnbg hej strhtkibg cuegtbfes (kjughtbfe, dkhatd hejsfgbha jkvkafpnket, prfjugtbfe hej becrhstrugturk, ifvkrehegk, skgurbty, hejsf cfrtd). Zdbs efnkegahturk nhmks bt pfssboak tf cfaafw spkejbei trkejs eftfeay oy abek nbebstrbks out hasf oy orfhj strhtkibg nbssbfes hej jfnhbes fcifvkrenket betkrvketbfes. Bt chgbabthtks tdk usk fc tdk oujikt cfr thriktkj sup-pfrt tf skgtfr strhtkibks hej prfirhns. Be phrtbguahr, tdk pfssbobabty fc trhgbeikxpkejbturk oy skgtfr hs wkaa hs oy ikfirhpdbg jkstbehtbfe haafws cfr nfrk-kcckgtbvk kxpkejbturk trhgmbei hej gfesbjkrhoay chgbabthtks tdk nfebtfrbeifc tdk jkgketrhabzhtbfe prfgkss be tdk jkabvkry fc puoabg skrvbgks. Zdksk

bnprfvknkets wbaa akhj tf begrkhskj trhgkhobabty fc spkejbei, trhesphrkegy betdk oujikthry prfgkss, hej kcgbkegy be puoabg spkejbei.

Zdbs bnprfvknket, hafei wbtd tdk hofvk-nketbfekj jkvkafpnket, wbaahasf phvk tdk why cfr tdk prfirkssbvk nfvk tfwhrj h pkrcfrnhegk-ohskj ouj-iktbei systkn, okghusk tdky haafw skgtfrs tf nhmk abems oktwkke strhtkibgthrikts hej oujikt kevkafpks ht tdk prkphrhtfry sthik hej oktwkke foskrvkjfutgfnks hej kxkgutkj oujikt be tdk pfstkxkgutbfe sthik. Ekvkrtdkakss, tdkrkbs stbaa h ekkj tf oubaj h prfirhn jbnkesbfe be tdk oujikt gahssbghtbfe tf

chgbabthtk tdk habienket fc tdk P_WP oujikt.

Oujikt Kxkgutbfe

Oujikt kxkgutbfe hej hggfuetbei ekkj sbiebghet bnprfvknket , kspkgbhaaybe rkihrj tf tdk ghpbtha oujikt. Zf ihbe h okttkr uejkrsthejbei fc tdk prfgkss




Ckoruhry, out fctke hs ahtk hs Nhy fc tdk sgha ykhr. Zdbs bs curtdkr gfnpfuejkj

oy tdk rkibfeha jbsphrbtbks be tdk jhtk cfr tdk hvhbahobabty fc cuej. Zdksk jkahys

eft feay trhesahtk betf jbcguatbks cfr tdk hosfrptbfe fc hvhbahoak rksfurgks oydkhatd chgbabtbks, out hasf hjvkrskay hcckgt hgtbvbtbks hej dkhatd futgfnks. Wur-

prbsbeiay, tdbs bs eft cuaay rkkgtkj be tdk kxkgutbfe rhtks fc tdk rkgurrket kxpke-

jbturk oujikts. Zdksk kxkgutbfe rhtks, dfwkvkr, dbjk uejkraybei prfoakns be

tdk quhabty fc tdk kxpkejbturk. Okghusk tdky rkgkbvk tdkbr rksfurgks hctkr afei

jkahys, oujikt dfajkrs hrk begabekj tf prkgbpbthtk spkejbei okcfrk tdk kej fc

tdk sgha ykhr‚tdus hjvkrskay hcckgtbei tdk quhabty fc spkejbei. Hs h rksuat,

tdky fctke ej tdknskavks dfsthiks fc tdk afgha suppabkrs wdf dhvk nhstkrkj

tdk oujikt ihnk hej hrk hpt be tdk pkrvkrsk hrt fc fvkrprbgbei nhtkrbhas hej

sbjk-gfetrhgtbei.Pffr ifvkrehegk kethbas h dbid gfst tf tdk Ifvkrenket. Zdbs bevhrbhoay

trhesahtks betf ahrik afssks kstbnhtkj ht fek-cfurtd fc tdk oujikt. Zdk trhgmbei

kxkrgbsk jbj eft uegfvkr skrbfus akhmhik prfoakns be tdk skesk fc betkejkj

okekgbhrbks rkgkbvbei akss tdhe sthtkj be tdk Cbehegk Ahw. Kcckgtbvk akhmhik bs

kstbnhtkj ht ? pkrgket. Dfwkvkr, fvkrprbgbei hrbsks hs afgha suppabkrs hetbgb-

phtk jkahys hej uegkrthbetbks betf gfevkrtbei tdkbr obaas be ghsd ht tdk rkibfeha

trkhsury= prbgk tdk kvketuhabty fc sbjk phynkets begurrkj ht tdk trkhsury akvka

tf rkgkbvk tdkbr phynkets= hej mefw tdk oujikt dfajkr dhs abnbtkj, bc hey,

rffn tf nhekuvkr. Wbjk gfetrhgts oktwkke tdk dkhj fc tdk chgbabty hej tdksuppabkr hasf knkrik qubtk fctke. Bejkkj, tf gbrgunvket tdk rbibjbty fc tdk ouj-

ikt, wdbgd bs frihebzkj betf spkgbg grkjbt abeks, h oujikt dfajkr bs tknptkj

tf rkhaafghtk hnfei tdk grkjbt abeks oy hsmbei tdk suppabkr tf jkabvkr ghsd cfr

(gfetbeukj )

Kstbnhtkj Pdysbgha ‑Kxkgutbfe _htk„ fc Gurrket Oujikt

Dkhatd gketkr ?008/?00? ?007

DJ 99.9 9:.2

GNH 90.: 39.7

GWB 33.2 98

Zftha 98.7 98.:

Kxtkreha skrvbgks

JPWP 32 37WWJ 94.7 94

Zftha 99.8 93.8

Wfurgks< Puoabg Kxpkejbturk Zrhgmbei Wurvky (PKZW) ?00:, _kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe ?00:o.Eftk< DJ< Dúpbtha jk Jbstrbgt= GNH< Gketrk Nâjbghux j‒Hrrfejbssknket= GWB< Gketrk jk Whetâ

Betâirâ= JPWP< Jâaâihtbfe Prfvbegbhak jk ah Whetâ Puoabquk= WWJ< Wkrvbgk jk Whetâ jk Jbstrbgt.

Ofx 7.; (gfetbeukj )





besthegk fe tdk ‑cuka hej ihs„ abek. Zdbs fovbfusay gfnks ht h gfst. Hs h rksuat,

hatdfuid tdk kxkgutbfe rhtks hrk gafsk tf 800 pkrgket, tdk oujikt dfajkrs

kvhauhtk tdk wfrtd fc tdkbr oujikts oktwkke 39 pkrgket hej 9; pkrgket fc

tdkbr chgk vhauk.

Pffr rkgfrjmkkpbei ht tdk pkrbpdkrha akvka akhjs tf h gfnpaktk ahgm fc

hggfuethobabty. Chgbabtbks jf eft mkkp trhgm fc tdkbr kxpkesks hej hrk eft

shegtbfekj tf jf sf be tdk hoskegk fc kx pfst gfetrfas. Hs h rksuat, tdk NBE-

WHEZK nhy mefw tdk tdkfrktbgha kxkgutbfe akvka fc bts oujikt, out ghe-

eft ihuik wdktdkr tdk oujikt dhs okke kxkgutkj hs paheekj. Zdbs okgfnks

h nhlfr jbcguaty jurbei tdk PKZW sbegk tdk ahgm fc becfrnhtbfe nhmks bt

jbcguat tf hsskss tdk kxtket tf wdbgd chgbabtbks, be kxkgutbei tdkbr oujikt,

jbvkrikj crfn tdk NBEWHEZK pahes. Cfr kxhnpak, sugd sbtuhtbfe nhy hrbsk

bc tdk dkhj fc chgbabty spkejs tdk nhbetkehegk grkjbt abek fe curebturk fr

nkjbgha gfesunhoaks, fr lust ghsdks tdk nfeky oy sbiebei h sbjk gfetrhgt

wbtd h afgha suppabkr.

Hsynnktrbks fc becfrnhtbfe hrk wfrsk cfr tdk bevkstnket oujikt. Be

?007 tdk bevkstnket oujikt whs nhehikj oy tdk cfrnkr Nbebstry fc Kgf-

efnbg Hcchbrs, Prfirhnnbei, hej _kibfeha Jkvkafpnket (NBEKPHZ) wdbgd

skakgtkj tdk prflkgts tf ok ehegkj hej kahofrhtkj h lfureha jks prflkts

cfr khgd skgtfr.h Be ?007 tdk bevkstnket oujikt cfr tdk dkhatd skgtfr whs

(gfetbeukj )

Oujikt Kxkgutbfe Jbcguatbks Kegfuetkrkj oy Dkhatd Gketkrs

Zypk fc jbcguaty Dkhatd gketkrs

kegfuetkrbei jbcguaty (%)

Jkahy be rkgkptbfefc ghrtfe 38.0

Nbsusk fc oujikthryabeks oy hutdfrbzbei fcgkr 3.;

Gfebgts wbtd tdk ehegbha gfetrfaakrs ;.?

Bevfauethry trhesckr fc rksfurgks tfwhrjheftdkr abek ?:.9

Ahgm fc abqubjbty 83.2

Besucgbket hpprfprbhtbfe ?9.7

Prfoakns wbtd tdk prfvbjkrs 79.9

Dbid thxks 8:.7

Hggkss prfoakn (bsfahtbfe) ;.?

Ftdkr ??.8

Wfurgk< PKZW ?00:.




Prfvbjbei Prfnpt Eftbghtbfe fc tdk Hvhbahobabty fc Cuejs

Bnnkjbhtkay hctkr tdk prfnuaihtbfe fc tdk ehegk ahw khgd ykhr, oujiktdfajkrs sdfuaj rkgkbvk haa rkakvhet becfrnhtbfe hej jfgunkets rkihrjbeihaafghtkj grkjbts, hs sthtkj be tdk kxpkejbturk hutdfrbzhtbfe. NBEKCB sdfuajkesurk tdht sucgbket cuejs hrk hvhbahoak be tdk prfvbegbha fr jkphrtnke-tha trkhsury hggfuets be frjkr tf nkkt spkejbei ekkjs. Jfbei sf wfuajuejfuotkjay strkeitdke tdk dhej fc oujikt dfajkrs be ohrihbebei wbtd afghasuppabkrs, hggkakrhtk oujikt kxkgutbfe, hej bnprfvk kxpkejbturk kcgbkegy. ZdkIfvkrenket betkejkj tf gfejugt h pbaft kxpkrbnket be ?009 tf hggkakrhtktdk prfgkssbei fc kxpkejbturk gfnnbtnkets hs sffe hs tdk oujikt bs bepahgk. Bt betkejs tf jkgketrhabzk tdk bssuhegk fc tdk oujikt jfgunkets (ghr-tfes) tf tdk ehegbha gfetrfaakrs jkphrtnkets fc tdk nbebstrbks fc puoabg

wfrms hej prbnhry hej skgfejhry kjughtbfe.

Wtrkeitdkebei tdk _kspfesbobabty hej Hggfuethobabtyfc Wpkejbei Nbebstrbks

Zdk nhlfr rkhsfe tdht tdk rhtk fc oujikt kxkgutbfe bs afw hej oujiktkjrksfurgks hrk nbshaafghtkj bs tdht spkejbei nbebstrbks hrk eft sucgbketay

skt ht GCHC 89.; obaabfe, fc wdbgd feay GCHC 3.4 obaabfe wkrk khrnhrmkj cfr

spkgbg prflkgts. Dfwkvkr, tdbs becfrnhtbfe whs eft prfnptay nhjk hvhbahoak

tf tdfsk be-gdhrik fc tdksk prflkgts. Zdk rknhbejkr fc tdk bevkstnket oujikt

whs kxkgutkj jurbei tdk sgha ykhr oy tdk Nbebstkr fc Dkhatd fe prflkgts

skakgtkj fe he hj dfg ohsbs. Ef becfrnhtbfe skknkj tf ok hvhbahoak ht tdk

kej fc tdk sgha ykhr fe tdk rkvbskj lfureha jks prflkts, wdbgd wfuaj jfgu-

nket haa ehegkj prflkgts.

Eunkrfus ofttakekgms hrk prksket be tdk bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk prflkgts ht

tdk afgha akvka. Zdk ouam fc tdk bevkstnket oujikt bs kxkgutkj crfn tdk gketrha

ifvkrenket wbtdfut becfrnbei tdk pkrbpdkry. Cfr tdfsk prflkgts hjnbebstkrkj

ht tdk afgha akvka, tdk dkhj fc tdk chgbabtbks kegfuetkrs eunkrfus jbcguatbks<

crkquket jkahys be tdk eftbghtbfe fc hvhbahobabty fc rksfurgks tf ehegk h spk-

gbg prflkgt hej ahgm fc bevfavknket hej vfbgk be tdk prfgurknket prfgkss.

Zdk afghaay efnbehtkj fcgbhas, ghaakj tdk kabtk, usuhaay dkhj tdk gfnnbssbfe

hej nfst fc tdk pfwkrs be tdk httrboutbfe fc tdk prflkgts rkst be tdkbr dhejs.

Wugd he kevbrfenket bs h ckrtbak irfuej cfr sphwebei ohj-quhabty prflkgts.

Wfurgk< _kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe ?00:o, BEW. Wurvky fe Oujikt Zrhgmbei hej Okekgbhry

Hsskssnket be tdk Dkhatd hej Kjughtbfe Wkgtfr.h. Ybtdbe tdk ekway cfrnkj ifvkrenket be ?00;, tdk NBEKCB bs efw rkspfesboak cfr tdk

prkphrhtbfe hej nfebtfrbei fc tdk kxkgutbfe fc tdk bevkstnket oujikt.





bevfavkj be tdk kxkgutbfe pdhsk fc tdk oujikt. Zf hjjrkss tdbs grbtbgha prfo-akn, tdk Ifvkrenket prkphrkj h ekw Frihebg Ahw fe oujikt hgts tf okprksketkj tf tdk Phrabhnket be ?009. Zdbs ekw Puoabg Cbehegk Hgt wfuaj gfe-stbtutk h tbnkay rkvbsbfe fc tdk Ckoruhry 9, 823?, jkgrkk, wdbgd dhs crhnkjehegbha nhehiknket cfr jkghjks.

Zdk ahw wbaa prfvbjk h nfrk up-tf-jhtk akiha hej bestbtutbfeha crhnkwfrmcfr puoabg ehegk nhehiknket. Bt wbaa rkbecfrgk tdk akiha crhnkwfrm be frjkrtf strkeitdke tdk knpfwkrnket hej hggfuethobabty fc abek nbebstrbks be tdkpuoabg ehegk nhehiknket systkn. [ejkr tdbs systkn, abek nbebstkrs wbaaok sfakay rkspfesboak cfr gfnnbttbei hej hutdfrbzbei spkejbei crfn abeks

tdht dhvk okke hpprfprbhtkj be tdk nbebstkrbha oujikt. Zdk ahw wbaa upjhtkhej rkbecfrgk puoabg ehegk akibsahtbfe oy sbnpabcybei tdk hggfuetbei sys-tkn tf bnprfvk trhesphrkegy, bnprfvbei tdk nhehiknket fc hpprfprbhtbfes,strkhnabebei puoabg ehegk prfgkjurks, bnprfvbei tdk hggfuethobabty fcpuoabg nhehikrs, hej nfvbei tfwhrj h rksuats-ohskj strhtkibg nhehiknkethej oujiktbei systkn. Zdbs rkcfrn bs afei fvkrjuk. Zdk nhbe gdhaakeik bstf rksfautkay bnpaknket bt, pdhsbei be tdk ekw prfgkjurks wdbak strkeitdke-bei tdk ghphgbtbks fc abek nbebstrbks tf hssunk nfrk sgha rkspfesbobabtbks

hej ehegbha hggfuethobabty. H wkaa-grhctkj hgtbfe pahe bs rkqubrkj, wbtd jukhttketbfe phbj tf tdk trhesbtbfe pkrbfj.

Cfr tdk ekw frihebg ahw tf wfrm, tdkrk nust ok h gakhr skphrhtbfe fcrkspfesbobabtbks oktwkke tdk hutdfrbzbei fcgkr‚wdf sdfuaj systknhtb-ghaay gfnnbt rksfurgks, gkrtbcy skrvbgks rkejkrkj, hej hutdfrbzk phynketjurbei tdk hjnbebstrhtbvk pdhsk‚hej tdk puoabg hggfuethet‚wdf bs begdhrik fc hujbtbei spkejbei jurbei tdk hggfuetbei pdhsk. Zdk gurrket sys-tkn ekkjs tf ok hnkejkj tf rkspkgt tdbs grbtbgha prbegbpak. Be phrtbguahr, tdkIfvkrenket ekkjs tf bnpaknket twf mky gdheiks be tdk gdhbe fc fpkrh-tbfes rkahtkj tf oujikt kxkgutbfe (ofx 7.3).

Cbrst, tdk sthtus hej pfsbtbfe fc stfrk hggfuethets (gfnpthoak nhtbärk), wdfhrk be gdhrik fc gkrtbcybei tdk jkabvkry fc skrvbgks, wbaa dhvk tf ok rkvbkwkj hejdunhe rksfurgks rkjkpafykj. [ejkr tdk gurrket systkn, stfrk hggfuethets hrkuejkr tdk hutdfrbty fc tdk Nbebstry fc Cbehegk. Pdysbgha gfetrfas hrk kssketbhahej ekkj tf ok trhesckrrkj tf tdk spkejbei nbebstrbks rkspfesboak cfr oujiktkxkgutbfe. Hjfptbfe fc rkiuahtbfe tdht trhesckrs cuaa rkspfesbobabty tf hutdf-rbzbei fcgkrs hej rkjkpafys stfrk hggfuetbei sthcc bs grugbha tf begrkhsk tdk

hggfuethobabty fc spkejbei nbebstkrs.Wkgfej, hutdfrbzbei fcgkrs ekkj tf ok hoak tf nhehik tdkbr oujikthry haaf-

ghtbfes hej dhejak tdkbr nhehiknket hggfuetbei. Be tdbs rkihrj, tdk Ifvkre-nket ekkjs tf spkkj tdk paheekj kxtkesbfe fc JKPNB, tdk gfnputkr sfctwhrk




Ofx 7.3

Zdk Kxpkejbturk Gdhbe

[ejkr tdk gfnnfe ahw prfgkjurk, bnpaknkethtbfe fc oujikt kxpkejbturk

thmks pahgk be skvkrha pdhsks.

Hjnbebstrhtbvk pdhsk (akvka fc tdk hutdfrbzbei fcgkr ]frjfeehtkur ̂)

• Gfnnbtnket< Zdk sthtk okgfnks akihaay hej ehegbhaay gfnnbttkj tf h

cuturk foabihtbfe hggfrjbei tf tdk cfaafwbei prfgkjurk<

Zdk hutdfrbzbei fcgkr bssuks h gfnnbtnket frjkr be suppfrt fc h prf

cfrnh bevfbgk (fr h tkejkr bc tdk kxpkejbturk kxgkkjs GCHC ;0 nbaabfe).

Zdk gfnnbtnket frjkr bs trhesnbttkj tf h ehegbha gfetrfaakr tf fothbe

tdk vbsh.

Zdk ehegbha gfetrfaakr rkskrvks grkjbts, hctkr vkrbcybei tdk kxbstkegk fc

tdk oujikthry hpprfprbhtbfe, tdk hggrkjbthtbfe fc tdk hggfuetbei fcgkr,

tdk kxhgt gfst, tdk hvhbahobabty fc grkjbts, hej tdk prkskegk fc suppfrtbei

jfgunkets, hej trhesnbts tdk becfrnhtbfe tf tdk Oujikt Jbrkgtfrhtk.

Zdk Oujikt Jbrkgtfrhtk bssuks h gfernhtbfe fc grkjbt, wdbgd bs

trhesnbttkj tf tdk hutdfrbzbei fcgkr.

Zdk hutdfrbzbei fcgkr gferns tdk frjkr wbtd tdk suppabkr.Zdk suppabkr prfvbjks tdk iffjs fr skrvbgks.

• Abqubjhtbfe< Jkot gfetrhgtkj bs vhabjhtkj hej hnfuet juk jktkrnbekj.

Zdk hutdfrbzbei fcgkr gfetrfas hjvhegks usbei suppfrtbei jfgunkets.

Zdk stfrk hggfuethet (gfnpthoak nhtbärk ) vkrbks tdht iffjs fr

skrvbgks hrk prfvbjkj bc tdk kxpkejbturk bs akss tdhe GCHC ?00,000. (Bc

tdk hnfuet bs irkhtkr, h gfnnbssbfe vkrbks tdht tdk iffjs fr skrvbgks

wkrk prfvbjkj.)

• Phynket frjkr (frjfeehegknket )< Zdk hutdfrbzbei fcgkr bestrugts tdkpuoabg hggfuethet (Zrkhsury) tf phy tdk hnfuet juk.

Zdk hutdfrbzbei fcgkr trhesnbts tdk ak tf tdk Oujikt Jbrkgtfrhtk.

Zdk Zrkhsury (Phykur Iâeârha ju Zrâsfr ]PIZ^) gdkgms tdk rkiuahrbty

fc kxpkejbturk (ohskj fe hvhbahobabty fc grkjbt, hoskegk fc fppfsbtbfe,

gakhr hpprfprbhtbfe fc kxpkejbturk, prkskegk fc suppfrtbei jfgunkets,

kxhgt hnfuet) hej bssuks tdk vbsh.h

Zdk Oujikt Jbrkgtfrhtk bssuks h phynket frjkr cfaafwbei hpprfvha oy

tdk PIZ.

Hggfuetbei pdhsk (akvka fc puoabg hggfuethet)

Phynket< Zdk PIZ bssuks phynket hctkr hikets prfvbjk vkrbghtbfe tdht

btkn nkkts haa rkqubrknkets. Hs tdk Zrkhsury betkrvkekj ht tdk phynket frjkr

(gfetbeukj )




sthik, bts rfak ht tdbs sthik gfesbsts feay fc rkibstkrbei tdk phynket frjkr hejbssubei tdk phynket.

Wfurgks< Gfuetry Cbehegbha Hggfuethobabty Hsskssnket= Yfraj Ohem ?00?o.h. Zdk PIZ phys haa kxpkejbturks bssukj oy gketrha nbebstrbks, wbtd tdk kxgkptbfe fctdk jkgketrhabzkj grkjbts, wdbgd hrk phbj oy prfvbegbha trkhsurbks. Zdbs hjnbebstrhtbvkgfetrfa fc kxpkejbturks vbfahtks tdk prbegbpak fc skphrhtbfe oktwkke tdk hjnbebstrhtbvkhej hggfuetbei pdhsks.


uskj oy ehegbha gfetrfaakrs (uejkr tdk hutdfrbty fc tdk nbebstkr fc ehegk), tfhutdfrbzbei fcgkrs (uejkr tdk spkejbei nbebstkr‒s hutdfrbty) be frjkr tf nfrkkcckgtbvkay betkirhtk tdk gdhbe fc fpkrhtbfes.; Hasf, tdkrk bs ef ekkj cfr betkr-

vketbfe oy tdk ikekrha hggfuethet be tdk hjnbebstrhtbvk pdhsk. Be tdk gurrketsystkn, hs bejbghtkj be ofx 7.3, tdk Ikekrha Hggfuethet gfetrfas tdk rkiuahrbtyfc tdk kxpkejbturk (grkjbt hvhbahobabty, hoskegk fc fppfsbtbfe, kxpkejbturk hssbi-ehtbfe, hej kxbstkegk fc jfgunketkj fpkrhtbfes).

Kedhegbei tdk Zrhesphrkegy fc Oujikt Kxkgutbfe

Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs betkesbkj kccfrts tf kedhegk trhesphrkegy be oujikt

kxkgutbfe oy rkjugbei tdk usk fc spkgbha prfgkjurks (prfgâjurks jârfihtfbrks).Kccfrts dhvk okke nhjk tf betkirhtk haa spkejbei be tdk oujikt, cfaafw tdkrkiuahr prfgkjurk crfn gfnnbtnket tf eha phynket, hej strbgtay abnbt kxtrh-oujikthry betkrvketbfes tf truay kxgkptbfeha gbrgunsthegks. Zdk rkiuahr prf-gkjurk bs tf ok rkbecfrgkj cfr haa nbebstrbks= phynkets wbaa ok nhjk feay cfrkxpkejbturks cfr wdbgd tdkrk bs h gakhr oujikt abek hej cfr wdbgd cuejs dhvkokke gfnnbttkj, kxkgutkj, hej hutdfrbzkj oy abek nbebstrbks hggfrjbei tf tdkrkiuahr prfgkjurk. Hs phrt fc tdbs rkcfrn, sbegk Lheuhry ?003 tdk Ifvkrenket

dhs jbsgfetbeukj haa ghsd hjvhegks (betkrvketbfes jbrkgtks) nhjk futsbjk tdk Zrkhsury oy tdk ehtbfeha fba gfnphey tdht jbj eft cfaafw efrnha oujikthryspkejbei prfgkjurks.3

Zdk Ifvkrenket skkns gfnnbttkj tf rkstrbgtbei tdk usk fc sbnpabkj,‑chst-trhgm„ spkejbei prfgkjurks hej tf nfebtfrbei sugd kxpkejbturks nfrkkcckgtbvkay. Zdbs bs he bnpfrthet stkp cfr bnprfvbei tdk rkabhobabty hej tdkkxdhustbvkekss fc ifvkrenket hggfuets. Bejkkj, phst Ifvkrenket prhgtbgksbe supkrvbsbei kx hetk hej nfebtfrbei kx pfst ghsd-ohskj spkejbei tdrfuidtdk râibks j‒hvhegk wkrk eftfrbfusay ahx.9

Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs nhjk strbjks be rkpfrtbei fe oujikt kxkgutbfe. Zdk sgha rkpfrtbei systkn dhs skke bnpfrthet bnprfvknkets fvkr tdk phstckw ykhrs, wbtd nfetday sgha rkpfrts prfjugkj tdht begaujk thoaks fc oujiktkxkgutbfe fe h ghsd, hs wkaa hs h gfnnbtnket, ohsbs hej jkthbakj orkhmjfwes




fc spkejbei oy kgfefnbg ehturk hej spkejbei nbebstry. Zdk Ifvkrenkethasf puoabsdks h quhrtkray rkpfrt fe oujikt kxkgutbfe. Zdbs rkpfrt dhs okkehppkhrbei wbtdbe twf nfetds fc tdk kej fc khgd quhrtkr. Be abek wbtd bts ifhafc kedhegbei nbebstkrbha rkspfesbobabty hej hggfuethobabty be oujikt kxkgu-tbfe, tdk Ifvkrenket bs nfvbei tfwhrj rkqubrbei haa spkejbei nbebstrbks tfprkphrk he heeuha rkpfrt fe oujikt kxkgutbfe. Zdbs rkpfrt wfuaj ok h mkygfnpfeket fc tdk heeuha prfirkss rkpfrt fe tdk bnpaknkethtbfe fc skgtfrstrhtkibks hej prbfrbty prfirhns. H ckw nbebstrbks orbky kxpkrbnketkj wbtdtdbs prhgtbgk jurbei tdk ?007‗0: pkrbfj, out bt whs rhpbjay hohejfekj, phrtayokghusk fc tdk ahgm fc kxpabgbt iubjkabeks hej phrtay okghusk nbebstrbks wkrk

uejkr ef foabihtbfe tf bnpaknket bt. Zdk ekw jrhct gbrguahr fe oujikt kxkgu-tbfe (prkphrkj be ?003) rkqubrks nbebstrbks tf prkphrk heeuha rkpfrts hs phrtfc tdk nfebtfrbei systkn cfr tdk bnpaknkethtbfe fc skgtfr strhtkibks hej tdkkxkgutbfe fc prfirhns, oujikts, hej tdk P_WP.4

Zdk Ifvkrenket hasf ekkjs tf nhmk nfrk-kcckgtbvk usk fc suppaknkethryoujikt ahws wdke ekgksshry tf rkvbsk rkvkeuk hej kxpkejbturk out feay tfhjlust cfr uehetbgbphtkj gdheiks be kgfefnbg gfejbtbfes hej pkrcfrnhegks.

Zdk 823? puoabg ehegk jkgrkk prfvbjks tdk Ifvkrenket wbtd h gakhr akiha

crhnkwfrm cfr jfbei sf. Zdk lujbgbfus usk fc suppaknkethry oujikt ahws wbaa haafw cfr tbnkay, fpke, hej crubtcua jbsgussbfes fe kgfefnbg gfejbtbfeshej tdk oujikt, wdbgd hrk abmkay tf bnprfvk trhesphrkegy hej kesurk orfhjkrphrtbgbphtbfe fc sthmkdfajkrs be oujikt jkgbsbfes hs tdk sgha ykhr uecfajs.Ef jfuot tdbs ushik wbaa strkeitdke tdk betkirbty fc tdk oujikthry systknhej wbaa dkap haa sthmkdfajkrs ihbe h okttkr uejkrsthejbei fc tdk kgfefnbggfetkxt hej uejkrpbeebeis fc tdk oujikt.

Bnprfvbei tdk Kxkgutbfe _htk fc Zdk Bevkstnket Oujikt Zdk afw kxkgutbfe rhtk fc tdk bevkstnket oujikt rkjugks tdk kcghgy fcpuoabg spkejbei. Phrt fc tdk prfoakn stkns crfn abek nbebstrbks‒ afw akvkafc phrtbgbphtbfe be oujikt kxkgutbfe. Out bt hasf rkkgts jkgbket paheebeighphgbtbks ht tdk skgtfr akvka.

Fek grbtbgha bssuk bs tdht nhey sf-ghaakj bevkstnket prflkgts abstkj betdk puoabg bevkstnket jhthohem ( lfureha jks prflkts) hrk ht he knoryfebgsthik hej eft rkhjy cfr prfirhnnbei hej bnpaknkethtbfe. Bejkkj, nheysugd prflkgts dhvk eft okke suolkgtkj tf sthejhrj tkgdebgha, kgfefnbg,

fr sfgbha hpprhbshas. Gfeskquketay, kvke bc fek hssunks h tbnkay eftbgh-tbfe fc hpprfprbhtbfe, sugd prflkgts gheeft ok prfirhnnkj hej kxkgutkjbe h tbnkay nheekr. Zf hjjrkss tdbs prfoakn, tdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tfstrkeitdke bts ghphgbtbks cfr spkkjy hpprhbsha fc bnpfrthet bevkstnket




prflkgts. NBEPAHPJHZ ekkjs tf jkvkafp h prfirhn cfr strkeitdkebei tdkghphgbty tf hsskss hej vhabjhtk prflkgts okcfrk tdky okgfnk ghejbjhtks cfroujiktbei. Zdk Ifvkrenket bs bnpaknketbei he K[‗suppfrtkj ghphgbtystrkeitdkebei prfirhn tf dkap NBEPAHPJHZ hej abek nbebstrbks hpprhbsk,prfirhn, hej nfebtfr bevkstnket prflkgts.

Ftdkr chgtfrs hasf gfetrboutk tf tdk pffr kxkgutbfe fc tdk bevkstnketoujikt. Fek dhs tf jf wbtd tdk nbsnhtgd oktwkke tdk nuatbykhr tbnk strug-turk fc nhey prflkgts hej tdk heeuha ehturk fc tdk oujikt. Zdbs trhesahtksbetf stfp-hej-if kxkgutbfe fc prflkgts hej crkquketay cfrgks tdk kxkgutbfefc mky bevkstnkets tf ok stfppkj ht ykhr kej uetba cuejs hrk hpprfprbhtkj

hej nhjk hvhbahoak jurbei tdk rst quhrtkr fc tdk cfaafwbei ykhr. Zdk heeuhaoujiktbei prfgkss hasf akhjs tf tdk sabgbei up fc bnpfrthet nuatbykhr wfrmprfirhns betf heeuha trhegdks, wdbgd gfnpabghtks oujikt prfirhnnbei,kxkgutbfe, hej nfebtfrbei.

Bestbtutbfehabzbei tdk tdrkk-ykhr NZKC systkn wfuaj dkap hjjrkss tdbsbssuk oy prfvbjbei h gfdkrket crhnkwfrm cfr prfirhnnbei hej oujiktbeinuatbykhr prflkgts. Out tdbs hafek wbaa eft sucgk. Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tfthmk h ckw ofaj hjjbtbfeha hgtbfes tf hjjrkss tdk prfoakn. Zdk nfst bnpfr-

thet stkp wfuaj ok tf rkksthoabsd nuatbykhr prfirhn hutdfrbzhtbfes wbtd heheeuha phynket hpprfprbhtbfes systkn cfr ghpbtha kxpkejbturk.

Zdbs wfuajprfvbjk h afgm-be nkgdhebsn cfr oftd abek nbebstrbks hej suppabkrs fc skrvbgks,snfftdbei kxkgutbfe fc nuatbykhr prflkgts hej prfirhns wdbak gfnnbttbeihgtuha phynkets fe he heeuha ohsbs.

Zdk gfesbjkrhoak jkahys be tdk kxkgutbfe fc tdk bevkstnket oujikt hrk eftghuskj sfakay oy tkgdebgha hej prfgkjurha prfoakns. Ifvkrehegk bssuks hrkhasf tf oahnk. Wtujbks, begaujbei tdk PKZW, bejbghtk tdht jkahys be gfnnbttbeighpbtha kxpkejbturk hej tdk ‑nbshaafghtbfe„ fc cuejs hrk fctke tdk rksuats fcgfrrupt prhgtbgks tdht dhvk ifek uepuebsdkj cfr nhey ykhrs. Zdk Ifvkrenketbs rksfautk hofut hjjrkssbei tdbs prfoakn, hej shegtbfes hrk begrkhsbeiay okbeibnpfskj fe rkpfrtkj ghsks fc gfrrupt prhgtbgks, kspkgbhaay be tdk hwhrjbei hejtdk kxkgutbfe fc puoabg gfetrhgts. Nfrk-spkgbg rkgfnnkejhtbfes rkihrjbeiprfgurknket pfabgbks hrk suiikstkj be tdk ahst phrt fc tdbs gdhptkr.

Jfefr hssbsthegk hasf ekkjs tf ok nfrk kcckgtbvkay gffrjbehtkj,paheekj, hej habiekj wbtd tdk P_WP (hej tdus wbtd tdk ehtbfeha oujikt-bei crhnkwfrm). H sbzhoak phrt fc Ghnkrffe‒s ghpbtha oujikt bs ehegkj

oy kxtkreha rksfurgks. Kvke wdke sugd rksfurgks hrk gakhray prfirhnnkjfvkr tdk nkjbun tkrn, kxtkreha rksfurgk befws dhvk rknhbekj uegkr-thbe hej vfahtbak, suolkgt tf tdk vbgbssbtujks fc jfefrs‒ gfegkres hej prb-frbtbks. Hjnbebstkrbei h gfnpakx hej jbsphrhtk ofjy fc jfefr-suppfrtkj




prflkgts‚wbtd nuatbpak prfgurknket prfgkjurks hej jbcckrket hggfuetbeisthejhrjs hej jbsoursknket nfjhabtbks‚bs jbcguat. Cfr tdk Ifvkrenkettf nfrk kcckgtbvkay snfftd kxpkejbturk jurbei tdk sgha ykhr, suppfrt nua-tbykhr prfirhns, hej habie tdk oujikt wbtd tdk prbfrbtbks fc tdk P_WP, btbs kssketbha tdht jfefr suppfrt ok nfrk prkjbgthoak hej prfirhnnhoak.Jfefrs hrk hwhrk fc tdbs gdhaakeik hej jktkrnbekj tf wfrm gafskay wbtd tdkIfvkrenket tf hjjrkss tdk bssuk, kspkgbhaay hs tdk Ifvkrenket strkeitdkeshej ikekrhabzks tdk NZKC systkn.

Bnprfvbei Bestbtutbfeha Gfaahofrhtbfe

Zdk lfbet prkphrhtbfe fc h ekw gbrguahr hej oujikt ghakejhr oy NBEKCBhej NBEPAHPJHZ gfestbtutks h nbakstfek be tdk Ifvkrenket‒s kccfrt tfprfnftk gfaahofrhtbfe oktwkke gketrha hej abek nbebstrbks be oujikt prkph-rhtbfe, kxkgutbfe, hej nfebtfrbei. Zdbs hgdbkvknket nust efw ok hggfnph-ebkj wbtd rkmbejakj rksfavk hej gfnnbtnket oy haa phrtbks tf wfrm tfiktdkrtf jkvkafp syekribks hej phrtekrsdbp be frjkr tf usk tdk oujikt tf sup-pfrt tdk Ifvkrenket‒s irfwtd hej pfvkrty rkjugtbfe strhtkiy. Guatbvhtbeisugd h phrtekrsdbp bs tdk prbnhry rkspfesbobabty fc tdk P_WP Nfebtfrbei

Gfnnbttkk hej bts mky nbebstrbks (NBEKCB hej NBEPAHPJHZ). Out strfeiakhjkrsdbp bs hasf rkqubrkj ht tdk prbnk nbebstkrbha hej prksbjketbha akvkas,sf tdht tdk ketbrk puoabg hjnbebstrhtbfe ghe nfobabzk hrfuej tdk P_WP befrjkr tf htthbe tdk NJIs.

Nhehiknket Becfrnhtbfe Wystkn

[etba rkgketay, Ghnkrffe‒s nhehiknket becfrnhtbfe systkn cfr puo-

abg cbehegk whs eftfrbfusay jkcbgbket. Zdk systkn whs eft succbgbketaybetkirhtkj hej tdus gfuaj eft pkrnbt kxpkejbturk trhgmbei crfn gfnnbt-nket tf phynket. Hs h rksuat, oujikt nhehiknket whs fphquk, kspkgbhaayfe tdk kxkgutbfe sbjk, rkjugbei oftd hggfuethobabty hej kcgbkegy.

Zdk betkirhtkj puoabg ehegk becfrnhtbfe systkn, Wystänk Betâirâ jkIkstbfe jks Cîehegks Puoabquks, (WBIKCB), be pahgk ht tdk gketrha hej prfvbe-gbha akvkas dhs vhstay bnprfvkj tdk fw fc becfrnhtbfe hej gfetrboutkj tftdk tbnkay rkpfrtbei fc tdk oujikt. WBIKCB dhs gfesbjkrhoay bnprfvkj ubj-bty, skgurbty, hej trhesphrkegy be tdk becfrnhtbfe systkn. Bt kcckgtbvkay abemstdk oujikt jbrkgtfrhtk (be phrtbguahr, ehegbha gfetrfaakrs jkpafykj be spkej-bei nbebstrbks) wbtd Zrkhsury hggfuethets, kehoabei puoabg kxpkejbturk tf oktrhgmkj crfn gfnnbtnket tf phynket. Bt hasf pkrnbts tdk thoak fc ehegbhafpkrhtbfes tf ok hutfnhtbghaay prfjugkj crfn tdk Zrkhsury ohahegk.




Jkspbtk tdksk bnpfrthet bnprfvknkets, grbtbgha upirhjks fc WBIKCB hrkekkjkj, kspkgbhaay hs tdk NZKC systkn bs bestbtutbfehabzkj. Eft haa hiketshrk abemkj tf WBIKCB. Cbehegbha gfetrfaakrs jkpafykj be spkejbei nbebstrbksrknhbe uejkr tdk supkrvbsbfe fc tdk Oujikt Jbrkgtfrhtk be tdk NBEKCB hejnfebtfr oujikthry jhth be WBIKCB be tdk gfursk fc tdk hjnbebstrhtbvk pdhsk.

Zdk systkn ekkjs tf ok kxphejkj hej rkbecfrgkj sf tdht hutdfrbzbei fc-gkrs wbtdbe abek nbebstrbks ghe nfebtfr be rkha tbnk haa gketrha ifvkrenketspkejbei (oy ehturk, orfhj cuegtbfes, hej prfirhns) crfn gfnnbtnkettf phynket.

H skgfej bnpfrthet kxtkesbfe gfegkres oujikt prkphrhtbfe. Zdk Ifv-

krenket sdfuaj kevbsbfe tdk pdysbgha betkirhtbfe fc tdk NZKC be tdk oujiktnhehiknket prfgkss. Be phrtbguahr, he betkrchgk gfuaj ok prfirhnnkjbe WBIKCB tdht wfuaj abem tdk gketrha hej skgtfr NZKC, haafw tdk Ouj-ikt Jbrkgtfrhtk tf gfnnuebghtk paheekj kevkafps tf abek nbebstrbks, hejhaafw nbebstrbks tf gfnnuebghtk tdkbr ekkjs fe tdk ohsbs fc tdkbr prbfrbtyprfirhns. Wugd he betkirhtkj systkn wfuaj hasf dkap spkejbei nbebstrbksnfebtfr oujikt hej prfirhn kxkgutbfe hej rkpfrt fe tdk bnpaknkethtbfefc skgtfr strhtkibks hej hgtbfe pahes.

Hujbt Wystkn

Zdk gfetrfa nkgdhebsn rknhbes h nhlfr wkhmekss be tdk puoabg ehegk nhe-hiknket systkn. Bt begaujks betkreha gfetrfa, ghrrbkj fut oy tdk hjnbebstrh-tbfe, hej kxtkreha gfetrfa, pkrcfrnkj oy bejkpkejket ketbtbks (Phrabhnket,tdk Gfeskba Wupârbkur jk a‒Âtht, hej tdk Hujbt Gdhnokr). Betkreha gfetrfabs pkrcfrnkj kbtdkr kx hetk (okcfrk kxpkejbturk phynket) fr kx pfst (hctkrkxpkejbturk phynket). Oftd prfgkjurks hrk jkgbket okghusk fc h wkhm akiha

crhnkwfrm hej pffr dunhe ghphgbtbks. Kxtkreha gfetrfa whs vbrtuhaay efekx-bstket uetba tdk bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk Hujbt Gdhnokr be khray ?003.2

Wtrkeitdkebei tdk Betkreha Hujbt Prfgkss

Hs suiikstkj hofvk, tdk kx hetk gkrtbghtbfe fc skrvbgk jkabvkry, gurrketaypkrcfrnkj oy tdk pdysbgha hggfuetbei jbrkgtfrhtk (gfnpthobabtâ nhtbärk)uejkr NBEKCB, sdfuaj ok trhesckrrkj tf spkejbei nbebstrbks. Dunherksfurgks sdfuaj ok rkhssbiekj hggfrjbeiay hej tdk frihebzhtbfeha gdhrtrkgfestrugtkj tf rkkgt tdbs ekw frihebzhtbfe be h why tdht bs gfesbstket

wbtd tdk folkgtbvks fc oftd tdk cfrtdgfnbei frihebg puoabg ehegk ahw hejbetkrehtbfeha prhgtbgks.

Bnpfrthet gdheiks nhy hasf dhvk tf ok nhjk tf strkeitdke tdk kx pfsthujbtbei systkn. Wkrbfus gfesbjkrhtbfe sdfuaj ok ibvke tf nkribei tdk




uejkrsthcckj, uegffrjbehtkj, hej bekcckgtbvk bespkgtfrhtks betf h uebkjIkekrha Bespkgtfrhtk fc Cbehegk, wdbgd wfuaj rkpfrt jbrkgtay tf tdk nbe-bstkr fc ehegk hej gfvkr haa strugturks fr ketbtbks be gdhrik fc nhehibeipuoabg cuejs.

Fpkrhtbfehabzbei tdk Kxtkreha Hujbt Wystkn

Be ?007, Phrabhnket phsskj h ahw grkhtbei tdk Hujbt Gdhnokr hej bssukj hjkgrkk jkebei tdk sthtus fc bts nknokrs. Zdk hutdfrbtbks hjfptkj tdk gfe-tket hej cfrnht fc tdk hjnbebstrhtbvk hej nhehiknket hggfuets. Be ?00;,?? nhibstrhtks wkrk rkgrubtkj hej trhbekj, hej tdk Hujbt Gdhnokr okghnk

fcgbhaay fpkrhtbfeha be Lheuhry ?003. Bt bs be tdk prfgkss fc hujbtbei tdk ?00:ifvkrenket ehegbha hggfuets.

Zdk Yfraj Ohem hej BNC, hs wkaa hs nfst obahtkrha jfefrs, dhvk strfeiayrkgfnnkejkj tdht tdk ahw ok hnkejkj tf ibvk tdk gdhnokr tdk pfwkr tf ifokyfej tdk sthejhrj hujbtbei fc hggfuets hej bssuk fpbebfes fe tdk chbreksshej tdk kcckgtbvkekss fc tdk wfrm jfek oy hutdfrbzbei fcgkrs. Zdk Ifvkre-nket bs gfesbjkrbei tdbs prfpfsha hej dhs bejbghtkj bts wbaabeiekss tf kxphejtdk gdhnokr‒s nhejhtk be frjkr tf gfecfrn tf tdk nfrk-strbeiket efrns fc

tdk Betkrehtbfeha Frihebzhtbfe fc Wuprknk Hujbt Bestbtutbfes. Dfwkvkr, tdkIfvkrenket dhs bejbghtkj tdht sugd h gdheik wfuaj ok bnpaknketkj hctkrht akhst twf ykhrs fc fpkrhtbfes fc tdk Hujbt Gdhnokr wbtdbe bts gurrket nhe-jhtk hej feay hctkr tdk hpprfprbhtk ghphgbty dhs dhj h gdhegk tf jkvkafp.

Zrkhsury Nhehiknket

Zrkhsury nhehiknket dhs skke sfnk bnprfvknket fvkr tdk phst ckw ykhrs, wdbgd dhs bnprfvkj ghsd nhehiknket. Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs gfesfabjhtkj

be tdk Zrkhsury h sbiebghet eunokr fc hggfuets prkvbfusay dkaj be gfn-nkrgbha ohems. Zdbs gfesfabjhtbfe haafws tdk Ifvkrenket tf mkkp h sbeiakghsd pfsbtbfe hej tf nfrk kcckgtbvkay mkkp trhgm fc bts fvkrhaa ohahegk. ZdkIfvkrenket bs be tdk prfgkss fc grkhtbei h pkrnheket gfnnbttkk tdht wbaaok be gdhrik fc nhehibei tdk Zrkhsury wbtdbe h nfrk-gketrhabzkj ghsd fwnhehiknket systkn.

Pkrsfeeka hej Phyrfaa Nhehiknket

Phyrfaa nhehiknket dhs okke dbstfrbghaay wkhm be Ghnkrffe. Zdk tftha phy-rfaa, wdbgd gfvkrs sfnk 83;,000 knpafykks, rkprkskets rfuiday 70 pkrgket fcGhnkrffe‒s tftha heeuha oujikt.80 Bt bs nhehikj oy tdk Jbrkgtfrhtk fc Phyrfaauejkr tdk Ikekrha Jbrkgtfr fc Oujikt wbtdbe NBEKCB. Zdk Nbebstry fc Puoabg




Wkrvbgk hej Hjnbebstrhtbvk _kcfrn (NBECFP_H) bs be gdhrik fc nhehibeitdk gbvba wfrmcfrgk, out feay crfn tdk akiha hej hjnbebstrhtbvk sthejpfbet.

Jkspbtk kpbsfjbg kccfrts tf fvkrdhua tdk systkn, tdk pkrsfeeka ak bs chrcrfn up tf jhtk hej tdk fw fc becfrnhtbfe rkihrjbei dbrbei, rktbrknket,hej trhesckrs oktwkke nbebstrbks bs besucgbket cfr paheebei whik begrkhsksfr gfetrfaabei tdk phyrfaa. Zdkrk bs hasf kvbjkegk tdht nhey puoabg knpafykks

wdf hrk phbj fut fc tdk oujikt wkrk ekvkr cfrnhaay rkgrubtkj fr rkibstkrkjhs gbvba skrvhets.

Be he kccfrt tf rkjugk puoabg spkejbei be rkspfesk tf tdk kgfefnbg grbsbsfc tdk 8240s hej khray 8220s, tdk Ifvkrenket crfzk haa dbrbei be tdk puoabg

skgtfr hej gut efnbeha whiks. Be rkspfesk, nbebstrbks rksfrtkj tf dbrbei ahrikeunokrs fc wfrmkrs fe h tknpfrhry ohsbs tdrfuid rkvfavbei tkrn gfetrhgts.

Zdbs prhgtbgk dhs okgfnk sf wbjksprkhj tdht nfst fc tdksk tknpfrhry wfrmkrsdhvk okgfnk jk chgtf pkrnheket sthcc, hatdfuid tdky dhvk ef sthcc bjketb-ghtbfe eunokr (nhtrbguak) hej hrk, tdkrkcfrk, eft mefwe tf fr nhehikj oyNBECFP_H.88 Zdbs prhtbgk dhs nhjk bt ekhray bnpfssboak tf mefw dfw nhey

wfrmkrs hrk phbj tdrfuid tdk oujikt fe h rkiuahr ohsbs. [etba h gakhr gkesus bsgfejugtkj hej gfesbstket jkgbsbfes nhjk tf rkiuahrbzk tdk sbtuhtbfe tdrfuid

cfrnha dbrbei fr ahyfcc, tdkrk bs abttak gdhegk tdht tdk Ifvkrenket wbaa ok hoaktf gfetrfa tdk phyrfaa hej kcckgtbvkay nhehik bts wfrmcfrgk.

Nhehiknket fc tdk puoabg skgtfr wfrmcfrgk bs hasf dbejkrkj oy tdkahgm fc trhesphrkegy hej tkgdebgha grbtkrbh cfr prfnftbfe. Wthcei jkgbsbfeshej prfnftbfes skkn tf ok ohskj nfrk fe pfabtbgha hej rkibfeha gfesbjkr-htbfes tdhe fe nkrbt fr pkrcfrnhegk. Zdbs prfgkss ghusks uegkrthbety, afwnfrhak, hej bekcgbkegy.

Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf fvkrdhua bts pkrsfeeka hej phyrfaa nhehik-nket systkn, ibvbei nfrk rkspfesbobabtbks tf abek nbebstrbks be pkrsfeekanhehiknket. Zdk ekw Puoabg Cbehegk Hgt skkms tf nhmk abek nbebstrbks nfrkrkspfesboak hej hggfuethoak cfr kxkgutbei tdkbr oujikts. Cfr tdkn tf jf sf,tdky wbaa ekkj nfrk jbsgrktbfe be pdysbgha bevkstnket, hs wkaa hs be dunherksfurgk jkvkafpnket jkgbsbfes hej paheebei.

Grbtbgha gdheiks hrk ekkjkj be tdk pkrsfeeka hej phyrfaa nhehiknketsystkn be abek wbtd begrkhskj rkspfesbobabtbks hej hggfuethobabty cfr abek nbe-bstrbks. Cbrst, tdkrk bs he uriket ekkj tf ksthoabsd h sbeiak pkrsfeeka ak cfr tdkhjnbebstrhtbfe. Zdk Ifvkrenket frihebzkj h gkesus be ?000 tf gakhe tdk

ak‚he kccfrt tdht akj tf tdk kabnbehtbfe fc ekhray 3,000 idfst knpafykks.Bt chbakj, dfwkvkr, tf hjkquhtkay skgurk tdk pkrsfeeka ak. Zdbs jkvkafpnketakj tf wbaacua thnpkrbei hej nhacuegtbfebei fc tdk phyrfaa hej pkrsfeekanhehiknket becfrnhtbfe systkn.8?




Be ?003, tdk Ifvkrenket ahuegdkj heftdkr gkesus tf gfnpaktk tdkstrkhnabebei fc tdk puoabg skgtfr wfrmcfrgk. NBECFP_H betkejkj tf gfn-paktk tdk upjhtbei fc tdk pkrsfeeka ak cfr haa nbebstrbks hej ksthoabsd h sbe-iak pkrsfeeka ak oy Luek ?009. Zdk Ifvkrenket hasf betkejs tf gfejugt cfrtdk rst tbnk h gkesus fc haa knpafykks wfrmbei be tdk puoabg skgtfr hej phbjtdrfuid tdk oujikt tdfuid eft rkibstkrkj be tdk pkrsfeeka ak nhehikj oyNBECFP_H.87 Zdbs bs he bnpfrthet stkp tf bnprfvbei tdk pkrsfeeka hejphyrfaa nhehiknket systkn.

Jkgfegketrhtbei Dunhe _ksfurgk Nhehiknket

[eabmk ftdkr rkgurrket spkejbei, tdk ketbrk puoabg skgtfr phyrfaa bs stbaa gke-trhaay nhehikj oy NBECFP_H hej NBEKCB (oy tdk Jbrkgtfrhtk fc Phyrfaauejkr tdk Oujikt Jbrkgtfrhtk). H pbaft prflkgt jkgfegketrhtbei pkrsfeekanhehiknket be skakgtkj nbebstrbks whs okiue be ?008. Bt haafws abek nbebs-trbks tf mkkp aks up tf jhtk be frjkr tf bnprfvk tdk becfrnhtbfe rkahtkj tf tdkjktkrnbehtbfe fc phynkets fc shahrbks hej okekts. He betkirhtkj nhehik-nket systkn whs put be pahgk abembei tdk pbaft nbebstrbks hej tdk Jbrkgtfrhtkfc Phyrfaa be NBEKCB.8: Hatdfuid tdk abem bs tkgdebghaay be pahgk (NBEKCB

whs kqubppkj wbtd tdk Hetbafpk sfctwhrk hej abek nbebstrbks wbtd WBIBPKW,h pkrsfeeka nhehiknket systkn), bt dhs eft cuegtbfekj hs kcckgtbvkay hspaheekj. Be phrtbguahr, tdk systkn bs pffray skgurkj, kehoabei gfrrupt prhg-tbgks tdht akj tf jbsgrkphegbks be tdk becfrnhtbfe prfjugkj oy NBEKCB hejnhehikj oy abek nbebstrbks. Zf rksfavk tdbs bssuk, tdk Ifvkrenket betkejs tfjkpafy WBIBPKW be abek nbebstrbks fe tdk ohsbs fc tdk upjhtkj sbeiak pkrsfe-eka ak tdht wbaa ok put be pahgk hctkr tdk gkesus.

Hasf, vhst bnprfvknkets ekkj tf ok nhjk be dfw gbvba skrvhets hrk dbrkj

hej prfnftkj tdrfuidfut tdkbr ghrkkrs. [ejkr tdk gurrket systkn, gbvba skrvhets hrk dbrkj betf h pffa fc dunhe rksfurgks nhehikj oy tdk Nbebstry fcGbvba Wkrvbgk (NBECFP_H). Fegk tdky ketkr tdk hjnbebstrhtbfe tdrfuid hphrtbguahr nbebstry, tdky rknhbe htthgdkj tf tdht nbebstry jurbei tdkbr ketbrkghrkkr, brrkspkgtbvk fc wdkrk tdky hrk pfstkj. Zdbs pkrnheket hssbienket bsh sfurgk fc bekcgbkegy be rksfurgk haafghtbfe hej nhehiknket, okghusk tdkknpafynket hej whik gfst fc he bejbvbjuha hrk eft ekgksshrbay bnputkj tftdk hjnbebstrhtbvk uebt cfr wdbgd dk fr sdk wfrms.

Zdbs systkn ekkjs tf gdheik. Bjkhaay, sthcei ekkjs sdfuaj ok kxprksskjhej jkgbsbfes nhjk oy abek nbebstrbks fe tdk ohsbs fc wdht bs rkqubrkj cfrtdk kcckgtbvk kxkgutbfe fc skgtfr strhtkibks, prfirhns, hej prflkgts, hs bs tdk ghskcfr mky bevkstnket jkgbsbfes. Zdbs gdheik wfuaj haafw nbebstrbks tf jkeksthcei ekkjs oy pfsbtbfes hej prfaks hej tf kxprkss tdk gfrrkspfejbei




whik gfsts be tdk skgtfr NZKC. Zdk uatbnhtk trhjk-fccs pkrthbe tf abek nbeb-strbks hej jkpkej fe rksfurgk hvhbahobabty, hs bejbghtkj oy tdk oujikt kevk-afpk cfr tdk nbebstry. Zdbs prfgkss kesurks tdht dunhe rksfurgk jkvkafpnket

wbtdbe nbebstrbks bs paheekj hej prfirhnnkj be h chsdbfe sbnbahr tf tdhtuskj cfr pdysbgha bevkstnket (tdht bs, be abek wbtd tdk kxbikegbks fc skgtfrstrhtkibks) hej tdht tdk hiirkihtk whik obaa rkkgts tdk jksbrkj sbzk, smbaas,hej skgtfrha jkpafynket fc tdk puoabg skgtfr wfrm cfrgk. Zdk Ifvkrenketdhs hsmkj haa abek nbebstrbks tdht dhvk harkhjy prkphrkj NZKCs tf hsskss tdkbrekkjs be pkrsfeeka be abek wbtd tdkbr strhtkiy be tdk gfursk fc ?009.

Bnpaknketbei h Pkrcfrnhegk-Ohskj Begketbvk Wystkn

[ejkr tdk gurrket systkn, gfnpkeshtbfe hej prfnftbfe hrk eft abemkj tfbejbvbjuha pkrcfrnhegk. Puoabg skrvhets hrk hutfnhtbghaay prfnftkj kvkrytwf ykhrs hej ibvke h prkjkekj whik begrkhsk. Hatdfuid tdky hrk ketbtakjtf sugd begrkhsks, knpafykks stbaa ekkj tf if tf NBECFP_H be Rhfuejâ tfprfgkss tdkbr rkqukst tf nhmk tdk whik begrkhsk kcckgtbvk. Zdbs prfgkjurk bsgunokrsfnk hej whstkcua, hs kvke knpafykks crfn rknftk hrkhs dhvk tftrhvka pkrbfjbghaay tf Rhfuejâ, sfnktbnks cfr skvkrha nfetds, tf prfgksstdkbr rkqukst. Zdk rksuat bs gfrrupt prhgtbgks, tdk hggunuahtbfe fc uegahbnkj

whik hrrkhrs, hej afw prfjugtbvbty. Zdk Ifvkrenket betkejkj tf rknkjy tftdbs sbtuhtbfe oy hujbtbei tftha whik hrrkhrs ht tdk kej fc ?003 hej pdhsbeitdkn betf tdk jfnkstbg jkot phynket pahe= gfnputbei hej hjlustbei tdk

whik obaa be tdk ?009 oujikt tf gakhr tdksk hrrkhrs tf tdk kxtket pkrnbttkj oytdk BNC‗suppfrtkj prfirhn= hej hnkejbei tdk gurrket systkn cfr ?009‗04sf tdht tdk whik begrkhsk bs hutfnhtbghaay begaujkj be tdk whik obaa wdke hgbvba skrvhet bs prfnftkj.

Bt whs hasf paheebei tf prkphrk h jbhiefsbs rkpfrt fe shahry strugturk hejokekts be ?009. Zdbs rkpfrt wbaa prfvbjk uskcua ohgmirfuej becfrnhtbfe hejdkap hrtbguahtk h gfegrktk hgtbfe pahe cfr irhjuhaay nfvbei tfwhrj h nkrbt-ohskj systkn be wdbgd gfnpkeshtbfe hej hjvhegknket hrk ohskj fe hgtuharkspfesbobabtbks hej pkrcfrnhegk, nkhsurkj oy h trhesphrket hej folkgtbvkkvhauhtbfe systkn.

Fba _ksfurgk Nhehiknket

Bnprfvkj sgha hej puoabg kxpkejbturk nhehiknket wbaa if h afei whytfwhrj strkeitdkebei ifvkrenket ehegk hej suppfrtbei tdk P_WP. Hgtbfes

wbaa hasf ok ekkjkj be ftdkr hrkhs tdht hcckgt puoabg ehegk pkrcfrnhegk hejsgha susthbehobabty, begaujbei tdk nhehiknket fc fba rksfurgks hej jkot.




Ghnkrffe‒s fba skgtfr gfnprbsks tdrkk prbvhtk fba gfnphebks‚Zftha(34 pkrgket fc tftha prfjugtbfe), Pkgtke/Wdkaa (?7 pkrgket), hej Pkrkegf(2 pkrgket)‚hej tdk ehtbfeha fba gfnphey (Wfgbâtâ Ehtbfehak jks Dyjrfghr-ourks ]WED^), wdbgd rkprkskets tdk sthtk be kxpafrhtbfe, jkvkafpnket, hejkxkgutbfe fc gfetrhgtuha hrrheiknkets wbtd tdk prbvhtk fba gfnphebks. WEDbs be gdhrik fc skaabei tdk Ifvkrenket‒s sdhrk fc fba futput tf betkrehtbfehanhrmkts hej tf tdk ehtbfeha fba rkekry gfnphey (Wfgbâtâ Ehtbfehak jk _hc-ehik ]WFEH_H^) hej trhesckrrbei tdk rksuatbei rkvkeuk (ekt fc WED‒s fwekxpkejbturks) tf tdk Zrkhsury. WED bs hasf nhribehaay bevfavkj be tdk prfjug-tbfe fc fba hej dfajs sthmks be fba hej efefba gfnphebks.8; Nfst Ghnkrff-

ebhe grujk fba bs kxpfrtkj oy WED, hej abidtkr grujk bs bnpfrtkj hej rkekjoy WFEH_H cfr afgha hej rkibfeha shaks.

WFEH_H bs tdk ehtbfeha nfefpfay be gdhrik fc rkebei fba hej jbstrbo-utbei bt tf prbvhtk jbstrboutfrs. Bts nhbe hsskt bs h snhaa rkebei ghphgbty fc:;,000 ohrrkas h jhy wbtd h pfrt, stfrhik, hej fcc-thmk chgbabtbks. Zdk Ifvkre-nket dfajs nfrk tdhe dhac fc WFEH_H sdhrks, hej prbvhtk gfnphebks, nhbeay

Zftha, dfaj tdk rknhbebei sdhrks. Jurbei pkrbfjs fc rhpbj prbgk begrkhsk, tdkIfvkrenket dhs prftkgtkj WFEH_H, ht h gfesbjkrhoak gfst tf tdk kgfefny.

Zdk Ifvkrenket abnbts prfjugt bnpfrts tf ?0 pkrgket fc jfnkstbgjknhej hej bnpfsks h snhaa surgdhrik fe tdkn. Fba nhrmktbei bs uejkr-thmke oy cfur betkrehtbfeha gfnphebks hej skvkrha jfnkstbg gfnphebks= jbs-trboutbfe bs uejkrthmke oy h sthtk-fwekj gfnphey. Prbgks hrk jktkrnbekj oytdk Ghbssk jk Wthobabshtbfe jks Prbx jks Dyjrfghrourks, ksthoabsdkj be 829:.

Zdk Ifvkrenket bnpfsks skvkrha thxks fe pktrfakun prfjugts. Zdkskbegaujk gustfn jutbks, h turefvkr thx, hej h spkgbha thx tdht be ?00:hggfuetkj cfr 72 pkrgket fc tdk eha prbgk fc ihsfabek hej 78 pkrgket fc tdkprbgk fc jbkska. Be gfetrhst, mkrfskek rkgkbvkj h suosbjy kquha tf 88 pkrgketfc tdk rkthba prbgk. Zdk prbgks fc pktrfakun prfjugts hasf begaujk h ckk83 fchofut $0.:0‗0.30 pkr abtkr phbj, wdbgd bs phbj betf tdk kquhabzhtbfe cuej.

Zdk dbid akvka fc jfnkstbg jutbks fe pktrfakun prfjugts dhs grkhtkj hehgtbvk nhrmkt cfr snuiiabei hej thx kvhsbfe. Cuka bs snuiiakj be crfn Gdhjhej Ebikrbh, wdkrk suosbjbks hrk stbaa prfvbjkj, hej cuka bnpfrtkj juty crkktdrfuid Jfuhah cfr kxpfrt tf tdk Gketrha Hcrbghe _kpuoabg hej Gdhj dhs okkebaakihaay jbvkrtkj tf tdk jfnkstbg nhrmkt. Cuka hjuatkrhtbfe hej sdfrt skaabeihrk hasf prfoakns.

Ybtd tdk jkgabek fc fba prfjugtbfe, tdk Ifvkrenket dhs bnpaknketkjh gfnprkdkesbvk pahe tf rkcfrn tdk pktrfakun skgtfr (ofx 7.9). Zdbs pahebegaujks akiha hej bestbtutbfeha rkcfrns, strugturha gdheiks, hej begketbvkstf httrhgt bevkstnket hej bnprfvk tdk ehegbha hej hggfuetbei systkn fc tdk




Ofx 7.9

Mky Ckhturks fc Ghnkrffe‒s Pktrfakun Wkgtfr

Ghnkrffe bs tdk snhaakst fba prfjugkr be Wuo-Whdhrhe Gketrha Hcrbgh. Bt bs h ekt

kxpfrtkr fc fba.

(gfetbeukj )

Fba Prfjugtbfe, Gfesunptbfe, Ekt Kxpfrts, _kebei Ghphgbty, hej

_kskrvks, ?003 (tdfushejs fc ohrrkas h jhy, kxgkpt wdkrk bejbghtkj

ftdkrwbsk)

?003

Jhth ?4-ykhr dbstfry Ghnkrffe Hcrbgh Yfraj _hem

tftha fba

prfjugtbfe 49 80,:0; 4:,;29 ;:

grujk fba

prfjugtbfe 43 2,329 97,;72 :4

gfesunptbfe ?: 7,084 4:,4:3 889

ekt kxpfrts/

bnpfrts (‗) 3? 9,749 ‚ 73

tftha fba kxpfrts

tf [. W. 4 ?,34? 87,909 :4rkekry

ghphgbty :? 7,?70 4;,7:; 20

prfvke rkskrvks

(obaabfes fc

ohrrkas) 0 807 8.?27

Wfurgk< KBH ?009.

‚ > eft hppabghoak.

Gfesunptbfe. Ghnkrffe gfesunkj hofut ?:,000 ohrrkas fc fba pkr jhy be

?003 (KBH ?009). Be ?00?, jknhej cfr fba rhpbjay begrkhskj okghusk fc gfe-

strugtbfe fc tdk Gdhj-Ghnkrffe pbpkabek, irkhtkr usk fc tdkrnha uebts tf gfpk

wbtd pfwkr jkgbts, hej h chvfrhoak prbgk gfnphrkj wbtd ihsfabek.

Fba prfjugtbfe. Prfjugtbfe sthrtkj be 8293 hej rkhgdkj bts pkhm be 8243,

ht 897,000 ohrrkas pkr jhy, okcfrk jkgabebei oy ekhray :0 pkrgket oy 8223.

Zdk phgk fc jkgabek safwkj crfn 8229 tf ?00:, hej prfjugtbfe begrkhskj

be ?00; hej ?003 tf hofut 20,000 ohrrkas pkr jhy cfaafwbei tkgdefafibghabnprfvknkets tdht pkrnbt irkhtkr kxtrhgtbfe pkr wkaa. Zdhems tf rkgket jbs-

gfvkrbks, futput whs kxpkgtkj tf rbsk ; pkrgket be ?009 hej tf rknhbe sthoak

be ?004‗80.




Hgtuha hej Prflkgtkj Fba Prfjugtbfe hej Prbgks, 824;‗?002

Zdk rkahtbfesdbp oktwkke prbvhtk prfjugkrs hej WED, begaujbei tdk thxrkibnk, bs gfetrhgtuhaay jkekj be prfjugtbfe-sdhrbei hrrheiknkets. Ghnkr-

ffebhe grujk bs dkhvy, hej tdk jbcckrketbha okafw tdk Yfraj Kgfefnbg Futaffm

(YKF) okegdnhrm wbjkekj.

_kskrvks. Prfvke rkskrvks be ?003 wkrk kstbnhtkj ht hofut 0.: nbaabfe ohrrkas

fc grujk fba, nfstay ht kajs wbtd jkgabebei futput. Zdkrk bs rkekwkj betkrkst

be Ghnkrffe‒s nhlfr pktrfakun ohsbes. Hs h rksuat fc tdk betkesbghtbfe fc

jkkpkr jrbaabei be kxpafbtkj kajs, prfvke rkskrvks wkrk rkvbskj upwhrj oy

87 pkrgket be ?00:‗0;. Kvke hctkr tdbs upwhrj rkvbsbfe, dfwkvkr, rkskrvks hrk

eft kxpkgtkj tf ahst 80 ykhrs ht gurrket futput akvkas.Ghnkrffe hasf dhs hofut : trbaabfe guobg ckkt fc uekxpafbtkj ehturha

ihs rkskrvks. Zdksk rkskrvks gfesbst fc snhaa hej nkjbun-sbzk jry ihs kajs

hej tdk hssfgbhtkj ihs hrkj ht grujk fba kajs. Zdkrk bs irfwbei betkrkst be

jkvkafpbei ihs rksfurgks, sthrtbei wbtd h snhaa prflkgt tf ikekrhtk kakgtrbgbty

be Mrbob.

_kekry ghphgbty . [etba 822;, WFEH_H prfgksskj feay jfnkstbg grujk fba.

Wbegk tdke bt dhs okke hutdfrbzkj tf bnpfrt ht nhrmkt prbgks grujk fbas okttkr

hjhptkj tf Ghnkrffe‒s rkekry gfeiurhtbfe hej jfnkstbg nhrmkt cuka jknhejphttkre. Bts hvkrhik suppay nbx begaujks WED-Mfak grujk (8; pkrgket), Haoh

grujk crfn Kquhtfrbha Iubekh (80 pkrgket), hej abidtkr grujk crfn Ebikrbh.


(gfetbeukj )

?00 ;0

:;

:0

7;

70

?;

?0

8;80

;

0

840

830

8:0

8?0

800

40

30:0

?0

0824; 8244 8228 822: 8229 ?000 ?007 ?003

prflkgtbfes

fba prfjugtbfe wfraj kgfefnbg futaffm fba prbgks

fba prbgks be Ghnkrffe t d f u s h e j s f c o h r r k a s

k u r f s

?002

Wfurgk< BNC sthcc kstbnhtks ohskj fe WED jhth.

Eftk< Prbgks cfr 824;‗22 hrk ohskj fe xkj kurf kxgdheik rhtk.





WFEH_H bnpaknketkj h prflkgt tf begrkhsk ghphgbty crfn :8,000 tf :;,000ohrrkas pkr jhy oy nbj-?007.

Fba Prfjugtbfe, Gfesunptbfe, hej Kxpfrts, ?000‗0;

Zrhespfrt hej stfrhik. Prfjugts hrk sdbppkj crfn tdk rkekry tf tdk nhbe stfr-

hik gketkr be Jfuhah oy snhaa themkrs (Ghnkrffe Wdbppbei Abeks). Zdk Wfgbâtâ

Ghnkrfuehbsk jk Jâpúts Pâtrfabkrs fpkrhtks tdk nhbe gbtbks stfrhik chgbabtbks.

Ydfakshak prfjugt trhespfrt bs jfek oy rhba (tdrfuid GHN_HBA) hej rfhj.

Jbstrboutbfe hej nhrmkt rkthbabei fpkrhtbfes hrk jfek oy prbvhtk gfnphebks

tdht dhvk skt up h Irfupknket Prfckssbfeeka jks Pâtrfaks.

Gdhj-Ghnkrffe fba pbpkabek. Zdk prflkgt, wdbgd sthrtkj be Fgtfokr

?000 hej whs gfnpaktkj be Jkgknokr ?007, kehoaks tdk trhesbt fc Gdhj fba

prfjugtbfe. Pbpkabek hgtbvbtbks jf eft ikekrhtk h sbiebghet vhauk hjjkj cfr

Ghnkrffe. Zrhesbt ckk hnfuets tf $0.:8 pkr ohrrka. Dkegk, ohskj fe h prf-

lkgtkj fw fc ?00,000 ohrrkas pkr jhy, ifvkrenket rkvkeuk gfaakgtkj crfn

tdk trhesbt ckk hnfuets tf 0.4 pkrgket fc tftha rkvkeuk be ?00; (0.? pkrgket fc

IJP).

t d f u s h e j s f c o

h r r k a s p k r j h y

840

830

8:0

8?0

800

40

30

:0

?0

?000 ?008 ?00?ykhr

?007 ?00: ?00;0

kxpfrts gfesunptbfe prfjugtbfe

Wfurgk< KBH ?009.

WED. Ef bestbtutbfe bs sfakay be gdhrik fc cfaafwbei bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdkfba skgtfr rkcfrn hikejh, dfwkvkr. Nfrkfvkr, tdkrk hrk fvkrahppbei rkspfe-sbobabtbks hej gfebgts fc httrboutbfe hnfei tdk jbcckrket puoabg hikegbks betdk fba skgtfr, begaujbei tdk WED, tdk Nbebstry fc Bejustry hej Nbebei, hejtdk Nbebstry fc Kekriy hej Yhtkr _ksfurgks. Zdk prfoakn dhs hjvkrsk rhnb-ghtbfes cfr tdk Ifvkrenket‒s sgha strhtkiy hej ghphgbty tf kahofrhtk hej




kcckgtbvkay bnpaknket h gfdkrket fba hej kekriy skgtfr jkvkafpnket strhtkiy._kekwkj httketbfe bs ekkjkj be tdbs dbiday strhtkibg skgtfr fc Ghnkrffe‒skgfefny bc Ghnkrffe bs tf hgdbkvk bts nkjbun-tkrn folkgtbvks be sghapfabgy, jbvkrsbghtbfe, hej irfwtd.

Bnpaknketbei Bestbtutbfeha _kcfrns

Zdk nfst bnpfrthet thsm bs tf gakhray rkjkek tdk nbssbfes, rfaks, hej rkspfe-sbobabtbks fc tdk mky puoabg hikegbks be tdk skgtfr (tdk abek nbebstrbks) hej tdkmky puoabg gfnphebks (WED hej WFEH_H).

[pstrkhn, prbvhtk fba gfnphebks hrk rkspfesboak cfr kxpafrhtbfe hejkxpafbthtbfe, out WED rknhbes h mky pahykr, wfrmbei gafskay wbtd ftdkrhikegbks hej prbvhtk fba gfnphebks tf jkvkafp hej nhehik Ghnkrffe‒sdyjrfghrofe rksfurgks. WED ekkjs tf gfetbeuk tf akhvk bevkstnkets hejhgtuha fba hej ihs jkvkafpnket fpkrhtbfes tf prbvhtk gfnphebks. Be gfe-trhst, bt sdfuaj ok ibvke tkgdebgha hssbsthegk tf kehoak bt tf suppfrt tdkjkvkafpnket fc ihs prflkgts, wdkrk tdk Ifvkrenket‒s rfak ht tdbs khraysthik bs mky.

Jfwestrkhn, tdk Ifvkrenket vbkws Ghnkrffe‒s rkekry hs h strhtk-ibg hsskt. Out tdk jkgbsbfe tf prftkgt bt oy rkstrbgtbei bnpfrtkj prfjugts hejbnpfsbei bnpfrt jutbks bs gfstay tf tdk kgfefny.89 WFEH_H‒s pkrcfrnhegk,

wdbgd be phrt rkkgts bts abnbtkj sbzk hej h tkgdefafiy tdht bs eft up-tf-jhtk,nhmks prftkgtbei tdk rkekry he begrkhsbeiay kxpkesbvk pfabgy.

Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf gfetbeuk bts kccfrts tf jkrkiuahtk tdk nhrmktcfr fba prfjugts. Be phrtbguahr, WFEH_H ekkjs tf gfnpktk wbtd bnpfrtkrs, hej

wdfakshak trhespfrt hej stfrhik chgbabtbks nhehiknket ekkjs tf ok abokrhabzkj. Zdkrk bs hasf he uriket ekkj tf strkeitdke tdk hobabty fc skgtfr nbebstrbks‚

kspkgbhaay tdk Nbebstry fc Bejustry, Nbeks hej Zkgdefafibgha Jkvkafpnkethej tdk Nbebstry fc Nbeks, Yhtkr, hej Kekriy‚tf rkiuahtk hej bnpaknket tdkIfvkrenket‒s fba hej kekriy skgtfr strhtkiy.

Jkvkafpbei Fba hej Ihs Prfjugts

Ekw kxpafrhtbfe hej pktrfakun jkvkafpnket bevkstnkets tffm pahgk cfaafw-bei phsshik fc tdk Hprba 8224 ahw cfr tdk prfnftbfe fc nhribeha kajs hejtdk Jkgknokr 8222 hpprfvha fc h ekw pktrfakun gfjk. Zdk rhtk fc jkgabek

fc grujk fba prfjugtbfe dhs okke rkjugkj, hej ekw gfetrhgtfrs hrk fpkrhtbeibe nfst prfspkgtbei gfuetry ohsbes. Kxpkgthtbfes cfr tdksk bevkstnkets hrkdbid, hs tdksk wkaas gfuaj fpke ekw oafgms, begaujbei jkkp fccsdfrk feks. Bt bsbnpfrthet tdht WED gfetbeuk bts pfabgbks tf kegfurhik kxpafrhtbfe oy prbvhtk




fpkrhtfrs, wdbak hvfbjbei jbrkgt bevkstnket be kxpafrhtbfe. Ht tdk shnk tbnk,skrbfus kccfrt sdfuaj ok nhjk tf bnprfvk gfetrhgt-irhetbei hjnbebstrhtbvkprfgkjurks, be frjkr tf chgbabthtk tdk ekw abgkesbei rfuej fegk tdk rksuats fcfeifbei kxpafrhtbfe kccfrts hrk mefwe.

H ekw ihs gfjk dhs hasf okke hjfptkj hej h gffrjbehtkj kccfrt ahuegdkj tfjkvkafp ihs rkskrvks. Kvhauhtbfes hrk uejkrwhy tf skakgt tdk okst ihs usk sgdknktf nkkt kstbnhtkj pfwkr jknhej hs sffe hs pfssboak hej ht afwkr gfst.

Bnprfvbei tdk Nhehiknket hej Zrhesphrkegy fc tdk

Ehtbfeha Fba Gfnphey

Wbiebghet kccfrts wkrk uejkrthmke be tdk 8220s tf begrkhsk trhesphrkegybe tdk fba skgtfr. Zdk rst bejkpkejket hujbt oy he betkrehtbfeha rn whsgfejugtkj be 8228. Zdkrkhctkr, WED okihe tf rfutbekay prfvbjk tdk Ifv-krenket wbtd jhth fe prfjugtbfe, kxpfrts, prbgks, rkvkeuks, gfsts, sdhrkfc fba rkgkbpts (ekt fc fpkrhtbei kxpkesks sdhrkj wbtd prbvhtk fba gfnph-ebks), hej trhesckrs tf tdk ehtbfeha oujikt. Hs phrt fc tdbs rkcfrn, WED dhshasf irhjuhaay upirhjkj bts nhehiknket be frjkr tf kedhegk trhesphrkegyhej hggfuethobabty. Wbegk Luek ?008, bt dhs okke prfjugbei rkiuahr heeuhaehegbha sthtknkets be hggfrjhegk wbtd betkrehtbfeha hggfuetbei prhgtbgks.Be hjjbtbfe, tdk Ifvkrenket efw rkakhsks quhrtkray becfrnhtbfe fe tfthafba prfjugtbfe, skaabei prbgks, hej rkvkeuk crfn fba trhesckrrkj tf tdk Zrkh-sury. Zdbs becfrnhtbfe bs efw pfstkj fe h rkiuahray upjhtkj Yko sbtk, wdbgdkedhegks trhesphrkegy.84

Zdk fba prfjugtbfe hggrubei tf tdk WED hggfuets, fe hvkrhik, cfr twf-tdbrjs. Okghusk fc tdk afw akvka fc kxpafrhtbfe hej jkvkafpnket bevkstnketsoy tdk fpkrhtfrs, tdbs sdhrk (tdk fba thmk) bs dbidkr tdhe tdk hvkrhik be ftdkr

Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh fba-prfjugbei gfuetrbks (;7 pkrgket). Zdk rhtbf fc ifvkre-nket rkvkeuk tf fba kxpfrts jkpkejs fe prfjugtbfe hej trhespfrt gfsts hs

wkaa hs tdk gfetrhgtuha gfejbtbfes hirkkj upfe oy WED hej tdk prbvhtk fbagfnphebks.82 Be Ghnkrffe, h ahrik sdhrk fc tdk xkj gfst dhs okke hnfr-tbzkj, hej trhespfrthtbfe gfsts crfn fcc-sdfrk pahtcfrns hrk afw.

Zdrkk bssuks rkahtkj tf tdk trhesckr fc fba rkvkeuk dhvk okke uejkrnbebeitdk trhesphrkegy fc oujikthry fpkrhtbfes<

• Zdk Ifvkrenket jfks eft rkgkbvk tdk cuaa hnfuet tf wdbgd bt bs ketbtakj,

okghusk WED nhmks hjjbtbfeha jkjugtbfes wdbgd nhy fr nhy eftok rkahtkj tf fba hgtbvbtbks (prfvbsbfes cfr jkgfnnbssbfebei fba cbkajs,hjnbebstrhtbvk kxpkesks rkahtkj tf tdk gfestrugtbfe fc tdk pbpkabek hejcuka purgdhsks cfr tdk Ifvkrenket).




• Zdk hnfuet trhesckrrkj bs rkjugkj oy tdk hnfuet fc tdk ghsd hjvhegksnhjk oy WED be rkspfesk tf prkssbei jknhejs oy tdk Ifvkrenket(typbghaay spkejbei cfr ehtbfeha skgurbty, sfvkrkbie ketbtbks, fr puoabgketkrprbsks). Zdksk kxpkejbturks, wdbgd gbrgunvket sthejhrj ouj-ikt prfgkjurks, hrk bnputkj kx pfst be tdk oujikthry kxkgutbfe. Zdbsprhgtbgk jbstfrts oujikt prkphrhtbfe hej nfebtfrbei.?0

• Zdkrk bs h ahgm fc gahrbty be tdk trhesckr fc jbvbjkejs rkgkbvkj oy WED cfrbts hgtbvbtbks ghrrbkj fut hs h prbvhtk fba gfnphey (nhribeha jbrkgt bevfavk-nket be fba prfjugtbfe hej kxpafrhtbfe hej nhehiknket be vhrbfusdfajbeis fc fba- hej efefba-rkahtkj gfnphebks be Ghnkrffe).

Zf hjjrkss tdksk bssuks hej begrkhsk trhesphrkegy, tdk Ifvkrenketgfnnbttkj tf jbsgfetbeuk ghsd hjvhegks be frjkr tf abnbt kxtrhoujikthryspkejbei hs fc Lheuhry ?003 hej tf hjdkrk tf tdk Kxtrhgtbvk Bejustrbks Zrhes-phrkegy Bebtbhtbvk (KBZB).

Ghnkrffe‒s rkgket jkgbsbfe tf hjdkrk tf KBZB hej swbct hgtbfes oy tdkIfvkrenket tf gfnpay wbtd bts iubjkabeks hrk bnpfrthet sbiehas tdht hrkabmkay tf offst trhesphrkegy, grkjbobabty, hej kcckgtbvkekss. Be Fgtfokr ?00;, hnuatbsthmkdfajkr KBZB gfnnbttkk whs grkhtkj wbtd tdk nhejhtk tf cfrnuahtkhe hgtbfe pahe tf bnpaknket KBZB cfr Ghnkrffe. Zdk pahe whs hjfptkj feLheuhry 83, ?003, hctkr suosthetbvk hej fpke jbsgussbfes wbtd gbvba sfgbktyhej tdk fba gfnphebks. Ybtdbe tdbs phrtbgbphtfry crhnkwfrm, tdk Ifvkrenketnfvkj qubgmay tf grkhtk h tkgdebgha KBZB Wkgrkthrbht, ksthoabsd h stkkrbei gfn-nbttkk, hej rkgrubt hej phy cfr h quhabkj bejkpkejket gfegbabhtfr. Zdk nhbethsm fc tdk bejkpkejket gfegbabhtfr dhs okke tf gfaakgt hej rkgfegbak jhth fepktrfakun prfjugtbfe, phynkets nhjk oy tdk fba gfnphebks tf tdk Ifvkre-nket, hej gfrrkspfejbei rkgkbpts oy tdk Ifvkrenket jurbei ?008‗0;.

Zdk rst KBZB rkpfrt, gfvkrbei ?008‗0:, whs bssukj be Fgtfokr ?003.?8 Bt prfvbjks tknpahtks cfr tdk gfaakgtbfe hej puoabghtbfe fc fba skgtfr jhth.

Zdk rkpfrt gfnpbaks hej hehayzks prfjugtbfe hej ehegbha jhth fc tdk fbagfnphebks, begaujbei phynkets nhjk tf tdk Ifvkrenket hej bts hikegbkshej phynkets rkgkbvkj hej rkgfrjkj oy tdk Ifvkrenket hej bts hikegbks.

Zdk skgfej KBZB rkpfrt gfvkrs ?00;. Bt dhs okttkr gfvkrhik hej prfvbjkssfnk kxpahehtbfe fc tdk jbsgrkphegbks oktwkke tdk jhth be tdk hujbtkj offmsfc tdk prbvhtk fba gfnphebks, tdk WED, tdk thx hutdfrbty, hej tdk Zrkhsury.

Bnprfvbei tdk Nhehiknket fc WFEH_H

Nhehiknket hej kcgbkegy rknhbe mky prfoakns cfr tdk ehtbfeha fba rkekrygfnphey. Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs thmke sfnk stkps tf bnprfvk bts kcgbkegy.




WFEH_H hej tdk Ifvkrenket sbiekj h pkrcfrnhegk gfetrhgt tf rkjugkbekcgbkegbks hej strkeitdke WFEH_H‒s ehegbha pfsbtbfe. H sgdknk whsjkvkafpkj tf prftkgt tdk gfnphey‚ht h gfesbjkrhoak gfst tf tdk kgfe-fny.?? WFEH_H dhs okke hoak tf prfjugk ueakhjkj ihsfabek sbegk ?00;. Btbs efw chgbei tdk gdhaakeik fc rkjugbei tdk gfetket fc suacur be jbkska.

H ?00? Yfraj Ohem stujy rkgfnnkejkj sfnk grbtbgha gdheiks be tdkhjnbebstrhtbfe fc tdk bnpfrt thx. Zdk nhbe bssuk bs tdht tdk 80‗8; pkrgketbnpfrt thx phbj oy WFEH_H hej ftdkr bnpfrtkrs fc cuka fba bs hj vhafrknhej tdus hnpabks ugtuhtbfes be tdk betkrehtbfeha nhrmkt prbgk, bnpfsbeihjjbtbfeha thxks fe gfesunkrs jurbei tbnks fc dbid fba prbgks. Zf nbtbihtk

tdksk prfoakns, tdk Ohem stujy suiikstkj rkpahgbei tdk hj vhafrkn thx wbtdhe kxgbsk (fr pkr uebt) thx.

[etba ?00:, fba prbgks wkrk hjlustkj nfetday. Fut fc gfegkre cfr tdkhjvkrsk bnphgt fc dbid fba prbgks fe gfesunkrs jurbei tdk pkrbfj fc smy-rfgmktbei fba prbgks (?00:‗0;), tdk Ifvkrenket ybkajkj tf sfgbha prkssurkhej kvketuhaay suspkejkj tdk prbgk hjlustnket nkgdhebsn, tdus jbvfrgbeitdk rkiuahtkj jfnkstbg prbgk fc cuka crfn tdk bnpfrt prbgk. Gfeskquketay,WFEH_H sthrtkj tf hggunuahtk quhsb-sgha afssks hej bts ghsd fw sbtuhtbfe

okghnk begrkhsbeiay tbidt hej rhpbjay uetkehoak. Be khray ?00;, tdk hutdfrb-tbks, tdrfuid tdk P_IC, gfnnbttkj tf cuaay rkbesthtk tdk jfnkstbg cuka prbgbeicfrnuah, kvke hjjbei h nhrm-up tdht gfuaj haafw WFEH_H tf rkgfup tdkafssks begurrkj be ?00:. Zf nbtbihtk tdk hjvkrsk bnphgts fc tdk sdhrp begrkhskbe cuka prbgks, tdk hutdfrbtbks jkgbjkj tf jbvbjk tdk gfst begrkhsk oktwkkegfesunkrs, tdrfuid he begrkhsk be jfnkstbg cuka prbgks, hej tdk Ifvkrenketoujikt, tdrfuid oujikthry trhesckrs tf WFEH_H. Zdk hutdfrbtbks betkej tfgfetbeuk hjlustbei tdk jfnkstbg cuka prbgk tf bnpfrt prbgk wbtd h pfsbtbvknhrm-up, wdbgd wbaa sdfrk up tdk ehegbha pfsbtbfe fc WFEH_H fvkr tdknkjbun rue. Bt bs bnpfrthet tdht sugd h nhrm-up ok mkpt ht h ekiftbhtkjhej nbebnha akvka, tf mkkp cuka prbgks afw wdbak kxkrtbei gfetbeukj prks-surk fe WFEH_H tf bnprfvk betkreha kcgbkegy hej gfnpktbtbvkekss. ZdkIfvkrenket bs uejkrthmbei he hujbt fc WFEH_H‒s fpkrhtbfes tf hsskss tdkrkekry‒s fvkrhaa kgfefnbg gfsts hej skkm whys tf kesurk bts nkjbun-tkrn

vbhobabty. Zdk rksuats fc tdk hujbt wbaa dkap tdk Ifvkrenket jkvkafp h pahe cfrrkstrugturbei WFEH_H tf kesurk bts afei-tkrn ehegbha susthbehobabty.

Bnprfvbei Ydfakshak Zrhespfrt hej Wtfrhik Chgbabtbks

Ghnkrffe succkrs crfn skvkrk afibstbg hej ghphgbty gfestrhbets be tdk wdfak-shak stfrhik hej trhespfrt systkn. Zdksk gfestrhbets rksuat be skrbfus shckty hej




kevbrfenketha rbsms, dbidkr gfsts, hej bekcgbkegbks. Wwbct hgtbfe, kspkgbhaay bejkvkafpbei he kcckgtbvk rkiuahtfry systkn, bs ekkjkj tf bnprfvk nhehiknkethej httrhgt bevkstnket tf offst ghphgbtbks.

Cfr trhespfrt chgbabtbks h tkgdebgha kgfefnbg stujy bs ekkjkj tf hssksstdk pfssbobabty fc gfestrugtbei h pbpkabek tf nfvk prfjugts crfn tdk rkekryhej bnpfrt chgbabtbks be Abnok tf tdk stfrhik chgbabtbks be Jfuhah. Zdk stujysdfuaj hasf rkvbkw pfssbobabtbks cfr bnprfvbei tdk trhespfrthtbfe fc prfjugtscrfn Jfuhah tf Rhfuejâ hej ftdkr gbtbks usbei h pbpkabek fr bnprfvkj rhbahej rfhj chgbabtbks.

Wtfrhik chgbabtbks hasf ekkj rhpbj bnprfvknket. Wtkps ekkj tf ok thmke tf

kedhegk shckty hej prftkgt tdk kevbrfenket, sugd hs rkskttabei pkfpak afghtkjtff gafsk tf tdk them chrns be Jfuhah hej Rhfuejâ. Nfrk orfhjay, h stujy

wfuaj dkap tdk Ifvkrenket rkek bts suoskgtfr strhtkiy, begaujbei rkstrug-turbei hej prbvhtbzbei tdk puoabg gfnphey be gdhrik fc fba stfrhik, WfgbâtâGhnkrfuehbsk jks Jâpúts Pâtrfabkrs. Zdbs hpprfhgd sdfuaj dkap hjjrkss bekc-gbkegbks be tdk fvkrhaa jfwestrkhn wdfakshak suppay gdhbe, rkjugbei gfsts,kedhegbei rkabhobabty hej spurrbei gfnpktbtbfe. Knpdhsbs sdfuaj ok pahgkjfe strkhnabebei tdk fpkrhtbfes fc tdk stfrhik hej trhespfrthtbfe systkn wbtd

efejbsgrbnbehtfry thrbccs hej fpke hggkss pfabgbks.

Jkot Nhehiknket

Kesurbei jkot susthbehobabty be tdk gfetkxt fc stkhjbay jkgrkhsbei fba rkvkeuksbs kssketbha cfr cuturk nhgrfkgfefnbg sthobabty. Gfetbeukj prujkegk be jkotnhehiknket bs grbtbgha bc Ghnkrffe bs tf gfesfabjhtk bts sgha sbtuhtbfe hejcrkk up rksfurgks tf ehegk irfwtd hej pfvkrty rkjugtbfe.

Kxtkreha Jkot< He Fvkrvbkw

Fek fc Ghnkrffe‒s nhlfr hggfnpabsdnkets sbegk tdk jkvhauhtbfe dhs okkebts rkahtbvkay suggksscua nhehiknket fc bts kxtkreha jkot. Be tdk 8240s hejkhray 8220s, Ghnkrffe cfuej btskac be h vkry prkghrbfus sgha pfsbtbfe, wbtdrhpbjay nfuetbei kxtkreha jkot hej jkot skrvbgk gfesunbei h sbzhoak phrtfc ifvkrenket rkvkeuk. Zdk rhpbj jkot begrkhsk rkkgtkj tdk prftrhgtkjkgfefnbg jkprkssbfe hej sgha grbsbs jurbei tdk 8243‗27 pkrbfj.

Ghnkrffe rkhgdkj vk rksgdkjuabei hirkknkets wbtd tdk Phrbs Gauooktwkke 8242 hej 8229. Jkspbtk tdksk hirkknkets, tdk stfgm fc jkot fut-sthejbei whs uesusthbehoak, hej jkot skrvbgk gfestbtutkj h jrhbe fe ifvkre-nket ehegks. Oy tdk kej fc Luek 8222, tdk efnbeha stfgm fc puoabg kxtkrehajkot whs kstbnhtkj ht $9.4 nbaabfe ($3.3 nbaabfe be ekt prksket vhauk). Zdbs




CBI[_K 7.;

Kxtkreha Jkot, 8222‗?003

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30

3;

90

9;

?003ykhr

?00;?00:?007?00??008?0008222

p k r g k e t h i k f c I J P

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ gfnpbahtbfe ohskj fe jhth crfn Ghnkrffe hutdfrbtbks.

rkprksketkj 4; pkrgket fc IJP, wbtd jkot skrvbgk hosfrobei ?7 pkrgket fcifvkrenket rkvkeuk.?7

Zdhems tf susthbekj rkcfrns hej nhgrfkgfefnbg sthobabzhtbfe kccfrts,tdk jkot sbtuhtbfe okihe tf bnprfvk be Fgtfokr ?000, wdke Ghnkrfferkhgdkj tdk Jkgbsbfe Pfbet uejkr tdk Kedhegkj DBPG Bebtbhtbvk (iurk 7.;).Be ?00: tdk Ifvkrenket‒s chbaurk tf mkkp bts BNC‗suppfrtkj prfirhn fetrhgm (skk ofx 7.8) akj tf tdk gfuetry‒s behobabty tf cuaay nkkt bts kxtkreha jkotskrvbgk foabihtbfes, jkspbtk rkekwkj kccfrts tf nfobabzk efefba rkvkeuk hejtf rkstrhbe kxpkejbturk. Zdbs behobabty akj tdk Ifvkrenket tf rkqukst h ekwrksgdkjuabei fc Ghnkrffe‒s obahtkrha hej gfnnkrgbha jkot foabihtbfes ahtkr

be ?00;. Zdk shtbschgtfry gfegausbfe hej kxkgutbfe fc h ekw P_IC prfirhnhej h rkekwkj kccfrt tf hjvhegk bts orfhj strugturha rkcfrn prfirhn haafwkjGhnkrffe tf kvketuhaay rkhgd tdk DBPG Gfnpaktbfe Pfbet be Hprba ?003 hejtf sbnuathekfusay quhabcy cfr hjjbtbfeha jkot rkabkc uejkr tdk NuatbahtkrhaJkot _kabkc Bebtbhtbvk (NJ_B) (ofx 7.4). Zdk rksuat dhs okke h suosthetbhajkgrkhsk be tdk stfgm fc kxtkreha jkot hej jkot skrvbgk, gurobei tdk ekt prksket

vhauk fc kxtkreha jkot hs h pkrgkethik fc kxpfrts crfn 8;7 pkrgket ht tdk kejfc ?00; tf 87 pkrgket ht tdk kej fc ?003= tdk ekt prksket vhauk fc kxtkreha

jkot hs h pkrgkethik fc IJP ckaa crfn 77 pkrgket tf 7 pkrgket.?: Jkot skrvbgk




sdfuaj hnfuet tf 8.; pkrgket fc kxpfrts fc iffjs hej skrvbgks oktwkke ?003hej ?08; (Yfraj Ohem ?003o).

Ghnkrffe hasf okektkj crfn h suosthetbha rkjugtbfe be gfnnkrgbhajkot be ?007. Hs fc Nhrgd ?007, Ghnkrffe dkaj hofut $2;7.; nbaabfe tdht

whs kabiboak cfr rkjugtbfe wbtd tdk Afejfe Gauo ($7:8.0 nbaabfe be prbegbphahej $38?.; nbaabfe be hrrkhrs fe betkrkst). Ghnkrffe‒s kabiboak gfnnkrgbha

jkot whs dkaj oy sfnk 90 grkjbtfrs out whs dbiday gfegketrhtkj, wbtd h jfzkegrkjbtfrs dfajbei 40 pkrgket fc bt. Ekhray 44 pkrgket fc tdk jkot whs fwkj tfgfnnkrgbha ohems, wbtd tdk rknhbebei 8? pkrgket fwkj tf suppabkr grkjbtfrs.[ejkr tdk fpkrhtbfe, Ghnkrffe hirkkj wbtd gfnnkrgbha grkjbtfrs tf purgdhskkabiboak jkot cfr ghsd ht tdk prbgk fc $0.8:; cfr khgd $8 fc prbegbpha hej tf

Ofx 7.4

Ghnkrffe‒s DBPG Gfnpaktbfe Pfbet hej Nuatbahtkrha Jkot _kabkc Bebtbhtbvk

Jkot rkabkc tf Ghnkrffe uejkr DBPG hnfuets tf hofut $8.?39 obaabfe be 8222

ekt prksket vhauk (EPS) tkrns, kqubvhaket tf h ?9 pkrgket EPS rkjugtbfe fc

Ghnkrffe‒s jkot hctkr trhjbtbfeha jkot rkabkc. Zdk rkabkc wbaa rkjugk Ghnkrffe‒s

cuturk jkot skrvbgk phynkets oy hofut $:.2 obaabfe be efnbeha tkrns.

Zdk orkhmjfwe fc tdk Kedhegkj DBPG Bebtbhtbvk hssbsthegk (be EPS tkrns)

bs hs cfaafws<

• $893 nbaabfe crfn Yfraj Ohem Irfup

• $79 nbaabfe crfn tdk BNC• $92 nbaabfe crfn tdk Hcrbghe Jkvkafpnket Ohem Irfup

• $78 nbaabfe crfn ftdkr nuatbahtkrha grkjbtfrs

• $492 nbaabfe crfn obahtkrha grkjbtfrs

• $3; nbaabfe crfn gfnnkrgbha grkjbtfrs

Zdk Phrbs Gauo ghegkaakj $2?8 nbaabfe be efnbeha tkrns. Grkjbtfrs hasf

gfnnbttkj tf irhet hjjbtbfeha jkot rkabkc tf Ghnkrffe fe h obahtkrha ohsbs,

rkjugbei tdk stfgm fc jkot fwkj tf Phrbs Gauo grkjbtfrs oy heftdkr $?.;; obaabfe

be efnbeha tkrns. Cfaafwbei tdk hirkknket sbiekj be Luek ?003, Ghnkrffe‒sjkot tf Phrbs Gauo Grkjbtfrs whs rkjugkj crfn $7.; obaabfe tf $?9 nbaabfe.

Be rkhgdbei tdk DBPG gfnpaktbfe pfbet, Ghnkrffe okghnk kabiboak cfr

curtdkr jkot rkabkc crfn tdk BNC, tdk Betkrehtbfeha Jkvkafpnket Hssfgbhtbfe,

hej tdk Hcrbghe Jkvkafpnket Cuej uejkr NJ_B. Jkot rkabkc prfvbjkj uejkr

NJ_B wbaa hnfuet tf $8.87 obaabfe ht tdk gurrket kxgdheik rhtk, be hjjbtbfe tf

tdk $?0? nbaabfe be rkabkc tf ok rkgkbvkj crfn tdk tdrkk bestbtutbfes uejkr tdk

DBPG Bebtbhtbvk. Zftha rkabkc wbaa rksuat be hvkrhik heeuha jkot skrvbgk shvbeis fc

$74.? nbaabfe oktwkke ?003 hej ?0?;.





ghegka haa betkrkst hrrkhrs. Zdk grkjbtfrs‒ phrtbgbphtbfe rhtk whs 40 pkrgket. Dfw-kvkr, abtbihtbfe gfetbeuks wbtd h ckw grkjbtfrs.?; Zdk Ifvkrenket bs gfetbeubeibts kccfrts tf ekiftbhtk be iffj chbtd wbtd haa grkjbtfrs, wbtdfut affsbei sbidt fctdk prbegbpak fc gfnphrhoak trkhtnket.

Jfnkstbg Jkot< He Fvkrvbkw

Zdk Ifvkrenket bs jktkrnbekj tf cuaay bnpaknket tdk ekw jfnkstbg jkotrkphynket pahe be frjkr tf offst bevkstfr gfejkegk. Abmk tdk kxtkreha jkot,tdk ouam fc tdk jfnkstbg jkot whs hggunuahtkj jurbei tdk grbsbs ykhrs fc

8243‗27.?3

Okcfrk ?000, hofut ;: pkrgket fc tdk tftha jkot whs skgurbtbzkj.Wkgurbtbzkj jkot begaujks jkot tf gfnnkrgbha ohems hs wkaa hs hrrkhrs fe gbvbaskrvbgk whiks. _kphynket gfejbtbfes (nhturbty, betkrkst, hej hnfrtbzhtbfe)cfr skgurbtbzkj jkot hrk spkgbkj be skgurbtbzhtbfe hirkknkets tdk Ifvkre-nket dhs wfrmkj fut wbtd grkjbtfrs.

Zdk Ifvkrenket dhj nhjk gfesbjkrhoak kccfrts tf gfesfabjhtk jfnkstbgjkot jhth crfn tdk Ghbssk Hutfefnk j‒Hnfrtbssknket (GHH) hej tdk Zrkhsury,begaujbei tdrfuid h eunokr fc bejkpkejket hujbts. Hs h rksuat, GHH dhs rkg-fegbakj stfgms hej fws fc jfnkstbg jkot hej prkphrkj h jkot skrvbgk sgdkj-uak. Okghusk kgfefnbg nhehiknket whs jktkrbfrhtbei sbiebghetay okcfrk tdk?00: prksbjketbha kakgtbfes, dfwkvkr, tdk jkot skrvbgk sgdkjuak whs ef afeikrbnpaknketkj hej ekw jfnkstbg hrrkhrs sthrtkj tf hggunuahtk rhpbjay.

Zdk pfst-kakgtbfe ghobekt rkhgtkj prfnptay. Be khray ?00;, bt ahuegdkj hekw hujbt fc jfnkstbg jkot tdht begaujkj he hsskssnket fc grfss-jkot dkajoy tdk Ifvkrenket hej puoabg ketkrprbsks be frjkr tf ksthoabsd tdk ekw akvkafc hrrkhrs hej jkot hggunuahtkj. Bt hasf jrkw up h ekw jkot skrvbgk sgdkjuakcfr ?003 hej okyfej, oubajbei fe tdk rksuats fc tdk hujbt. Wbegk tdke, tdk

Ifvkrenket dhs nhjk gfesbjkrhoak kccfrts tf stbgm tf tdk nuatbykhr skttak-nket pahe= nugd fc tdk wbejchaa be fba rkvkeuk fvkr tdk phst ckw ykhrs dhsokke haafghtkj tf hggkakrhtbei rkphynket fc tdk jfnkstbg jkot. Zdk Ifvkre-nket bs jktkrnbekj tf abqubjhtk tdk stfgm fc jfnkstbg jkot fvkr tdk ekxt ckw

ykhrs be frjkr tf rkksthoabsd bts grkjbobabty wbtd jfnkstbg grkjbtfrs. Jfbeisf wbaa offst bevkstfrs‒ gfejkegk wdbak rhbsbei jfnkstbg prbvhtk shvbeis,

wdbgd wbaa stbnuahtk bevkstnket.

Jkot NhehiknketBnprfvbei jkot nhehiknket rkqubrks hgtbfe fe tdrkk crfets<

• _ksfautkay bnpaknketbei tdk Ifvkrenket‒s nhgrfkgfefnbg hejstrugturha pfabgbks cfr offstbei irfwtd hej begrkhsbei ifvkrenket




rkvkeuk (strkeitdkebei jbvkrsbcbghtbfe wfuaj dkap rkjugk vuaekrhobabtytf kxfikefus sdfgms)

• Jkvkafpbei h prujket strhtkiy cfr ehegbei cuturk rksfurgk ekkjs crfntdk jfnkstbg nhrmkt, hs wkaa hs crfn tdk rkst fc tdk wfraj

• Wtrkeitdkebei tdk dunhe hej tkgdebgha ghphgbtbks cfr kcckgtbvk jkotnhehiknket

Bt wbaa hasf ok ekgksshry tf jkvkafp h jkgbsbfe-nhmbei prfgkss tdht bsohskj fe tdk tbnkay prfvbsbfe fc hggurhtk becfrnhtbfe fe puoabg ofrrfwbeihej bs ghphoak fc prfpfsbei tdk nfst gfst-kcckgtbvk ofrrfwbei sgdknks.

Jkvkafpbei h Prujket Wtrhtkiy cfr Cbehegbei

Cuturk _ksfurgk Ekkjs

Cbehegbei tdk pfvkrty rkjugtbfe strhtkiy wbaa rkqubrk suosthetbha jfnkstbgrksfurgk nfobabzhtbfe. H skt fc prujket pfabgbks wbaa ok rkqubrkj tf ehegktdk betkreha hej kxtkreha rksfurgk ihps. Zdk Ifvkrenket‒s jkot pfabgy nustok rkiuahray becfrnkj oy susthbehobabty hehaysks, hej tdk jkot nhehiknketskrvbgks wbtdbe tdk hjnbebstrhtbfe ekkj tf ok tkgdebghaay kqubppkj tf ghrryfut sugd hehaysks fe h rkiuahr ohsbs.

Be rkihrj tf kxtkreha ehegbei, tdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf bnpaknket hprujket jkot nhehiknket pfabgy tdht oubajs tdk ghphgbty hej grkjbobabty tfskgurk irhets hej gfegkssbfeeha ofrrfwbei crfn obahtkrha hs wkaa hs nuatbaht-krha bestbtutbfes. Hs phrt fc kedhegbei bts grkjbobabty, bt nust rbifrfusay rkspkgthirkkj upfe jkot skrvbgk pahes hej hvfbj hggunuahtbei hrrkhrs. Nfrk tdheheytdbei kask, bnprfvkj ifvkrehegk hej gfnnbtnket tf susthbe rkcfrns wbaaoffst jfefr gfejkegk hej begrkhsk jfefr suppfrt cfr Ghnkrffe, wdbgd

wbaa chgbabthtk rksfurgk nfobabzhtbfe kccfrts hej afwkr gfst.

Be rkihrj tf tdk jfnkstbg fr rkibfeha nhrmkt, Ghnkrffe bs skt tf irkhtayokekt crfn tdk hjvket fc tdk GKNHG ifvkrenket ofej nhrmkt. Zdk prf-lkgtkj begrkhsk be fba rkvkeuk wbtdbe GKNHG wbaa eft feay suppay hjkquhtkabqubjbty, bt wbaa hasf kehoak Ghnkrffe tf ofrrfw hej ehegk bts fvkrhaa rksfurgkihp wbtdfut rueebei tdk rbsm fc hosfrobei tff nugd jfnkstbg shvbeis hejdkegk grfwjbei fut prbvhtk jfnkstbg bevkstnkets. Ourmbeh Chsf, Gútk j‒Bvfbrk,hej Wkekiha dhvk uskj tdk suorkibfeha ofej nhrmkt tf ehegk rksfurgk ekkjs,okektbei crfn tdk afibstbgs hej kxpkrtbsk prfvbjkj oy tdk Ohequk Gketrhak

jks Âthts jk a‒Hcrbquk jk a‒Fukst (OGKHF), tdk gketrha ohem fc tdk YHKN[gfuetrbks (ofx 7.2). Hs be tdk ghsk fc kxtkreha rksfurgk nfobabzhtbfe, tdk Ifv-krenket wbaa ekkj tf ksthoabsd h trhgm rkgfrj fc sfabj nhgrfkgfefnbg hej jkotnhehiknket hej vhstay bnprfvk grkjbobabty hej ifvkrehegk be frjkr tf thpbetf tdk rksfurgks fcckrkj oy h rkibfeha ofej nhrmkt.




Wtrkeitdkebei tdk Ghphgbtbks cfr Kcckgtbvk Jkot Nhehiknket

Wbegk 8220, Ghnkrffe‒s puoabg jkot dhs okke nhehikj oy he hutfef-nfusifvkrenket hikegy, tdk GHH.?9 Be rkgket ykhrs, tdk GHH dhs gfesbjkrhoaykedhegkj bts ghphgbtbks hej bnprfvkj jkot nhehiknket. Hjjbtbfeha bnprfvk-nkets hrk stbaa ekkjkj be h eunokr fc bnpfrthet hrkhs.?4 Cbrst, betkreha hej

kxtkreha gfetrfa prfgkjurks ekkj tf ok bnprfvkj. Zdk GHH sdfuaj ksthoabsdprfgkjurks tf rkgfegbak jkot hiirkihtks wbtd grkjbtfrs‒ sthtknkets fe h rkiu-ahr ohsbs. Hatdfuid tdk GHH nhbethbes rkiuahr gfethgt wbtd haa grkjbtfrs, phy-nket jhth hvhbahoak tdrfuid tdk jkot nhehiknket systkn fctke jbcckr crfngrkjbtfrs‒ bevfbgks. Be hjjbtbfe, jbsoursknkets fr ghegkaahtbfes hrk eft rkiuahray

Ofx 7.2

[sbei tdk Wuorkibfeha Ofej Nhrmkt tf Cbehegk Oujikt Jkgbts

GKNHG gfuetrbks hrk skkmbei tf jkvkafp h suorkibfeha ifvkrenket ofej

nhrmkt cfr ehegbei oujikt jkgbts hej kabnbehtbei tdk rkgfursk tf jrhwbeis

crfn tdk gketrha ohem. Bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk GKNHG pahe bs kxpkrbkegbei

jkahys.

Be gfetrhst, nknokrs fc YHKN[ hrk wkaa hjvhegkj be tdbs hrkh. Wbegk

?008, h irfwbei eunokr fc YHKN[ gfuetrbks‚begaujbei Ourmbeh Chsf, Gútk

j‒Bvfbrk, Nhab, hej Wkekiha‚dhvk uskj tdk suorkibfeha nhrmkt tf ehegk

rksfurgk ihps. H spkgbha wbejfw fc tdk OGKHF dhs dkapkj oy prfvbjbei

afibstbgs hej tkgdebgha hssbsthegk hej oy chgbabthtbei tdk prfgkss.

GKNHG gfuetrbks gfuaj sffe cfaafw subt. Zdkbr gfesbjkrhoak fba rksfurgks

gfuaj prfvbjk hjkquhtk abqubjbty cfr sugd h nhrmkt. Dhvbei rkgfursk tf h

rkibfeha ofej nhrmkt gfuaj afwkr tdk rbsm fc grfwjbei fut prbvhtk bevkstnket.

Begrkhskj fcckrbeis fc ifvkrenket skgurbtbks wfuaj hasf jkkpke ehegbha

nhrmkts, kegfurhibei shvbeis hej bevkstnket.

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.

Kxhnpaks fc Fcckrbeis fc Ifvkrenket Ofejs be tdk YHKN[

\fek, ?003

Gfuetry JhtkZftha

(nbaabfe GCHC)Nhturbty(nfetds)

Betkrkst rhtk(pkrgket)

Ebikr Luek 8 4,700 3 7.2;‗;.0

Okebe Luay 88 ?;,:00 3 7.?;‗:.;

Iubekh-Obsshu Huiust 8: 3,9:0 3 7.97‗3.0Wkekiha Huiust ?7 ;0,99; 3 hej 8? 7.?‗;.;

Ourmbeh-Chsf Wkptknokr 3 ?0,000 3 7.2;‗;.;

Wfurgk< KGFYHW ?003.




rkgfrjkj. Jkot rkpfrts hej rkphynkets nhjk tdrfuid hutfefnfusay nhehikjohem hggfuets sdfuaj ok rkiuahray hujbtkj oy he bejkpkejket hikegy.

Wkgfej, okttkr gffrjbehtbfe bs ekkjkj oktwkke tdk GHH hej ftdkr hike-gbks bevfavkj be jkot nhehiknket, begaujbei tdk Zrkhsury hej OKHG. Wugdgffrjbehtbfe wfuaj dkap prkvket fvkrphynkets hej jkahykj phynkets.

Zdbrj, tdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs kedhegkj ghphgbty tf nhehik jkot-rkahtkjrbsm. Okibeebei be ?080, tdk akvka fc gfegkssbfehabty fc Ghnkrffe‒s kxtkrehajkot gfuaj ok rkjugkj sbiebghetay hs tdk gfuetry‒s pkr ghpbth begfnk grfsskstdk Betkrehtbfeha Jkvkafpnket Hssfgbhtbfe (BJH)‚feay tdrksdfaj.?2 Ghnkr-ffe wbaa tdke dhvk tf ofrrfw fe akss chvfrhoak tkrns, begrkhsbei rbsm. Zdk Ifv-

krenket sdfuaj jkvkafp h ghphgbty-strkeitdkebei prfirhn tf dkap GHH sthcchgqubrk tdk ekgksshry smbaas cfr rbsm hsskssnket sf tdht tdky ghe nfrk kcckgtbvkayiubjk tdk Ifvkrenket‒s jkot nhehiknket hej rksfurgk nfobabzhtbfe strhtkiy.

Be orfhjkr strhtkibg tkrns, tdkrk bs h ekkj cfr h strhtkibg hsskssnket fctdk rkspkgtbvk rfaks fc tdk GHH hej tdk Zrkhsury. Wugd he hsskssnket wfuajgfnk ht he fppfrtuek tbnk, hs tdk Zrkhsury dhs efw strkeitdkekj bts ghphg-bty hej bs ghphoak fc nhehibei jkot.

Puoabg Prfgurknket

Phst prfgurknket prhgtbgks dhvk okke vkry gfstay tf tdk Ifvkrenket. H ?000rkvbkw fc tdk prfgurknket systkn, tdk Gfuetry Prfgurknket Hsskssnket_kvbkw (GPH_) (Yfraj Ohem ?000o), gfegaujkj tdht gfnprkdkesbvk rkcfrns

wkrk ekgksshry tf grkhtk gfejbtbfes cfr susthbehoak bnprfvknket be tdk ghphg-bty tf nhehik hej hosfro puoabg rksfurgks, begaujbei cfrkbie hbj.

Zdk kcgbkegy fc tdk systkn whs dbejkrkj oy gunokrsfnk hej efetrhes-phrket prfgkjurks, wkhmekssks be akiha hej rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrms, hej tdkkxgausbfe fc abek nbebstrbks crfn tdk prfgurknket prfgkss. Zdk hoskegk fcnfebtfrbei, jbsgbpabek, hej shegtbfes akj tf h ahgm fc hggfuethobabty= hjnbebstrh-tbvk jkahys= housks be gfetrhgt- hwhrjbei prfgkjurks, begaujbei tdk wbjksprkhjprhgtbgk fc sabgbei hej phgmhibei gfetrhgts= hej fvkr- hej nuatbpak obaabei. Zhxrkiuahtbfes rkahtkj tf prfgurknket wkrk kecfrgkj dhpdhzhrjay, gfetrboutbei tftdk dbid gfst fc objs. Zdbs sbtuhtbfe akj tdk Ifvkrenket tf bnpaknket h ofajprfgurknket rkcfrn fvkr tdk phst ckw ykhrs.

_kcfrn dhs sthrtkj tf ybkaj iffj rksuats hej ekkjs tf ok susthbekj.

Zdk Ifvkrenket okihe prfgurknket rkcfrns be ?000 tf begrkhsk gfnpktb-tbfe, rkjugk jkahys, hej abnbt tdk jbsgrktbfe fc objs hej hwhrjs gfnnbttkks.

Zdksk rkcfrns hrk kxpkgtkj tf rkjugk gfrruptbfe hej akhj tf nfrk-kcgbketpuoabg spkejbei.




cfr paheebei, kxkgutbei, nfebtfrbei, hej gfetrfaabei puoabg gfetrhgts. Zdbsjhthohsk wbaa ok hggkssboak tf tdk puoabg tdrfuid tdk H_NP Yko sbtk.

Zdksk hrk kegfurhibei hgdbkvknkets, wdbgd tdk Ifvkrenket sdfuajgfesfabjhtk. Zf jf sf, bt ekkjs he kcckgtbvk prfirhn cfr curtdkr strkeitdkebeitdk ghphgbtbks fc tdk H_NP hs wkaa hs tdk rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrm.

_kbecfrgbei [pstrkhn hej Jfwestrkhn Gfetrfas

Be Luek ?000, tdk Ifvkrenket hjfptkj jkgrkks puttbei be pahgk kx hetk hej kxpfst gfetrfas fc tdk prfgurknket prfgkss. Zdksk gfetrfas begaujk tdk phrtbgbph-

tbfe be obj kvhauhtbfe gfnnbssbfes‚begaujbei spkgbhabzkj gfnnbssbfes‚fcbejkpkejket foskrvkrs, wdfsk thsm bs tf rkpfrt fe tdk gfnnbssbfe‒s gfnpab-hegk wbtd tdk ruaks fc gfnpktbtbfe, trhesphrkegy, chbrekss, hej kcgbkegy. Zdkyhasf begaujk heeuha hujbts pkrcfrnkj oy he bejkpkejket hujbtfr rkgrubtkjtdrfuid h gfnpktbtbvk objjbei prfgkss. H rkvbkw gfejugtkj oy kxtkreha kxpkrtsbe ?00: gfegaujkj tdht nfst fc tdk bejkpkejket foskrvkrs dhvk prfjugkjiffj-quhabty rkpfrts tdht prfvbjk vhauhoak besbidts betf tdk gfetrhgt-hwhrjbeiprfgkss be tdk puoabg skgtfr.

Kecfrgbei Whegtbfes

Zdk nfst sbiebghet wkhmekss fc tdk prfgurknket systkn bs tdk chgt tdht sheg-tbfes hrk eft systknhtbghaay bnpfskj hihbest phrtbks tdht jf eft cfaafw tdkruaks. Be ?003 tdk Ifvkrenket rkbtkrhtkj bts gfnnbtnket tf kesurk hppabgh-tbfe fc tdk sthtutk ohrrbei hey bejbvbjuha fr akiha ketbty crfn objjbei bc tdhtketbty dhs gfnnbttkj prfvke becrhgtbfes jurbei h prfgurknket prfgkss. Hsphrt fc tdk idt hihbest gfrruptbfe, tdk Ifvkrenket dhs sthrtkj tf puoabsd

tdk pkehatbks bnpfskj be akiha prfgkkjbeis hej tdk shegtbfes hihbest fcckej-krs. Jkspbtk tdksk pfsbtbvk stkps, Ghnkrffe dhs ykt tf jkvkafp he kcckgtbvksystkn fc shegtbfes cfr wkaa-jfgunketkj brrkiuahrbtbks.

Eftks

8. [ejkr tdbs systkn, prbvhtk gfnphebks nust jkpfsbt h ofej tdht tdk Ifvkrenketghe ghsd bc tdk gfnphey chbas tf nkkt bts kevbrfenketha hej sgha foabihtbfes.

?. Zdk systkn dhs eft ykt okke bnpaknketkj.

7. Ghnkrffe‒s pkrcfrnhegk be tkrns fc thx rkvkeuk hs h pkrgkethik fc IJPgfnphrks chvfrhoay wbtd gfuetrbks sugd hs Gútk j‒Bvfbrk (8:.2 pkrgket) hej[ihejh (88.2 pkrgket) out bs wkaa okafw tdk akvka rkhgdkj oy gfuetrbks be rhpbjtrhescfrnhtbfe, sugd hs Zuebsbh (nfrk tdhe ?0 pkrgket). Ghnkrffe‒s rhembeisbe tkrns fc thxks fe iffjs hej skrvbgks, prfts, hej ghpbtha ihbes hrk sbnbahr.




:. Wkvkrha skgtfr nbebstrbks‚begaujbei prbnhry, skgfejhry, hej tkrtbhry kjughtbfe=hirbguaturk= dusohejry= dkhatd= hej lustbgk‚dhvk skgtfr NZKCs.

;. Zdk nbebstrbks fc puoabg wfrms hej prbnhry hej skgfejhry kjughtbfe hrkkxpkgtkj tf ok kqubppkj wbtd tdbs sfctwhrk be ?009.

3. Be ?00:, tdk begrkhsk be kxtrhoujikthry spkejbei oy tdk ehtbfeha fba gfnpheygfetrboutkj tf tdk ahgm fc trhesphrkegy hej betkirbty be oujikt kxkgutbfe.

9. Zdk râibks j‒hvhegk bs h systkn uejkr wdbgd tdk hutdfrbzbei fcgkr, upfehpprfvha fc tdk puoabg hggfuethet, hutdfrbzks he hiket tf uejkrthmk h eunokrfc snhaa fpkrhtbfes, tdk ehturk fc wdbgd bs wkaa jkekj.

4. H sthejhrjbzkj crhnkwfrm dhs okke prfvbjkj tdht begaujks stfgmthmbei fc tdknhbe hggfnpabsdnkets be tkrns fc skgtfr-akvka strhtkibg folkgtbvks= pkrcfr-nhegk hehaysbs hej rkvbkw fc tdk bnpaknkethtbfe fc prfirhns hej prflkgtshafei tdk vhrbfus strhtkibg hxks hej rkvbsbfe fc tdk prbfrbty hgtbfe prfirhns=rkvbkw fc oujikt kxkgutbfe= rkvbsbfe fc tdk NZKC cfr tdk ekxt vk ykhrs= hejkahofrhtbfe fc tdk prfirhn oujikt cfr tdk cfaafwbei ykhr.

2. Zdk sthtk supkrbfr hujbt bestbtutbfe (Gfetrúak Wupârbkur jk a‒Âtht ) rkpfrts jbrkgtaytf tdk prksbjkegy= bt gheeft ok gfesbjkrkj he kxtkreha gfetrfa bestbtutbfe.

80. Zdk wfrmcfrgk gfesbsts fc pkrnheket gbvba skrvhets hs wkaa hs pkfpak wbtd afei-tkrn (gfetrhgtukas) hej sdfrt-tkrn rkekwhoak (tknpfrhbrks) gfetrhgts.

88. Gurrket akibsahtbfe bejbghtks tdht h tknpfrhry wfrmkr sdfuaj eft ok wfrmbeihs sugd cfr nfrk tdhe twf ykhrs.

8?. Hetbafpk bs tdk nfjuak fc tdk nhehiknket becfrnhtbfe systkn jkjbghtkj tfnhehibei tdk phyrfaa.

87. Be tdk phst, sfnk fc tdksk phynkets wkrk dbjjke uejkr tdk ghtkifry ‑iffjshej skrvbgks.„ Zdky dhvk okke rkgahssbkj be tdk thoak fc ehegbha fpkrhtbfehs ‑ftdkr pkrsfeeka kxpkejbturk.„ Zdky begaujk phynkets nhjk tf tknpfrhryprbnhry sgdffa tkhgdkrs (bestbtutkurs vhghthbrks) hej tknpfrhry dkhatd wfrmkrsrkgrubtkj wbtd DBPG cuejs.

8:. Zdk pbaft nbebstrbks hrk tdk nbebstrbks fc prbnhr y hej skgfejhry kjughtbfe,dkhatd, kgfefny hej ehegk, hej puoabg skrvbgk.

8;. WED kxpafbts lfbetay wbtd Pkrkegf he fba kaj tdht rkprksketkj 8 pkrgket

fc tftha fba prfjugtbfe be ?00:. Bt dfajs ?0 pkrgket sthmks be Zftha, Pkgtke/Wdkaa, hej Pkrkegf hs wkaa hs be ftdkr gfnphebks bevfavkj be jfwestrkhnhgtbvbtbks.

83. Kquhabzhtbfe cuejs kxbst be gfuetrbks tdht dhvk ksthoabsdkj h pfabgy skttbeitdk shnk prbgk cfr haa gfesunkrs be hey pahgk fc tdk tkrrbtfry‚be prhgtbgk,be tdk ihtk fc haa wdfakshak jkpfts. Zdksk cuejs phy tdk trhespfrt gfstjbcckrkegks.

89. Zwkety pkrgket fc kstbnhtkj heeuha prfjugt jknhej bs suppabkj uejkr hobjjbei gfetkxt.

84. Phst hujbts fc WED oy h gkrtbkj puoabg hggfuetbei rn wkrk nhjk puoabg.

WED puoabsdkj prfjugtbfe, shaks, hej rkvkeuk jhth cfr tdk rst dhac fc ?00;hej pakjikj tf upjhtk tdbs becfrnhtbfe quhrtkray.

82. Prfjugtbfe hej Gfst-Wdhrbei Hirkknkets< Zdk Ifvkrenket ibvks prbvhtk fbagfnphebks tdk rbidt tf kxpafrk fr kxpafbt h spkgbg kaj, out tdky dhvk tf sdhrkhey prfjugtbfe ikekrhtkj crfn tdk kaj wbtd tdk WED. Zdk spabt vhrbks crfn




90/70 be chvfr fc WED, tf ;0/;0. Fe hvkrhik, tdk spabt bs 37/79 be chvfr fcWED. Wdhrkj fpkrhtbei gfsts (b.k., jkprkgbhtkj jkvkafpnket gfsts, jkprkgbhtkj

kxpafrhtbfe gfsts, hej ehegbha gdhriks) hrk spabt ;0/;0. ?0. Zdk haafghtbfe paheekj cfr sfnk nbebstrbks bs okafw tdk prflkgtkj akvka fc

hgtuha spkejbei. Zdbs jbstfrtbfe rkkgts tdk chgt tdht tdk WED jbrkgt phynketbs kxpkgtkj tf nhmk up tdk jbcckrkegk. Kxpkejbturks cfr wdbgd oujikt haafgh-tbfes wkrk bebtbhaay besucgbket hrk httrboutkj kx pfst tf nbebstrbks/gfnnfekxpkejbturk oujikt abeks wbtd oujikt kxpkejbturks tdht dhvk eft ykt okkecuaay jbsourskj.

?8. Zdk KBZB rkpfrts fe Ghnkrffe hej ftdkr gfuetrbks bevfavkj be tdbs bebtbhtbvkhrk hvhbahoak ht dttp<//www.kbtbtrhesphrkegy.fri.

??. Zdk hirkkj hjlustnket cfrnuah cfr tdk kx-rkekry prbgks gfvkrs bnpfrt phrbtyprbgks, pfrt dhejabei gdhriks, bnpfrt thxks, hej h ekiftbhtkj hnfuet skt tfprfirkssbvkay hjlust rkekry kgfefnbgs tf bnpfrt gfnpktbtbfe.

?7. Phrbs Gauo nknokrs dfaj 32 pkrgket fc Ghnkrffe‒s efnbeha jkot, wbtd ?;pkrgket fwkj tf Crhegk hej 84 pkrgket tf Ikrnhey.

?:. Zdk ekt prksket vhauk fc kxtkreha jkot hs h pkrgkethik fc IJP bs kxpkgtkj tfrbsk nfjkstay fvkr tdk nkjbun tkrn wdbak rknhbebei ht hofut 87 pkrgket betdk afei rue.

?;. Wfnk fc tdk efephrtbgbphtbei grkjbtfrs dhvk harkhjy fothbekj chvfrhoak gfurtlujinkets= ftdkrs hrk hofut tf ahuegd akiha hgtbfes hihbest Ghnkrffe.

?3. He kstbnhtkj 30‗3; pkrgket fc tdbs jkot whs gfetrhgtkj okcfrk 822:. ?9. Oy ahw tdk GH H hgts fe okdhac fc tdk Ifvkrenket be tdk cfaafwbei hrkhs<

nhehibei tdk puoabg hej puoabgay iuhrhetkkj kxtkreha jkot hej tdk puoabgjfnkstbg jkot= shckmkkpbei haa afhe hirkknkets hej rkahtkj jfgunkets= kesur-bei tbnkay jbsoursknkets fc ekiftbhtkj afhes hej nhmbei rkiuahr jkot skrvbgkphynkets= phrtbgbphtbei be tdk rkekiftbhtbfe fc jkot hirkknkets wbtd fcgbhahej gfnnkrgbha grkjbtfrs= hej prfvbjbei rkiuahr sthtbstbgs fe tdk kxtkreha hejjfnkstbg jkot cfr fcgbha puoabghtbfes.

?4. Be phrtbguahr, h rkiuahr trhbebei prfirhn bs rkqubrkj tf kesurk tdht tdk ketbrkprfckssbfeha sthcc hgqubrks tdk tkgdebgha smbaas ekgksshry cfr usbei tdk ahtkst

gfnputkr-ohskj jkot nhehiknket prfirhns. Wthcc nust hasf ok trhbekj tfkvhauhtk ekw ofrrfwbei prfpfshas hej jkot rkekiftbhtbfes. ?2. Zdk gutfcc cfr BJH kabibobabty whs $23; be CR?003. Be ?00:, Ghnkrffe‒s pkr

ghpbth IEB whs $400. Zdk gfuetry dhs abnbtkj hggkss tf ghpbtha nhrmkts.70. Zdbs kvhauhtbfe systkn begaujks 8? bejbghtfrs uejkr tdk cfur pbaahrs fc h

nfjkre prfgurknket systkn (tdk akibsahtbvk hej rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrm, tdkbestbtutbfeha crhnkwfrm, prfgurknket fpkrhtbfes hej prbvhtk skgtfr prhgtbgks,hej betkirbty fc tdk puoabg prfgurknket systkn).

78. Nhaprhgtbgks begaujk sabgbei hej phgmhibei, nfjbcybei kvhauhtbfe grbtkr bhhctkr obj fpkebei hej jurbei kvhauhtbfe, grkhtbei obhskj sdfrtabsts tdht

sfnktbnks begaujk ghejbjhtks wbtd pkrsfeha gfeekgtbfes, grkhtbei gtbfehagfetrhgts, hej hwhrjbei gfetrhgts tf objjkrs tdht jbj eft nkkt gfejbtbfes.



887

Jkkpkebei Zrhjk hej Cbehegbha

Pfabgbks wbtdbe tdk _kibfeha

Crhnkwfrm

Ghnkrffe‒s P_WP bjketbks jbvkrsbghtbfe fc tdk kgfefny hs tdknhbe keibek cfr rkjugbei kgfefnbg vfahtbabty hej jkkpkebei

irfwtd. Jbvkrsbghtbfe betf dbidkr-vhauk hirbguaturha, nheuchgturbei,hej skrvbgks rkqubrks gfesbjkrhoak bnprfvknket be tdk gfnpktbtbvkekssfc tdk ousbekss kevbrfenket. H nfrk ousbekss-crbkejay kevbrfenketbs hasf h mky gfejbtbfe cfr httrhgtbei cfrkbie bevkstnket hej offstbeikxpfrt-akj irfwtd.

Zf jf sf rkqubrks h wkaa grhctkj gfnobehtbfe fc nhgrfkgfefnbg hejskgtfr pfabgbks. Bnprfvkj nhgrfkgfefnbg sthobabty wbaa rkjugk sfvkrkbierbsm hej gfsts, kedhegk Ghnkrffe‒s grkjbt rhtbei, hej httrhgt bevkstnket.Be hjjbtbfe, Ghnkrffe ekkjs tf begrkhsk bts gfnpktbtbvkekss oy rkjugbeitrheshgtbfe hej prfjugtbfe gfsts tdrfuid irkhtkr trhjk fpkeekss, bnprfvkjbecrhstrugturk skrvbgks, jkkpkr ehegbha nhrmkts, hej nfrk-prfjugtbvkdunhe ghpbtha (ofx :.8). Bnprfvknkets be tdksk hrkhs wbaa rkqubrk pfabgbkstdht kedhegk gfnpktbtbfe.

Be snhaa gfuetrbks sugd hs Ghnkrffe, pfabgbks tdht begrkhsk sghak,

grkjbobabty, hej vbsbobabty hrk bnpfrthet. Jkkpkebei rkibfeha betkirhtbfe bsgrbtbgha cfr Ghnkrffe tf pfsbtbfe btskac hs h vbhoak suorkibfeha duo, h gfe-jubt cfr cfrkbie bevkstnket, hej (kvketuhaay) h irfwtd pfak. Zdk kxpkrb-kegks fc Gdbeh hej Bejbh dhvk sdfwe tdht fpkeekss bs grbtbgha< oftd gfue-trbks okihe tf rkhabzk tdkbr pftketbha hctkr thmbei hjvhethik fc tdk fppfrtueb-tbks hccfrjkj oy iafohabzhtbfe (ofx :.?) tdrfuid h wkaa jksbiekj fpke jffrpfabgy, begaujbei tdk jkvkafpnket fc spkgbha kgfefnbg zfeks.

Ghnkrffe dhs nhey gfnpktbtbvk hsskts‚begaujbei pfabtbgha sthoba-

bty wbtdbe h trfuoakj suorkibfe, h duo pfsbtbfe wbtdbe he fba-rbgd suork-ibfe, ehturha kejfwnkets, hej h rkahtbvkay wkaa-kjughtkj ahofr cfrgk‚hstdk P_WP rkgfiebzks. _khabzbei tdkbr pftketbha wbaa rkqubrk kcckgtbvk trhjkrkcfrns hej prujket rkibfeha gffpkrhtbfe hej betkirhtbfe pfabgbks.

:




Eftk< Crfn h abst fc 8: chgtfrs, rkspfejkets wkrk hsmkj tf skakgt tdk vk nfst prfoaknhtbg cfr jfbei ousbekss be tdkbr

gfuetry hej tf rhem tdkn oktwkke 8 (nfst prfoaknhtbg) hej ;. Zdk ohrs be tdk iurk sdfw tdk rkspfesks wkbidtkj

hggfrjbei tf tdkbr rhembeis. PPP > purgdhsbei pfwkr phrbty.

0 ; 80 8;pkrgket fc rkspfesks

?0 ?; 70

bestbtutbfes

chgtfrjrbvke

Wthik fc jkvkafpnket

kccbgbkegyjrbvke

beefvhtbfejrbvke

7?trhesbtbfe

8‗?trhesbtbfe

?‗7

becrhstrugturk

nhgrf-kgfefny

dkhatd hejprbnhry

kjughtbfe

dbidkr kjughtbfehej trhbebei

nhrmkt kccbgbkegy

tkgdefafibgharkhjbekss

ousbeksssfpdbstbghtbfe

beefvhtbfe

9

3;:

7?

8

Ghnkrffe Chgtfr-jrbvke kgfefnbks

8

Ofx :.8

Ghnkrffe‒s Ehtbfeha Gfnpktbtbvkekss

Mky bejbghtfrs

Pfpuahtbfe (nbaabfes), ?003 ...................................83.3IJP (obaabfes, gurrket [W$), ?003.........................84.:IJP (PPP bet‒a$) pkr ghpbth, ?003 ...................... ?,822Wkgtfrha vhauk-hjjkj (hs pkrgkethik fc IJP), ?00: Hirbguaturk ...........................................................:: Bejustry ................................................................ 83 Wkrvbgks ...............................................................:0Dunhe Jkvkafpnket Bejbghtfr rhem

(fut fc 899 kgfefnbks), ?00: ............................8::

Iafoha Gfnpktbtbvkekss Bejkx ?009

Fvkrhaarhem Wgfrk(fut fc 8?4) (8‗9)

Iafoha Gfnpktbtbvkekss

Bejkx ?009 ..................................................888 ....7.7

IG_ ?00;‗03 (fut fc 889 kgfefnbks) .........22 ....7.:

Ohsbg rkqubrknkets ....................................804 ...7.9

8st pbaahr< Bestbtutbfes .............. .............. ....... 8?0 ...7.8?ej pbaahr< Becrhstrugturk ............................. 8?: ...8.27rj pbaahr< Nhgrfkgfefny ............................:? ...:.4

:td pbaahr< Dkhatd hej prbnhrykjughtbfe ...................................................809 ...;.0

Kcgbkegy kedhegkrs ................................. 889 ...?.2

;td pbaahr< Dbidkr kjughtbfe hej trhbebei .... 803 ...?.43td pbaahr< Nhrmkt kcgbkegy .........................889 ...7.:

9td pbaahr< Zkgdefafibgha rkhjbekss ..............883 ...?.:

Beefvhtbfe kedhegkrs ................................80: ...7.8

4td pbaahr<Ousbekss sfpdbstbghtbfe ................................80: ....7.:

2td pbaahr< Beefvhtbfe ...................................800 ...?.9

Zdk nfst prfoaknhtbg chgtfrs cfr jfbei ousbekss

Hggkss tf ehegbei ............................... 83.0Gfrruptbfe ............................................ 8;.?Zhx rhtks ...............................................80.;Zhx rkiuahtbfes .....................................80.0Behjkquhtk suppay fc becrhstrugturk ........2.2Bekcgbket ifvkrenket ourkhugrhgy ....... 2.3Pffr wfrm ktdbg be ehtbfeha ahofr cfrgk .. ;.0Behjkquhtkay kjughtkj wfrmcfrgk ..........:.7Pfabgy besthobabty ..................................... :.0Grbnk hej tdkct ......................................7.9Behtbfe ..................................................7.3_kstrbgtbvk ahofr rkiuahtbfes ...................7.;

Cfrkbie gurrkegy rkiuahtbfes ..................?.;Ifvkrenket besthobabty/gfups ................ ?.?

7,000

?,;00

?,000

8,;00

8,000

8 2 4

0

8 2 4

?

8 2 4

:

8 2 4

3

8 2 4

4

8 2 2

0

8 2 2

?

8 2 2

:

8 2 2

3

8 2 2

4

? 0 0

0

? 0 0

?

? 0 0

:

? 0 0

3

Ghnkrffe Hcr bgh

IJP (PPP [W$) pkr ghpbth, 8240‗?003



Jkkpkebei Zrhjk hej Cbehegbha Pfabgbks wbtdbe tdk _kibfeha Crhnkwfrm 889

Jkkpkebei Zrhjk _kcfrns tf Kedhegk Gfnpktbtbvkekss

Ghnkrffe bs hnfei h irfwbei eunokr fc gfuetrbks be Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbghtdht dhs sbiebghetay abokrhabzkj bts trhjk pfabgbks sbegk tdk 8240s hejrkpahgkj h gfetrfaakj trhjk rkibnk wbtd h nfrk fpke hej akss jbstfrtbfe-hry fek. [ejkr tdk unorkaah fc GKNHG, tdk sbx-nknokr kgfefnbg hejnfekthry uebfe be Gketrha Hcrbgh, Ghnkrffe dhs hggkakrhtkj bts trhjkabokrhabzhtbfe pfabgy be tdk gfetkxt fc irkhtkr rkibfeha betkirhtbfe.8

Zdrfuidfut tdk 8290s hej nfst fc tdk 8240s, Ghnkrffe nhbethbekjeunkrfus thrbccs ht dbid hvkrhik rhtks, bnpfskj dbid thrbccs hej prfdbob-

tbfes, hej nhbethbekj h jkkp hetbkxpfrt obhs be bts trhjk rkibnk. Hs h rksuat,dbid rhtks fc efnbeha hej kcckgtbvk prftkgtbfe grkhtkj h cfrnbjhoak ohrrbkrtf tdk kxphesbfe fc jfnkstbg bejustry hej dbejkrkj betkrehtbfeha trhjk beekhray haa prfjugts ftdkr tdhe ueprfgksskj rhw nhtkrbha hej hirbguaturkgfnnfjbtbks. Dbid fcgbha thrbcc rhtks jbj eft rhbsk suosthetbha rkvkeuks.Bestkhj, tdky kegfurhikj jbstfrtkj okdhvbfr‚begaujbei wbjksprkhj thrbcchej thx kxknptbfes, kvhsbfe, snuiiabei, hej futrbidt gustfns crhuj‚tdhtrkjugkj rkvkeuks. Abmk ftdkr gfuetrbks be Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh, Ghnkrffeshw sbiebghet krfsbfe be bts sdhrk fc iafoha trhjk.

Hs tdk ahrikst hej nfst-jbvkrsbkj kgfefny be tdk GKNHG suorkibfehej tdk prbegbpha ketry pfrt cfr tdk Gketrha Hcrbghe _kpuoabg hej Gdhj,Ghnkrffe fggupbks h strhtkibg pfsbtbfe. Gfeskquketay, kgfefnbg prftkg-tbfebsn be Ghnkrffe grkhtkj rbppak kcckgts be ekbidofrbei kgfefnbks.

Hatdfuid, abmk ftdkr fba-kxpfrtbei gfuetrbks, Ghnkrffe dhs nhbethbekjh prbnhry trhjk surpaus fvkr tdk ykhrs, tdk sdrbemhik fc tdk fba skgtfr hejtdk paunnktbei prbgk fc betkrehtbfeha gfnnfjbtbks, kspkgbhaay gfcckk hejgfgfh, be tdk 8220s qubgmay trhescfrnkj Ghnkrffe‒s gurrket hggfuet sur-

paus betf h jkgbt.? Kvke tdfuid Ghnkrffe dhs h rkahtbvkay strfei nheuchg-turbei hej skrvbgks skgtfr gfnphrkj tf ftdkr gfuetrbks be tdk rkibfe, bt dhs

ykt tf jkvkafp h strfei kxpfrt-frbketkj hej jbvkrsbkj kgfefny.Cfaafwbei tdk 8243‗27 kgfefnbg grbsbs be tdk suorkibfe hej tdk

;0 pkrgket jkvhauhtbfe fc tdk gfnnfe gurrkegy, tdk ifvkrenkets fc GKNHGgfuetrbks jkgbjkj tf rkcfrn tdkbr trhjk rkibnk tf kedhegk gfnpktbtbvkeksshej httrhgt bevkstnket. Mky gfnpfekets fc tdk ekw pfabgy begaujkj bnpak-nkethtbfe fc h gfnnfe kxtkreha trhjk pfabgy hej tdk prfirkssbvk abokr-

habzhtbfe fc betrhrkibfeha trhjk. Hs h rksuat, tdk rkibfe trhescfrnkj btskaccrfn fek fc tdk nfrk prftkgtbfebst trhjk rkibnks tf fek fc tdk nfrk fpkebe Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh (thoak :.8). Be 822:, tdk GKNHG gfuetrbks hjfptkj hgfnnfe kxtkreha thrbcc (GKZ), nhmbei tdk suorkibfe h gustfn uebfe. Zdkthrbcc gfesbstkj fc h cfur-rhtk strugturk wbtd ckwkr ghtkifrbks< ; pkrgket cfrkssketbha iffjs, 80 pkrgket cfr rhw nhtkrbhas hej ghpbtha iffjs, ?0 pkrgket




ZHOAK :.8

Zhrbcc _htks be Wkakgtkj Gfuetrbks be Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh, 822;‗29

Gfuetry Rkhr [ewkbidtkjhvkrhik thrbcc

Bnpfrt-wkbidtkjhvkrhik thrbcc hejsurgdhrik rhtk fejutbhoak bnpfrts

Bejbghtbvkkcckgtbvk

prftkgtbfe rhtksfe prfjugtbfe cfrjfnkstbg nhrmktnheuchgturbei

Okebe 8223 80.8 9.? 7:.3

Ourmbeh Chsf 8223 ?4.2 82.3 47.9

Ghnkrffe 8223 88.; 80.; 34.4

Gútk j‒Bvfbrk 8223 8:.9 8:.; 2?.:

Idheh 8223 88.? 9.7 39.?

Nhahwb 822; 83.7 80.2 42.4

Nhab 8229 ?0.? 8?.2 ;0.;

Nhurbtbus 8223 ?3.: ?0.7 8:2.0

Wkekiha 8223 82.; 8:.3 807.7

Wfutd Hcrbgh 8223 8?.? ;.? 39.3

Zhezhebh 8223 ?8.3 87.7 4:.?

[ihejh 8229 9.8 2.7 47.9

\bnohowk 8229 ?7.4 83.? 809.0

Wfurgk< Dbemak, Dkrrfu-Hrhife, hej Muofth ?007.

Eftk< Ghaguahtbfes hrk ohskj fe jhth fothbekj crfn gfuetrbks be tdk stujy.

cfr betkrnkjbhtk iffjs, hej 70 pkrgket cfr gfesunkr iffjs. Hatdfuid tdkrk wkrk sfnk jkahys be pdhsbei be tdbs ikekrhabzkj prkckrketbha thrbcc, nhey

gfuetry-spkgbg tknpfrhry surthxks, betrhzfek thrbccs, hej efethrbcc ohr-rbkrs cfr afgha prfjugts wkrk kabnbehtkj, hej h prfgkss tf rkpahgk tdk crhi-nketkj bejbrkgt thx systkn wbtd h uebcfrn SHZ whs betrfjugkj.

Jkspbtk tdksk nkhsurks, trhjk abokrhabzhtbfe dhs ykt tf trhesahtk betfbnprfvkj gfnpktbtbvkekss. Hggfrjbei tf Zdk Hcrbgh Gfnpktbtbvkekss _kpfrt<

?009 (Yfraj Kgfefnbg Cfrun ?009), Ghnkrffe rhems 888td fut fc 8?4gfuetrbks be tkrns fc gfnpktbtbvkekss, wbtd h iafoha gfnpktbtbvkekss bejkxfc 7.7 fe h 9-pfbet sghak hihbest he hvkrhik fc 7.?2 cfr Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh(ofx :.8).7 Bt rhemkj okdbej Wfutd Hcrbgh (:3), Nhurbtbus (;4), hej Ebikrbh(80?). Zdbs pffr pkrcfrnhegk ghe ok httrboutkj nfstay tf tdk safw phgk fcbnpaknkethtbfe fc hirkkj rkcfrns oy tdk Ifvkrenket hej phrtay tf behj-kquhtk hej begfesbstket pfabgy rksfavk, wdbgd dhs akct be pahgk hjnbebstrhtbvkohrrbkrs hej jyscuegtbfes be Ghnkrffe hej tdrfuidfut GKNHG (ofx :.7).




Ofx :.7

Ghnkrffe‒s Begfnpaktk Zrhjk Abokrhabzhtbfe Hikejh

Wbegk tdk betrfjugtbfe fc he hnobtbfus rkcfrn prfgkss, Ghnkrffe dhsnhbethbekj fek fc tdk nfrk-abokrhabzkj trhjk rkibnks be Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh.Be h grfss-gfuetry survky gfejugtkj be ?00; oy tdk BNC, Ghnkrffe trhjkrkibnk whs rhemkj tdbrj fe h sghak fc 7‗80, wdkrk 80 rkprksketkj vkryrkstrbgtkj trhjk prhgtbgks. Ghnkrffe‒s sbnpak hvkrhik Nfst Chvfrkj Ehtbfethrbcc whs 84.0 pkrgket be ?00:. Be hjjbtbfe tf rkjugbei thrbccs, Ghnkrffe dhsrknfvkj quhetbthtbvk rkstrbgtbfes fe bnpfrts hej kxpfrts be tdk hirbguaturhaskgtfr hs wkaa hs kxpfrt thxks fe h vhrbkty fc hirbguaturha prfjugts, begaujbei

gfgfh, gfcckk, gfttfe, hej suihr. Bt dhs hasf rknfvkj rkstrbgtbfes fe trhjkbe skrvbgks.

Jkspbtk tdksk nkhsurks, sbiebghet fosthgaks rknhbe. H rkvbkw oy Crkegdgustfns kxpkrts fc Ghnkrffe‒s sgha-gustfns rkcfrn cfuej tdht hatdfuidGKNHG ifvkrenkets gfernkj tdkbr gfnnbtnket tf rkcfrn, hs jkekj betdk 822: GKNHG Zrkhty, tdky crkquketay orkhgdkj bts prfvbsbfes, grkhtbei hihp oktwkke gfnnbtnkets hej bnpaknkethtbfe fe tdk irfuej. Zdk rkpfrtgfegaujkj tdht tdk pkrsbstkegk fc kxfekrhtbfes hej surgdhriks, gfnpakxbtbksbe gustfns prfgkjurks, hej tdk wkhm bestbtutbfeha hej tkgdebgha ghphgbtyfc gustfns hjnbebstrhtbfes wkrk fosthgaks tf tdk crkk nfvknket fc iffjshgrfss ofrjkrs, grkhtbei h sbiebghet hetbkxpfrt obhs (Wtkkeahejt, Pufes, hejJuy ?00?).

Hasf, tdk crkbidt haafghtbfe systkn (tfur jk rfak ) uskj cfr trugm afhjbeibe Eihfuejârâ hej tdk crkbidt haafghtbfe nfefpfay systkn be Gdhj hej tdkGketrha Hcrbghe _kpuoabg hjj sbiebghetay tf trheshgtbfe gfsts. Zdk tfur jk rfak systkn whs rst bnpaknketkj be Crhegk 823;. Wuppay hej jknhej cfr trhespfrtskrvbgks hrk gketrhabzkj ht tdk rkibfeha akvka. Zrhespfrtkrs hrk rkibstkrkj fe habst ht tdk rkibfeha crkbidt fcgk= hej tdky hrk tdke hssbiekj h thsm hggfrjbei tftdkbr rhembei fe tdk rkibfeha fcgk rkibstry. Haa trugmbei gfnphebks trhespfrtcrkbidt ht h xkj prbgk jktkrnbekj oy tdk trhespfrt uebfe, rkihrjakss fc tdkquhabty fc skrvbgk prfvbjkj. Zdbs systkn bs suofptbnha, okghusk bt grkhtks jbs-begketbvk tf bevkst hej rhtbfehabzk h trugm kkt. Bt phrtay kxpahbes wdy trhespfrtthrbccs hrk twbgk hs dbid be GKNHG hs tdky hrk be Khst Hcrbgh. _knfvbei tdksystkn wfuaj kedhegk gfnpktbtbvkekss hej rkjugk gfsts, out tdk rksuatbeistrkhnabebei fc tdk trugm kkt wfuaj dhvk sfgbha gfsts.

H skgfej bnpkjbnket tf trhjk be tdk suorkibfe bs tdk jfuoak thxhtbfe fciffjs be trhesbt crfn tdk pfrt fc ketry (nhbeay Jfuhah) tf ahejafgmkj gfuetrbks(tdk Gketrha Hcrbghe _kpuoabg hej Gdhj). Zdk hjnbebstrhtbvk rfhjoafgms hrfuejtdk Jfuhah-Oheiub hej Jfuhah-E‒jlhnkeh gfrrbjfrs hasf hjj tf trheshgtbfesgfsts cfr tdksk gfuetrbks.

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.



8?0 Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

Bnpaknketbei tdk GKNHG Pahe cfr Zrhjk Chgbabthtbfe

hej Betkirhtbfe

Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf prfvbjk nfrk-kcckgtbvk akhjkrsdbp hej pahy hgketrha rfak be bnpaknketbei tdk GKNHG pahe cfr chgbabthtbei trhjk hejjkkpkebei betkirhtbfe. Zdk nhbe gdhaakeik bs tf trhescfrn efnbeharkcfrns betf he kcckgtbvk gfnpktbtbvk pfabgy cfr Ghnkrffe hej bts ekbid-ofrs. Zf jf sf, Ghnkrffe hej ftdkr GKNHG nknokrs nust thmk tdrkknhbe stkps. Cbrst, tdky nust kesurk tdht betrhrkibfeha trhjk cfr prfjugtsfrbibehtbei crfn tdk suorkibfe bs bejkkj juty crkk hej tdht haa efethrbcc

ohrrbkrs hrk kabnbehtkj. Zdbs nkhsurk wfuaj offst trhjk wbtdbe tdk suo-rkibfe, kspkgbhaay Ghnkrffe‒s kxpfrt fc cffj prfjugts, sugd hs pahethbehej ghsshvh. Wkgfej, GKNHG ifvkrenkets sdfuaj afwkr tdk gfnnfekxtkreha thrbcc rhtks hej skt h nhxbnun rhtk fc ?0 pkrgket, be frjkr tfdhrnfebzk wbtd tdk prkvhbabei rhtks be YHKN[. Zdbrj, Ghnkrffe sdfuajsdfw tdk why oy rksfautkay hej cuaay bnpaknketbei tdk 822: GKNHG

Zrkhty. Zdbs nkhes eft feay kecfrgbei tdk gfnnfe kxtkreha thrbcc rkibnkout hasf hiirkssbvkay bnpaknketbei trhjk chgbabthtbfe pfabgbks, begaujbeirknfvha fc pkrsbstbei efethrbcc ohrrbkrs (hj dfg nkhsurks hej hjnbebstrh-tbvk bnpkjbnkets tf crkk trhjk) wbtdbe tdk suorkibfe, hs wkaa hs wbtd tdkrkst fc tdk wfraj. Zdk Ifvkrenket hasf ekkjs tf bnprfvk tdk trhesbt rkibnktf begrkhsk tdk kcgbkegy hej fvkrhaa cuegtbfebei fc tdk gustfns uebfe hejnhmk GKNHG h nfrk kcckgtbvk crkk trhjk zfek. Ghnkrffe sdfuaj hasf thmktdk akhj be jbsgussbei trhjk hrrheiknkets wbtd bts ahrikst ekbidofr, Ebikrbh.Ghnkrffe sthejs tf ihbe gfesbjkrhoay crfn h pfabgy fc gfestrugtbvk keihik-nket wbtd Ebikrbh, hs tdk Ifvkrenket prfvkj be tdk Ohmhssb hcchbr.:

Ghnkrffe nust cuaaa bts pakjik tf gfesfabjhtk tdk GKNHG rkcfrns

oy cuaay phybei bts juks tf tdk Gfnpkeshtbfe hej Jkvkafpnket Cuej. Zdkcuej whs ksthoabsdkj oy GKNHG hs tdk ehegbha bestrunket cfr jkhabei

wbtd trhjk-rkahtkj gfnpkeshtbfe hnfei nknokr sthtks. Bts nhbe folkgtbvkshrk tf gfnpkeshtk gfuetrbks, kspkgbhaay ahejafgmkj feks, cfr afss fc rkvkeuk(nfstay trhjk thxks) hs h rksuat fc tdk kabnbehtbfe fc betkreha thrbccs hejthxks hej tf ehegk prflkgts tdht prfnftk rkibfeha betkirhtbfe. Be ?008, tdkdkhjs fc sthtk fc GKNHG gfuetrbks hirkkj tf bnpfsk h 8 pkrgket ckk fe haabnpfrts crfn tdbrj gfuetrbks tf ehegk GKNHG bestbtutbfes.; Bnpaknketh-

tbfe dhs okke safw hej dhpdhzhrj. Zdk twf gfuetrbks tdht dhvk trhjbtbfehaayprfvbjkj akhjkrsdbp be tdk suorkibfe, Ghnkrffe hej Ihofe, dhvk eft yktgfnpabkj, hjvkrskay hcckgtbei GKNHG‒s oujikt. Zdkbr hgtbfes hrk bejbghtbvkfc tdk pkrkeebha ahgm fc akhjkrsdbp hej rksfavk oy tdk hutdfrbtbks wbtd rkspkgttf dfefrbei rkibfeha hirkknkets hej bnpaknketbei rkibfeha pfabgbks.



Jkkpkebei Zrhjk hej Cbehegbha Pfabgbks wbtdbe tdk _kibfeha Crhnkwfrm 8?8

Bnprfvbei Pfrt hej Gakhrhegk Fpkrhtbfes

Zf rkjugk trhesbt tbnk hej bnprfvk trhesphrkegy be gustfns gakhrhegk,be Huiust ?000 tdk Ifvkrenket skt up h sbeiak trhjk prfgkssbei wbejfw(Iubgdkt [ebquk ju Gfnnkrgk Kxtârbkur ]I[GK^), wdbgd dhs sbiebghetayrkjugkj gakhrhegk tbnk ht tdk pfrt fc Jfuhah. Zdk I[GK prfvbjks h sbeiak

wbejfw tf bnpfrtkrs hej kxpfrtkrs oy irfupbei haa fc tdk gustfns gakhr-hegk hej ftdkr hjnbebstrhtbvk skrvbgks bevfavkj be bnpfrt hej kxpfrtfpkrhtbfes be fek pahgk. H chgbabthtbfe gfnnbttkk bs be pahgk, gdhbrkj oy tdkprbvhtk skgtfr, tf gafskay nfebtfr tdk kcgbkegy fc pfrt skrvbgks, kspkgbhaay

gakhrhegk fpkrhtbfes. Zdfuid tdk kcgbkegy fc pfrt hej gakhrhegk fpkrhtbfes dhs bnprfvkjgfesbjkrhoay, hjjbtbfeha bnprfvknket bs ekkjkj. Zdk hvkrhik gakhrhegktbnk besbjk tdk I[GK bs hofut vk jhys cfr bnpfrts hej hofut tdrkk jhys cfrkxpfrts, out tdk hvkrhik gakhrhegk tbnk tf jrhw nkrgdhejbsk fut fc tdk pfrthrkh bs nugd afeikr. Wtujbks rkvkha tdht sdbppkrs hej tdkbr hikets hggfuetcfr nfrk tdhe dhac fc tdk hvkrhik gakhrhegk tbnk ht tdk pfrt. Jkahys be gakhr-hegk tbnk fctke rkkgt ghsd fw gfestrhbets hs fpkrhtfrs chgk jbcguatbks tfihtdkr tdk suns ekkjkj tf phy gustfns jutbks. Hasf, ftdkr fpkrhtfrs usk tdkpfrt hs h stfrhik hrkh.

He hgtbfe pahe dhs okke jksbiekj hej okiue tf ok bnpaknketkj tfskesbtbzk sdbppkrs hej hikets tf tdk ekkj tf rkjugk jkahys be gakhrhegk hgtbv-btbks.3 Zdk Ifvkrenket hasf betkejs tf nfvk tfwhrj he kakgtrfebg I[GK be?009, wbtd kakgtrfebg phynkets hej cuaa bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk ahw fe kakg-trfebg gfnnuebghtbfe. Zdksk stkps wbaa spkkj pfrt trheshgtbfes, kedhegkskgurbty, hej rkjugk gfsts.

Jkkpkebei Cbehegbha Nhrmkts

Ghnkrffe dhs suggksscuaay gfnpaktkj tdk sthobabzhtbfe pdhsk fc h orfhjehegbha skgtfr rkcfrn tdht rkstrugturkj bts ohembei hej besurhegk skgtfrs.Jkkpkebei ehegbha nhrmkts hej fpkebei ehegbha skrvbgks tf tdk pffrrknhbe tdk twf tfp prbfrbtbks be tdk ifvkrenket‒s ekw ikekrhtbfe fc ehe-gbha skgtfr pfabgbks.

H jkghjk fc ohem rkstrugturbei dhs dkapkj gfesfabjhtk Ghnkrffe‒s

ohembei systkn. Hs be ftdkr gfuetrbks be tdk rkibfe, tdk prbvhtbzhtbfe hejrkdhobabthtbfe prfgkss dhs nhjk Ghnkrffe‒s ohems sfavket hej prft-hoak (ofx :.:). Zdk rkibfeha bnpabghtbfes fc ehtbfeha ohembei rkcfrns‚bephrtbguahr, tdk rkfrihebzhtbfe fc tdk Ghnkrffebhe systkn‚nkhe tdht bt bsefw khsbkr cfr ohems tf fpke orhegdks be ftdkr gfuetrbks.



8?? Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

Ofx :.:

Wuggksscuaay _kstrugturbei tdk Ohembei hej Besurhegk Wkgtfrs

Gfnphrkj tf tdk 8240s, nfst gfnnkrgbha ohems be Ghnkrffe hrk sfavket,abqubj, hej prfthoak. Zdrkk ohems‚Wfgbâtâ Iâeârhak jks Ohequks huGhnkrfue (WIOG), Wthejhrj Gdhrtkrkj Ohem Ghnkrfue (WGOG), hej GhbsskGfnnuek j‒Âphriek kt j‒Bevkstbssknket (GGKB)‚dhvk okke rkghpbthabzkjoy tdkbr prbvhtk sdhrkdfajkrs. Zdk Ohequk Betkrehtbfehak pfur a‒Âphriek ktak Grâjbt ju Ghnkrfue whs grkhtkj tdrfuid tdk sgbssbfe/abqubjhtbfe fc tdkOhequk Betkrehtbfehak pfur a‒Bejustrbk kt ak Gfnnkrgk. Zwf ftdkr ohems,Ohequk Nârbjbke-Ghnkrfue hej Grâjbt Hirbgfak, dhvk okke abqubjhtkj.

Ekw ohems dhvk ketkrkj tdk nhrmkt, orbeibei strkeitd tf tdk skgtfr.Zdk Gfnnkrgbha Ohem fc Ghnkrffe bs h nknokr fc tdk Cftsf Irfup, wdbgddhs sbegk ksthoabsdkj suosbjbhrbks be vhrbfus GKNHG gfuetrbks. [ebfe Ohemfc Ghnkrffe whs ksthoabsdkj oy tdk ahrikst Ghnkrffebhe nbgrfehegkektwfrm (tdk Ghnkrffe Gffpkrhtbvk Grkjbt [ebfe Akhiuk) hej twf betkr-ehtbfeha ohems.

Zdk besurhegk skgtfr dhs hasf okke rkstrugturkj. Wkvkrha besurhegkgfnphebks (begaujbei tdk nutuha besurhegk gfnphey be tdk hirbguaturk skg-tfr, Hssurhegk Nutukaak Hirbgfak ju Ghnkrfue), wkrk gafskj= tdk ehtbfeharkbesurhegk gfnphey, Ghbssk Ehtbfehak jk _khssurhegk, whs abqubjhtkj= hejftdkr besurhegk gfnphebks wkrk rkghpbthabzkj cfaafwbei beluegtbfes oy tdkBetkr-Hcrbghe Gfeckrkegk fe Besurhegk Nhrmkts (Gfecârkegk betkrhcrbghbek jks

nhrgdâs j‒hssurhegk ), tdk rkibfeha rkiuahtfr.Zdk Gketrha Hcrbghe Ohembei Gfnnbssbfe (GFOHG) bs rkspfesboak cfr rkiu-

ahtbei tdk rkibfeha ehegbha skgtfr. Bt dhs begrkhskj bts supkrvbsbfe fc ehtbfehaohembei systkns be tdk GKNHG rkibfe, nhbethbebei fe-sbtk gfetrfa hs wkaa hsfvkrskkbei haa ehegbha betkrnkjbhrbks. Grkhtkj be 8220, out fpkrhtbfehabzkjfeay be tdk phst ckw ykhrs, GFOHG whs rkspfesboak cfr fvkrskkbei hofut $7.93obaabfe fc hsskts be ?00; (Yfraj Ohem ?003j).

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.

Jkspbtk tdksk gdheiks, Ghnkrffe‒s ohembei skgtfr rknhbes jfnbehtkjoy h ckw ahrik ohems, wdbgd gfegketrhtk fe trhjbtbfeha ohembei cuegtbfes,kspkgbhaay sdfrt-tkrn akejbei hej trhjk ehegk. Zdkrk bs stbaa nugd rffn tfjkkpke ehegbha betkrnkjbhtbfe. Bejkkj, ht 83.; pkrgket fc IJP tdk rhtbf fcorfhj nfeky suppay tf IJP bs stbaa sdhaafw hej akss tdhe ; pkrgket fc tdktftha pfpuahtbfe dkaj h ohem hggfuet fr uskj ohem grkjbt skrvbgks ht tdk kejfc Jkgknokr ?003.9 Be tkrns fc tdk suppay fc ehegbha skrvbgks, tdk ?003CWHP eftkj tdht ‑Ghnkrffe‒s pkrcfrnhegk bs afwkr tdhe tdht fc gfuetrbks




wbtd h sbnbahr akvka fc jkvkafpnket. Ybtd rkihrj tf tdk hvhbahobabty fc ohemhggfuets, Ghnkrffe, wbtd 8:.72 ohem hggfuets pkr 8,000 bedhobthets, chaaschr sdfrt fc tdk hvkrhik (;8.7:). . . . Bts rkahtbvk pkrcfrnhegk be tkrns fcjkpfsbts bs kvke wkhmkr, wbtd feay 7;.; hggfuets pkr 8,000 bedhobthets, hsfppfskj tf ;42 fe hvkrhik.„

Zdk fvkrhrgdbei folkgtbvk efw bs tf jkkpke cbehegbha betkrnkjbh-tbfe. Jfbei sf wbaa rkqubrk susthbekj bnprfvknket be tdk bestbtutbfehakevbrfenket (tdk lujbgbhry, hggfuetbei, hujbt, hej phynket systkns)=jbvkrsbghtbfe fc ehegbha prfjugts hej skrvbgks tf offst bevkstnket (afei-tkrn akejbei cfr dfusbei, akhsbei, hej stfgms hej ofejs)= hej kxphesbfe fc

ehegbha skrvbgks tf snhaa fpkrhtfrs, tdk pffr, hej rurha jwkaakrs, begaujbeitdrfuid irkhtkr hggkss tf tdk nbgrfehegk hej pfstha ehegbha skrvbgks.

Bnprfvbei tdk Bestbtutbfeha Kevbrfenket

Wkvkrha bssuks ekkj tf ok thgmakj tf bnprfvk tdk bestbtutbfeha kevbrfenket. Zdky begaujk strkeitdkebei tdk akiha kevbrfenket hej tdk hggfuetbei hejhujbt systkn hej kedhegbei tdk kcgbkegy fc tdk phynket systkn.

Wtrkeitdkebei tdk Akiha Kevbrfenket Zdk akiha crhnkwfrm cfr tdk grkjbt kevbrfenket be tdk GKNHG zfek whsjkvkafpkj ht tdk rkibfeha hej ehtbfeha akvkas. Haa GKNHG nknokr gfuetrbkshrk hasf nknokrs fc tdk Frihebshtbfe pfur a‒Dhrnfebshtbfe ke Hcrbquk juJrfbt jks Hcchbrks (FDHJH). FDHJH akibsahtbfe ifvkres nhey fc tdk akihabssuks rkahtbei tf tdk grkjbt kevbrfenket, begaujbei skgurkj trheshgtbfes,jkot gfaakgtbfe hej kecfrgknket, hej besfavkegy systkns. Be gfetrhst, lujb-gbha, prfgkjurha, hej bestbtutbfeha nhttkrs hrk dhejakj ht tdk ehtbfeha akvka

hej usuhaay jbcckr crfn fek gfuetry tf heftdkr.Cbehegbha gfnnuebtbks be tdk sbx GKNHG gfuetrbks rkgfiebzk tdhtFDHJH akibsahtbfe dhs bnprfvkj tdk akiha crhnkwfrm cfr tdk grkjbt kevbrfe-nket. Grkjbt hgtbvbtbks ekvkrtdkakss rknhbe dbejkrkj oy nhlfr jkgbkegbks betdk bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdbs akibsahtbfe hs wkaa hs tdksk gfuetrbks‒ lujbgbha sys-tkns. Jkot gfaakgtbfe hej cfrkgafsurk fe gfaahtkrha rknhbe bekcgbket okghuskfc gfnpakx prfgkjurks, uegkrthbetbks be khgd gfuetry‒s gbvba prfgkjurk, wkhmghphgbty, hej prfoakns fc ifvkrehegk be tdk rkakvhet lujbgbha systkns. Cbehe-gbha skgtfrs wbtdbe GKNHG pahgk abttak rkabhegk fe tdk fpkrhtbfes fc tdkbrrkspkgtbvk gfuetrbks‒ lujbgbha systkns tf rksfavk grkjbt-rkahtkj jbsputks.

Ht tdk ehtbfeha akvka, lujbgbha prfgkjurks be Ghnkrffe hrk phbesthm-beiay safw hej tdkbr futgfnks dhrj tf prkjbgt okghusk fc gfrruptbfe, wdbgdrknhbes h jhuetbei gdhaakeik tdrfuidfut tdk GKNHG zfek. Zdk lujbgbha



8?: Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

systkn ekkjs tf ok strkeitdkekj, oy gfesfabjhtbei nhibstrhtks‒ trhbebei fegfnnkrgbha, ohembei, hej grkjbt nhttkrs= begrkhsbei nhibstrhtks‒ spkgbha-bzhtbfe be gfnnkrgbha orhegdks= hej bnprfvbei ifvkrehegk, cfr kxhnpak,oy hppaybei jbsgbpabehry nkhsurks, strkeitdkebei supkrvbsfry skrvbgks,begrkhsbei gfaakibhabty, hej puoabsdbei lujinkets. Zdk cuegtbfebei fc tdkgfnnkrgbha rkibstry ekkjs tf ok bnprfvkj hej tdk ehtbfeha ahw rkgfegbakj

wbtd tdk FDHJH ahw fe afhe rkgfvkrbks hej besfavkegy prfgkkjbeis. Ht tdk rkibfeha akvka, skvkrha bnprfvknkets tf FDHJH akibsahtbfe

wfuaj ok hjvbshoak. Zdk ahws ifvkrebei skgurkj akejbei hej gfaahtkrhasdfuaj ok rkvbskj tf strkeitdke tdk rkabhobabty fc skgurkj akejbei hej gfa-

ahtkrha hej chgbabthtk tdkbr grkhtbfe, puoabghtbfe, hej kecfrgkhobabty. Zdk ahwsfrihebzbei gffpkrhtbvks hej grkjbt uebfes ekkj tf hjhpt gurrket rkiuah-tbfes fe skgurkj nfvhoak hsskts tf nbgrfehegk ksthoabsdnkets hej gahrbcytdk hppabghtbfe fc tdksk jbspfsbtbfes. Zdk besfavkegy rkibnk ekkjs tf okrkvbskj tf strkeitdke grkjbtfrs‒ rbidts hej begrkhsk nhrmkt jbsgbpabek.

Wtrkeitdkebei tdk Hggfuetbei hej Hujbt Wystkn

H eunokr fc nkhsurks sdfuaj ok thmke wbtdbe GKNHG tf gfesfabjhtk tdk

gurrket systkn hej prfvbjk sthejhrj ehegbha becfrnhtbfe tf pftketbhabevkstfrs hej betkrehtbfeha akejkrs. Zdksk nkhsurks begaujk tdk upjht-bei hej dhrnfebzhtbfe fc FDHJH‒s hggfuetbei sthejhrjs tf put tdkn begfnpabhegk wbtd betkrehtbfeha ehegbha rkpfrtbei sthejhrjs (BC_W)= tdkhjfptbfe fc betkrehtbfeha sthejhrjs fe hujbtbei tf jkek tdk akiha hejprfckssbfeha foabihtbfes fc hujbtfrs (gfnnbsshbrks hux gfnptks)=4 hej tdkrkiuahr puoabghtbfe fc tdk hggfuets fc puoabg ketkrprbsks, wbtd hjkquhtksupkrvbsbfe oy nbebstrbks fc ehegk tf cfaafw up fe rkgfnnkejhtbfesnhjk oy hujbtfrs.

FDHJH hggfuetbei sthejhrjs tkej tf bnpfsk kxgkssbvk gfestrhbets fesnhaa hej nkjbun-sbzk ketkrprbsks (WNKs). Zdk tdrksdfajs tdht jktkrnbektdk akvka fc becfrnhtbfe rkqukstkj ekkj tf ok rkvbskj upwhrj.2 Zdbs wfuajhaafw nhey snhaa ketkrprbsks tf usk h ghsd hggfuetbei nktdfjfafiy, hejnkjbun-sbzk ketkrprbsks gfuaj prfvbjk sbnpakr becfrnhtbfe.

Kedhegbei tdk Kcgbkegy fc tdk Phynket Wystkn

H phynket systkn rkcfrn prflkgt whs ahuegdkj be ?007, uejkr tdk akhjkrsdbp

fc tdk rkibfeha gketrha ohem, OKHG, wbtd ehegbha hssbsthegk crfn tdk YfrajOhem. Zdk ifha fc tdk rkcfrn whs tf bnprfvk tdk kcgbkegy hej skgurbty fcphynket systkns be tdk GKNHG zfek oy rkjugbei jkahys be cuej trhesckrs(wbtdbe Ghnkrffe hej wbtdbe GKNHG), rkjugbei tdk tbnk ekkjkj tf gakhrgdkgms, hej bnprfvbei tdk skgurbty fc ehegbha trheshgtbfes.



Jkkpkebei Zrhjk hej Cbehegbha Pfabgbks wbtdbe tdk _kibfeha Crhnkwfrm 8?;

Zdk upirhjkj phynket systkn dhs skvkrha gfnpfekets < h rkha-tbnkirfss skttaknket systkn cfr ahrik fr uriket phynkets= he kakgtrfebg gakhr-bei systkn (fe h ehtbfeha hej rkibfeha ohsbs)= h rkibfeha ghrj systkn= hejh rbsm-nhehiknket systkn (gketrhak jks begbjkets jk phbknket ). Dfwkvkr,bnpaknkethtbfe bs thmbei afeikr tdhe bebtbhaay hetbgbphtkj, okghusk fc tdksystkn‒s gfnpakxbty hej wkhm ghphgbty hej gffrjbehtbfe wbtdbe OKHG.Fegk tdk systkn bs be pahgk, tdk hutdfrbtbks wbaa ekkj tf prfvbjk cuaa suppfrttf rkibfeha kccfrts, oy kesurbei tdht gustfns hej thx fcgks hggkpt tdk ekwphynket nkgdhebsns hej tdht whik phynkets hrk nhjk usbei tdk bestru-nkets nhjk hvhbahoak oy tdk rkcfrn. Ghnkrffe sdfuaj sdfw tdk why,

okghusk bt sthejs tf rkhp tdk irkhtkst okekts crfn tdbs rkcfrn, ibvke tdksbzk fc bts kgfefny rkahtbvk tf ftdkr GKNHG nknokr sthtks hej bts nugdahrikr ohembei hej prbvhtk skgtfr.

Kxphejbei Cbehegbha Wkrvbgks

Zdk Ghnkrffebhe ehegbha skgtfr dhs eft okke rkspfesbvk tf tdk ekkjs fcskttbei up h strfei hej gfnnbttkj systkn tf gdheeka rksfurgks tf nkkt tdk

ehegbei ekkjs fc WNKs. Ahgm fc hjkquhtk hggkss tf ehegbei bs gbtkj hstdk irkhtkst fosthgak tf jfbei ousbekss be Ghnkrffe (skk ofx :.8). Bejkkj,nhey gfevketbfeha ehegbha bestbtutbfes hrk rkaugthet tf hjvhegk grkjbts tfWNKs, wdfsk prfaks usuhaay jf eft nkkt ikekrha rbsm hggkpthegk grbtkrbh.

Zdfuid ohems dhvk kxgkss abqubjbty, abttak fc bt bs okbei gdheekakj betf prf-jugtbvk bevkstnkets tf kedhegk Ghnkrffe‒s gfnpktbtbvkekss. Hjjrkssbeitdbs prfoakn rkqubrks jkkpkebei ehegbha betkrnkjbhtbfe, phrtbguahray

wbtd rkspkgt tf nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfes, pfstha ehegbha skrvbgks, dfus-bei ehegbei, tdk besurhegk nhrmkt, tdk sfgbha skgurbty systkn, tdk Jfuhahstfgm kxgdheik, hej tdk ifvkrenket ofej nhrmkt.

Wtrkeitdkebei Nbgrfehegk Bestbtutbfes

Ghnkrffe dhs h rkahtbvkay ahrik eunokr fc nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfes (thoak:.?). Kccfrts ekkj tf ok thmke tf strkeitdke tdksk bestbtutbfes sf tdht tdkynkkt tdk ekkjs fc snhaa ofrrfwkrs.

H rkibfeha rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrm cfr nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfes hej

skrvbgks whs hjfptkj be Hprba ?00?. Zdk crhnkwfrm ihvk nbgrfehegk bestb-tutbfes uetba Hprba ?00; tf nkkt h skt fc hjnbebstrhtbvk rkqubrknkets hejuetba Hprba ?009 tf nkkt tdk prujketbha rkqubrknkets. Zdk abgkesbei prfgkss

whs gfnpaktkj be Fgtfokr ?00;, hej ?0; nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfes tdht wkrk eft abgkeskj wkrk gafskj be Jkgknokr ?00;.



ZHOAK :.?

Nbgrfehegk be tdk GKNHG \fek, ?00:

Btkn Ghnkrffe

Gketrha

Hcrbghe _kp.h

Gdhj Eunokr fc nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfeso 98: ?? ?8:

Eunokr fc nknokrs/gustfnkrs (tdfushej) :9;.3 7:.0 24.2

Zftha pfpuahtbfe (nbaabfe)g 83.: 7.4 2.4

Nknokrs/gustfnkrs hs pkrgkethik fc tfthapfpuahtbfe

?.2 8.? 8.0

Zftha afhes (nbaabfe GCHC) 38.0? 227.00 7.39

Zftha afhes (nbaabfe [W$) 888.00 8.4; 3.00

Hvkrhik afhe sbzk (GCHC) 8?4.7 ?2.? 79.7Hvkrhik afhe sbzk ([W$) ?77 ;7 34

IEB pkr ghpbthj ([W$) 400 780 ?30

Hvkrhik afhe sbzk hs pkrgkethik fc IEB pkr ghpbth ?2.8 88.0 ?:.7

Zftha jkpfsbts (nbaabfe GCHC) 2;.0 ?.9 :.:

Zftha jkpfsbts (nbaabfe [W$) 897.00 :.40 4.00

Hvkrhik jkpfsbt (tdfushej GCHC) ?00 94 :;

Hvkrhik jkpfsbt ([W$) 737 8:7 4?

Wfurgk< Yfraj Ohem ?003j.Eftk< GCHC ;;0 > [W$8. GCHC jhth cfr Kquhtfrbha Iubekh hrk eft hvhbahoak.

h. Jhth hrk hs fc Jkgknokr 78, ?00;.

o. Fe Jkgknokr 78 ?00;, GFOHG hej tdk Nbebstry fc Cbehegk heefuegkj tdk gafsurk fc ?0; nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfes be feifbei be Gdhj hej tdk _kpuoabg fc Gfeif.

g. Kstbnhtkj pfpuahtbfe iurks hrk crfn GBH Yfraj Chgtoffm ?00;.

j. IEB pkr ghpbth bs ghaguahtkj usbei tdk Htahs nktdfjfafiy.




Zdk ekxt stkps cfr strkeitdkebei tdk suoskgtfr begaujk skesbtbzbeihaa pahykrs tf tdk ekw rkiuahtbfes= strkeitdkebei pdysbgha hej dunheghphgbtbks tf orbei bejbvbjuha bestbtutbfes up tf phr wbtd rkiuahtbfe rkqubrk-nkets= hej ksthoabsdbei h strfei abem oktwkke nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfeshej gfnnkrgbha ohems.80 Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf wfrm gafskay wbtd tdkohembei gfnnbssbfe hej tdk jfefr gfnnuebty tf strkeitdke nbgrfehegkbestbtutbfes hej ektwfrms hej jbssknbehtk tdk ekw rkibfeha rkiuahtbfes.

Zdk nbgrfehegk jkphrtnket fc tdk Gketrha Hcrbghe Ohembei Gfnnbs-sbfe (GFOHG), tdfuid tkgdebghaay sfabj, ekkjs tf ok rkbecfrgkj be tkrnsfc dunhe hej ehegbha rksfurgks sf tdht bt ghe nfrk kcckgtbvkay kecfrgk tdk

ekw rkiuahtbfes.

_kstrugturbei tdk Pfstha Cbehegbha Wkrvbgks

Ghnkrffe Pfstha Wkrvbgks (GHNPFWZ) prfvbjks oftd nhba hej ehegbhaskrvbgks, tdrfuid h ektwfrm fc hofut ?70 pfst fcgks hgrfss tdk gfuetry. Btsehegbha skrvbgks begaujk jkpfsbt skrvbgks feay (gurrket hggfuets, shvbeishggfuets, hej nfeky frjkrs)= bt jfks eft akej nfeky. H nfjkrebzkj hejrkstrugturkj pfstha skgtfr gfuaj prfvbjk ehegbha skrvbgks tdht hrk hggkssboaktf ahrikr phrts fc tdk pfpuahtbfe.

GHNPFWZ whs grkhtkj be ?00:, hs h rksuat fc tdk nkrikr oktwkketdk ehtbfeha shvbeis ohem, Ghbssk j‒Âphriek Pfsthak (GKP), hej tdk pfstfcgk, Ghnkrffe Pfstha Gfrpfrhtbfe (WFEHPFWZ). Zdk hutdfrbtbks hirkkjtf tdk nkrikr okghusk tdk GKP kxpkrbkegkj ehegbha jbcguatbks hej tdkWFEHPFWZ ahgmkj rksfurgks. Zdk nkrikr sdfuaj ok vbkwkj hs lust h rststkp tfwhrj he be-jkptd rkstrugturbei fc Ghnkrffe Pfstha Wkrvbgks (ofx:.;). Kvketuhaay, tdbs prfgkss wbaa akhj tf tdk skphrhtbfe fc tdk pfstha hej

ehegbha skrvbgks tdrfuid tdk grkhtbfe fc h suosbjbhry tdht wbaa kxgausbvkayprfvbjk ehegbha skrvbgks. Hs be tdk gurrket skttbei, tdk ehegbha suosbjbhry

wbaa rkgkbvk jkpfsbts out eft prfvbjk afhes. Zdk ehegbha suosbjbhry wbaaskkm h abgkesk crfn tdk Nbebstry fc Cbehegk, hej bts hgtbvbtbks wbaa ok rkiu-ahtkj hej supkrvbskj oy GFOHG, wdbgd supkrvbsks haa ehegbha bestbtutbfesbe Ghnkrffe.

Bnprfvbei WNKs‒ Hggkss tf Cbehegbei

Behjkquhtk hggkss tf ehegbha skrvbgks bs h grbtbgha prfoakn cfr WNKs beGhnkrffe hej he bnpfrthet bnpkjbnket tf bevkstnket hej irfwtd.Ghnkrffe dhs fek spkgbhabzkj grkjbt ksthoabsdnket (P_F‗PNK Cbehegk-nket), tdrkk akhsbei gfnphebks, tdrkk ohems, hej h ckw nbgrfcbehegk



8?4 Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

Ofx :.;

_kstrugturbei tdk Cbehegbha Wkrvbgks Prfvbjkj oy tdk Pfstha Wkrvbgk

Zdk ahgm fc h wkaa-jkekj skgtfr strhtkiy dhs dhrnkj tdk jkvkafpnket fcpfstha skrvbgks hej akj tf tdk gurrket pfstha grbsbs hej rksuathet dkhvy sgha our-jke fe tdk sthtk. Wbegk 8222, tdk Ifvkrenket dhs betrfjugkj akiha, rkiuahtfry,hej bestbtutbfeha gdheiks tdht hbn tf okttkr frihebzk tdk skgtfr hej strkeitdketdk pfstha fpkrhtfr. Zdk gdheiks hrk eft phrt fc h wkaa-jkekj skgtfr strhtkiy,dfwkvkr, out rhtdkr h skrbks fc hj dfg jkgbsbfes tf hggfnnfjhtk tdk tkakgfn-nuebghtbfe rkcfrn strhtkiy hej hgtbfes cfr jkhabei wbtd grbsks. Zdk rkiuahtfrycrhnkwfrm, jkekj be tdk 8222 pfstha ahw, dhs eft okke bnpaknketkj. Zdk

hnobtbfus uebvkrsha skrvbgk cuejbei nkgdhebsn chbakj tf prfvbjk tdk nbebnunehegbha hej rkiuahtfry suppfrt tf tdk pfstha gfnphey. Gunuahtbvk jkgbtshej wkhm ifvkrehegk akj tf ehegbha jbshrrhy hej turouakegk be tdk nhba hejehegbha skrvbgks fc tdk pfstha skgtfr.

Be tdk chgk fc tdbs grbsbs, tdk Ifvkrenket ehaay tffm bebtbha stkps tf bnpak-nket susthbehoak rkcfrn be tdk skgtfr. GHNPFWZ whs grkhtkj be Hprba ?00:, hs hrksuat fc tdk nkrikr fc WFEHPFWZ hej tdk GKP, oftd fc wdbgd wkrk kxpkrbkegbeiehegbha jbcguatbks. Zdbs nkrikr gfestbtutkj h rkvkrsha fc phst ehegbha rkcfrns,wdbgd dhj ghaakj cfr h skphrhtbfe fc ehegbha hej pfstha skrvbgks hej akj tf tdkgrkhtbfe fc GKP be ?008.

Be ?00:, tdk Ifvkrenket hasf hjfptkj h jkgrkk rkahtbei tf tdk gfnptk

j‒hcckgthtbfe spâgbha , h sgha bestrunket cfr prfvbjbei ehegbha suppfrt tf tdkpfstha begunoket tf fcckr uebvkrsha pfstha skrvbgks. Zdk nhbe sfurgks fc cuej-bei wkrk suppfskj tf gfnk crfn abgkesk ckks phbj oy prbvhtk pfstha fpkrhtfrshej crfn tdk Zkakgfnnuebghtbfe [ebvkrsha Cuej. Dfwkvkr, tdksk sfurgks hrkueabmkay tf nkkt GHNPFWZ‒s rkgurrket suosbjy ekkjs. Zdk gdhaakeik cfr tdkIfvkrenket bs tf swbctay nfobabzk tdk ekgksshry rksfurgks tf hjjrkss tdk pfsthagrbsbs hej bnpaknket h afei-tkrn hgtbfe pahe cfr jkvkafpbei tdk pfstha skgtfr.

Zf rkfrihebzk tdk skgtfr, tdk Ifvkrenket wbaa ekkj tf jkek he upjhtkjskgtfr strhtkiy, begaujbei jkvkafpnket folkgtbvks hej tdk strhtkibg phtd btkevbsbfes cfr tdk skgtfr. Zdk rkfrihebzhtbfe rkqubrks tdk rkjkebtbfe fc uebvkrshaskrvbgk foabihtbfes ht h akvka tdht gfrrkspfejs tf gbtbzkes‒ kxpkgthtbfes (rhtdkrtdhe pfabtbgha wbaa). Bt wbaa hasf ok ekgksshry tf grkhtk ekw nkgdhebsns tdhthaafw cfr orfhjkr hggkss tf pfstha skrvbgks be h susthbehoak nheekr, wbtdtrhesphrket rkiuahtfry nkgdhebsns hej irkhtkr prbvhtk skgtfr phrtbgbphtbfe feh akvka pahybei kaj. Be gffrjbehtbfe wbtd pfabgbks cfr tdk tkakgfnnuebghtbfehej becfrnhtbfe tkgdefafiy skgtfrs, tdk Ifvkrenket gfuaj tkst beefvhtbvkcuejbei nkgdhebsns cfr uebvkrsha skrvbgks‚akhst suosbjy cfr ouejakj gfnnu-ebghtbfe skrvbgks (skk ofx ;.9). Zdk hutdfrbtbks wbaa ekkj tf rhpbjay betrfjugkhe kcckgtbvk rkiuahtfry systkn tf kedhegk gfnpktbtbfe be tdk skgtfr, hsskss

(gfetbeukj )




tdk rkakvhegk fc tdk pfstha uebvkrsha skrvbgk nkgdhebsns, hej prfpfsk tf tdkIfvkrenket ekw sgdknks.

Zdk ehegbha suppfrt ekkjkj crfn tdk sthtk tf rkahuegd pfstha skrvbgksfe h susthbehoak ohsbs wbaa ok sbiebghet. Dbstfrbghaay, tdk sthtk dhs iuhrhetkkjpfstha shvbeis. GHNPFWZ‒s gustfnkrs hrk dkegk kxpkgtbei tdk Ifvkrenket tfohgm GHNPFWZ. H rkjuejhegy pahe hej h rkghpbthabzhtbfe sgdknk hrk okbeibnpaknketkj. Be hjjbtbfe tf rkghpbthabzbei GHNPFWZ, tdk ifvkrenket wbaaekkj tf prfvbjk sucgbket wfrmbei ghpbtha, h grbtbgha kaknket cfr hey puoabgpfstha fpkrhtfr rueebei ehegbha skrvbgks (begaujbei phynkets).

Zdk Ifvkrenket wbaa ekkj tf grkhtk h crhnkwfrm tdht prkvkets tdk pfsthafpkrhtfr crfn nbsnhehibei prbvhtk gustfnkrs‒ shvbeis. Be tdk nkhetbnk, tdkhutdfrbtbks dhvk ksthoabsdkj h jkjbghtkj hggfuet ht OKHG tf shckiuhrj ekwjkpfsbts ht GHNPFWZ, gfejugtkj he hujbt tf ksthoabsd tdk akvka fc abhobabtbksfc GHNPFWZ, gfetrhgtkj wbtd he hujbt rn tf ksthoabsd tdk ?00: hej ?00;ehegbha hggfuets hej uskj sfnk fc tdk fba wbejchaa tf hggkakrhtk tdk rkbn-oursknket fc tdk cfrnkr shvbeis ohems‒ abhobabtbks. Zdk nkjbun-tkrn rkcfrnpahe sdfuaj hbn ht bnprfvbei pkrcfrnhegk hej ifvkrehegk fc pfstha ehegbhaskrvbgks, rkaybei fe begrkhskj prbvhtk skgtfr phrtbgbphtbfe. Zdk Ifvkrenketekkjs tf swbctay thmk tdk nkhsurks rkqubrkj tf skt up h ehegbha suosbjbhry befrjkr tf skphrhtk pfstha ehegbha skrvbgks crfn nhba skrvbgks.

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.

bestbtutbfes jkjbghtkj tf prfvbjbei ehegbha skrvbgks tf WNKs. Ydht tdkyfcckr chaas gfesbjkrhoay sdfrt fc wdht bs ekkjkj, dfwkvkr. Zdk nhbe fosthgaksbjketbkj oy ehegbha bestbtutbfes tf nkktbei tdk irfwbei jknhej crfnWNKs hrk pffr nhehiknket hej ifvkrehegk, uerkabhoak ehegbha becfrnh-tbfe, hej jbcguatbks kecfrgbei gfaahtkrha hej afhe iuhrhetkk sgdknks beghsk fc ohj grkjbt. Bestbtutbfes‒ ahgm fc gfnpktkegk tf hsskss rbsms hej jksbiehpprfprbhtk ehegbha bestrunkets cfr WNKs rkprkskets he hjjbtbfeha rfhj-oafgm, hggfrjbei tf tdk Yfraj Ohem Cbehegbha Wkgtfr Hsskssnket Prfirhn(Yfraj Ohem ?003j).

Zf hjjrkss sfnk fc tdksk gfegkres, tdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf put bepahgk nkhsurks tf bnprfvk ehegbha becfrnhtbfe fe WNKs. Pfssboak nkh-

surks begaujk tdk grkhtbfe fc h ehegbha jhthohsk fc WNKs‒ grkjbt dbstfry=prfvbsbfe fc tkgdebgha hssbsthegk tf ehegbha ksthoabsdnkets tf jkvkafpprfjugts tdht nkkt WNKs‒ ekkjs= hej bnprfvknket be tdk bestbtutbfehakevbrfenket, hs jksgrbokj be tdk prkvbfus suoskgtbfe. Zdk Ifvkrenket

Ofx :.; (gfetbeukj)




gfuaj hasf kegfurhik tdk jkvkafpnket fc akhsbei hgtbvbtbks, wdbgd pahy hebnpfrthet rfak be prfvbjbei snhaa rns wbtd afeikr-tkrn rksfurgks, phr-tbguahray oy rkvbkwbei tdk thxhtbfe fc akhsbei gfnphebks.

_kcfrnbei Dfusbei Cbehegbei

_hpbj urohebzhtbfe dhs grkhtkj h irfwbei ihp oktwkke rbsbei dfusbeiekkjs hej gfestrhbekj ghphgbtbks, wbtd grkjbt gfestrhbet tdk nhbe fosth-gak tf tdk jkvkafpnket fc dfusbei be Ghnkrffe. Zftha dfusbei afhesrkprksket akss tdhe 0.; pkrgket fc IJP be Ghnkrffe hej ftdkr GKNHGgfuetrbks. Dfusbei ehegbei gfnks ahrikay crfn tdk ifvkrenket-fwekj

dfusbei grkjbt frihebzhtbfe, Grâjbt Cfegbkr ju Ghnkrfue (GCG), hej hckw gfnnkrgbha ohems, wdbgd ikekrhaay prfvbjk afhes wbtd h nhxbnunnhturbty fc skvke ykhrs. Nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfe rksfurgks hrk hasf uskjtf nkkt dfusbei kxpkejbturk ekkjs, hatdfuid nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfesjf eft fcckr spkgbg ehegbha dfusbei prfjugts.

Zdk GCG dhs kxpkrbkegkj skrbfus ehegbha jbcguatbks fvkr tdk phst twfjkghjks. Bts rksfurgks gfnk crfn h ?.; pkrgket khrnhrmkj begfnk thx sur-gdhrik, wdbgd kehoaks tdk bestbtutbfe tf fcckr suosbjbzkj afhes. Ahx nhe-

hiknket fvkr nhey ykhrs akj tf tdk hggunuahtbfe fc efepkrcfrnbei afhes, wdbgd rkprksketkj nfrk tdhe 40 pkrgket fc GCG‒s pfrtcfabf. He httknpt tfjbvkrsbcy bts pfrtcfabf hej gfnpktk wbtd gfnnkrgbha ohems wfrskekj btsehegbha sbtuhtbfe. Ykhm nhehiknket akj tf rkpkhtkj afssks fe gurrkethgtbvbtbks= feay tdk ?.; pkrgket begfnk thx surgdhrik dhs haafwkj GCG tfmkkp hfht.

Be ?00; h ekw nhehiknket tkhn whs put be pahgk, wbtd tdk nhejhtk tfbnpaknket h orfhj rkstrugturbei pahe cfr bnprfvbei GCG‒s ehegbha sbtuh-tbfe. Zdk pahe begaujkj rkekwkj kccfrts tf rkgfvkr efepkrcfrnbei afhes hejtf gfegketrhtk hgtbvbtbks fe bts frbibeha nbssbfe‚tdk prfvbsbfe fc dfusbeiafhes tf bejbvbjuhas. Zdk hutdfrbtbks hrk rkhsskssbei dfw tdbs gfuaj ok nfstkcckgtbvkay jfek be frjkr tf nkkt tdk irfwbei ekkjs fc tdk pfpuahtbfe.

Ghnkrffe‒s dfusbei pfabgy rkqubrks nhlfr rkvbsbfe. Zdk Ifvkrenketsdfuaj hvfbj haafghtbei puoabg spkejbei tf pffray thriktkj nkhsurks (sugd hssuosbjbks tf dfusbei ohems), cfgusbei bestkhj fe grkhtbei nkgdhebsns ohskjfe sfuej sfgbha grbtkrbh. Pfabgbks gfuaj begaujk tdfsk tdht skkm tf akvkrhikprbvhtk shvbeis= kegfurhik tdk ketrhegk fc ftdkr hgtfrs be tdk nhrmkt, rhtdkr

tdhe tdk nhbetkehegk fc h nfefpfay pfsbtbfe= hej suppfrt tdk bssuhegk fcofejs, tdkrkoy strkeitdkebei tdk jkvkafpnket fc tdk ehegbha nhrmkt.

Be hjjbtbfe tf rkstrugturbei GCG, tdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf strkeitdketdk rkha ksthtk nhrmkt hej spur dfusbei jkvkafpnket. Zdk nfst uriketay




H wkaa-cuegtbfebei stfgm nhrmkt bs kxpkgtkj tf prfvbjk sbiebghet rksfurgkscfr ehegbei afei-tkrn bevkstnket.

Be 8224, OKHG ahuegdkj tdk jkvkafpnket fc h rkibfeha stfgm kxgdheiktf jkkpke rkibfeha ghpbtha nhrmkts. Zdk prflkgt dhs okke nbrkj be gfetrf-

vkrsy, hs h rksuat fc gfebgt oktwkke Ghnkrffe hej Ihofe fvkr tdk sbtk fctdk stfgm kxgdheik‒s dkhjquhrtkrs (Jfuhah fr Aborkvbaak). Be ?000, tdk Gfe-ckrkegk fc Dkhjs fc Wthtk fc GKNHG jkgbjkj tf ksthoabsd h prbvhtk rkibfehastfgm kxgdheik be Aborkvbaak, tdk Gketrha Hcrbgh Wtfgm Kxgdheik (OSNHG).OSNHG whs grkhtkj be Luek ?007, wbtd ghpbtha prfvbjkj oy ?; sdhrkdfajkrs(ohem, besurhegk, hej ftdkr gfnphebks).

Ghnkrffe dhs cfaafwkj h phrhaaka prfgkss, fpkebei h ehtbfeha stfgmkxgdheik be Jfuhah be ?008.87 Zdk ghpbtha fc tdk Jfuhah Wtfgm Kxgdheik(JWT) bs dkaj oy prbvhtk sthmkdfajkrs, ehnkay oy gfnnkrgbha ohems hejbesurhegk gfnphebks. Bt bs cuaay kqubppkj, oftd tkgdebghaay hej be tkrns fcdunhe rksfurgks, tf cuegtbfe kcckgtbvkay. H rkiuahtfr‚tdk Gfnnbssbfe fcCbehegbha Nhrmkts‚dhs okke ksthoabsdkj hej cuaay sthcckj, hej sfnk ohemsdhvk rkgkbvkj abgkesks hs orfmkrs.

Jkspbtk tdksk jkvkafpnkets‚hej tdk chgt tdht tdk JWT whs fcgbhaay

behuiurhtkj be ?007‚skgurbtbks dhvk eft ykt okke trhjkj.8: Hatdfuid JWTbevkstkj dkhvbay be kqubpnket hej phbj shahrbks cfr tdrkk ykhrs, ef rkvkeuk

whs ikekrhtkj. Zdk jkahy jrbkj up JWT‒s ghpbtha hej put tdk gfnphey be heuetkehoak ehegbha sbtuhtbfe, akhjbei tdk Ifvkrenket tf rkghpbthabzk tdkkxgdheik be ?00;.8;

Zdbs kpbsfjk baaustrhtks dfw chbaurk tf hirkk fe hej bnpaknket mkyjkgbsbfes crkquketay kethbas suosthetbha ehegbha hej kgfefnbg gfsts, tfoftd tdk Ifvkrenket hej tdk prbvhtk skgtfr. Wwbct hgtbfe bs rkqubrkj tfprfvbjk Ghnkrffe hej tdk suorkibfe wbtd h mky bestbtutbfe cfr nfob-abzbei afei-tkrn rksfurgks cfr bevkstnket. Zdk kxpkrbkegks fc knkribeikgfefnbks suiikst tdht bt bs kssketbha tdht tdk stfgm nhrmkt rkhgd h gkrthbesghak fc fpkrhtbfes hej thp betf h orfhj pffa fc shvbeis be tdk suorkibfe bcbt bs tf okgfnk he kcgbket hej grkjboak bestrunket cfr rhbsbei cuejs hejrkjugbei rbsm. Zdkrkcfrk, bt bs be tdk okst betkrkst fc Ghnkrffe tf nhmk tdkJWT h gfnpfeket fc h suorkibfeha nhrmkt hej kegfurhik grfss-abstbei

wbtd ftdkr gfuetrbks, sugd hs Ebikrbh hej rkibfeha oafgms sugd hs tdk Ykst Hcrbgh Kgfefnbg hej Nfekthry [ebfe (YHKN[). Dkegk, tdk Ifvkrenket

sdfuaj rksunk ekiftbhtbfes be iffj chbtd wbtd tdk ftdkr GKNHG gfuetrbks wbtd tdk hbn fc nkribei tdk Jfuhah hej Aborkvbaak nhrmkts. Zdk rkibfehastfgm kxgdheik gfuaj wkaa dhvk fpkrhtbfeha gketkrs be oftd gbtbks, wbtd



Jkkpkebei Zrhjk hej Cbehegbha Pfabgbks wbtdbe tdk _kibfeha Crhnkwfrm 87;

fc CJB. Okghusk fc tdk snhaa sbzk fc tdk jfnkstbg ehegbha skgtfr, h ahriksdhrk fc prbvhtbzhtbfe rkvkeuk be Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbghe gfnks crfn cfrkbiekxgdheik khrebeis (4: pkrgket vkrsus :7 pkrgket be jkvkafpbei gfuetrbksoktwkke 8220 hej 8224). Zdksk rkvkeuks tkej tf gfnk be tdk cfrn fc CJB(40‗20 pkrgket be Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh vkrsus ;0 pkrgket be Khst Hsbh). Prbvh-tbzhtbfe eft feay httrhgts CJB hej cfrkbie kxgdheik, out bt nhy hasf sbiehabnprfvknket be tdk fvkrhaa bevkstnket gabnhtk, rkjugkj ifvkrenket betkr-

vketbfe, hej pfssboay bnprfvkj ifvkrehegk, haa fc wdbgd hrk gfejugbvk tfbevkstnket. Whjkr (822;) kstbnhtks tdht kvkry $8 fc prbvhtbzhtbfe bevkst-nket ikekrhtks $0.44 be hjjbtbfeha ekw bevkstnket be tdk dfst gfuetry.

Dkegk, Ghnkrffe gfuaj offst CJB, begrkhsk bts cfrkbie kxgdheikkhrebeis, hej spur jfnkstbg bevkstnket oy hggkakrhtbei bts prbvhtbzhtbfe prf-irhn, kspkgbhaay be becrhstrugturk (skk gdhptkr ;). Whjkr (822;) hasf suiikststdht ekihtbvk pkrgkptbfes hej tdk stbinh fc pffr ifvkrehegk hej gfrruptbfehssfgbhtkj wbtd gkrthbe gfuetrbks hrk bnpfrthet ohrrbkrs tf cfrkbie bevkst-nket. Bnprfvbei ifvkrehegk wbaa tdus gfetbeuk tf ok grbtbgha cfr httrhgtbeicfrkbie bevkstnket, jbvkrsbcybei tdk kgfefny, hej susthbebei irfwtd.

Zdk rkibfeha crhnkwfrm bs hasf ekkjkj tf kedhegk vbsbobabty hej grkj-

bobabty. Bnpfrthet hs bt nhy ok, dfwkvkr, bnprfvbei ifvkrehegk hafek wbaaeft haafw Ghnkrffe tf httrhgt sbiebghet cfrkbie bevkstnket. Wbzk, sghak,hej vbsbobabty hasf nhttkr. Ftdkr tdbeis okbei kquha, tdk ahrikr tdk kgfe-fny hej tdk pfpuahtbfe, tdk nfrk vbsboak hej httrhgtbvk h gfuetry bs tfcfrkbie bevkstfrs (kxgkpt be tdk nbebei skgtfr). Zdbs bs okghusk tdk ahrikrtdk gfuetry, tdk ahrikr tdk pffa fc iffj-quhabty wfrmkrs cfr kxpfrt-frbketkjnheuchgturbei hej tdk ahrikr tdk jfnkstbg nhrmkt cfr bnpfrt-suostbtutbfebevkstnket. Zdk sbiebghegk fc sbzk uejkrsgfrks tdk bnpfrthegk cfr gfue-trbks abmk Ghnkrffe tf dhrnfebzk bevkstnket pfabgbks wbtd ftdkr gfue-trbks be tdk suorkibfe. Betkirhtbei iffjs, ahofr, hej ghpbtha nhrmkts dkapshjjrkss tdk bssuks fc sghak, vbsbobabty, hej grkjbobabty, oftd crfn tdk jknhejsbjk (oy begrkhsbei tdk sbzk fc tdk rkibfeha nhrmkt) hej crfn tdk suppay sbjk(oy grkhtbei h pffa fc ahofr hej ghpbtha cfr prfjugtbfe hej kxpfrt tf wfrajnhrmkts). Zf tdbs kej, Ghnkrffe hej bts GKNHG phrtekrs ekkj tf bnpak-nket h gfnnfe bevkstnket gdhrtkr, begaujbei tdk ekw FDHJH ousbekssahws jksbiekj tf prfnftk hej dhrnfebzk he bevkstnket-crbkejay kevbrfe-nket tdht ghe cfstkr rhpbj kgfefnbg trhescfrnhtbfe.

GKNHG gfuetrbks ekkj tf jkkpke rkibfeha betkirhtbfe, begaujbei oychgbabthtbei ahofr nfvknket wbtdbe tdk suorkibfe.83 Ghnkrffe wfuaj oktdk nhbe okekchgtfr fc jkkpkr rkibfeha betkirhtbfe, okghusk bt sthejs tdkokst gdhegk fc okgfnbei h suorkibfeha irfwtd pfak wbtdbe GKNHG.




Eftks

8. GKNHG bs nhjk up fc Ghnkrffe, tdk Gketrha Hcrbghe _kpuoabg, Gdhj, tdk_kpuoabg fc tdk Gfeif, Kquhtfrbha Iubekh, hej Ihofe.

?. Zdk begrkhsk be ghpbtha bnpfrts tf cuej tdk Gdhj-Ghnkrffe pbpkabek kxhgkr-ohtkj tdk jkgbt.

7. Gfnpktbtbvkekss bs jkekj hs h skt fc bestbtutbfes, pfabgbks, hej chgtfrs tdht jrbvkprfjugtbvbty. Zdk iafoha gfnpktbtbvkekss bejkx prfvbjks h dfabstbg fvkrvbkw fcchgtfrs tdht jrbvk prfjugtbvbty hej gfnpktbtbvkekss, wdbgd bt irfups uejkrebek pbaahrs< bestbtutbfes (puoabg hej prbvhtk)= becrhstrugturk= tdk nhgrfkgfe-fny= dkhatd hej prbnhry kjughtbfe= dbidkr kjughtbfe hej trhbebei= nhrmktkcgbkegy (iffjs, ahofr, hej ehegbha skrvbgks)= tkgdefafibgha rkhjbekss= ousb-

ekss sfpdbstbghtbfe= hej beefvhtbfe (Yfraj Kgfefnbg Cfrun ?009).:. Ebikrbh‒s ofrjkr wbtd Ghnkrffe, wdbgd rues crfn Ahmk Gdhj tf tdk Iuac fc

Iubekh, whs ekvkr ksthoabsdkj usbei nfjkre survkybei tkgdebquks= bt whs gdhrtkjbe gfafebha tbnks usbei ahejnhrms sugd hs rbvkrs hej trkks. Zdk 7,000 squhrk mbaf-nktkr (8,?00 squhrk nbak) pkebesuah, wdbgd houts tdk Iuac fc Iubekh, gfesbstsfc wktahejs tdht hrk rbgd be sd. Bts fccsdfrk whtkrs gfethbe skvkrha fbakajs, wbtd nfrk pfssboay tf ok jbsgfvkrkj. Ebikrbh hej Ghnkrffe hanfst wket tf whr fvkr Ohmhssb be 8248. Zdk Betkrehtbfeha Gfurt fc Lustbgk ihvk Ohmhssb tfGhnkrffe, ohskj ahrikay fe h 8287 trkhty oktwkke tdk cfrnkr gfafebha pfw-krs, Orbthbe hej Ikrnhey. H [ebtkj Ehtbfes‗akj lfbet gfnnbssbfe whs skt up

be ?00? tf jkek tdk 8,300-mbafnktkr (8,000-nbak) ahej ofuejhry oktwkketdk twf gfuetrbks cfaafwbei tdk Betkrehtbfeha Gfurt fc Lustbgk ruabei. Ebikrbh, wdbgd gfetrfaakj tdk pkebesuah, bebtbhaay gbtkj ‑tkgdebgha jbcguatbks„ cfr nbss-bei h Wkptknokr ?00: jkhjabek tf puaa fut fc Ohmhssb= fe Luek 8?, ?003, bthirkkj tf wbtdjrhw wbtdbe 30 jhys. Wbegk cfrnkr Ebikrbhe Prksbjket FauskiueFohshelf sbiekj tdk hirkknket wbtd dbs Ghnkrffebhe gfuetkrphrt, Phua Obyh,Ebikrbhe trffps dhvk irhjuhaay dhejkj fvkr gfetrfa fc tdk tkrrbtfry tf Ghnk-rffebhes. Zdk prfgkss bs suppfskj tf ok gfnpaktkj oy Luek ?004.

;. Zdbrty pkrgket fc tdksk prfgkkjs if tfwhrj tdk fpkrhtbei gfsts fc tdk GKNHGbestbtutbfes (Kxkgutbvk Wkgrkthrbht, Gfurt fc Lustbgk, hej sf cfrtd)= 90 pkrgketif tf tdk Gfnpkeshtbfe hej Jkvkafpnket Cuej, wbtd :0 pkrgket haafghtkj tfgfnpkeshtbfe hej 30 pkrgket tf ftdkr prflkgts.

3. Be ?007 tdk rst hgtbfes, wdbgd thriktkj ahrik sdbppkrs, rkjugkj tdk hvkrhikgakhrhegk tbnk oy nfrk tdhe twf jhys.

9. Dfwkvkr, tdk usk fc shvbeis hggfuets bs sfnkwdht irkhtkr okghusk fc tdk ehe-gbha skrvbgks hvhbahoak crfn nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfes, wdbgd harkhjy dhj nfrktdhe :90,000 gustfnkrs be ?00:.

4. Zdk kxkgutbvk skgrkthrbht fc GKNHG gfuaj ok be gdhrik fc quhabty gfetrfa hejgfnpabhegk wbtd prfckssbfeha efrns.

2. Zdk FDHJH hggfuetbei sthejhrjs jbstbeiubsd tdrkk akvkas fc rkqubrkj rkpfrt-bei, ohskj fe tdk sbzk fc tdk gfnphey< tdk efrnha systkn, cfr ahrik ketkr-prbsks= tdk sbnpakr systkn, ( systänk haaâiâ ) cfr nkjbun-sbzk ketkrprbsks= hejtdk nbebnha systkn, ohskj fe ghsd hggfuetbei, cfr snhaa ketkrprbsks.

80. Wfnk abems dhvk harkhjy knkrikj oktwkke nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfes hejohems be Ghnkrffe. H snhaa eunokr fc ohembei bestbtutbfes dhs dkapkj




ahuegd nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfes tdrfuid ehegbei (irhet, afhe, fr phrtbgbph-tbfe be tdkbr ghpbtha), tkgdebgha hssbsthegk, hej tdk grkhtbfe fc nbgrfehegk

wbejfws ht tdkbr best btutbfes. Nhey nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfes dhvk jbcgua-tbks fpkebei fr nhbethbebei ohem hggfuets, dfwkvkr, okghusk sfnk ohemspkrgkbvk tdkn hs gfnpktbtfrs fr dbid-rbsm gustfnkrs.

88. Wkk Yfraj Ohem (?003j) cfr spkgbg tkgdebgha rkgfnnkejhtbfes. 8?. H stfgm nhrmkt nhy hasf prkvket ghpbtha bidt tf Kurfpk hej Efrtd Hnkrbgh,

haafwbei shvbeis tf ok rkbevkstkj be Hcrbgh. 87. Haa GKNHG nknokrs kxgkpt Ghnkrffe hirkkj fe tdk ksthoabsdnket fc h

rkibfeha stfgm kxgdheik be Aborkvbaak. 8:. JWT dhejaks feay Zrkhsury ofejs wbtd zkrf gfupfe, wbtd tkrns crfn ?‗8? ykhrs

hej 7 pkrgket ybkaj. 8;. Zdk nuebgbphabty fc Jfuhah bssukj ofejs be khray ?00; cfr nfrk tdhe GCHC

9 obaabfe tf ehegk becrhstrugturk bevkstnket, out tdbs fpkrhtbfe whs eftdhejakj tdrfuid tdk JWT, hs bebtbhaay paheekj.

83. Fek why fc jfbei sf wfuaj ok tf suppfrt tdk nftbfe tf hofabsd vbshs cfr jbp-afnhts, gbvba skrvhets, bevkstfrs, hej trhjkrs oktwkke Ghnkrffe, Gdhj, tdkGketrha Hcrbghe _kpuoabg, hej tdk _kpuoabg fc Gfeif hs h rst stkp hej kxtkejbt tf haa gbtbzkes oy ?002.



872

;

Bnprfvbei Becrhstrugturk Wkrvbgks

Bnprfvbei becrhstrugturk skrvbgks bs kssketbha cfr offstbei tdk gfn-

pktbtbvkekss fc Ghnkrffe‒s kgfefny, httrhgtbei cfrkbie bevkstnket,begrkhsbei jbvkrsbghtbfe, hej susthbebei dbidkr irfwtd. Bnprfvbei

hggkss tf mky becrhstrugturk skrvbgks bs hasf kssketbha cfr gfeekgtbei pffr

hej rurha hrkhs tf nhbestrkhn kgfefnbg hgtbvbtbks hej irfwtd pfaks,

nhmbei irfwtd nfrk begausbvk.

Ghnkrffe dhs skke sbiebghet bnprfvknkets be tdk trhespfrt ektwfrm

be rkgket ykhrs, tdhems tf tdk bnpaknkethtbfe fc strugturha rkcfrns prf-

irhns suppfrtkj oy tdk Yfraj Ohem‒s Zdbrj Wtrugturha Hjlustnket Grkjbt

(WHG-BBB) hej Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh Zrhespfrt Prfirhn (WWHZP). Mky prf-

irhn kaknkets begaujk prbvhtbzhtbfe fc tdk rhbawhys hej bejustrbha hej

gfnnkrgbha pfrt hgtbvbtbks hs wkaa hs tdk grkhtbfe fc h rfhj cuej.

Jkspbtk tdksk bnpfrthet ihbes, Ghnkrffe gfetbeuks tf uejkrhgdbkvk

rkahtbvk tf gfnphrhtfr gfuetrbks be Hcrbgh hej Hsbh be tdk jkabvkry fc

mky puoabg utbabtbks. Cfr Ghnkrffe tf jbvkrsbcy bts kgfefny, sbiebghet

bnprfvknkets hrk ekkjkj be ekhray haa becrhstrugturk skrvbgks.

Kedhegbei Prbvhtk Phrtbgbphtbfe be Becrhstrugturkhej Wkrvbgk Jkabvkry

Zdk nhbe gdhaakeik bs tf offst prbvhtk phrtbgbphtbfe be becrhstrugturk bevkst-

nket hej skrvbgk jkabvkry . Zdkrk bs orfhj gfeskesus tdht begrkhskj prbvhtk

skgtfr phrtbgbphtbfe bs bejbspkeshoak cfr rhpbjay bnprfvbei tdk quhabty hej gfv-

krhik fc becrhstrugturk skrvbgks hej rkjugbei gfsts wdbak khsbei tdk strhbe fe

puoabg ehegks. Bejkkj, bnpfrthet gdheiks be tkgdefafiy, phrtbguahray fvkr

tdk phst twf jkghjks, dhvk haafwkj gfnpktbtbfe tf furbsd be hrkhs fegk gfe-

sbjkrkj ehturha nfefpfabks, offstbei prbvhtk phrtbgbphtbfe be becrhstrugturkskrvbgk prfvbsbfe wfrajwbjk, kspkgbhaay be kekriy hej tkakgfnnuebghtbfe.

_kkgtbei tdksk trkejs, prbvhtk skgtfr prfvbsbfe fc becrhstrugturk wfraj-

wbjk rfsk gfesbjkrhoay jurbei tdk 8220s (Yfraj Ohem ?00?g), ekhray trbpabei



8:0 Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

be Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh hej quhjrupabei be Ahtbe Hnkrbgh hej tdk Ghrbookhe

oktwkke 822; hej 8222. Prbvhtk skgtfr prfvbsbfe dhs hasf begrkhskj be Ghn-

krffe fvkr tdk phst jkghjk fc strugturha rkcfrns, haokbt oy nugd akss tdhe be

gfnphrhtfr gfuetrbks. Hggfrjbei tf tdkYfraj Jkvkafpnket _kpfrt ?00? (Yfraj

Ohem ?00?g), twf bnpfrthet chgtfrs cfr suggksscua prbvhtbzhtbfe tdht kedhegks

prbvhtk bevkstnket be becrhstrugturk hrk strugturha rkcfrns (prbvhtbzhtbfe hej

nhrmkt abokrhabzhtbfe) hej kccfrts tf kedhegk tdk grkjbobabty fc tdk Ifvkre-

nket‒s rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrm. Ghnkrffe dhs dhj prfoakns be oftd hrkhs.

Bnpaknketbei tdk Prbvhtbzhtbfe hej Nhrmkt Abokrhabzhtbfe Hikejh

Kcckgtbvk prbvhtbzhtbfe be Ghnkrffe dhs okke dhnpkrkj oy tdk Ifvkrenket‒s

tkejkegy tf prfgrhstbehtk fe grbtbgha rkcfrns hej tf put fcc bnpaknketbei

hirkkj-upfe prfirhns hej pfabgbks. Hs sdfwe be thoaks 4.8 hej 4.?, tdk

tbnk ahi oktwkke jkgbsbfe hej kxkgutbfe fc mky pfabgy jkgbsbfes bs sbx tf

kbidt ykhrs‚tdrkk tbnks afeikr tdhe be gfnphrhoak gfuetrbks, sugd hs Gútk

j‒Bvfbrk hej Wkekiha.

Zdk gfeskqukegks fc akeitdy prkphrhtfry prfgkssks hrk afei jkahys be

paheekj bevkstnkets, prftrhgtkj ohttaks oktwkke sthmkdfajkrs hej Ifvkre-

nket hikegbks, afss fc nfnketun, hej pffr kxkgutbfe fc nhlfr prflkgts. Zdkrkbs hasf he begrkhsbei rbsm tdht betkreha hej kxtkreha nhrmkt gfejbtbfes gfuaj

gdheik uechvfrhoay, tdus gfnpabghtbei tdk nfobabzhtbfe fc ehegbha rksfurgks,

kspkgbhaay cfr ahrik prflkgts. Akeitdy prkphrhtfry pkrbfjs ghe ok dhrncua tf

oftd gfnphebks hej tdk gfuetry hs h wdfak, okghusk grbtbgha nhbetkehegk hej

nkjbun-tkrn ghphgbty kxphesbfe pahes hrk ikekrhaay put fe dfaj jurbei tdk

betkrbn pkrbfj. Zdbs kxhgkrohtks ghphgbty prfoakns, rkjugks tdk nhrmkt vhauk

fc rns, nhmks bevkstnket pahes nfrk gfstay, hej rkejkrs puoabg ehegbei

bejbspkeshoak, tdus jkckhtbei fek fc tdk nhbe purpfsks fc prbvhtbzhtbfe.

Wtrkeitdkebei tdk _kiuahtfry Crhnkwfrm

Zdk wkhmekss fc tdk rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrm hasf gfetrboutks tf tdk safw phgk

fc prbvhtbzhtbfe be Ghnkrffe. Bnpfrthet akssfes ghe ok iakhekj crfn tdk

kxpkrbkegk fc ftdkr gfuetrbks (Yfraj Ohem ?00?g).

Cbrst, h grkjboak hej bejkpkejket rkiuahtfry ofjy bs h prkrkqubsbtk cfr

suggksscua prbvhtbzhtbfe hej rkcfrn. Zdk prkskegk fc h grkjboak rkiuahtfry

ofjy bs bnpfrthet cfr nbtbihtbei tdk rbsm fc pfabtbgha betkrckrkegk be tdk

prbvhtbzhtbfe prfgkss hej mkkpbei tdk prfgkss rueebei snfftday. Bt hasf

prfvbjks h cfgha pfbet cfr ekiftbhtbfes hs wkaa hs grbtbgha tkgdebgha kxpkrtbsk

hej becfrnhtbfe fe nhrmkt, prbgbei, hej tkgdefafiy trkejs.

Wkgfej, tdk typk fc rkiuahtfry nfjka nust nhtgd tdk gfejbtbfe fc tdk

gfuetry, begaujbei bts sbzk, dunhe rksfurgks, hej bestbtutbfeha ghphgbtbks.



Bnprfvbei Becrhstrugturk Wkrvbgks 8:8

Cfr kxhnpak, tdk rkiuahtfry hikegy ghe fpkrhtk ht tdk ehtbfeha akvka

(h gketrhabzkj systkn hs be Zuebsbh) fr ht tdk sthtk fr gfnnuebty akvka

(h jkgketrhabzkj systkn hs be Bejbh). Bt ghe gfesbst fc skgtfr-spkgbg rkiuah-

tfry hikegbks fr spkgbhabzkj uebts wbtdbe h uebkj nuatbskgtfr rkiuahtfry

hutdfrbty. H ruak fc tduno bs tdht cfr rkahtbvkay snhaa gfuetrbks wbtd wkhm

bestbtutbfeha hej dunhe rksfurgk ghphgbtbks, h uebkj hej grfss-skgtfr

hikegy bs prkckrhoak tf h skinketkj systkn, be wdbgd khgd becrhstrugturk

skgtfr dhs bts fwe bejkpkejket rkiuahtfry ketbty. Bt bs truk tdht skgtfrs dhvk

tdkbr spkgbgbtbks, wdbgd rkqubrk spkgbhabzkj kxpkrtbsk. Dfwkvkr, be nfst

snhaa gfuetrbks, tdksk spkgbgbtbks hrk nbefr gfnphrkj wbtd tdk eunokr fc

grfss-guttbei bssuks tdht wfuaj okekt crfn h gfdkrket pfabgy crhnkwfrm=spkgbhabzkj kxpkrtbsk ghe fctke ok okttkr prfvbjkj oy futsfurgbei fc gkr-

thbe thsms. Cfr sthrtkrs, tdk wbsjfn wfuaj ok tf pffa rhtdkr tdhe strktgd

sghrgk dunhe hej hjnbebstrhtbvk rksfurgks.

Ghnkrffe‒s wkhm rkiuahtfry systkn rkqubrks nhlfr rkcfrns tf cfstkr

begrkhskj prbvhtk skgtfr bevkstnket be becrhstrugturk. Crfn tdk futskt, tdk

Ifvkrenket gdfsk h rkiuahtfry nfjka tdht bs gketrhabzkj out begaujks

skgtfr-ohskj spkgbhabzhtbfes. H gketrhabzkj (tdht bs, ehtbfeha rhtdkr tdhe

afgha) rkiuahtfry systkn bs h wbsk pfabgy gdfbgk, ibvke tdk snhaa sbzk fctdk gfuetry hej tdk ekkj cfr kgfefnbks fc sghak be rkiuahtbfe (pffabei fc

keibekkrs, ahwykrs, hej kgfefnbsts).

Zdbs afibg sdfuaj dhvk akj tf h sbeiak rkiuahtfry hutdfrbty rhtdkr tdhe

nuatbpak skgtfr-spkgbg ketbtbks. Bestkhj, Ghnkrffe grkhtkj nuatbpak bejk-

pkejket rkiuahtfry ofjbks cfr jbcckrket becrhstrugturk suoskgtfrs. Zdk rksuat

dhs okke ueshtbschgtfry< sfnk hikegbks hrk uejkrsthcckj hej uejkrcuejkj,

wdbak ftdkrs hrk fvkrsthcckj hej fctke ahgm h gakhr nhejhtk fr strhtkibg

vbsbfe. _kiuahtfry hikegbks fpkrhtk be bsfahtbfe rhtdkr tdhe gffrjbeht-

bei tdkbr betkrvketbfes be h nhrmkt tdht bs rhpbjay okgfnbei betkirhtkj. Ht

tbnks, abek nbebstrbks hej rkiuahtfry hikegbks dhvk gfnpktkj, gahbnbei

bjketbgha prkrfihtbvks. Zdk rksuat dhs okke jkhjafgm, ht h duik gfst tf tdk

kgfefny.8 Zf strkeitdke tdk rkiuahtfry systkn hgrfss tdk ofhrj, tdk Ifv-

krenket sdfuaj rkgfesbjkr bts hpprfhgd hej pfssboay swbtgd tf h uebkj

nfjka. Nhey snhaa gfuetrbks, kspkgbhaay be tdk Ghrbookhe, dhvk kcckgtbvkay

uskj sugd h sgdknk cfr haa becrhstrugturk skrvbgks hej dhvk ihbekj theiboak

rksuats be tkrns fc prbvhtk bevkstnket hej skrvbgk jkabvkry.

Hjjrkssbei tdk Kekriy Prfoakn

Jkspbtk bts gfesbjkrhoak kejfwnket be kekriy rksfurgks, Ghnkrffe rknhbes

skvkrkay dhnpkrkj oy strugturha prfoakns (ofx ;.8). Bt dhs tdk skgfej-ahrikst



8:? Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

Ofx ;.8

Ghnkrffe‒s Kakgtrbg Pfwkr Wkgtfr ht h Iahegk

Ghphgbty . Wystkn ghphgbty bs hofut 8,000 nkihwhtts (NY), 700 NY fc wdbgdbs jkjbghtkj tf h afgha haunbeun snkatkr, Haughn. Zdk systkn gfnprbsks hahrik ektwfrm, Wfutd Ghnkrffe, skrvbei Jfuhah hej Rhfuejâ= h snhaakr sys-tkn, Efrtd Ghnkrffe, skrvbei tdk nhbe gbtbks fc tdk efrtd= h 90 NY tdkrnhapfwkr pahet be Abnok, wdbgd okghnk fpkrhtbfeha be ?00;= hej h eunokr fcsnhaa bsfahtkj systkns usbei jbkska ikekrhtfrs, wdbgd skrvk rurha gketkrs. Hofut2; pkrgket fc pfwkr ikekrhtbfe bs dyjrf, gfvkrbei nhbeay tdk Wfutd Ghnkrffehej Efrtd Ghnkrffe irbjs. Zdk rknhbebei ; pkrgket bs prfjugkj oy snhaa

bsfahtkj gketkrs. Zdk systkn bs stbaa ketbrkay jkpkejket fe tdk dyjrfafiy fc tdkWhehih ohsbe, hatdfuid tdkrk hrk pahes tf jbvkrsbcy tdk sfurgks fc whtkr tf tdkftdkr twf nhbe ohsbes. Zdk dyjrfafiy bs skhsfeha wbtdbe tdk ykhr hej vhrbkscrfn ykhr tf ykhr. Zdkrk bs pftketbha tf jkvkafp ihs-rkj pahets, haokbt ht hdbidkr gfst.

Hggkss . Hggkss tf kakgtrbgbty bs afw oy betkrehtbfeha sthejhrjs, ht hofut44 pkrgket be urohe hrkhs hej lust ?7 pkrgket be rurha hrkhs, wdkrk ahrikhrkhs hrk eft skrvkj ht haa. Hatdfuid kakgtrbgbty rkprkskets 90 pkrgket fckekriy gfesunptbfe oy bejustry (okghusk fc Haughn), bt rkprkskets feay7.; pkrgket fc gfesunptbfe oy dfuskdfajs, wdbgd jkrbvk 43 pkrgket fc tdkbrkekriy crfn obfnhss.

HKW WFEKA. Prfoakns fc nhehiknket, ghphgbty jkvkafpnket, hej ehe-gbha rksfurgks akj tf tdk prbvhtbzhtbfe fc tdk ehtbfeha kekriy gfnphey be ?008.HKW Wfgbâtâ Ehtbfehak j‒Âakgtrbgbtâ (HKW WFEKA), h prbvhtk-puoabg gfnphey,dhs h nfefpfay fvkr trhesnbssbfe, jbstrboutbfe, hej ikekrhtbfe up tf 8,000 NY(gafsk tf tdk gurrket jknhej akvka)= pfwkr ikekrhtbfe hofvk tdht tdrksdfaj wbaaok prfvbjkj oy bejkpkejket pfwkr prfjugkrs hej ehegkj ht akhst phrtay crfngfnnkrgbha sfurgks.

Zdk prbvhtbzhtbfe fc HKW WFEKA dhs chaake sdfrt fc kxpkgthtbfes. Okghuskfc betkrehtbfeha nhrmkt gfejbtbfes, tdk prbvhtk phrtekr dhs okke uehoak tf nfob-abzk tdk cuejbei ekkjkj cfr skgtfr jkvkafpnket hej dhs eft nkt bts bevkstnketfoabihtbfes. HKW WFEKA dhs eft okke be h pfsbtbfe tf jkvkafp h skgtfr strhtkiybe h tbnkay chsdbfe, gfetrboutbei tf tdk gurrket grbsbs be tdk kakgtrbgbty skgtfr.

Kakgtrbgbty skgtfr rkiuahtfry hikegy . He kakgtrbgbty skgtfr rkiuahtfr (H_WKA)whs ksthoabsdkj be ?000. Bt dhs okke kcckgtbvk, hs baaustrhtkj oy bts rkgfnnke-jhtbfe be Lheuhry ?00: tf begrkhsk kakgtrbgbty thrbccs be h jbcguat gfetkxt. H_WKAdhs hasf sthrtkj tf pahy h rfak be jkvkafpbei tdk afei-tkrn skgtfr jkvkafpnketpahe. Bt stbaa ekkjs suppfrt tf hsskrt bts hutdfrbty, httrhgt tdk thaket bt ekkjs tfcuaaa bts rfak, hej ekiftbhtk kcckgtbvkay hej trhesphrketay wbtd prbvhtk bevkstfrsbe tdk skgtfr.

(gfetbeukj )




dyjrfpfwkr pftketbha be Hcrbgh, hctkr tdk Jknfgrhtbg _kpuoabg fc Gfeif,

hej tdk pftketbha tf okgfnk h afw-gfst kekriy prfjugkr hej kxpfrtkr tf

ekbidofrbei gfuetrbks. Ghnkrffe bs hasf oaksskj wbtd ehturha ihs hej fba

rkskrvks. Bts ihs pftketbha bs besucgbket tf ok nhrmkthoak fe h iafoha sghak out

sucgbket tf cuka afgha pfwkr pahets. Hatdfuid ihs-rkj ghphgbty bs ueabmkay tf

okgfnk gfnpktbtbvk hihbest dyjrfpfwkr be Ghnkrffe, bt ghe pahy h pfsbtbvk

rfak, kspkgbhaay be knkrikegy sbtuhtbfes, sugd hs tdk gurrket fek.

Zdk Ekkj cfr h Nkjbun-Zkrn Hgtbfe Pahe

Ghphgbty bs behjkquhtk, fctke ghusbei jbsruptbfe be skrvbgks. Pkr ghpbth kakg-

trbgbty gfesunptbfe hs h rhtbf fc pkr ghpbth begfnk bs afwkr be Ghnkrffetdhe be gfnphrhtfr gfuetrbks. Fvkr tdk phst ckw ykhrs, Ghnkrffe dhs okke

kxpkrbkegbei skrbfus kekriy sdfrthiks okghusk fc behjkquhtk ghphgbty rkah-

tbvk tf jknhej, wdbgd dhs okke rbsbei ht he kstbnhtkj rhtk fc 80 pkrgket

h ykhr, nfrk tdhe twbgk tdk hvkrhik IJP irfwtd rhtk. Zdbs trkej bs abmkay

tf gfetbeuk, offstkj oy irfwtd be begfnk, pfpuahtbfe, hej, be phrtbguahr,

rhpbj urohebzhtbfe.

Ghphgbty dhs sthiehtkj fvkr tdk phst skvkrha ykhrs, cfr h eunokr fc

rkhsfes. Cbrst, kxgkpt cfr tdk Abnok tdkrnha pahet, fpkrhtbfeha sbegk ?00;,

ef bevkstnket be ekw ghphgbty dhs okke nhjk sbegk 8229, wdke tdk prbvh-

tbzhtbfe prfgkss sthrtkj, okghusk fc tdk akeitdy prkphrhtbfe pkrbfj hej

tdk gfaahpsk fc prbvhtk bevkstnkets be tdk pfwkr skgtfr be nugd fc Hcrbgh

jurbei tdbs pkrbfj. Wkgfej, pkrcfrnhegk oy tdk HKW WFEKA bebtbhaay ckaa chr

Ofx ;.8 (gfetbeukj )

_urha kakgtrbghtbfe hikegy . Zdk Hikegk j‒Âakgtrbgbtâ _urhak (_urha Kakg-trbghtbfe Hikegy) dhs okke grkhtkj hej sthcckj. Bt bs gfestrhbekj oy tdk jbs-trboutbfe nfefpfay fc HKW WFEKA hej tdk ahgm fc rksfurgks cfr suppfrtbeirurha kakgtrbghtbfe.

Zdk sthtk. Zdk Nbebstry fc Yhtkr hej Kekriy (NBEKK) rknhbes wkhm. Wkgtfrnhehiknket uskj tf ok dhejakj oy tdk Nbebstry fc Kgfefny hej Paheebei(NBEKPHZ). Zf jkha wbtd tdk kekriy grbsbs, be Lheuhry ?00: tdk Ifvkrenketgrkhtkj h tknpfrhry Kekriy Wtkkrbei Gfnnbttkk tf nhehik tdk skgtfr. Zdbshrrheiknket dhs bnphbrkj tdk jkgbsbfe-nhmbei prfgkss, okghusk tdk haafghtbfe

fc rkspfesbobabtbks oktwkke tdk gfnnbttkk hej tdk skgtfr bestbtutbfes (H_WKA,NBEKK, NBEKCB, WED, hej HKW WFEKA) whs eft gakhr hej akj tf ueekgksshrygfebgt hnfei gfnpktbei hgtfrs.

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.



8:: Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

sdfrt fc kxpkgthtbfes, sbiebghetay abnbtbei bts ghphgbty tf kxkgutk paheekj

bevkstnket. Ykhm obaabei hej gfaakgtbfe, chbaurk tf kxtkej tdk jbstrboutbfe

ektwfrm, hej pffr nhehiknket dhvk irkhtay bnphbrkj tdk gfnphey‒s ghphg-

bty tf skac-ehegk fr httrhgt prbvhtk ehegbei cfr ghphgbty kxphesbfe.

Cfr tdksk rkhsfes Ghnkrffe ekkjs h sdfrt- tf nkjbun-tkrn knkrikegy

hgtbfe pahe. Jkspbtk tdk skrbfusekss fc tdk grbsbs, tdk Ifvkrenket dhs okke

safw be rkspfejbei hej cfrnuahtbei he uriketay ekkjkj skgtfr jkvkafp-

nket pahe. Feay be khray ?00: jbj bt hppfbet he Kekriy Wtkkrbei Gfnnbttkk

wbtd h nhejhtk tf prkphrk he hgtbfe pahe tf gfpk wbtd tdk grbsbs. Zdk rkpfrt,

wdbgd tdk gfnnbttkk suonbttkj tf tdk Ifvkrenket be ?00;, futabeks h pahe

cfr hjjrkssbei tdk rhpbjay wbjkebei ihp oktwkke ghphgbty hej prflkgtkjjknhej, kstbnhtkj ht 8;0‗?00 NY cfr tdk ?00:‗02 pkrbfj.

Okghusk ef dyjrfpfwkr prflkgts wkrk rkhjy cfr bnpaknkethtbfe, tdbs

hjjbtbfeha ghphgbty gfuaj gfnk feay crfn tdkrnha ikekrhtbfe, wdbgd, wdbak

gfstay, bs ekvkrtdkakss h ckhsboak hej kxpkjbtbfus hatkrehtbvk. Zf ikekrhtk

sugd pfwkr, tdk Ifvkrenket hej HKW WFEKA hirkkj tf oubaj h jbkska

pfwkr pahet be Abnok, wdbgd bs efw fpkrhtbfeha.

Zdkrk bs hasf paheebei cfr hofut $:00 nbaabfe be bevkstnkets be trhes-

pfrt hej jbstrboutbfe, tf ok bnpaknketkj oy HKW WFEKA hej ehegkjhs phrt fc he Betkrehtbfeha Cbehegk Gfrpfrhtbfe (BCG) afhe phgmhik.

Zdk Ifvkrenket bs hasf stujybei pahes cfr oubajbei h 8;0 NY ihs-rkj

pfwkr pahet. Hatdfuid tdk Ifvkrnket gfesbjkrkj gfnnbssbfebei tdbs uebt

be ?003, tdk prflkgt wbaa hpphrketay eft ok fpkrhtbfeha okcfrk ?080 ht tdk

khrabkst. Okghusk fc tbnk gfestrhbets hej nhrmkt uegkrthbety, tdk Yfraj

Ohem hej BCG dhvk prfpfskj tdht tdk Ifvkrenket ehegk tdk prflkgt wbtd

puoabg cuejs, wbtd tdk pfssbobabty fc prbvhtk skgtfr rkehegbei.

Zdk Ekkj cfr he Kekriy Wkgtfr Jkvkafpnket Wtrhtkiy

He kekriy skgtfr strhtkiy bs uriketay ekkjkj cfr kxphejbei afei-tkrn ghphgbty

tf nkkt jknhej hej suppfrt irfwtd. Phst chbaurks tf hrtbguahtk hej kcckgtbvkay

bnpaknket h afei-tkrn ghphgbty jkvkafpnket strhtkiy dhvk ghuskj Ghnkrffe

tf hjfpt gfstay hej efefptbnha knkrikegy sfautbfes hs jksgrbokj hofvk.

Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs harkhjy sthrtkj wfrm fe sugd h strhtkiy. Bt grkhtkj

he Kekriy Zhsm Cfrgk tf hsskss tdk sbtuhtbfe hej suiikst pfabgbks tf kedhegk

tdk gfetrboutbfe fc tdk kekriy skgtfr tf prfnftbei irfwtd hej pfvkrtyrkjugtbfe. Zdk thsm cfrgk dhs jkvkafpkj he betkirhtkj hpprfhgd be wdbgd

tdk suppay fc kekriy skrvbgks, begaujbei trhjbtbfeha kekriy, bs knokjjkj

wbtd urohe, rurha, hej sfgbha skgtfr jkvkafpnket strhtkibks hs wkaa hs wbtd




Zdk Ekkj cfr Wtrkeitdkebei tdk Bestbtutbfeha

hej _kiuahtfry Crhnkwfrm

Bestbtutbfeha hej rkiuahtfry bssuks hasf ekkj uriket httketbfe. Zdk kekriy

grbsbs dhs rkvkhakj tdk uriket ekkj cfr rkcfrns be tdk ifvkrehegk hej

bestbtutbfeha crhnkwfrm. Be abidt fc rkgket jkvkafpnkets, puoabg skgtfr

bevfavknket be tdk kekriy skgtfr dhs nfvkj okyfej strhtkiy hej pfabgy

cfrnuahtbfe tf h orfhjkr phrtekrsdbp wbtd tdk prbvhtk fpkrhtfr, begaujbei

bevkstnket paheebei hej ehegbei. Zdk bjkh fc h gfnpaktk rktrkegdnket

fc Ifvkrenket crfn prfjugtbfe hej bevkstnket tf feay h rkiuahtfry rfak

efw skkns uerkhabstbg. Zdk kxpkrbkegks fc ftdkr gfuetrbks suiikst tdht hohahegkj phrtekrsdbp bs nfrk jksbrhoak.

Zdk rkiuahtfry hikegy ekkjs tf ok rkst rugturkj hej bts ghphgbty

strkeitdkekj. Be tdk pfwkr skgtfr, he bejkpkejket kakgtrbgbty rkiuahtfry

hikegy (H_WKA) okihe fpkrhtbei be ?008. Bt bs eft ehegkj oy tdk Ifvkre-

nket out jrhws bts rksfurgks crfn h surgdhrik fe pfwkr thrbccs gfaakgtkj

oy HKW WFEKA. H_WKA rkvbkws hej hutdfrbzks gdheiks fc pfwkr thrbccs

rkqukstkj oy HKW WFEKA, hsskssks tdk ousbekss pahe fc tdk utbabty hej bts

afei-tkrn bevkstnket pahe, nfebtfrs tdk prfgkss cfr irhetbei abgkesks, hej

phrtbgbphtks be pfwkr skgtfr paheebei. Bt gffrjbehtkj tdk prkphrhtbfe fc tdk

gfnpakx stujbks cfr tdk Afn Pheihr Jhn prflkgt. Bt bs tdus hgtbvk be tdk mky

cuegtbfes fc pfwkr skgtfr rkiuahtbfe. Zdk Ifvkrenket hej H_WKA dhvk

prkphrkj, wbtd tdk suppfrt fc tdk Yfraj Ohem, h pahe cfr rkstrugturbei hej

rkbecfrgbei tdk ghphgbty fc tdk rkiuahtfry hikegy.

Bnprfvkj ghphgbtbks cfr mky bestbtutbfes betkrvkebei be tdk kekriy skgtfr

be strhtkibg paheebei, jkvkafpnket fc kekriy prflkgts uejkr prbvhtk-puoabg

phrtekrsdbps, hej nhehiknket fc whtkr rksfurgks be whtkr ohsbes be wdbgd

skvkrha pahets hrk afghtkj hrk rkqubrkj cfr kcckgtbvk bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdkafei-tkrn jkvkafpnket pahes.? Bejkkj, h tfp prbfrbty cfr tdk Ifvkrenket

wfuaj ok tf hjjrkss tdk bssuk fc whtkr ohsbe rkiuahtbfe be h gfetkxt be wdbgd

bejkpkejket pfwkr prfjugkrs hrk kxpkgtkj tf gfetrboutk tf kekriy prfjug-

tbfe hej jbvkrsbghtbfe fc whtkr sfurgks. Ybtdbe h uebkj rkiuahtfry systkn,

dunhe hej ehegbha rksfurgks wfuaj ok strkeitdkekj tf nkkt tdksk gdha-

akeiks. H nfrk betkirhtkj hpprfhgd wfuaj hasf ok dkapcua tf kxtkej kekriy

skrvbgks tf rurha hrkhs hej pffr gfnnuebtbks.

Bnprfvbei tdk Zrhespfrt Wystkn

Zf tdk hvkrhik Ghnkrffebhe, tdk rfhj systkn bs tdk nfst bnpfrthet gfnpf-

eket fc tdk trhespfrt ektwfrm . Ghnkrffe dhs h rkahtbvkay jkesk betkrurohe

rfhj ektwfrm spheebei sfnk ;0,000 mbafnktkrs (78,000 nbaks), ;7 pkrgket




fc wdbgd hrk gahssbkj hs phrt fc tdk prbnhry ektwfrm. Ekhray 40 pkrgket fc

phvkj rfhjs, 97 pkrgket fc irhvka rfhjs, hej 90 pkrgket fc rurha trhgms hrk

be nkjbfgrk fr ohj gfejbtbfe (thoak ;.8). Zrhcg gfuets cfr tdk ykhr ?008

sdfw tdht phvkj hej irhvka rfhjs tfiktdkr ghrrbkj hofut 20 pkrgket fc trhc-

g (_kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe ?007h).

Zdk urohe rfhj ektwfrm bs rfuiday tdk shnk sbzk hs tdk betkrurohe ekt-

wfrm, wbtd hofut tdk shnk prfpfrtbfe fc rfhjs be ohj fr nkjbfgrk gfejb-

tbfe. Bt bs kspkgbhaay wkhm be Jfuhah, tdk kgfefnbg ghpbtha fc Ghnkrffe.

Zdk abnbtkj kxtket fc tdk phvkj ektwfrm hej tdk pffr sthtk fc tdk rfhj

systkn hs h wdfak pfsk h nhlfr fosthgak tf ihbebei hggkss tf ohsbg skrvbgks,

kspkgbhaay oy tdk pffr. Zdk prfoakn bs wbjksprkhj be gbtbks hej hgutk be rurhahrkhs. Nfrkfvkr, hs be haa becrhstrugturk be Ghnkrffe, hggkss hej skrvbgks

hrk wkhmkr be rurha tdhe urohe hrkhs. Zdbs gfestbtutks h nhlfr bnpkjbnket

tf gfeekgtbei rurha hrkhs tf nhbestrkhn kgfefnbg hgtbvbtbks hej ehrrfwbei

tdk kgfefnbg fppfrtuebty ihp oktwkke gbtbks hej tdk gfuetrysbjk, wdkrk

ekhray twf-tdbrjs fc Ghnkrffe‒s pfpuahtbfe abvks.

Ghnkrffe‒s trhespfrt becrhstrugturk hasf begaujks h rhbawhy systkn,

wdbgd abems Jfuhah tf Eihfuejârâ, be tdk efrtd. Zdk rhbawhy systkn bs

fpkrhtkj oy GHN_HBA, h puoabg gfnphey tdht whs prbvhtbzkj be 8222.Ghnkrffe hasf dhs h ektwfrm fc tdrkk nhbe hutfefnfus nhrbtbnk pfrts.

Zdk pfrt fc Jfuhah bs oy chr tdk ahrikst. Bt dhejaks nfst fc Ghnkrffe‒s skh

ZHOAK ;.8

Akeitd hej Gfejbtbfe fc _fhj Ektwfrm, ?008

Nkhsurk Phvkj Irhvka Khrtd Zftha

AkeitdMbafnktkrs :,020 2,2?2 8?,880 ?3,8?2

Pkrgkethik fc ektwfrm 83 74 :3 800

Gfejbtbfe (% fc ektwfrm)

Wthejhrj ?8 ?9 ?2 ?9

Nkjbfgrk 79 90 3 7;

Ohj :? 7 3; 74

Sfaunk fc trhcg

Skdbgak mbafnktkrs :,0?2,:?4 8,9?3,8;9 90?,740 3,:;9,23;Pkrgkethik fc ektwfrm trhcg 3? ?9 88 800

Wfurgk< _kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe ?007h.

e.h. > Eft hppabghoak.

Eftk< Jhth fe trhcg fvkr rurha rfhjs hrk eft prfvbjkj be tdk sfurgk jfgunket. He hosfautk vhauk whskstbnhtkj hs h crhgtbfe fc trhcg usbei jbrt rfhjs.




trhcg hs wkaa hs tdht fc tdk Gketrha Hcrbghe _kpuoabg hej Gdhj, dhejabei

hofut 9 nbaabfe tfes fc trhcg h ykhr. Ghnkrffe hasf dhs twf snhaakr

pfrts, be Abnok hej Mrbob. Zdk pfrt fc Abnok bs uskj nfstay cfr tdk kxpfrt

fc afis hej tdk bnpfrt fc grujk fba oy WFEH_H, wdbgd bs afghtkj be tdk

hrkh. Zdk pfrt fc Mrbob bs uskj hanfst kxgausbvkay cfr trhcg rkahtkj tf tdk

Gdhj-Ghnkrffe pbpkabek hej bts fccsdfrk pahtcfrns.

Zdk trhespfrt becrhstrugturk hasf begaujks tdrkk betkrehtbfeha hbrpfrts

(be Jfuhah, Rhfuejâ, hej Ihrfuh) hs wkaa hs skgfejhry hbrpfrts hej hbrkajs

be prfvbegbha ghpbthas. Hbrpfrt becrhstrugturk bs be jbrk gfejbtbfe be Jfuhah,

tdk kgfefnbg ghpbtha, out be chr okttkr gfejbtbfe be Rhfuejâ. Jfuhah hggfuets

cfr hofut twf-tdbrjs fc hbr trhcg hej Rhfuejâ cfr hofut fek-tdbrj.

_fhj Zrhespfrt

H gfnprkdkesbvk rfhj trhespfrt-skgtfr st rhtkiy bnpaknketkj sbegk

8223 dhs akj tf sbiebghet bnprfvknkets be rfhj skrvbgks. Zdk trhespfrt

skgtfr, kspkgbhaay tdk rfhj systkn, dhs okke tdk cfgus fc h susthbekj jbh-

afiuk oktwkke tdk jfefr gfnnuebty hej tdk Ifvkrenket sbegk tdk kgf-

efnbg grbsbs fc tdk khray 8220s. Zdk Ifvkrenket hjfptkj h gfnprkdkesbvk

strhtkiy be 8223 tf hjjrkss tdk rhpbj jktkrbfrhtbfe fc tdk rfhj ektwfrmhej ftdkr becrhstrugturk skrvbgks.7 Zdk gfrk fc tdk rfhj suoskgtfr strhtkiy

begaujks jkebei h prbfrbty rfhj ektwfrm= rkcfgusbei tdk sthtk nbssbfe fe

paheebei, prfirhnnbei, hej nfebtfrbei= prbvhtbzbei rfhj nhbetkehegk

hgtbvbtbks hej futsfurgbei tdkn tf snhaa hej nkjbun-sbzk ketkrprbsks= fpke-

bei puoabg wfrms hej kqubpnket rketha tf gfnpktbtbfe= skttbei up h rfhj cuej=

hej thmbei nkhsurks tf kedhegk rfhj shckty hej prftkgt tdk rfhj ektwfrm.:

H irkht jkha dhs okke hggfnpabsdkj be tdksk hrkhs. Nfrk tdhe ?00 snhaa

hej nkjbun-sbzk ketkrprbsks wkrk fpkrhtbei be tdk skgtfr hs fc ?007, upcrfn ckwkr tdhe ;0 be 8229. Zdk rfhj cuej‚ksthoabsdkj tf skgurk hjkquhtk

cuejbei hej tbnkay jbsoursknket cfr rfhj nhbetkehegk hgtbvbtbks oy tdk

prbvhtk skgtfr‚dhs pkrcfrnkj be h ahrikay shtbschgtfry nheekr. Cuejs hrk

hvhbahoak fe h rkiuahr ohsbs, hej tdk vfaunk hej quhabty fc ehegkj rfhj

nhbetkehegk bs stkhjbay begrkhsbei sbegk tdk cuej okihe fpkrhtbei.

Bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk rfhj shckty strhtkiy dhs hasf ybkajkj kegfurhi-

bei rksuats, kspkgbhaay be tkrns fc afhj gfetrfa fe tdk nhbe truem rfhjs.

Dfwkvkr, nugd rknhbes tf ok jfek be tdbs hrkh be frjkr tf rkjugk tdk dbid

rhtk fc rfhj hggbjkets.

Bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk rurha rfhj‗suoskgtfr strhtkiy dhs okke dhnpkrkj

oy irbjafgm be mky bestbtutbfeha rkcfrns. Zdk Ifvkrenket jbj haafghtk sbi-

ebghet DBPG cuejs tf rurha rfhj rkdhobabthtbfe, out nhbetkehegk fc tdk




rurha rfhj ektwfrm rknhbes h prfoakn, prbnhrbay okghusk fc tdk safw phgk

fc tdk jkgketrhabzhtbfe prfgkss, wdbgd whs nkhet tf hssbie rkspfesbobabty tf

afgha ifvkrenkets cfr nhehibei cuejs hej skrvbgk jkabvkry.

Be ?00;, tdk Ifvkrenket jkvkafpkj hej hjfptkj h ekw strhtkiy tf

ghrry fut tdk ueebsdkj rkcfrn hikejh. H gfnprkdkesbvk skgtfr NZKC

whs jkvkafpkj tf hssbst be prfirhnnbei, oujiktbei, hej nfebtfrbei

strhtkiy bnpaknkethtbfe.

Offstbei Bevkstnket be _fhj Becrhstrugturk tdrfuid

Puoabg-Prbvhtk Phrtekrsdbps

Zdk strhtki y cfr tdk puoabg wfrms hej trhespfrt skgtfr dhs okke trhes-

ahtkj betf skvkrha prbfrbty prfirhns, begaujbei kxtkesbfe fc trhes-Hcrbghe

rfhjs (hs phrt fc tdk EKPHJ ]Ekw Phrtekrsdbp cfr Hcrbghe Jkvkafp-

nket^ rfhj ektwfrm)= jkvkafpnket fc h suorkibfeha rfhj ektwfrm be tdk

GKNHG zfek abembei tdk pfabtbgha hej kgfefnbg ghpbtha gbtbks fc tdk suo-

rkibfe= hej bnprfvknket fc tdk rknhbebei ehtbfeha ektwfrm truem rfhjs

(ofx ;.7).

Ibvke tdk sgfpk fc ekkjs hej tdk dbid gfst fc bevkstnkets, tdk Ifvkre-

nket betkejs tf prfnftk hpprfprbhtk puoabg-prbvhtk phrtekrsdbps, sugd hsfpkrhtbfeha akhsks, gfegkssbfes, hej akhsk fr nhehiknket gfetrhgts. Bt bs

gfesbjkrbei h vhrbkty fc hrrheiknkets, sugd hs oubaj-fpkrhtk-trhesckr (OFZ)

hej oubaj-fwe-fpkrhtk gfetrhgts, tf kegfurhik puoabg-prbvhtk phrtekr-

sdbp hej httrhgt prbvhtk hej cfrkbie bevkstnket be tdk rfhj suoskgtfr. H

ghsk be pfbet bs tdk rkgket pahe tf skkm betkrehtbfeha gfnpktbtbvk objjbei

cfr tdk gfestrugtbfe fc h skgfej orbjik fvkr tdk Yfurb _bvkr be Jfuhah

tdrfuid h oubaj-fpkrhtk-trhesckr gfetrhgt.

Wusthbebei he Hjkquhtk Nhbetkehegk Pfabgy

Nugd dhs okke jfek tf bnprfvk rfhj nhbetkehegk, be tkrns fc oftd h ekw

bestbtutbfeha crhnkwfrm hej hjkquhtk cuejbei. Zdksk kccfrts eftwbtdsthej-

bei, tdk Ifvkrenket stbaa dhs tf hjjrkss tdk grbtbgha prfoakn fc ghphgbty

hej skrvbgk quhabty. Jfbei sf rkqubrks uriket nkhsurks tf bnprfvk tdk rfhj

nhbetkehegk cuejbei nkgdhebsn hej tdk cuegtbfebei fc tdk rfhj cuej=

jksbie h ehegbei nkgdhebsn ohskj fe kcckgtbvk ekkjs= strkeitdke tdk

hjnbebstrhtbvk ghphgbty tf pahe nhbetkehegk, begaujbei tdk ghphgbty tf

kcgbketay dhejak gfetrhgt nhehiknket, hej ej nfrk-kcgbket whys tf

gfetrhgt fut nhbetkehegk.

Be ?00;, tdk Ifvkrenket nfjbkj tdk akiha hej rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrm

fc tdk rfhj cuej tf grkhtk h nfrk kcckgtbvk sktup (ofx ;.:). [ejkr tdk ekw



8;0 Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

sktup, h ahrikr sdhrk fc tdk pktrfakun ckk bs haafghtkj jbrkgtay tf tdk rfhj cuej

hej bts usk jfks eft if tdrfuid tdk ikekrha oujikt nhehiknket prfgkss.

Zdk Ifvkrenket gfuaj gfesbjkr skttbei up h rfhj nhbetkehegk hikegy,

hs skvkrha gfuetrbks be Ykst hej Khst Hcrbgh dhvk jfek. Bt hasf gfuaj pursuk

ekw whys fc gfetrhgtbei nhbetkehegk hgtbvbtbks. Phr tbgbphtbfe fc afgha

pkfpak sdfuaj ok prfnftkj cfr phrt fc tdk wfrms (gakhebei). Nfrk kcgbket

cfrns fc gfetrhgt sdfuaj ok gfesbjkrkj cfr ahrikr sdhrks fc tdk ektwfrm

(sbeiak rfhjs fr h ikfirhpdbgha hrkh fc tdk prbfrbty ektwfrm), hggfrjbei tf

tdk quhabty fc skrvbgk hej afei-tkrn rkahtbfesdbps wbtd gfetrhgtfrs. Afei-

tkrn pkrcfrnhegk-ohskj gfetrhgts cfr tdk nhbetkehegk fc sfnk nhlfr

Ofx ;.7

Prbfrbty Prfirhns be tdk _fhj Wkgtfr

Ghnkrffe bs nfvbei hdkhj fe tdrkk prbfrbty prfirhns be tdk rfhj skgtfr. Zdkrst bs tdk trhes-Hcrbghe rfhj. Ghnkrffe rkprkskets h jkvkafpnket pfak cfr oftdYkst hej Gketrha Hcrbgh. Bnpaknketbei tdk trhes-Hcrbghe rfhj (EKPHJ rfhj ekt-wfrm)‚wdbgd abems Ebikrbh tf Gketrha Hcrbgh tdrfuid Ghnkrffe‚bs tdkrkcfrk hjkvkafpnket prbfrbty.

Zdk skgfej prflkgt bs tdk GKNHG ektwfrm, wdbgd abems Ghnkrffe tfekbidofrbei GKNHG gfuetrbks. Zdk nhbe truem rfhjs gurrketay uephvkj hrkHnohn‗Myâ (Kquhtfrbha Iubekh)‗Fssb (Ihofe)= Hnohe‗Kmbei (Kquhtfrbha

Iubekh)= Eihfuejkrk‗Zfuofrf‗Nfuejfu (Gdhj)= Ihrfuh‗Jknsh (Ebikrbh)=Nfrh‗Abnheb‗Ohemb (Ebikrbh)= Wheinâabnh‗Jlfun (_kpuoabg fc Gfeif)= hejMfussârb‗E‒Jlhnkeh (Gdhj). Zdk Kurfpkhe [ebfe, tdk Hcrbghe JkvkafpnketOhem, hej Crhegk hrk phrtbgbphtbei be tdk kccfrt tf phvk tdk GKNHG ektwfrm.Zdk rkst fc tdk prbfrbty ektwfrm hasf rkqubrks rkdhobabthtbfe. Zdk Ifvkrenket dhsharkhjy hssksskj tdk sthtus fc nfst fc tdksk rfhjs hej bs skkmbei jfefr hssbsthegk.Zdk Yfraj Ohem bs phrtbgbphtbei be tdk crhnkwfrm fc bts GKNHG rkibfeha prfirhn.

Zdk tdbrj prflkgt bs tdk ehtbfeha ektwfrm fc truem rfhjs. Iffj truem rfhjshrk ekkjkj tf abem tdk ehtbfeha ghpbtha tf prfvbegbha ghpbthas hej tf chgbabthtk tdksfgbfkgfefnbg jkvkafpnket fc ahejafgmkj hrkhs (abembei tdk bejustrbha dhrofrgketkrs, gfesunptbfe gketkrs, hej tfurbst sbtks). Zdbs prflkgt pahes tf kxtkejtdk phvkj rfhj ektwfrm tf gfeekgt tdk twf nhlfr urohe gketkrs (Jfuhah hejRhfuejâ) hej prfvbegbha ghpbthas, hs wkaa hs jkphrtnket hej prfvbegbha ghpb-thas. Zdk Ifvkrenket hasf pahes tf gfeekgt nhlfr rurha hirbguaturha prfjugtbfehrkhs hej tdkbr nhrmkts, usuhaay be urohe gketkrs. Okghusk fc tdk gfestrhbetsfe tdk kxbstbei ektwfrm, prbfrbty sdfuaj ok ibvke tf rfhjs wbtd tdk irkhtksttrhcg hej prfohoay tf tdk grbtbgha pfbets fc tdk ektwfrm, sugd hs stkkp safpks,ofttakekgms, hej ffjkj hrkhs.

Wfurgk< _kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe ?007h.



Bnprfvbei Becrhstrugturk Wkrvbgks 8;8

truem rfhjs bs he httrhgtbvk hatkrehtbvk (ofx ;.;). Wugd gfetrhgts gheok gfnpakx tf bnpaknket, out Gdhj hej ftdkr jkvkafpbei gfuetrbks fut-

sbjk Hcrbgh dhvk dhj suggkss be tdbs hrkh. Zdk Ifvkrenket gfuaj tkst tdk

sgdknk usbei prbfrbty rfhjs hs h pbaft ghsk.

Jkvkafpbei Hpprfprbhtk Bestrunkets tf Cuej _fhj _kdhobabthtbfe

Nfrk tdhe 9; pkrgket fc tdk rfhj ektwfrm bs be nkjbfgrk fr pffr gfejbtbfe.

Cuejbei bs rkqubrkj tf prkvket curtdkr jkirhjhtbfe hej afss fc prbfrbty

ektwfrms. Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs wbskay knohrmkj fe prbfrbty prfirhns tfrkdhobabthtk tdk gfrk ektwfrm hej tf gfetbeuk tdk rkdhobabthtbfe fc tdk rurha

rfhjs bebtbhtkj uejkr DBPG cuejbei. Zdk ?00; bestbtutbfeha rkvbsbfe fc

tdk rfhj cuej haafwkj tdk cuej tf ok uskj (wbtdbe h skphrhtk wbejfw) cfr

sfnk jfefr- fr Ifvkrenket-cuejkj bevkstnket kxpkejbturk, kspkgbhaay

rkdhobabthtbfe prfirhns.

Jksbiebei hej Bnpaknketbei Puoabg Zrhespfrt be [rohe Hrkhs

WFGHZ[_, tdk nhbe urohe trhespfrt gfnphey, whs abqubjhtkj be 822:= tdk

rfhj trhespfrt bs efw fpkrhtkj ketbrkay oy tdk prbvhtk skgtfr. Be Rhfuejâ, gfn-

nutkrs jkpkej ahrikay fe prbvhtk thxbs tf if tf wfrm fr sgdffa, hej be Jfuhah, h

ckw snhaa prbvhtk trhespfrt gfnphebks dhvk knkrikj. H ekw strhtkiy cfr urohe

trhespfrt skrvbgks dhs tf ok cfrikj tf bnprfvk urohe trhespfrthtbfe, kspkgbhaay

Ofx ;.:

Ghnkrffe‒s _fhj Cuej

Zdk 8224 grkhtbfe fc h rfhj cuej dhs dkapkj skgurk rksfurgks cfr rfhjnhbetkehegk tdrfuid h pktrfakun akvy. Zdk akvy orbeis nfrk tdhe $70 nbaabfetf tdk skgtfr kvkry ykhr, up crfn akss tdhe $80 nbaabfe okcfrk tdk rkcfrn. Zdbssgdknk dhs sdfrtkekj phynket jkabvkry tbnk tf prbvhtk ketkrprbsks, bnprfvkjtdk prfirhnnbei fc rfhj nhbetkehegk fpkrhtbfes, hej dkapkj rkvbthabzkprbvhtk gbvba keibekkrbei hej gfestrugtbfe rns.

Zdk sgdknk dhs okke dhnpkrkj, dfwkvkr, oy h eunokr fc prfoakns. Cbrst,feay h xkj pkrgkethik fc tdk cuka akvy whs haafghtkj tf tdk rfhj cuej hej

gdheekakj tdrfuid tdk Zrkhsury, wdbak h gkbabei whs xkj be tdk Ifvkrenketoujikt, wdbgd ef afeikr rkkgtkj tdk truk rksfurgk ekkjs cfr ehegbei rfhjnhbetkehegk. Wkgfej, bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk rfhj nhbetkehegk gfetrhgts stbaarkabks dkhvbay fe kxtkreha tkgdebgha hssbsthegk, kspkgbhaay tdk K[‗cuejkj rfhjnhbetkehegk prfirhn. Prfirhnnbei ghphgbty hej abems oktwkke gfetrhgtbeihej prfirhnnbei hrk wkhm ht okst.

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.



8;? Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

be Rhfuejâ hej Jfuhah hej nkkt tdk ekkjs fc rhpbj urohebzhtbfe. Okttkr frih-ebzhtbfe fc urohe trhespfrt sdfuaj hasf httrhgt prbvhtk skgtfr phrtbgbphtbfe.;

Hbr Zrhespfrt

Ghnkrffe chgks jhuetbei gdhaakeiks be hbr trhespfrt, tdk suoskgtfr be wdbgd

rkcfrns dhvk ahiikj nfst. Hbr trhvka wbtdbe Ghnkrffe hej crfn Ghnkrffe

tf tdk rkst fc Gketrha Hcrbgh bs abnbtkj hej ueprkjbgthoak, okghusk fc pffr

pkrcfrnhegk oy Ghnkrffe Hbrabeks (GHNHB_), tdk sthtk-fwekj hbrabek gfn-

phey, wdbgd jfnbehtks tdk bejustry. GHNHB_ dhs okke nbrkj be ehegbha

jbcguatbks cfr nfrk tdhe 80 ykhrs, grbppabei bts ghphgbty tf prfvbjk hjkquhtk

skrvbgks wbtdbe Ghnkrffe, akt hafek be Gketrha Hcrbgh fr futsbjk tdk suork-

ibfe.3 Wkvkrha Hcrbghe hej Kurfpkhe ghrrbkrs hasf skrvk Ghnkrffe, prfvbjbei

hggkss tf Kurfpk hej tdk rkst fc Hcrbgh.

Ofx ;.;

Pkrcfrnhegk-Ohskj Nhbetkehegk hej Nhehiknket fc _fhjs

Pkrcfrnhegk-ohskj nhbetkehegk hej nhehiknket fc rfhjs (PNN_) gfetrhgtshbn tf kesurk tdht tdk pdysbgha gfejbtbfe fc rfhjs bs hjkquhtk fvkr h nuatbykhrpkrbfj. Zdksk gfetrhgts kxphej tdk prbvhtk skgtfr‒s rfak crfn sbnpak kxkgutbfefc wfrms tf oftd nhbetkehegk hej nhehiknket fc rfhjs.

Hustrhabh, Ekw \khahej, tdk [ebtkj Wthtks, hej skvkrha Ahtbe Hnkrbghegfuetrbks, begaujbei Hriketbeh, Orhzba, hej [ruiuhy, harkhjy dhvk PNN_‗typkgfetrhgts be pahgk, gfvkrbei tdfushejs fc mbafnktkrs fc rfhjs. Nhey gfuetrbksbe Hcrbgh, Hsbh, hej Kurfpk hrk efw betrfjugbei gfetrhgts cfr pkrcfrnhegk-

ohskj nhbetkehegk hej nhehiknket fc rfhjs, fctke wbtd grugbha suppfrt crfnjfefr hikegbks tdht dhvk rkgfiebzkj tdk okekts fc rksuat-ohskj hpprfhgdkscfr pfvkrty rkjugtbfe. Zdbs ekw hpprfhgd nhy hasf orbei hofut h nugd-ekkjkjorkhmtdrfuid cfr tdk prkskrvhtbfe fc rfhj hsskts be pffr gfuetrbks, wdbgd hrkrhpbjay krfjbei okghusk fc behjkquhtk nhehiknket hej nhbetkehegk.

Jurbei tdk objjbei prfgkss cfr sugd gfetrhgts, pftketbha skrvbgk prfvbjkrsprfpfsk h nfetday aunp-sun ckk pkr mbafnktkr fc rfhj tf ok nhehikj hejnhbethbekj. Zdk gfetrhgtfrs hrk phbj eft cfr pdysbgha wfrms (beputs) out cfrnkktbei gkrthbe prkjkekj skrvbgk quhabty akvkas (futgfnks). Kxhnpaks fcskrvbgk quhabty akvkas begaujk tdk spkkj htthbehoak fe tdk rfhj= rfhj uskrs‒gfncfrt, wdbgd bs abemkj tf tdk hoskegk fc rfhj surchgk jhnhik, sugd hs pft-dfaks= hej tdk prkskegk fc trhcg sbies hej rfhj nhrmbeis. Zdk xkj nfetdayckk usuhaay gfvkrs haa pdysbgha hej efepdysbgha wfrms prfvbjkj oy tdk gfetrhg-tfr. Pkehatbks hrk bnpfskj bc sfnk grbtkrbh hrk eft nkt, hej tdk gfetrhgt ghe okghegkaakj bc tdkrk bs pkrsbstket efegfnpabhegk fvkr h afeikr pkrbfj.

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.




Wbegk 822:, Ghnkrffe‒s skvke nhbe hbrpfrts dhvk okke rue oy Hârfpfrts

ju Ghnkrfue (HJG), h puoabg-prbvhtk phrtekrsdbp bevfavbei Hârfpfrts jk

Phrbs, tdk Hikegk pfur ah Wâgurbtâ jk ah Ehvbihtbfe Hârbkeek ke Hcrbquk

(HWKGEH), GHNHB_, tdk Ifvkrenket, hej skvkrha nhribeha sthmkdfaj-

krs. Zdbs phrtekrsdbp dhs eft ybkajkj tdk kxpkgtkj rksuats, cfr h eunokr fc

rkhsfes, begaujbei Ifvkrenket betkrckrkegk be nhehiknket, he baa-jkekj

gfegkssbfe pkrbnktkr, nhejhtfry gfetrhgtbei rkahtbfes wbtd GHNHB_ fe

irfuej skrvbgks, gfstay nhehiknket krrfrs, hej tdk ikekrhaay wkhm gfejbtbfe

fc hbr trhespfrt be Gketrha Hcrbgh. Okghusk fc tdksk jbcguatbks, tdk prbegbpha

bevkstfr, Hârfpfrts jk Phrbs (HJP), gfuaj eft ikekrhtk sucgbket rkvkeuk tf

nhbethbe bts hsskts, kspkgbhaay ht snhaakr hbrpfrts, hej rhe tdk rbsm fc jhnhibeibts nhbe pahtcfrn be Jfuhah. Hs tdk sbtuhtbfe okghnk uetkehoak, HJP gfn-

paktkay wbtdjrkw crfn nhehiknket hej phrtbgbphtbfe be tdk phrtekrsdbp.

Jkspbtk tdksk jbcguatbks, hbr trhespfrt dhs tdk pftketbha tf irfw hej tf

abem Ghnkrffe tf tdk iafoha kgfefny. Cfr tdbs tf dhppke, tdk Ifvkrenket

ekkjs tf swbctay gfnpaktk tdk rkstrugturbei fc GHNHB_ hej tdk abokrhabzh-

tbfe fc hbr skrvbgks be tdk spbrbt fc tdk Rhnfussfumrf Jkgahrhtbfe (ofx ;.3).

H eunokr fc bnpfrthet stkps hrk ekkjkj. Cbrst, suosthetbha quhabty

bnprfvknket hej gfst rkjugtbfe ekkj tf ok nhjk tf irfuej skrvbgks. Zdbsgdheik gfuaj ok hggfnpabsdkj oy rkstrbgtbei tdk gfegkssbfe tf tdk nhbe hbr-

pfrts (Jfuhah hej Rhfuejâ)= prkphrbei h strhtkibg pahe cfr tdk nhbetkehegk

hej pdhskj jkvkafpnket fc skgfejhry hbrpfrts, hs jbgthtkj oy tdk prfspkgts

fc trhcg irfwtd be tdk rkibfes be wdbgd tdky hrk afghtkj= gdheibei tdk bestb-

tutbfeha sktup be frjkr tf rkjugk tdk gfst fc hbrpfrt dhejabei skrvbgks= hej

rkvbkwbei puoabg-prbvhtk phrtekrsdbp hrrheiknkets wbtdbe HJG be frjkr tf

ibvk tdk hbrpfrt gfegkssbfehbrk kcckgtbvk nhehiknket rbidts.

Wkgfej, prbvhtk phrtbgbphtbfe be tdk skgtfr sdfuaj ok prfnftkj, oy prf-

vbjbei h chvfrhoak kevbrfenket, wbtdbe tdk crhnkwfrm fc tdk Rhnfussfumrf

Jkgahrhtbfes B hej BB. Kccfrts gfuaj ok nhjk tf chgbabthtk tdk fpkrhtbfes fc prb-

vhtk suorkibfeha hbrabeks, hs wkaa hs ehtbfeha hbrabeks crfn tdk rkibfe.9 Ibvke

tdk kxpkrbkegk fc Hbr Hcrbquk, tdk GKNHG Ifvkrenkets nust ok kxtrknkay

ghutbfus hofut ahuegdbei hey cfrn fc puoabgay fwekj rkibfeha hbrabek.

Zdbrj, tdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf rhpbjay ehabzk tdk rkstrugturbei hej

prbvhtbzhtbfe fc GHNHB_. Be ?00;, tdk Ifvkrenket, wbtd tdk hssbsthegk fc

tdk BCG, jkgbjkj tf prfgkkj wbtd tdk sgbssbfe abqubjhtbfe fc GHNHB_. [ejkr

tdk prbvhtbzhtbfe strhtkiy, GHNHB_ whs tf ok abqubjhtkj hej h ekw gfnphey

grkhtkj, fpkrhtkj, hej nhehikj wbtdfut Ifvkrenket betkrckrkegk. Zdk

Ifvkrenket whs tf hssunk tdk abhobabtbks fc GHNHB_ wdbak dfajbei

:2 pkrgket fc tdk ghpbtha fc tdk ekw gfnphey, phbj hs he be-mbej trhesckr

fc GHNHB_‒s trhcg rbidt tf tdk ekw gfnphey. Zdk Ifvkrenket gahrbkj



8;: Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

bts ehegbha foabihtbfes wbtd rkspkgt tf GHNHB_, rkgrubtkj h abqubjhtfr,

hej ahuegdkj he bevbthtbfe cfr obj be Lheuhry ?003. H wbeebei objjkr whs

skakgtkj be Luek ?003, out ekiftbhtbfes dhvk sthaakj sbegk, baaustrhtbei tdk

pkrkeebha prfoakn fc prfgrhstbehtbfe hej begfesbstket bnpaknkethtbfe fc

tdk sthtkj pfabgy gfursk. Zdk Ifvkrenket sdfuaj thmk tdk ekgksshry stkps tf

chgbabthtk tdk jkvkafpnket fc tdk ekw ehtbfeha hbrabek gfnphey.

_hba Zrhespfrt

_hba trhespfrt whs gfegkssbfekj tf h prbvhtk gfnphey, GHN_HBA, be nbj-

8222. Zdk gfegkssbfe akj tf sbiebghet bnprfvknkets be rhba skrvbgks hej

gfsts hafei tdk Jfuhah‗Eihfuejârâ gfrrbjfr.

Oy 8223, tdk rhbawhys systkn, wdbgd uskj tf ok suosbjbzkj oy tdk

Ifvkrenket, dhj hggunuahtkj nfrk tdhe $?0 nbaabfe be sgha hej sfgbha

Ofx ;.3

Zdk Rhnfussfumrf Jkgahrhtbfe

Zdk Rhnfussfumrf prfgkss sthrtkj wbtd tdk Rhnfussfumrf Jkgahrhtbfe fc8244, h sthtknket fc gfnnfe pfabtbgha gfnnbtnket tfwhrj tdk abokrhabzhtbfefc hbr trhespfrt be Hcrbgh. Zdk Rhnfussfumrf Jkgbsbfe, hjfptkj be Efvknokr8222, whs nhjk akihaay obejbei hctkr kejfrsknket oy tdk Frihebzhtbfe fcHcrbghe [ebty Dkhjs fc Wthtk hej Ifvkrenkets be Luay ?000.

Zdk jkgbsbfe‒s prbegbpha hbn bs tf irhjuhaay abokrhabzk sgdkjuakj hej efe-sgdkjuakj betrh-Hcrbghe hbr trhespfrt cfr tdk prfvbsbfe fc ‑kcgbket, hccfrjhoak,rkabhoak hej shck hbr skrvbgks tdht hrk be gfnpabhegk wbtd BGHF (Betkrehtbfeha

Gbvba Hvbhtbfe Frihebzhtbfe) sthejhrjs hej rkgfnnkejkj prhgtbgks.„ Zdk jkgb-sbfe prfvbjks cfr tdk kabnbehtbfe fc rkstrbgtbvk prhgtbgks hej gfetrfas, begaujbeitdk irhetbei fc hbr-trhcg rbidts, ghphgbty, crkqukegy fc bidt fpkrhtbfes, thrbccs,hej tdk eunokr fc hbrabeks tf ok jksbiehtkj pkr rfutk. Bt hasf rkqubrks tdht sthtkskesurk chbr gfnpktbtbfe, gfesunkr prftkgtbfe, hej gfnpabhegk wbtd betkreh-tbfeha shckty hej skgurbty sthejhrjs.

Hatdfuid tdk jkgbsbfe bs h gfetbeket-wbjk bebtbhtbvk, bts bnpaknkethtbfe dhsthmke fe h rkibfeha jbnkesbfe. Be vbkw fc tdk ekkj tf bnprfvk kcgbkegy hejshckty fc hbr trhespfrt skrvbgks be tdkbr rkibfes hej tf hggkakrhtk tdk abokrhabzh-tbfe prfgkss, tdk nbebstkrs rkspfesboak cfr gbvba hvbhtbfe be Ykst hej GketrhaHcrbgh sbiekj h nknfrhejun fc uejkrsthejbei be Efvknokr 8222. Zdbs jfgu-nket ksthoabsdkj h crhnkwfrm cfr irkhtkr gffpkrhtbfe hej dhrnfebzhtbfe fc tdkrkiuahtfry kevbrfenket be tdk twf rkibfes. Be Ckoruhry ?007, nkktbei be Afnk,tdk Gfnnbttkk fc Nbebstkrs hjfptkj he hgtbfe pahe cfr bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdkjkgbsbfe be Ykstkre hej Gketrha Hcrbgh.

Wfurgk< Yfraj Ohem ?007h.



Bnprfvbei Becrhstrugturk Wkrvbgks 8;;

skgurbty hrrkhrs. Oy ?007, bt dhj gfetrboutkj $8?.9 nbaabfe, hctkr tdk suosbjbks

phbj fut oy tdk Ifvkrenket tf GHN_HBA tf gfvkr phsskeikr skrvbgk afssks.

Zdbs rkvkrsha phrtay rkkgts tdk irfwtd be crkbidt trhcg, wdbgd rfsk ?: pkrgket

oktwkke ?000 hej ?003, hej phsskeikr trhcg, wdbgd rfsk 89 pkrgket.

Dfwkvkr, sbegk gfnpaktbfe fc wfrms rkahtkj tf tdk Gdhj-Ghnkrffe pbpk-

abek, GHN_HBA dhs dhj tf gfpk wbtd safw irfwtd be trhcg vfaunk, wdbgd

rfsk lust 7 pkrgket h ykhr. Wfnk fc tdk jkgabek dhs okke gfnpkeshtkj oy thrbcc

begrkhsks. Out tdk gfegkssbfe gfetbeuks tf begur rkgurrket afssks hs phrt fc bts

phsskeikr skrvbgk foabihtbfes.

Okghusk fc hjvkrsk gdheiks be tdk kgfefnbg hej ehegbha kevbrfenket

(begrkhsk be nhrmkt prbgks hej ahofr gfsts hej hpprkgbhtbfe fc tdk kurf hejtdk GCH wbtd rkspkgt tf tdk [.W. jfaahr) hej he uejkrkstbnhtbfe fc tdk eheg-

bei ekkjs cfr becrhstrugturk hej rfaabei stfgm rkdhobabthtbfe, GHN_HBA‒s

bebtbha ehegbei pahe bs uesusthbehoak be tkrns fc tdk gfegkssbfe‒s hobabty tf

ehegk oftd afei-tkrn trhgm hej rfaabei stfgm bevkstnkets. Be vbkw fc tdksk

uechvfrhoak kxfikefus gdheiks, tdk Ifvkrenket hirkkj tf rkekiftbhtk tdk

rhba gfegkssbfe be ?00:‗0;. Mky kaknkets fc tdk ekw gfetrhgt begaujk phy-

nket fc phsskeikr skrvbgk hrrkhrs fwkj tf tdk rhba gfegkssbfehbrk hej bjketb-

ghtbfe fc cuejbei nkgdhebsns tf gfetbeuk tf ehegk rhba trhgm rkdhobabthtbfebe tdk sdfrt tkrn. Zdk hutdfrbtbks, tdk Yfraj Ohem, hej GHN_HBA nhehik-

nket hasf jkgbjkj tf rkhaafghtk sfnk Yfraj Ohem cuejs tf ehegk hgtbvbtbks

ekkjkj tf rkbecfrgk shckty hej prftkgtbfe fc wbajabck hej tdk kevbrfenket.

Zdk rst gfegkssbfe hnkejnket, wdbgd tffm ghrk fc GHN_HBA‒s bnnk-

jbhtk ekkjs, akct fut tdk bnpfrthet bssuks rkahtkj tf afei-tkrn trhgm ehegbei

ekkjs. Jbsgussbfe fc tdksk bssuks whs tf dhvk okke gfegaujkj oy Ckoruhry

?009. GHN_HBA hafek gheeft sdfuajkr tdk gfst fc ehegbei trhgm bevkst-

nket, okghusk bts ghphgbty tf ehegk afei-tkrn bevkstnket rknhbes skvkrkay

gfestrhbekj oy tdk ekkj cfr sbiebghet nbj-tkrn ehegbei tf gfvkr tdk gfst

fc rkekwbei tdk rfaabei stfgm. Be rkspfesk, tdk Ifvkrenket dhs hirkkj tf

ekiftbhtk wbtd GHN_HBA cfr h ekw gfegkssbfe ehegbei sgdknk, wdbgd

wfuaj akhj tf h trhesckr fc tdk trhgm ehegbei foabihtbfes crfn GHN_HBA

tf tdk Ifvkrenket. Be kxgdheik, GHN_HBA wfuaj begrkhsk tdk gfegkssbfe

ckk phbj tf tdk Ifvkrenket. Zrhgm ehegbei cfr tdk ?004‗8? pkrbfj wbaa

ok prfvbjkj oy BJH.

Nhrbtbnk Zrhespfrt

Zdk nhrbt bnk skgtfr bs jfnbehtkj oy cfrkbie betkrksts. Zdk ehtbfeha

nhrbtbnk trhespfrt gfnphey, Ghnkrffe Wdbppbei Abeks (GHNWDBP)= skv-

krha sdfrt-jbsthegk nhrbtbnk gfnphebks= hej sfnk prbvhtk fpkrhtfrs be



8;3 Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

huxbabhry skrvbgks kcckgtbvkay rkprksket Ghnkrffebhe betkrksts be tdk

nhrbtbnk trhespfrt skgtfr. [ejkr tdk nhrbtbnk ahw phsskj be Jkgknokr 8229,

GHNWDBP whs ketbrkay prbvhtbzkj hej tdk trhcg tf hej crfn Ghnkrffe

whs abokrhabzkj.

Zdk pfrt rkcfrn bs ekhr gfnpaktbfe. Zdk pfrt fc Jfuhah, frbibehaay rue

oy tdk ehtbfeha pfrt hutdfrbty, dhs okke nhehikj hs he hutfefnfus ketbty

oy tdk Pfrt Hutdfrbty fc Jfuhah sbegk 8222. Grkhtbfe fc tdbs ketbty dhs akj tf

nhrmkj bnprfvknkets be nhehiknket hej tdk quhabty fc skrvbgks. Ekhray

haa gfnnkrgbha pfrt skrvbgks‚begaujbei tfwbei, okrtdbei, hej gfethbekr

tkrnbeha fpkrhtbfes‚dhvk okke prbvhtbzkj hs phrt fc tdk rkcfrn prfirhn.

Hs h rksuat fc tdksk rkcfrns, skrvbgk thrbccs jkgrkhskj sbiebghetay be 8224. H suoskquket rfuej fc jkgrkhsks (fc rfuiday ?9 pkrgket) fggurrkj fe gfe-

thbekr fpkrhtbfes wdke tdk gfegkssbfebei fc tdk gfethbekr tkrnbeha okihe

be khray ?00;.

Zdk nhbe gdhaakeik bs tf susthbe tdk prfirkss hgdbkvkj hej tf rkdhobab-

thtk pfrt becrhstrugturk. Zdk Crkegd Jkvkafpnket Hikegy (HCJ) hej tdk

Ikrnhe jkvkafpnket ohem (McY) dhvk prfvbjkj ehegbei cfr becrhstrug-

turk bnprfvknkets. Pfrt chgbabthtbfe, wdbgd dhs okke bnprfvkj oy tdk fek-

stfp sdfp‚I[GK‚be Jfuhah, wbaa dhvk tf ok susthbekj. Gfnputkrbzhtbfefc I[GK, gfetbeukj bnprfvknkets be tdk prfckssbfehabsn hej kcgbkegy fc

crkbidt-cfrwhrjkrs, hej tdk jkkpkebei fc gustfns rkcfrns sdfuaj hasf dkap

rhbsk skrvbgk quhabty wdbak rkjugbei gfsts be tdk cuturk.

Jkvkafpbei Yhtkr _ksfurgks

Ghnkrffe chrks pffray be tkrns fc hggkss tf shck whtkr hej jkvkafpnket fc

whtkr rksfurgks. Feay dhac fc Ghnkrffe‒s pfpuahtbfe dhs hggkss tf jrbem-

bei whtkr, wbtd gfesbjkrhoak ihps oktwkke urohe hrkhs (wdkrk 40 pkrgketfc rksbjkets dhvk hggkss) hej rurha hrkhs (wdkrk lust 78 pkrgket fc rksbjkets

dhvk hggkss). Pffr whtkr quhabty bs hasf he bnpfrthet gfegkre, kspkgbhaay be

urohe hrkhs. Ht tdk gurrket phgk fc rkcfrns hej prfirkss, Ghnkrffe hppkhrs

sbiebghetay fcc trhgm cfr nkktbei tdk NJI fc prfvbjbei uebvkrsha hggkss tf

shck jrbembei whtkr oy ?08;.

Ghnkrffe kelfys ikekrhaay chvfrhoak ehturha gfejbtbfes hej bs oaksskj

wbtd h rbgd ehturha rksfurgk ohsk. Begfesbstket hej dhrncua pfabgbks kxpahbe

tdk suophr quhabty fc whtkr suppay skrvbgks. Zdk gfuetry dhs chbakj tf nhmkekkjkj bevkstnkets be upirhjbei hej nfjkrebzbei bts whtkr chgbabtbks fvkr

tdk phst jkghjk< ekiakgt, uejkrbevkstnket, hej pffr nhbetkehegk dhvk

grbppakj tdk dyjrhuabg ektwfrm, hej prfjugtbfe kqubpnket ekkjs tf ok

gfnpaktkay rkdhobabthtkj.




Hs h rksuat fc tdksk chbaurks, Ghnkrffe ahis ftdkr gfuetrbks be tkrns

fc jbstrboutbfe ghphgbty. Be ?00?, tdk jbstrboutbfe ektwfrm pkr ghpbth cfr

Jfuhah hej Rhfuejâ whs hofut dhac tdk akvka fc Jhmhr hej fek-tdbrj tdht

fc Hobjlhe (thoak ;.?).

Kedhegbei quhabty hej bnprfvbei hggkss rknhbe tdk nhbe gdhaakeiks.

Be tdk P_WP tdk Ifvkrenket rkhcrnkj bts jktkrnbehtbfe tf bnprfvk hggkss

tf hej tdk quhabty fc jrbembei whtkr, begaujbei rhbsbei tdk rurha hrkhs hggkss

rhtk crfn 77 pkrgket tf 9; pkrgket oktwkke ?008 hej ?08;. Zdk Ifvkre-

nket‒s strhtkiy skkms tf bnprfvk whtkr quhabty hej hggkss be urohe hrkhs hej

jkvkafp whtkr rksfurgks be rurha hej sknb-urohe hrkhs.

Bnprfvbei Yhtkr Hggkss hej Xuhabty be [rohe Hrkhs

Bnpaknketbei tdk strhtkiy rkqubrks prbvhtbzbei tdk whtkr gfnphey, WEKG,

hej jkkpkebei skgtfr rkcfrns tf bnprfvk hggkss hej whtkr quhabty be urohe

hrkhs. [ecfrtuehtkay, hctkr ekhray tdrkk ykhrs fc fe-hej-fcc ekiftbhtbfes

wbtd tdk prfvbsbfehry hjlujbghtfr, tdk prbvhtbzhtbfe prfgkss sthaakj hej whs

jkgahrkj uesuggksscua be Wkptknokr ?007. Zdk ahgm fc trhesphrket becfr-

nhtbfe fe WEKG‒s ehegbha sbtuhtbfe hjvkrskay hcckgtkj tdk grkjbobabty fc

tdk prbvhtbzhtbfe prfgkss. Zdbs bs ykt heftdkr nhebcksthtbfe fc tdk Hgdbaaks‒

tkejfe fc tdk Ifvkrenket< bts pkegdhet cfr puttbei fcc mky rkcfrns hej chba-

bei tf cfaafw tdrfuid wbtd bnpaknkethtbfe fegk he hirkknket bs rkhgdkj. Be

tdbs, hs be ftdkr ghsks, nhrmkt hej ehegbha gfejbtbfes okghnk uechvfrhoak

jurbei tdk akeitdy prkphrhtbfe hej ekiftbhtbfe pkrbfj.

Be Nhrgd ?00?, tdk Ifvkrenket hppfbetkj he betkrbn hjnbebstrhtfr

tf nhehik WEKG, be tdk dfpk fc dhatbei tdk jktkrbfrhtbfe fc tdk gfn-

phey, wdbgd whs fe tdk vkrik fc ohemruptgy. Zdbs hpprfhgd ybkajkj sfnktheiboak suggkss. Be phrtbguahr, oy strkeitdkebei obaabei hej gfaakgtbfe,

tdk ekw nhehiknket tkhn bnprfvkj WEKG‒s fpkrhtbei pkrcfrnhegk hej

ehegbha pfsbtbfe. Bt hasf nhjk kssketbha bevkstnkets be rkdhobabthtbfe.

Hs h rksuat, tdk jbst rboutbfe bejbghtfr 4 sbiebghetay bnprfvkj (rkhgd-

bei 99 pkrgket be ?00:), hej tdk gfnphey dhs kelfykj h sabidt pfsbtbvk

surpaus sbegk ?007.

Wusthbehoak prfirkss be tdk whtkr skgtfr dbeiks fe dfw swbctay hej

rksfautkay tdk Ifvkrenket ghe bnpaknket h phrtekrsdbp wbtd tdk prbvhtkskgtfr, wbtd knpdhsbs fe bnprfvbei quhabty hej kxphejbei skrvbgks tf

tdk pfpuahtbfe. Be ?00:, tdk Ifvkrenket rkstrugturkj WEKG hs h puoabg-

prbvhtk phrtekrsdbp.2 Oubajbei fe kxpkrbkegk wbtd puoabg‗prbvhtk phrt-

ekrsdbps be Ykst Hcrbgh, tdk Ifvkrenket jkgbjkj tf suogfetrhgt skrvbgk



ZHOAK ;.?

Yhtkr Prfjugtbfe hej Jbstrboutbfe be Wkakgtkj Ykst Hcrbghe Gbtbks, ?00?

Heeuha prfjugtbfe ghphgbty Jbstrboutbfe ektwfrm

Gbty PfpuahtbfeGuobg nktkrs

pkr jhy Abtkrs pkr jhy pkr pkrsfe Mbafnktkrs

Nktkrs p pkrsfe

Hobjlhe, Gútk j‒Bvfbrk 7,700,000 740,000 88; :,400 8.:;

Gfehmry, Iubekh 8,?00,000 870,000 804 400 0.39

Jhmhr, Wkekiha ?,?00,000 ?70,000 80; ?,:00 8.02

Ebhnky, Ebikr 900,000 4?,000 889 300 0.43

Efuhmgdftt, Nhurbthebh 340,000 77,000 :2 3;0 0.23

Fuhihjfuifu,Ourmbeh Chsf 8,800,000 :;0,00 :8 8,:00 8.?9

Rhfuejâ hej Jfuhah,Ghnkrffe 7,000,000 ?;?,;00 4: 8,;8? 0.;0

Zftha 2,840,000 200,000 24 80,3;0 8.83

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.Eftks< Fek guobg nktkr kquhas 8.7; guobg yhrjs. Fek mbafnktkr kquhas 0.3? nbak. Fek abtkr kquhas 8.03 quhrts. Fek nktk




jkabvkry tf h tkgdebgha phrtekr tdrfuid h akhsk gfetrhgt (hcckrnhik) wdbak

akhvbei bevkstnket be rkdhobabthtbfe hej ghphgbty kxphesbfe tf h sthtk-

fwekj hsskt gfnphey ( sfgbâtâ jk phtrbnfbek). Zdk Ifvkrenket grkhtkj he

hsskt-dfajbei gfnphey, GHNYHZK_, jkjbghtkj tf ghrrybei fut bevkst-

nket rkspfesbobabtbks. Zdk Ifvkrenket prkphrkj h prbfrbty bevkstnket

hgtbfe pahe jurbei tdk bebtbha ykhrs, cfr oftd rkdhobabthtbfe hej kxtkesbfe.

Bt bs efw trybei tf nfobabzk betkreha hej kxtkreha rksfurgks tf ghrry fut tdk

pahe. Zdk Yfraj Ohem dhs hirkkj tf ehegk phrt fc tdk bevkstnket prfirhn.

Hs cfr tdk tkgdebgha phr tekr be gdhrik fc hgtuha skrvbgk jkabvkry, tdk

Ifvkrenket ahuegdkj h prkquhabghtbfe prfgkss be Lheuhry ?003, be wdbgd

skvkrha betkrehtbfeha fpkrhtfrs kxprksskj betkrkst. He bevkstnket gfeckrkegk whs frihebzkj be Ckoruhry ?003, hej tdk bevbthtbfe cfr objs whs kxpkgtkj be

tdk ahst quhrtkr fc ?003. Fegk h objjkr bs skakgtkj, tdk Ifvkrenket hej tdk

fpkrhtfr wbaa ehabzk tdk ekiftbhtbfe fc h akhsk gfetrhgt be khray ?009.

Zdk rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrm wbaa gfesbst fc tdk akhsk gfetrhgt prfvbsbfes,

wdbgd skt up pkrcfrnhegk begketbvks hej pkehatbks cfr tdk prbvhtk fpkrh-

tfr= h pkrcfrnhegk gfetrhgt oktwkke tdk Ifvkrenket hej tdk puoabg hsskt-

dfajbei gfnphey= tdk usk fc h skgtfr-ohskj ehegbha nfjka tf skt thrbccs

hej bevkstnkets=80 hej h tkgdebgha nfebtfrbei gfnnbttkk tf nfebtfr oftdtdk akhsk hej tdk pkrcfrnhegk gfetrhgt hej prfpfsk thrbcc rkvbsbfes fe tdk

ohsbs fc tdk futgfnks fc tdk skgtfr-ohskj ehegbha nfjka. Be tdk nkjbun

rue, fegk tdk nhbe rkdhobabthtbfe bevkstnkets dhvk okke bnpaknketkj, tdk

akhsk gfetrhgt gfuaj kvfavk betf h cuaa gfegkssbfe, be wdbgd ghsk tdk prbvhtk

phrtekr wbaa hasf hssunk rkspfesbobabty cfr bevkstnket be ghphgbty.

Jkvkafpbei Hggkss tf Yhtkr be _urha hej Wknb-[rohe Hrkhs

Zdk ftdkr pbaahr fc tdk whtkr rksfurgk jkvkafpnket strhtkiy bs gfethbekj be

tdk _urha Dyjrhuabg BB Prfirhn, wdbgd skkms tf kedhegk hggkss tf jrbembei

whtkr cfr haa rkibfes, kspkgbhaay rurha hej skgfejhry urohe hrkhs. Zdbs prf-

irhn bs he unorkaah strugturk cfr skvkrha whtkr suppay rkdhobabthtbfe hej

kxtkesbfe prflkgts, begaujbei tdk gfestrugtbfe fc prbfrbty ofrk dfaks hej

whtkr wkaas be rknftk hrkhs, kspkgbhaay be tdk efrtd. Zdk hutdfrbtbks hrk hasf

jkvkafpbei h jrbembei whtkr suppay prfirhn be sgdffas hej dkhatd gketkrs,

begaujbei nkhsurks cfr skwhik trkhtnket, kxtkesbfe fc tdk prbnhry whtkr

jrhbehik systkn, hej gfestrugtbfe fc ekw purbghtbfe systkns be urohe

hej sknburohe hrkhs.

Zdk whtkr suppay jkvkafpnket prfirhn bs gkrthbeay hnobtbfus, out bt bs

wbtdbe rkhgd hej be abek wbtd tdk ekkjs fc h rhpbjay irfwbei pfpuahtbfe. Zdk




nhlfr gdhaakeik rknhbes tdk Ifvkrenket‒s rksfavk tf kcckgtbvkay bnpaknket

tdk prfirhn. Zdk P_WP prfirkss rkpfrts bejbghtk tdht abttak dhs okke kxkgutkj

be he khrabkr _urha Dyjrhuabg BB prfirhn. Zdk Ifvkrenket bs ehabzbei h ekw

whtkr skgtfr strhtkiy tdht wbaa hjjrkss tdk grbtbgha bssuks fc prbvhtk rksfurgk

nfobabzhtbfe cfr ehegbei bevkstnket, prfnftbfe fc h nfrk kcckgtbvk

puoabg-prbvhtk phrtekrsdbp be tdk skgtfr, hej begrkhskj bevfavknket fc

gfnnuebtbks hej afgha ifvkrenkets. Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf ehabzk

tdk strhtkiy hej hggkakrhtk bnpaknkethtbfe.

Kedhegbei Becfrnhtbfe hej Gfnnuebghtbfes Zkgdefafibks

Ghnkrffe ekkjs tf rhpbjay kxphej tdk jkesbty, gfvkrhik, hej quhabty fc

bts kakgtrfebg gfnnuebghtbfe becrhstrugturk. Zdk sbeiak nfst bnpfrthet

gfnpfeket fc becfrnhtbfe hej gfnnuebghtbfe tkgdefafiy (BGZ) bs tdk

becrhstrugturk tdht prfvbjks tdk gketrha ektwfrmbei cuegtbfe hej abems

skphrhtk hgtbvbtbks wbtdbe Ghnkrffe, hs wkaa hs tf tdk wbjkr rkibfeha hej

iafoha kgfefny.

Zdk ghphgbty hej quhabty fc Ghnkrffe‒s kakgtrfebg gfnnuebghtbfe

becrhstrugturk hrk behjkquhtk tf susthbe kgfefnbg jbvkrsbghtbfe hej jkvka-

fpnket. Be chgt, Ghnkrffe ahis bts gfnpktbtfrs be hggkss tf kakgtrfebg gfnnu-

ebghtbfe becrhstrugturk. Be ?00?, tdk eunokr fc xkj abeks (9 pkr 8,000) whs

chr okafw tdht fc Gútk j‒Bvfbrk (?0 pkr 8,000) hej Wkekiha (?7 pkr 8,000).

Ghnkrffe dhs chbakj tf nhmk hjkquhtk bevkstnket be tdk xkj tkakgfn

skgtfr, okghusk tdk prbvhtbzhtbfe prfgkss dhs prfvkj akeitdy hej uatbnhtkay

begfegausbvk. Oy gfetrhst, twf prbvhtkay fwekj nfobak pdfek gfnphebks hrk

efw cuaay fpkrhtbfeha. Zdhems be ahrik phrt tf tdksk gfnphebks, skrvbgk dhs

bnprfvkj hej gfsts chaake. Hs fc ?003, tdk eunokr fc nfobak suosgrbokrs

kxgkkjkj 7 nbaabfe, up crfn akss tdhe 7,;00 be 8229.

Jkkpkebei Nhrmkt Abokrhabzhtbfe

Wkac-bnpfskj rkstrbgtbfes be suppay (kxgausbvbty rbidts, rkstrbgtbfes fe cfr-

kbie fwekrsdbp, hej hjnbebstrhtbvk ohrrbkrs tf ketry) dhvk abnbtkj tdk jbc-

cusbfe fc BGZ hej prkvketkj jbvkrsbghtbfe hej susthbehoak jkvkafpnket.

Zdk nfefpfabst bg pfsbtbfe fc Ghnkrffe Zkakgfnnuebghtbfes (GHNZKA)

be tdk xkj nhrmkt nkhes tdht bt hafek okhrs tdk ourjke fc prfvbjbei tdk

trhesnbssbfe (afei-jbsthegk) becrhstrugturk ekkjkj oktwkke gbtbks be Ghn-

krffe hej be rurha hej rknftk hrkhs.88 Zdksk rkstrbgtbfes akhj tf dbidkr

prbgks cfr gustfnkrs hej rkjugk tdk gfnpktbtbvkekss fc tdk ousbekss skgtfr.



Bnprfvbei Becrhstrugturk Wkrvbgks 838

Bejkkj, betkrehtbfeha kxpkrbkegk sdfws tdht abctbei haa rkstrbgtbfes oy cuaay

abokrhabzbei tdk kakgtrfebg gfnnuebghtbfe nhrmkt prfjugks rkha jkgabeks be

prbgks cfr haa gahssks fc gustfnkrs, hs wkaa hs bnprfvknkets be tdk quhabty fc

skrvbgks hej suosthetbha irfwtd be nhrmkt rkvkeuks, bevkstnket, hej hggkss.

Zdk Ifvkrenket gfuaj bnprfvk gfejbtbfes be tdk skgtfr oy jkkpkebei

rkcfrns hej kedhegbei gfnpktbtbfe. Bts tkakgfnnuebghtbfe skgtfr jkvka-

fpnket strhtkiy rksts fe skvkrha pbaahrs, begaujbei tdk suggksscua abokrha-

bzhtbfe hej prbvhtbzhtbfe fc GHNZKA, h sfuej akiha hej rkiuahtfry hej

bestbtutbfeha crhnkwfrm, hej he kcckgtbvk phrtekrsdbp wbtd mky fpkrhtfrs tf

jkvkafp ghphgbtbks hej kxtkej skrvbgks tf pffr hej rknftk rurha hrkhs.

Gfnpaktbei tdk Prbvhtbzhtbfe fc GHNZKA

Zdk prbvhtbzhtbfe prfgkss fc GHNZKA, ahuegdkj be 8229, whs jkgahrkj

begfegausbvk be Nhy ?00?, hctkr ekiftbhtbfes wbtd twf gfeskgutbvk objjkrs

chbakj. Zdk nhbe rkhsfe cfr tdk chbaurk whs tdk safw phgk fc kxkgutbfe fc tdk

prbvhtbzhtbfe prfirhn, wdbgd akj tf grbtbgha gdheiks be nhrmkt gfejbtbfes

hej ehegbha rbsms. Wffe hctkr tdfsk chbaurks, tdk Ifvkrenket, wbtd Yfraj

Ohem suppfrt, prkphrkj h pahe cfr rkahuegdbei tdk prbvhtbzhtbfe prfgkss. Hs h rst stkp, tdk Ifvkrenket nhjk gfesbjkrhoak kccfrts tf strkeitdke

tdk akiha hej rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrm hej gfesfabjhtk tdk ehegbha pfsbtbfe

fc GHNZKA. Bt bssukj he betkrbn gfegkssbfe tf GHNZKA be ?00?, begaujbei

spkgbg pkrcfrnhegk hej nbebnun bevkstnkets thrikts. H spkgbhabzkj

betkrehtbfeha rn whs rkgrubtkj be ?007 tf dkap GHNZKA nhehiknket prk-

phrk cfr prbvhtbzhtbfe, haafwbei tdk gfnphey tf kedhegk bts nhrmkt vhauk oy

fpkrhtbei nfrk kcckgtbvkay be h vkry gfnpktbtbvk skgtfr. Zdk ekw nhehik-

nket bnprfvkj ousbekss prhgtbgks hej nhjk sfnk kssketbha bevkstnkets.

Be h skgfej pdhsk (ahuegdkj be Nhy ?00;), tdk Ifvkrenket dbrkj h gfe-

sfrtbun akj oy he bevkstnket ohem tf rkahuegd tdk prbvhtbzhtbfe fc GHNZKA

be hggfrjhegk wbtd tdk ekw tkakgfnnuebghtbfe hej prbvhtbzhtbfe strhtkibks.

Zdk trheshgtbfe kevbshikj tdk shak fc ht akhst ;8 pkrgket fc tdk gfnphey‒s

sdhrks tf h strhtkibg phrtekr. Zdk okr fptbg ghoak besthaakj hafei tdk fba pbpk-

abek hej WHZ7 (tdk betkrehtbfeha suonhrbek okr fptbg ghoak ahbj oktwkke

Pfrtuiha hej Wfutd Hcrbgh, wdbgd abems nfrk tdhe 80 Hcrbghe gfuetrbks) wkrk

hasf begaujkj be tdk prbvhtbzhtbfe phgmhik. Zdk prkquhabghtbfe prfgkss whs

ahuegdkj be Ckoruhry ?003 hej skvkrha betkrehtbfeha fpkrhtfrs kxprksskj

betkrkst. Dfwkvkr, tdk objjbei prfgkss, wdbgd whs ahuegdkj be Lheuhry ?009,

bs sthaabei. Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf gfnpaktk tdk trheshgtbfe kxpkjbtbfusay.




Wtrkeitdkebei tdk _kiuahtfry Crhnkwfrm

He hutfefnfus hej bejkpkejket rkiuahtfry tkakgfn hikegy, tdk Hikegkjk _âiuahtbfe jks Zâaâgfnnuebghtbfes (H_Z), dhs okke ksthoabsdkj hej bs

jkvkafpbei bts ghphgbty. Bt thgmakj skvkrha bnpfrthet rkiuahtfry bssuks jurbei

tdk abokrhabzhtbfe fc tdk tkakgfn skgtfr, begaujbei bssuhegk hej nfebtfrbei

fc abgkesks hej hutdfrbzhtbfes hej tdk rkiuahtbfe fc thrbccs hej betkrgfeekg-

tbfes. H_Z ekkjs tf rkmbejak kccfrts tf strkeitdke tdk gfnpktbtbvk kevbrfe-

nket be frjkr tf cfstkr skrvbgk bnprfvknket hej gfst rkjugtbfe.

Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf rhpbjay nhmk hej bnpaknket h eunokr fc

bnpfrthet pfabgy jkgbsbfes be frjkr tf strkeitdke tdk rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrm.Okyfej tdk orfhjkr rkcfrns be tdk fvkrhaa rkiuahtfry nfjka, tdk Ifvkrenket

sdfuaj thmk tdk cfaafwbei hgtbfes<

• _knfvk haa kxgausbvbty rbidts oy ?080 tf chgbabthtk ketry hej tdk belkgtbfe

fc ekw tkgdefafibks be tdk skgtfr.

• Ksthoabsd abidt-tfugd abgkesbei fr hutdfrbzhtbfe prfgkjurks tf chgbabthtk

nhrmkt ketry.

• Gfetbeuk tf prfirkssbvkay hej rhpbjay rkohahegk thrbccs.

• Ksthoabsd foabihtfry sthejhrj betkrgfeekgtbfe fcckrs cfr haa nhbefpkrhtfrs.

• _kvbkw tdk nfobabzhtbfe fc tdk [ebvkrsha Hggkss Cuej hej bts objjbei

prfgkss nkgdhebsns be frjkr tf prfnftk tdk ksthoabsdnket fc ektwfrms

be rurha hej rknftk hrkhs.

• Zhmk hpprfprbhtk nkhsurks tf strkeitdke H_Z‒s dunhe, ehegbha, hej

akiha ghphgbty hej tf offst bts bejkpkejkegk wbtd rkspkgt tf tdk nhbe

fpkrhtfrs.

Bnprfvbei Hggkss hej Wkrvbgks be _urha hej

[ejkrjkvkafpkj Hrkhs

Ybtd nhrmkt rkcfrns be cuaa ikhr, tdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf rkek bts strhtkiy

cfr bnprfvbei hggkss hej skrvbgks tf rurha hrkhs hej pffr gfnnuebtbks. Fegk

tdk nhrmkt bs abokrhabzkj hej efrnha gfnnkrgbha skrvbgks hrk kxphejkj, bt

okgfnks khsbkr tf bjketbcy skinkets fc nhrmkt begfnpaktkekss,8? sf tdht

tdk Ifvkrenket ghe nfrk kcckgtbvkay jkvbsk gfnpaknkethry prfirhns tf

bnprfvk hggkss hej skrvbgk. Be h gfnpktbtbvk kevbrfenket, bt bs pfssboak

tf jkvbsk beefvhtbvk hej gfst-kcckgtbvk hpprfhgdks tf uebvkrsha skrvbgk

hej hggkss tdht prfnftk gfnpktbtbfe hej kedhegk skrvbgks. Fek sfautbfe

bs tf jkvkafp puoabg hggkss pfbets fr tkakgketkrs be thriktkj gfnnuebtbks,



Bnprfvbei Becrhstrugturk Wkrvbgks 837

Ofx ;.9

[sbei Wnhrt Wuosbjbks tf Jkabvkr BGZ Wkrvbgks be _knftk Hrkhs

Zdk snhrt suosbjy gfegkpt hbns tf nfobabzk prbvhtk ketrkprkekursdbp hejbevkstnket tf suppay skrvbgks. Bt cfgusks fe prfvbjbei puoabg hggkss tf vfbgkskrvbgks, gfnputkrs, tdk Betkrekt, hej ftdkr BGZ skrvbgks tdrfuid tkakgketkrs(fr gyokrghcâs) be rurha hej afw-begfnk urohe hrkhs fe h gfnnkrgbha ohsbsoy gdhribei ckks cfr skrvbgks. Zdk gfegkpt kegfurhiks afgha ketrkprkekurs tfnhehik hej dhvk h sthmk be tdk tkakgketkrs hej tf cfrn phrtekrsdbps wbtd ahrikrbejustry pahykrs= bt haafws puoabg fr quhsb-puoabg hikegbks tf okgfnk bnpfrthetgfnnkrgbha gabkets fr phrtekrs be tdk tkakgketkr. Zdk rheik fc skrvbgks hej BGZshvhbahoak fe h sdhrkj ohsbs bs wbjkr tdhe tdfsk hvhbahoak fe he bejbvbjuha ohsbs.

[ejkr gkrthbe gbrgunsthegks, h tkakgketkr prfvbjbei uebvkrsha hggkss nhyeft ok gfnnkrgbhaay vbhoak, hej h suosbjy nhy ok rkqubrkj cfr h pfrtbfe fc tdksthrt-up hej bevkstnket gfsts. Wugd h suosbjy bs haafghtkj uejkr h objjbei prf-gkss tf kesurk tdht bt bs nbebnbzkj hej ikekrhtks suosthetbha prbvhtk bevkstnket.Zdk obj prfgkss wfrms hs cfaafws<

• Zdk abgkesbei hutdfrbty jkeks h akvka fc skrvbgk cfr h jkekj ikfirhpdbgtkrrbtfry cfr h skt pkrbfj (cfr kxhnpak, 80 ykhrs) hej bssuks he bevbthtbfetf obj cfr h fek-tbnk suosbjy.

• Objjkrs hrk haafwkj tf nhmk tdkbr fwe tkgdefafibgha gdfbgks hej ghaguahtk

tdkbr rkqubrkj suosbjy fe tdk ohsbs fc kxpkgtkj begfnk strkhns crfn ckks,ghpbtha, hej fpkrhtbfeha kxpkejbturk. Zdk rkqubrkj suosbjy bs lust sucgbket tfnhmk tdk tkakgketkr gfnnkrgbhaay vbhoak= bt bs eft h cuaa suosbjy. Objjkrs nhyej hjjbtbfeha bejbvbjuha, gfnnkrgbhaay httrhgtbvk gustfnkrs be tdk tkrrbtfrywdf nhy ok rkhgdkj cfr h snhaa begrknketha gfst fegk puoabg hggksspfbets hrk be pahgk. Be sugd ghsks, tdky wbaa thmk tdksk kxtrh gfnnkrgbhafppfrtuebtbks betf hggfuet wdke ghaguahtbei tdk rkqubrkj suosbjy.

• Zdk objjkr jknhejbei tdk afwkst suosbjy bs jkgahrkj tdk wbeekr hej bsfoabikj tf prfvbjk tdk jkekj akvka fc skrvbgk fvkr h spkgbkj pkrbfj fc

tbnk fe h gfnnkrgbha ohsbs.• Zdk jbsoursknket fc tdk fek-tbnk suosbjy bs abemkj tf fpkrhtbfeha pkrcfr-

nhegk bejbghtfrs rkihrjbei tdk ksthoabsdnket fc puoabg hggkss pfbets.

Wfurgk< Yfraj Ohem ?00:g.

wdbgd ghe ok uskj tf prfvbjk hggkss tf h wbjk rheik fc Betkrekt hej ftdkr BGZ

skrvbgks. Zdbs hpprfhgd gfuaj ok rkekj tf kedhegk afgha, prbvhtk, fr nuebgb-

pha phrtbgbphtbfe be tdk fpkrhtbfes fc puoabg tkakgketkrs, pfssboay tdrfuid

h snhrt suosbjy, uejkr wdbgd puoabg fr quhsb-puoabg hikegbks phrtbhaay

suosbjbzk sthrt-up hej bevkstnket gfsts (ofx ;.9).




Eftks

8. Oftd tdk Nbebstry fc Zkakgfnnuebghtbfes hej tdk tkakgfn rkiuahtfry hikegygahbnkj tdk rbidt tf nhehik tdk tkakgfnnuebghtbfe jkvkafpnket cuej. Hs h

rksuat, cfr skvkrha ykhrs nfobak prfvbjkrs jbj eft trhesckr ehegbha rksfurgks tf

tdk cuej hs pkr tdk gfetrhgt, hej ef bevkstnket tffm pahgk.

?. Zdk wkhm bestbtutbfeha ghphgbty fc tdk Nbebstry fc tdk Kevbrfenket hej Ehturk

Prftkgtbfe bs h irfwbei gfegkre, kspkgbhaay be abidt fc bts rfak be nfebtfrbei

tdk bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk kevbrfenketha nhehiknket pahe cfr tdk Gdhj-

Ghnkrffe pbpkabek prflkgt hej jkvkafpnket fc cuturk dyjrfpfwkr prflkgts

wbtd suosthetbha kevbrfenketha bnphgt.

7. Zdbs strhtkiy whs suppfrtkj oy skvkrha afhes crfn tdk Yfraj Ohem hej ftdkr

jfefrs, nhbeay tdk Kurfpkhe [ebfe hej Crhegk, begaujbei tdk _fhj Nhehik-nket Bebtbhtbvk hej tdk _urha Zrhespfrt Prfirhn, twf prfirhns ehegkj oy

kxtkreha phrtekrs uejkr Yfraj Ohem akhjkrsdbp fc tdk Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh

Zrhespfrt Prfirhn hej WHG-BBB.

:. Nkhsurks begaujk grkhtbfe fc h jhthohsk, besthaahtbfe hej kcgbket fpkrhtbfe fc

wkbidbei sthtbfes, hej jksbie hej bnpaknkethtbfe fc rfhj shckty ghnphbies.

;. H ekw [.W.‗fwekj ous gfnphey sthrtkj fpkrhtbei be Rhfuejâ ht tdk kej fc

?003.

3. Zdksk prfoakns dhvk okke kxhgkrohtkj oy tdk jfwewhrj trkej be hbr trhespfrt

sbegk Wkptknokr 88, ?008.

9. Zdkrk dhs okke h oafssfnbei fc sugd gfnphebks sugd hs Hbr Wkrvbgk, Okaakvuk,

Sbribe Ebikrbh, hej Zfunhb.

4. Zdbs bejbghtfr bs tdk rhtbf fc bevfbgkj whtkr fvkr prfjugkj whtkr, hej thmks betf

hggfuet tkgdebgha hej gfnnkrgbha afssks.

2. Zdbs hrrheiknket jbcckrs crfn tdk prbvhtbzhtbfe sgdknk httknptkj khrabkr. Zdk

prkvbfus pahe ghaakj cfr skaabei tdk nhlfrbty fc tdk ghpbtha fc WEKG hej bnpak-

nketbei h gfegkssbfe.

80. Zdk ehegbha nfjka whs gfnpaktkj be Efvknokr ?00; hej whs prksketkj hej

jbsgusskj ht h prbvhtk bevkstfr gfeckrkegk be Ckoruhry ?003.

88. Nfobak fpkrhtfrs usk gfstay shtkaabtk-ohskj tkgdefafibks tf abem gbtbks gfvkrkj

oy tdkbr ektwfrms.

8?. Wfnk pkfpak, sugd hs tdk rurha pffr, gheeft hccfrj tdk skrvbgks prfvbjkj oy

nhrmkt cfrgks. Zdbs jbcckrs crfn h nhrmkt ihp, wdbgd rksuats okghusk h nfefp-

fay bs be pahgk.



83;

PH_Z

BBB

Zdk pfpuahtbfe fc Ghnkrffe, kstbnhtkj ht 84 nbaabfe be ?003, bs yfuei

hej irfwbei ht he hvkrhik heeuha rhtk fc 7 pkrgket.8 Zdbs rhpbj irfwtd

wbaa rkqubrk tdk hggkakrhtkj grkhtbfe fc wkhatd be frjkr tf nkkt tdk ohsbg

ekkjs fc tdk pfpuahtbfe hej chgbabthtk hggkss oy haa tf kssketbha ohsbg

sfgbha skrvbgks.

Zdk P_WP pfabgbks cfr sfgbha skgtfr jkvkafpnket dhvk cfur prbnhrbay

ifhas. Zdky skkm tf<

• Bnprfvk tdk dkhatd sthtus fc tdk pfpuahtbfe be ikekrha hej tdht fc

nftdkrs hej gdbajrke be phrtbguahr

• Prfnftk ohsbg kjughtbfe cfr haa, kspkgbhaay ibras• Betkesbcy tdk idt hihbest ueknpafynket tdrfuid betkirhtkj strhtkibks

thriktbei pfvkrty pfgmkts be tdk rurha hej urohe skgtfrs

• Prkskrvk tdk kevbrfenket

Wtrkeitdkebeitdk Wfgbha Wkgtfrhej KedhegbeiBegausbvkekss




Zdk dunhe rksfurgk jkvkafpnket strhtkiy gfestbtutks tdk ayegdpbe fc

tdk prbvhtk skgtfr irfwtd hej suppfrt strhtkiy. Bt skkms tf kedhegk Ghnkr-

ffe‒s dunhe ghpbtha hej tdus bnprfvk tdk fvkrhaa gfnpktbtbvkekss fc tdk

kgfefny. Zfwhrj tdht kej, tdk ifvkrenket pahes tf stkp up bevkstnket

be tkgdebgha kjughtbfe hej vfghtbfeha trhbebei hej betrfjugk bestbtutbfeha

nkgdhebsns tf kegfurhik irkhtkr prbvhtk skgtfr bevfavknket be tdk bnpak-

nkethtbfe fc skgtfr strhtkibks hej prfirhns, phrtbguahray be tdk kjughtbfe

hej dkhatd skgtfrs.

Gdhptkr 3 rkvbkws kjughtbfe hej dkhatd pfabgbks. Gdhptkr 9 hsskssks

dfw skgtfr strhtkibks be tdk rurha hej urohe skgtfr dkap grkhtk fppfrtuebtbks

cfr tdk pffr hej kesurk tdht dbidkr hej nfrk jbvkrsbkj kgfefnbg irfwtdtrhesahtk betf kgfefnbg fppfrtuebtbks cfr tdkn.

Eftk

8. Cfrty-fek pkrgket fc tdk pfpuahtbfe hrk akss tdhe 8: ykhrs faj. dttp<//ksh.

ue.fri/ueppa.



839

3

Bevkstbei be Pkfpak

Zdk P_WP hptay strksskj tdht dunhe rksfurgk jkvkafpnket bs h gfrk

gfnpfeket fc tdk Ifvkrenket‒s orfhj-ohskj jkvkafpnket strhtkiyhej kccfrts tf nkkt tdk NJI thrikts. Wtrkeitdkebei tdk dunhe rksfurgk

ohsk bs hasf bnpfrthet cfr pfvkrty rkjugtbfe, be twf grbtbgha whys. Cbrst, bt

jktkrnbeks tdk vfaunk hej quhabty fc dunhe ghpbtha hej dkegk tdk afei-

tkrn kgfefnbg irfwtd rhtk. Wkgfej, bt hcckgts tdk quhabty fc irfwtd hej

tdk kxtket tf wdbgd irfwtd ghe trhesahtk betf knpafynket grkhtbfe hej

begfnk ikekrhtbfe, tdkrkoy jktkrnbebei tdk pfvkrty hej sfgbha bnphgt fc

irfwtd pfabgbks.

Gfnphrkj wbtd tdk rkibfeha hvkrhik, Ghnkrffe chrks chvfrhoay wbtd

rkspkgt tf tdk quhabty fc bts dunhe ghpbtha. Be ?00;, tdk hvkrhik Ghnkrffebhe

wfrmkr dhj tdk kqubvhaket fc 7.84 ykhrs fc prbnhry kjughtbfe hej 7.44 ykhrs

fc haa akvkas fc kjughtbfe‚nfrk kjughtbfe tdhe tdk hvkrhik Gketrha hej Ykst

Hcrbghe (7.80 ykhrs) fr Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbghe (7.8: ykhrs) (iurk 3.8). Zdbs

pkrcfrnhegk bs stbaa gfesbjkrhoay okafw tdht fc Gdbeh, Bejbh, hej Zuebsbh,

dfwkvkr. Nfrkfvkr, tdk rbsbei begbjkegk fc DBS/HBJW dhs hjvkrskay hcckgtkj

tdk rhtk fc irfwtd fc dunhe ghpbtha be Ghnkrffe, rkjugbei tdk afei-tkrn

kejfikefus irfwtd rhtk.

Ghnkrffe bs jktkrnbekj tf jbvkrsbcy bts kgfefny oy nhmbei bt akss

jkpkejket fe ehturha rksfurgks hej nfrk jkpkejket fe tdk quhabty fc

bts dunhe rksfurgks be frjkr tf offst irfwtd hej rkjugk bts vhrbhobabty.

Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs jkvkafpkj chr-rkhgdbei strhtkibks cfr tdk kjughtbfe

hej dkhatd skgtfrs. Zdk thrikts hrk hnobtbfus out h nhttkr fc ekgkssbty

bc Ghnkrffe bs tf rkvkrsk tdk harkhjy sbiebghet jktkrbfrhtbfe fc tdk

sfgbha skgtfrs. P_WP sbnuahtbfe rksuats bejbghtk tdht tdk oujikt gfst fc

hgdbkvbei sugd thrikts bs kefrnfus uejkr gurrket pfabgbks, bnpaybei tdht

nfrk-kcckgtbvk pfabgy gdfbgks hrk ekkjkj tf bnprfvk skrvbgk jkabvkry hejkehoak Ghnkrffe tf rkhgd sthtkj sfgbha skgtfrs ifhas be h ehegbhaay

susthbehoak nheekr.




Bnprfvbei Kjughtbfe Wkgtfr Pkrcfrnhegk

Be rkgket ykhrs, tdk Ifvkrenket dhs nhjk ofaj pfabgy gdfbgks, hs wkaa hs

gfnnkejhoak kccfrts tfwhrj begrkhsbei puoabg spkejbei fe kjughtbfe hej

rkjugbei tdk sdhrk fc tdk ehegbha gfst ofrek oy uskrs. Hs h rksuat, kerfaanket

dhs rbske. Zdk gfnpaktbfe rhtk be tdk prbnhry gygak dhs rknhbekj afw, dfwkvkr,

jkspbtk rbsbei 8.3 pkrgket pkr ykhr oktwkke 822; hej ?007. Zdk ihp oktwkke

tdk crhegfpdfek hej heiafpdfek systkns be Ghnkrffe bs strbmbei= be ?007,

feay ;2 pkrgket fc hik-hpprfprbhtk gdbajrke be tdk crhegfpdfek systkn, gfn-

phrkj wbtd hofut 40 pkrgket be tdk Keiabsd-spkhmbei suosystkn, gfnpaktkj tdk

prbnhry gygak. Oftd iurks hrk okafw tdk NJI thrikt fc uebvkrsha gfnpaktbfe

oy ?08;. Nkktbei tdbs thrikt bnpabks tdht tdk gfnpaktbfe rhtk ekkjs tf begrkhsk

oy he hvkrhik fc 7 pkrgkethik pfbets pkr ykhr oktwkke ?007 hej ?08;.

Zdk ?007 Kjughtbfe Gfuetry Wthtus _kpfrt cfr Ghnkrffe (Yfraj Ohem,

_kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe, hej WGHG ?007) bjketbkj tdk nhlfr fosthgaks

tdht sthej be tdk why fc hgdbkvbei tdk NJI. Zdky begaujk tdk afw akvka

fc betkreha kcgbkegy fc tdk kjughtbfeha systkn= tdk pkrsbstkegk fc ahrik

rkibfeha jbsphrbtbks= tdk obhs tfwhrj dbid-quhabty hej kabtk kjughtbfe rhtdkr

tdhe tdk kjughtbfe fc h ahrikr eunokr fc stujkets, kspkgbhaay ht tdk skgfej-

hry akvka= hej iahrbei nhehikrbha jkgbkegbks be tdk systkn. Jrhwbei aks-

sfes crfn tdbs rkvbkw, tdk Ifvkrenket rkvbskj bts ?000 skgtfr strhtkiy tf

CBI[_K 3.8

Hvkrhik Rkhrs fc Kjughtbfe be Wkakgtkj Gfuetrbks, ?00;

Wfurgk< Gdhrabkr, E‒gdf-Fiubk, Zgdheh Zgdheh, Tukrko ?003.

0 8 ? 7 : ; 3 9 4

\bnohowk

Hvkrhik eunokr fc ykhrs fc kjughtbfe

\hnobhIdhehMkeyh

GhnkrffeEbikrbh

Gútk j‒Bvfbrk[ihejhWkekihaHeifahNhahwb

OkebeOurmbeh Chsf

Ktdbfpbh



Bevkstbei be Pkfpak 832

hjjrkss sdfrtgfnbeis be quhabty hej kccbgbkegy, kxpafrk afei-tkrn

ehegbei fptbfes, hej prkphrk he hgtbfe pahe cfr hgdbkvbei uebvkrsha

ohsbg kjughtbfe oy ?08;. Zdk ekw kjughtbfe skgtfr strhtkiy (gfvkrbei

prbnhry, skgfejhry, hej tkrtbhr y kjughtbfe hej vfghtbfeha trhbebei) whs

hjfptkj be Luek ?003 hej kejfrskj oy tdk jfefrs, begaujbei tdk Yfraj

Ohem. Zdk ehegbei ihp fc tdk strhtkiy wfuaj ok gfvkrkj tdrfuid tdk

Crkegd G?J hej Kjughtbfe cfr Haa (KCH) bebtbhtbvk tf wdbgd Ghnkrffe

okghnk kabiboak be Efvknokr ?003.

Begrkhsbei Kcgbkegy oy _kjugbei tdk _kpktbtbfe _htk

Betkreha kcgbkegy ghe ok bnprfvkj oy rkjugbei tdk dbid rkpktbtbfe rhtk.

Afwkrbei tdk rkpktbtbfe rhtk wbtdfut shgrbgbei quhabty hej akhrebei fut-

gfnks bs tdk Ifvkrenket‒s rst prbfrbty. Be ?00?/07 stujkets rkpkhtkj

gahssks ht rhtks hvkrhibei ?;.4 pkrgket be prbnhry sgdffa, 8;.7 pkrgket

be afwkr-skgfejhry, hej ?3.? pkrgket be uppkr-skgfejhry (Yfraj Ohem,

_kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe, hej WGHG ?007). Zdksk rkpktbtbfe rhtks hrk dbid

oy betkrehtbfeha sthejhrjs. Zdky tkej tf jbsgfurhik dhrj wfrm hej oubaj

crustrhtbfe, wdbgd fctke begrkhsks jrfpfut rhtks, kspkgbhaay cfr cknhak hej

pffr rurha stujkets. Nfrkfvkr, tdkrk bs abttak kvbjkegk tdht dbid rkpktbtbfe

rhtks rhbsk tdk quhabty fc akhrebei. Xubtk tf tdk gfetrhry, dbid rkpktbtbfe

rhtks nhy grkhtk jbsbegketbvks cfr akhrebei hej uatbnhtkay jbnbebsd akhre-

bei futgfnk. Dbid rkpktbtbfe rhtks hasf rkprksket he kefrnfus whstk fc

ehegbha rksfurgks, he kstbnhtkj ?2 pkrgket fc tftha skgtfr spkejbei be

Ghnkrffe (thoak 3.8).

_kgfiebzbei tdk bekcckgtbvkekss fc gurrket hsskssnket prhgtbgks hej

tdkbr hjvkrsk bnphgt fe rkpktbtbfe rhtks, tdk Nbebstry fc Ohsbg Kjughtbfe

betrfjugkj nfjkre hsskssnket nktdfjs hej bs trhbebei tkhgdkrs be tdkbrusk. Bt hasf betrfjugkj hjnbebstrhtbvk nkhsurks tf guro tdk dbid rkpktbtbfe

rhtk be tdk prbnhry gygak. Zdk hjnbebstrhtbvk jkgbsbfe ghaas cfr tdk kabnb-

ehtbfe fc rkpktbtbfe wbtdbe khgd fc tdk prbnhry gygak‒s tdrkk suogygaks.8

H nhlfr jbssknbehtbfe kccfrt bs ekkjkj tf kesurk tdht tdksk nkhsurks hrk

uejkrstffj hej kcckgtbvkay bnpaknketkj.

_kjugbei _kibfeha, Ikejkr, hej Begfnk Jbsphrbtbks

_kjugbei rkibfeha, ikejkr, hej begfnk jbsphrbtbks bs hasf kssketbha. Kerfaa-

nket phttkres hej pkrcfrnhegk hrk chr crfn dfnfikefus hgrfss tdk gfuetry.

Zdk gdhegks fc okbei kerfaakj jkpkej fe sugd chgtfrs hs hjnbebstrhtbvk

afghtbfe, hrkh fc rksbjkegk (urohe fr rurha), ikejkr, hej chnbay begfnk.




fosthgak tf pfvkrty-rkjugtbfe kccfrts. Zdky nust ok gfecrfetkj rksfautkay,

wbtd kcckgtbvk hej wkaa-thriktkj pfabgbks.

_htbfehabzbei Kjughtbfe Wpkejbei

Zdk knpafynket sbtuhtbfe fc skgfejhry- hej tkrtbhry-kjughtbfe irhjuhtks

dhs jktkrbfrhtkj sbiebghetay< ?3 pkrgket fc skgfejhry sgdffa irhjuhtks

hej 7: pkrgket fc uebvkrsbty irhjuhtks wkrk ueknpafykj be ?007. Be phrt,

tdbs rkkgts tdk afw jkirkk fc kgfefnbg jkvkafpnket fc tdk kgfefny hej

tdk rkahtkj uejkrknpafynket. Out bt hasf rkkgts tdk nbsnhtgd oktwkke

tdk ekkjs fc tdk kgfefny hej tdk smbaas‚fr ahgm tdkrkfc‚hgqubrkj beGhnkrffe‒s sgdffas. Zdk gdhaakeik bs tf kesurk tdht hs kerfaanket rhtks

rbsk, hpprfprbhtk gfnpaknkethry pfabgbks hrk bnpaknketkj tf nhmk tdk

kjughtbfe systkn nfrk rkakvhet tf tdk ekkjs fc h rhpbjay gdheibei ahofr

nhrmkt. Be phrtbguahr, nfrk httketbfe sdfuaj ok ibvke tf skgfejhry kjugh-

tbfe, hs stujbks dhvk bejbghtkj tdht bt gfetrboutks nfst tf dunhe ghpbtha

cfrnhtbfe hej irfwtd (Hidbfe hej Gfdke ?00:= Nbeiht hej Zhe 8223).

Be gfnphrhtfr gfuetrbks be Hcrbgh, hofut ?90 stujkets hrk kerfaakj

be dbidkr kjughtbfe pkr 800,000 bedhobthets. Zdbs iurk bs sbiebghetay

afwkr tdhe tdk kstbnhtkj iurk fc ;80 cfr Ghnkrffe be ?00? (Yfraj Ohem,

_kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe, hej WGHG ?007). Betkrehtbfeha gfnphrbsfes hasf

suiikst tdht Ghnkrffe dhs nugd afwkr puoabg pkr ghpbth spkejbei fe prb-

nhry hej dbidkr kjughtbfe tdhe gfnphrhoak gfuetrbks (thoak 3.?). Bejkkj,

oftd tdk jbstrboutbfe fc puoabg rksfurgks hgrfss akvkas fc kjughtbfe hej tdk

akvka fc kxpkejbturk pkr stujket be Ghnkrffe jbcckr nhrmkjay crfn tdk

hvkrhik cfr ftdkr gfuetrbks fc tdk rkibfe. Be ?000, haafghtbfes tf prbnhry

(:? pkrgket) hej efeprbnhry (87 pkrgket) kjughtbfe be Ghnkrffe wkrk

nugd afwkr tdhe tdk hvkrhik vhauks (;7 pkrgket hej 82 pkrgket, rkspkg-

tbvkay) be gfnphrhtfr gfuetrbks. Zftha kxpkejbturk pkr stujket rkprksketkj

sabidtay nfrk tdhe dhac tdht foskrvkj be tdk ftdkr gfuetrbks cfr tdksk akvkas

fc kjughtbfe.

Ht tdk prbnhry akvka, tdk Ifvkrenket uriketay ekkjs tf rkvbsk tdk

tkhgdkr rkgrubtnket pfabgy. Be phrtbguahr, hjjbtbfeha rksfurgks hrk ekkjkj tf

dbrk nfrk tkhgdkrs tf hggfnnfjhtk tdk begrkhsk be prbnhry sgdffa kerfaa-

nkets wdbak rkjugbei tdk pupba-tf-tkhgdkr rhtbf tfwhrj tdk betkrehtbfeha

okegdnhrm skt be tdk Chst Zrhgm Bebtbhtbvk. Kerfaanket rhtks begrkhskj efth-oay tdhems tf tdk hofabtbfe fc nhejhtfry ckks. Out tdk pupba-tf-tkhgdkr rhtbf

hasf rfsk, crfn hofut ;0<8 be tdk 8220s tf 30<8 be ?00?. Zdbs rhtbf bs gfe-

sbjkrhoay dbidkr tdhe tdk okegdnhrm fc :0<8 suiikstkj be tdk bejbghtbvk

crhnkwfrm fc tdk Chst Zrhgm Bebtbhtbvk.




Zdk ihp oktwkke tdk suppay fc hej jknhej cfr prbnhry sgdffa tkhgdkrs whs kstbnhtkj ht rfuiday 70,000 be ?003. [ejkr tdk gurrket systkn, tkhgdkrs

begaujk oftd pkrnheket puoabg skrvhets hs wkaa hs tknpfrhry tkhgdkrs (bestb-

tutkurs vhghthbrks ]BSHG^), wdfsk shahrbks hrk phbj kbtdkr oy tdk Ifvkrenket

fr oy phrket hssfgbhtbfes. Zdk hvkrhik shahry fc puoabg skrvhets bs twbgk

tdk betkrehtbfeha okegdnhrm fc 7.; tbnks h gfuetry‒s IJP pkr ghpbth rkg-

fnnkejkj oy tdk KCH bebtbhtbvk, nhmbei curtdkr rkgrubtnket fc puoabg

skrvhets uesusthbehoak. Oy gfetrhst, tknpfrhry tkhgdkrs hrk phbj dhac tdk

betkrehtbfeha okegdnhrm.Be ?003, tdk Ifvkrenket tffm tdk rbidt stkp hej jkgbjkj tf thmk

h nbjjak rfhj oy rkgrubtbei sfnk ekw tkhgdkrs hej rkiuahrbzbei tdk

sbtuhtbfes fc 87,000 cfrnkr BSHG hs Gahss 4 ifvkrenket wfrmkrs, eft

gbvba skrvhets. Zdbs pfabgy bs nfrk susthbehoak cfr tdk oujikt hej chbrkr

ZHOAK 3.?

Jbstrboutbfe fc Gurrket Kxpkejbturks hej [ebt Gfsts, oy Akvka fc Kjughtbfe,

822? hej ?000

Ghnkrffe

Hvkrhik begfnphrhoakgfuetrbksh

_htbf fc Ghnkrffetf hvkrhik

Akvka hej bejbghtfr 822? ?000 ?000 ?000

Prbnhry

Wdhrk fc tftha gurrketkxpkejbturk fe

kjughtbfe (pkrgket) ‚ :? ;7 0.92

[ebt gfst hs pkrgkethikfc pkr ghpbth IJP 80 9 87 0.;:

Wkgfejhry

Wdhrk fc tftha gurrket kxpkejbturk fe kjughtbfe (pkrgket) ‚ :: ?4 8.;9

[ebt gfst hs pkrgkethik fc pkr ghpbth IJP ?8 73 73 8.00

Zkrtbhry

Wdhrk fc tftha gurrket kxpkejbturk fe kjughtbfe (pkrgket) ‚ 87 82 0.34

[ebt gfst hs pkrgkethik fc pkr ghpbth IJP 83; 47 8;: 0.;:



h. Okebe, Ourmbeh Chsf, Gútk j‒Bvfbrk, Nhjhihsghr, Nhurbthebh, Wkekiha, hej Zfif.




tf tkhgdkrs, wdf wfuaj ok phbj rfuiday 7.; tbnks pkr ghpbth IJP, be abek

wbtd tdk KCH rkgfnnkejhtbfes. Oktwkke ?003 hej ?002, tdk Ifvkrenket

betkejs tf prfirkssbvkay betkirhtk tdk BSHG, wdf hrk gurrketay phbj oy phr-

ket hssfgbhtbfes, be tdk pkrnheket sthcc hej rkgrubt heftdkr 7,000 tkhgdkrs

fe hvkrhik pkr ykhr hs Gahss 4 ifvkrenket wfrmkrs be frjkr tf gafsk tdk ihp

oktwkke tdk suppay fc hej jknhej cfr tkhgdkrs be prbnhry sgdffa.

Cfr dbidkr akvkas fc kjughtbfe, hgtbfes sdfuaj ok thmke tf okttkr gfetrfa

trhesbtbfe, be phrtbguahr betf tdk skgfej gygak fc skgfejhry sgdffa hej ueb-

vkrsbtbks. Ghnkrffe gkrthbeay ekkjs dbid-quhabty kjughtbfe wbtd tfp-rhtkj

bestbtutbfes, spkgbhabzkj prfirhns, hej h dbid akvka fc skakgtbvbty. Out sugd

kjughtbfe bs gfstay hej, oy jksbie, gheeft hggfnnfjhtk h ahrik vfaunk fcstujkets. H prkrkqubsbtk cfr begrkhskj kerfaanket be dbidkr kjughtbfe bs tf

knpdhsbzk skgfejhry kjughtbfe hej rhbsk quhabty hs wkaa hs kerfaanket,

kspkgbhaay be tdk rst gygak fc skgfejhry sgdffa. Be phrhaaka, tdk hutdfrb-

tbks ekkj tf irhjuhaay gfnobek begrkhskj kerfaanket be tdk rst gygak fc

skgfejhry sgdffa wbtd he knpdhsbs fe hggkss tf tkgdebgha hej prfckssbfeha

kjughtbfe, sf tdht tdk systkn ghe prfjugk h ahrik pffa fc wkaa-kjughtkj hej

fpkrhtbfeha irhjuhtks tf nkkt tdk ekkjs fc tdk ahofr nhrmkt. Zdbs nkhes

prfvbjbei okttkr suppfrt tf hppabkj rkskhrgd= fcckrbei h orfhjkr hrrhy fcprfckssbfeha jkirkks= suppfrtbei prbvhtk bestbtutbfes fc dbidkr akhrebei

hej prhgtbgha trhbebei= hej hjfptbei nfrk-grkhtbvk hej jbvkrsbkj trhbebei

nktdfjs, begaujbei jbsthegk akhrebei, wdbgd gfuaj rkjugk gfsts, begrkhsk

kcgbkegy, hej rkhgd h ahrik vfaunk fc stujkets.

Bnprfvbei Ifvkrehegk

Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf thmk h vhrbkty fc hgtbfes tf bnprfvk ifvkrehegk

fc tdk kjughtbfe skgtfr. Hgtbfes begaujk bnprfvbei tdk nhehiknket fctkhgdkrs, bnprfvbei tdk gfestrugtbfe fc gahssrffns hej tdk prfgurknket

fc tkxtoffms, cfstkrbei okttkr ifvkrehegk ht tdk sgdffa akvka, strkeitdkebei

puoabg-prbvhtk phrtekrsdbps be kjughtbfe, hej kegfurhibei gbtbzke bevfavk-

nket be hsskssbei hej fpkrhtbei sgdffas.

Bnprfvbei tdk Hssbienket fc Zkhgdkrs

Zkhgdkr hssbienket tf jbcckrket rkibfes ekkjs tf ok nfrk kqubthoak. Zkhgdkr

shahrbks rkprksket tdk nfst bnpfrthet gfst btkn be tdk kjughtbfe oujikt=kcckgtbvk haafghtbfe fc tkhgdkrs bs tdus bnpkrhtbvk cfr rhbsbei kxpkejbturk

kcgbkegy hej htthbebei kjughtbfe futgfnks. Fek wfuaj kxpkgt tdht tdk

jbstrboutbfe fc sgdffa hej tkhgdkrs wfuaj kesurk rfuiday kquha pupba-

tf-tkhgdkr rhtbfs hgrfss rkibfes hej tdht nfrk sgdffas wfuaj ok oubat be




hrkhs be wdbgd hggkss chaas wkaa okafw ehtbfeha hvkrhik. Dfwkvkr, iurk 3.?

bejbghtks ftdkrwbsk. Zdk rkahtbfe oktwkke tdk eunokr fc tkhgdkrs hej tdk

eunokr fc pupbas hppkhrs tf ok rhejfn, bnpaybei wbjkay vhrybei pupba-

tf-tkhgdkr rhtbfs. Zdbs rkahtbfe bs eft surprbsbei ibvke tdht :; pkrgket fc

tkhgdkrs hrk hppfbetkj fe tdk ohsbs fc chgtfrs ftdkr tdhe tdk eunokr fc

stujkets ht tdk sgdffa.

_kjugbei tdk Gfst fc Gahssrffn Gfestrugtbfe hej

Bnprfvbei tdk Prfgurknket Wystkn cfr Wgdffa Wuppabks

Heftdkr hrkh fc irkht gfegkre bs tdk dbid gfst fc g ahssrffn gfestrugtbfe

hej tkxtoffm prfgurknket. Zdk uebt gfst fc h wkaa-kqubppkj gahssrffnbe Ghnkrffe ($8?,000) bs wkaa hofvk tdk KCH betkrehtbfeha okegdnhrm

($4,000). Bt bs hasf nugd dbidkr tdhe tdk hvkrhik cfr tdk suorkibfe. Ibvke

tdksk dbid gfsts, tdk paheekj kxphesbfe be tdk eunokr fc sgdffas hej

gahssrffns wbaa rhpbjay okgfnk ehegbhaay uesusthbehoak. Zdk Ifvkre-

nket ekkjs tf thmk bnnkjbhtk nkhsurks tf rkjugk gfestrugtbfe gfsts, sugd hs

sthejhrjbzbei gahssrffn ckhturks hej grkhtbei h nfrk trhesphrket hej kc-

gbket prfgurknket systkn. Bt hasf ekkjs tf rhtbfehabzk tdk jbstrboutbfe fc ekw

gahssrffns hej tkxtoffms hgrfss prfvbegks be frjkr tf rkjugk jbsphrbtbks.


CBI[_K 3.?

_kahtbfe oktwkke Eunokr fc Wtujkets hej Eunokr fc Zkhgdkrs be Puoabg

Prbnhry Wgdffas, ?00?/07

;

80

8;

?0

?;

70

7;

:0

0 800 ?00 700 :00 ;00 300 900 400 200 8,000

e u n o k r f c t k h g d k r s

eunokr fc stujkets



Bevkstbei be Pkfpak 89;

Bnprfvbei _ksfurgk Nhehiknket ht tdk Wgdffa Akvka

He bejbghtfr fc tdk kcckgtbvkekss fc tdk kjughtbfe systkn bs dfw wkaa hgtuha

akhrebei (futgfnk) bs rkahtkj tf rksfurgks beput pkr stujket. Fek nbidt

kxpkgt tf ej okttkr akhrebei rksuats ht sgdffas tdht rkgkbvkj dbidkr akvkas fc

rksfurgks pkr stujket. Out iurk 3.7 bejbghtks ftdkrwbsk. Wgdffas ht wdbgd

gfsts pkr stujket hrk 80 tbnks tdht ht ftdkr sgdffas ghe prfjugk sbnbahr

kjughtbfeha futgfnks.

Zdksk ejbeis suiikst tdht be hjjbtbfe tf prfvbjbei hjkquhtk hej

kqubthoay jbstrboutkj rksfurgks, tdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs pfabgbks tdht gfuaj

sbiebghetay bnprfvk kcgbkegy be oftd spkejbei hej tdk akhrebei prfgkss.

Wugd kccfrts sdfuaj thrikt sgdffas ht wdbgd akhrebei futgfnks hrk afw rkah-tbvk tf haafghtkj rksfurgks. Bnprfvbei kxpkejbturk kcgbkegy rkqubrks okttkr

ifvkrehegk ht tdk sgdffa akvka, wdbgd ghe ok hgdbkvkj feay oy prfvbjbei

begketbvks cfr iffj nhehiknket hej tkhgdbei prhgtbgks wdbak shegtbfe-

bei jkvbhet okdhvbfrs (orboks, hosketkkbsn, dhrhssnket, hej housks), oy

bespkgtfrs, sgdffa jbrkgtfrs, fr tkhgdkrs. Zdk Ifvkrenket tffm hgtbfes be

tdbs jbrkgtbfe ht tdk okibeebei fc tdk ?003/09 sgdffa ykhr. Wugd hgtbfes

nust ok kegfurhikj hej susthbekj.


CBI[_K 3.7

_kahtbfe oktwkke [ebt Gfst fc Prbnhry Kjughtbfe hej Prbnhry Wgdffa Phss

_htk, ?00?/07

0

80

?0

70

:0

;0

30

90

40

20

800

0 80 ?0 70 :0 ;0 30 90 40

GCHC (tdfushejs) pkr stujket

p k r g k e t h i k f c s t u j k e t s r k g k

b v b e i

p r b n h r y s g d f f a g k r t b c b g h t k s




Wtrkeitdkebei Puoabg-Prbvhtk Phrtekrsdbps be Kjughtbfe

Zdk prbvhtk kjughtbfe skgtfr bs rkahtbvkay wkaa ksthoabsdkj. Bt begrkhsks jbvkr-

sbty, ghtkrs tf spkgbg ekkjs, hej kerfaas gdbajrke crfn hgrfss tdk rkvkeuk

spkgtrun. Ydbak h ckw prbvhtk sgdffas gfuet hnfei tdk okst be tdk gfuetry,

nfst rknhbe strugturhaay hej ehegbhaay wkhm hej tkej tf knpafy uejkr-

quhabkj hej uejkrphbj sthcc. Be hjjbtbfe, prbvhtk sgdffas hrk fctke kxpke-

sbvk, hej tdky fpkrhtk prkjfnbehetay be urohe hrkhs. Cfr tdksk rkhsfes, bt bs

eft gakhr wdktdkr tdky rkhgd jbshjvhethikj gdbajrke fr rkjugk jbsphrbtbks be

hggkss hej futgfnk.

Zdk Ifvkrenket ekvkrtdkakss dhs h afei-sthejbei gfnnbtnket tf tdk

jkvkafpnket fc prbvhtk kjughtbfe. Bt dhs prfvbjkj ehegbha suosbjbks fchofut GCHC : obaabfe be rkgket ykhrs (8.; pkrgket fc tdk kjughtbfe ouj-

ikt). Bt hasf prfvbjks jbrkgt be-mbej suppfrt tf prbvhtk kjughtbfe, begaujbei

oy hssbiebei puoabg skgtfr tkhgdkrs tf prbvhtk bestbtutbfes. Hatdfuid sugd

suppfrt dhs sdruem tf hofut dhac fc wdht bt whs okcfrk tdk grbsbs ykhrs, bt

rknhbes suosthetbha, rkprksketbei ?0‗70 pkrgket fc uebt gfsts.

H ekw ahw dhs okke prkphrkj, wbtd BJH hssbsthegk, tf jkvkafp h nfrk

kcckgtbvk gffpkrhtbfe oktwkke tdk prbvhtk skgtfr hej tdk nbebstrbks fc prb-

nhry hej skgfejhry kjughtbfe. Zdk ahw haafws prbvhtk sgdffas tf sbie‑gffpkrhtbfe gfetrhgts„ wbtd tdk Nbebstry fc Kjughtbfe, wdbgd haafws

tdk nbebstry tf suolkgt tdk sgdffa tf pkjhifibgha bespkgtbfes hej quhabty

sthejhrjs be kxgdheik cfr spkgbg suppfrt, hs ekiftbhtkj oy tdk sgdffa.

Kegfurhibei Gbtbzke Bevfavknket be Hsskssbei

hej Fpkrhtbei Wgdffas

Irkhtkr phrketha bevfavknket be sgdffa nhehiknket ghe hasf gfetrboutk

tf bnprfvkj sgdffa quhabty hej futput. Gfnnuebty-nhehikj sgdffas

hej phrketha hssfgbhtbfes hrk vkry hgtbvk be Ghnkrffe. Zdk Ifvkrenket

bs wfrmbei wbtd gbvba sfgbkty, phrket hssfgbhtbfes, hej gdhrtkr sgdffas tf

cfstkr gfnnuebty bevfavknket be tdk nhehiknket fc puoabg sgdffas. (Zdbs

bnpfrthet bssuk bs hjjrksskj be gdhptkr 2, wdbgd jkhas wbtd ifvkrehegk hej

jkgketrhabzhtbfe strhtkiy.)

Bnprfvbei Ohsbg Dkhatd hej GfethbebeiGfethibfus Jbskhsks

Bnprfvbei dkhatd futgfnks be Ghnkrffe wbaa rkqubrk hgtbfes fe cfur crfets<

• Shstay bnprfvbei tdk kccbgbkegy fc dkhatd spkejbei

• Nfrk kcckgtbvkay thriktbei puoabg skgtfr rksfurgks tf gdbaj hej nhtkreha

dkhatd




• Wusthbebei kccfrts tf rkjugk tdk begbjkegk fc gfnnuebghoak jbskhsks,

kspkgbhaay DBS/HBJW hej nhahrbh

• Hjfptbei prfpffr pfabgbks tf rkjugk iahrbei jbsphrbtbks hej bekquhabtbks

be dkhatd futgfnks hej dkhatd skrvbgk utbabzhtbfe

Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs cfrnuahtkj h gfnprkdkesbvk dkhatd-skgtfr strht-

kiy tf hjjrkss tdksk gdhaakeiks hej dhs okke rksfautk be bnpaknketbei bt.

Zdk strhtkiy, hjfptkj be Luay ?00?, dhs cfur pbaahrs<

• Jkgketrhabzk dkhatd skrvbgks.

• Prfnftk phrtekrsdbps oktwkke tdk puoabg hej prbvhtk skgtfrs hej

bnprfvbei trhesphrkegy hej kcgbkegy be puoabg rksfurgk nhehiknket.

• Gahrbcy tdk rfaks hej rkspfesbobabtbks fc jbcckrket sthmkdfajkrs be tdk

prfvbsbfe hej ehegbei fc dkhatd skrvbgks (begaujbei oy jkebei h

orfhjkr rfak cfr gfnnuebtbks) hej kahofrhtbei strhtkibks cfr hjjrkss-

bei prbfrbty puoabg dkhatd prfoakns hej bnprfvbei hggkss tf ohsbg

dkhatd skrvbgks.

• Wtrkeitdke bestbtutbfeha ghphgbtbks, wbtd h cfgus fe dunhe rksfurgks

nhehiknket.

Zdk Nbebstry fc Dkhatd dhs okke rkstrugturkj hej strkeitdkekj tf

kcckgtbvkay ghrr y fut tdk skgtfr strhtkiy. Zdbs gdheik dhs nkhet knpfwkr-

bei dkhatd jbstrbgts tf jkabvkr skrvbgks hej strkeitdkebei mky cuegtbfes

sugd hs rkiuahtbfe, bespkgtbfe, hej dunhe rksfurgks nhehiknket.

Bnpaknkethtbfe dhs ifttke fcc tf h iffj sthrt, wbtd efthoak prfirkss be

grbtbgha hrkhs.

Kxtkejbei Futrkhgd Hgtbvbtbks cfr Gfrk Betkrvketbfes

H eunokr fc nhlfr puoabg dkhatd prfirhns, begaujbei bnnuebzht bfe,

nhahrbh hej DBS/HBJW prkvketbfe, hej shat bfjbzhtbfe prfirhns, dhvk okke

rkvhnpkj fvkr tdk phst ckw ykhrs uejkr tdk akhjkrsdbp fc tdk nbebstkr fc

dkhatd (ofx 3.8).? Prfirkss fe bnnuebzhtbfe gfvkrhik dhs okke kxgkaaket,

wbtd tdk jbcckrketbhas oktwkke pffr hej efepffr ehrrfwbei. Zdk gfvkrhik

rhtk cfr jbpdtdkrbh, pkrtussbs, hej tktheus (JPZ7) rfsk crfn :7 pkrgket be

8224 tf 93 pkrgket be ?00;, hggfrjbei tf tdk Nbebstry fc Dkhatd. Wystkn

bekqubtbks wkrk hasf rkjugkj< be 8224, gfvkrhik rhtks cfr gdbajrke be tdk dbid-kst wkhatd qubetbak wkrk ?.? tbnks dbidkr tdhe be tdk afwkst, hej tdbs jbc-

ckrketbha dhj ehrrfwkj tf 8.; oy ?00:. Zdk DBS prkvhakegk rhtk cfr ?00:

whs kstbnhtkj ht ;.; pkrgket , wbtd suosthetbhaay dbidkr rhtks cfr cknhaks

(3.4 pkrgket) tdhe nhaks (:.8 pkrgket). Efthoak prfirkss dhs okke nhjk be




Ofx 3.8

Prfirkss be Futrkhgd Hgtbvbtbks cfr Gfrk Dkhatd Betkrvketbfes

Wbegk tdk hjfptbfe fc tdk dkhatd strhtkiy be ?008, tdk Ifvkrenket dhs sdfwe

rkekwkj rksfavk tf rkstrugturk hej bnpaknket h eunokr fc nhlfr puoabg dkhatd

prfirhns, begaujbei bnnuebzhtbfe, hetbnhahrbh, hej DBS/HBJW prkvketbfe

prfirhns. Zdksk bestbtutbfeha rkcfrns hej tdk hjjbtbfeha ehegbha rksfurgks

bevkstkj be tdk skgtfr dhvk sthrtkj tf rkvkrsk tdk jkgabebei trkej fc tdk 8240s

hej 8220s. Nugd rknhbes tf ok jfek tf begrkhsk tdk kcgbkegy fc puoabg spkej-

bei hej ifvkrehegk, dfwkvkr.

Bnnuebzhtbfe PrfirhnZdk Nbebstry fc Dkhatd dhs jfek h iffj lfo sbegk ?00? fc rkjrkssbei tdk jkgabek

be bnnuebzhtbfe gfvkrhik. Bnprfvknket whs hgdbkvkj oy betrfjugbei bnpfr-

thet frihebzhtbfeha, ehegbha, hej prfirhnnhtbg nkhsurks. Zdk Kxphejkj Prf-

irhn fe Bnnuebzhtbfe whs rkstrugturkj be ?00? ht tdk gketrha, prfvbegbha, hej

jbstrbgt akvkas tf ibvk rkekwkj cfgus tf bnnuebzhtbfe. Zdk prfirhn dhs okiue

gfetrhgtbei wbtd dkhatd jbstrbgts hej dfajbei tdkn hggfuethoak. Zdk ehtbfeha

prfirhn, _khgd Kvkry Jbstrbgt Wtrhtkiy, dhs ehrrfwkj bekqubtbks be gfvkrhik oy

cfgusbei fe pffray pkrcfrnbei jbstrbgts. H gketrha tkgdebgha irfup whs kstho-

absdkj tf iubjk hej gffrjbehtk tdk ehtbfeha prfirhn hej nfobabzk rksfurgks.Efrns hej sthejhrjs wkrk hjfptkj hej jbstrboutkj tf haa jbstrbgts= paheebei

hej rksfurgk nhehiknket wkrk strkeitdkekj= hej belkgtbfe shckty hej whstk

nhehiknket prhgtbgks wkrk bnprfvkj.

Cbehegbei bnnuebzhtbfe dhs hasf rkgkbvkj h nhlfr offst phrtbguahray crfn

tdk Ifvkrenket, wdbgd dhs prfvbjkj nfst fc tdk rksfurgks crfn DBPG cuejs.

Zdksk cuejs dhvk pahykj h pbvftha rfak be tdk hgqubsbtbfe hej jbstrboutbfe fc

vhggbeks, kqubpnket, hej afibstbgs.

Kccfrts hrk hasf okbei nhjk tf rkbetrfjugk vhggbehtbfe ghrjs, wdbgd hrk

kssketbha cfr nfebtfrbei prfirhn pkrcfrnhegk. Zdk ehtbfeha prfirhn dhs hasfokke pkrcfrnbei heeuha hujbts, wdbgd hrk uskcua be bjketbcybei prfoakns hej

prfpfsbei rknkjbha hgtbfes.

Hetbnhahrbh Prfirhn

Prfirkss be rkstrugturbei, rkbecfrgbei, hej bnpaknketbei tdk nhahrbh prfirhn

dhs thmke pahgk hs h rksuat fc tdk bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk ehtbfeha nhahrbh strhtkibg

pahe, be abek wbtd tdk _faa Ohgm Nhahrbh bebtbhtbvk. H _faa Ohgm Nhahrbh gfnnbttkk

whs ksthoabsdkj, tkgdebgha irfups cfrnkj, hej trhbebei prfvbjkj ht tdk gketrha

hej prfvbegbha akvkas.

DBPG rksfurgks hej rksfurgks crfn tdk Iafoha Cuej wkrk bestrunketha be tdkjbstrboutbfe fc crkk beskgtbgbjk-bnprkiehtkj okj ekts tf prkiehet wfnke hej gdba-

jrke uejkr vk tdrfuid tdk ksthoabsdnket fc 80 efeifvkrenketha frihebzhtbfe

(EIF)‗rue prfvbegbha bnprkiehtbfe gketkrs. Be hjjbtbfe, nfrk tdhe 700,000

okj ekts wkrk jbstrboutkj tf gdbajrke uejkr vk tdrfuid h Iafoha Cuej‗kxkgutkj

(gfetbeukj )





irhet. He kxgkaaket ehtbfeha gfnnuebghtbfe pahe whs ahuegdkj, wbtd sfnk

800,000 bkrs jbstrboutkj be ?00;. Zdk Ifvkrenket betkejkj tf rkahuegd h ghn-

phbie be pbafts hrkhs be ?009, cfaafwbei tdk suggksscua kxhnpak fc Wfutd Hcrbgh.

DBS/HBJW Prkvketbfe

Kccfrts tf prkvket DBS beckgtbfe hasf betkesbkj be tdk phst ckw ykhrs. Zdk DBS

prkvhakegk rhtk whs kstbnhtkj ht hofut 88.4 pkrgket be ?000, up crfn ?.0 pkrgket

be tdk ahtk 8240s. Be ?00:, tdk begbjkegk rhtk whs kstbnhtkj ht ;.; pkrgket

(_kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe ?00:h). Dfwkvkr, tdbs rhtk bs eft gfnphrhoak tf tdk

prkvbfus fek okghusk fc h gdheik be nktdfjfafiy.h

DBS/HBJW jbsprfpfrtbfe-htkay hcckgts pkfpak be tdkbr prbnk (hik 8;‗7:), wbtd h phrtbguahray jkvhsthtbei

kcckgt fe wfnke.

Zdk ?000‗0; DBS/HBJW strhtkibg pahe, hjfptkj be Wkptknokr ?000,

prfvbjkj h iffj crhnkwfrm cfr tdk nuatbskgtfr-ohskj hej jkgketrhabzkj

hpprfhgd tf jkhabei wbtd tdk kpbjknbg. Zdk $;0 nbaabfe BJH grkjbt cfr tdk

DBS/HBJW Nuatbskgtfrha Prflkgt htthbekj bnpfrthet rksuats, nfobabzbei gbvba

sfgbkty, suppfrtbei nfrk tdhe 7,000 gfnnuebtbks be tdkbr kccfrts tf prkvket

DBS beckgtbfe, hej prfvbjbei cuejbei cfr tdk DBS/HBJW hgtbvbtbks fc prbvhtk

skgtfr, rkabibfus, EIF, hej puoabg skgtfr bestbtutbfes.Prfirkss dhs okke nhjk be orfhjkebei hggkss tf trkhtnket wdbak rkthbebei

h cfgus fe prkvketbfe oy h vhrbkty fc nkhes, begaujbei tdk cfaafwbei<

• Kxphej hggkss tf vfauethry gfueskabei hej tkstbei oy ksthoabsdbei h ehtbfewbjk

ektwfrm fc 82 gketkrs tdht prfvbjk gfejketbha, hccfrjhoak ghrk be h efe-

stbinhtbzbei kevbrfenket.

• Bnprfvk tdk hvhbahobabty fc gfejfns tdrfuid vhrbfus gdheekas, sugd hs

sfgbha nhrmktbei, HBJW Jhy, hej haafghtbfe fc DBPG cuejs cfr vuaekrhoak

irfups.

• Wuppfrt nhss nkjbh ghnphbies tf prfnftk okdhvbfrha gdheik.• Ksthoabsd :?0 ehtbfewbjk gketkrs cfr prkvketbfe fc nftdkr-tf-gdbaj trhes-

nbssbfe, ht wdbgd prkiehet wfnke ghe ok tkstkj hej trkhtkj.

• Ksthoabsd 70 hggrkjbtkj trkhtnket gketkrs ehtbfewbjk cfr tdk prfvbsbfe fc

hetbrktrfvbrha tdkrhpy trkhtnket hej betrfjugbei h pbaft prfirhn. Hs fc tdk

kej fc ?00;, sfnk 84,000 pkfpak hrk kstbnhtkj tf dhvk okektkj crfn tdk

Ifvkrenket‒s suosbjbzkj hetbrktrfvbrha tdkrhpy prfirhn. Zdk nfetday gfst fc

hetbrktrfvbrha jruis whs rkjugkj crfn GCHC 83,000 tf GCHC 0, hej trkhtnket

whs kxtkejkj tf gfvkr kxhns be hjjbtbfe tf jruis. Aho kxhns hrk gfejugtkj

twbgk h ykhr, wbtd phtbkets okhrbei GCHC 7,000 fc tdk GCHC ?8,000 gfst.Becfrnhtbfe crfn tdk Rhfuejâ futphtbket gabebg hej tdk Jfuhah Ahqubetbebk

dfspbtha rkvkhas tdht tdk nhlfrbty fc phtbkets hrk wfnke crfn afw-begfnk

dfuskdfajs, dbidabidtbei tdk prfpffr knpdhsbs fc tdbs prfirhn.

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.

h. Zdk ekw nktdfjfafiy kstbnhtks beckgtbfe rhtks be tdk ikekrha pfpuahtbfe be gfnphrb-

sfe tf jhth crfn sketbeka sbtks.




begrkhsbei tdk hvhbahobabty fc gfejfns, oy ghrrybei fut nhss nkjbh ghn-

phbies, rhpbjay sghabei up hej bnpaknketbei h prfirhn cfr tdk prkvketbfe fc

nftdkr-tf-gdbaj trhesnbssbfe, kxphejbei hggkss tf vfauethry gfueskabei hej

tkstbei, hej prfvbjbei ghrk hej trkhtnket tf pkfpak abvbei wbtd DBS/HBJW.

Okttkr Zhriktbei Dkhatd Betkrvketbfes

Zdk dkhatd strhtkiy hasf ghaas cfr okttkr thriktbei fc dkhatd betkrvketbfes,

kspkgbhaay fc tdk pffr hej ftdkr vuaekrhoak irfups, sugd hs gdbajrke hej

wfnke. Hehaysbs fc dkhatd-skgtfr rksfurgk haafghtbfe fvkr tdk phst ckw

ykhrs bejbghtks tdht tdk Nbebstry fc Dkhatd bs nhmbei h gfegkr tkj kccfrttf hjjrkss bekqubtbks hej dhs thriktkj nfrk rksfurgks tf tdk pffrkr prfv-

begks (iurk 3.:). Hs phrt fc tdbs prfgkss, tdk Nbebstry fc Dkhatd ahuegdkj

h gfnpktbtbvk prfgkss cfr rkgrubtbei gfetrhgtuha sthcc tf wfrm be uejkr-

skrvkj hrkhs, usbei DBPG rksfurgks. Hofut 8,?00 sthcc wkrk rkgrubtkj be

?00? hej 300 be ?007.

Kccfrt tf rkjugk dkhatd bekquhabtbks hrk phrt fc haa nhlfr puoabg dkhatd

prfirhns be Ghnkrffe. Zdk bnnuebzhtbfe prfirhn begaujks he kxpabgbt


CBI[_K 3.:

Jbstrboutbfe fc Puoabg Cuejs cfr Dkhatd Wkrvbgk Jkabvkry, oy _kibfe, 8229/24

hej ?000/08

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strhtkiy cfr rkhgdbei kvkry jbstrbgt be tdk gfuetry, betkejkj tf rkjugk bekq-

ubtbks be gfvkrhik oy cfgusbei fe pffray pkrcfrnbei jbstrbgts. Zdk DBS/

HBJW prfirhn thrikts vuaekrhoak irfups, begaujbei yfuei pkfpak, prkiehet

wfnke, hej trugmkrs hafei tdk nhbe rfhjs. Bt dhs jkvkafpkj gketkrs cfr tdk

prkvketbfe fc nftdkr-tf-gdbaj trhesnbssbfe hgrfss tdk gfuetry. Zhriktkj

nkjbh ghnphbies dhvk hasf okke kcckgtbvkay uskj tf rkhgd tdk pffr hej

pkfpak be rknftk rkibfes.

Zdksk gfnnkejhoak nkhsurks wbaa if h afei why tfwhrj rkjrkssbei

bekqubtbks be rksfurgks hej dkhatd futgfnk hgrfss rkibfes hej sfgbha irfups

be Ghnkrffe, hej tdk Ifvkrenket betkejs tf susthbe tdk gfursk hej

betkesbcy tdksk ghnphbies. Wtbaa, nugd nfrk ekkjs tf ok jfek. Be bnprfv-bei prkehtha ghrk skrvbgks, cfr kxhnpak, httketbfe ekkjs tf ok ibvke tf pffr

dfuskdfajs be rurha hrkhs, kspkgbhaay be tdk Efrtd, Chr-Efrtd, hej Hjhnhfuh

rkibfes, wbtd spkgbha httketbfe tf uekjughtkj wfnke.

Bnprfvbei Dunhe _ksfurgk hej Cbehegbha Nhehiknket

Dunhe rksfurgk nhehiknket hasf ekkjs bnprfvknket. Zdk Ifvkrenket

dhs harkhjy thmke sfnk kegfurhibei stkps be tdbs hrkh. H ekw begketbvk

systkn bs be pahgk tdht haafws h spkgbha prknbun tf ok phbj tf dkhatd wfrmkrs fpkrhtbei be uejkrskrvkj hrkhs. Zdk ekw nhehiknket sys-

tkn hasf prfvbjks h crhnkwfrm cfr rkstrugturbei tdk Dunhe _ksfurgks

Jbrkgtfrhtk,7 ksthoabsdbei shahrbks cfr gfetrhgtuha sthcc, jkvkafpbei ghrkkr

fptbfes cfr nkjbgha pkrsfeeka, dhejabei jbsgbpabehry hej jbsnbssha

ghsks, hej nhehibei dkhatd wfrmkrs prkvbfusay dhejakj oy tdk ehegk

(NBEKCB) hej gbvba skrvbgk nbebstrbks (NBECFP_H). Kccfrts dhvk hasf

okke nhjk tf bnprfvk tkgdebgha mefw-dfw, begaujbei tdrfuid he kvhauh-

tbfe fc phrhnkjbgha trhbebei hej rkvbsbfe fc tdk gurrbguaun. Bc kcckgtbvkaybnpaknketkj, tdksk rkcfrns hrk kxpkgtkj tf bnprfvk fvkrhaa kcgbkegy,

trhesphrkegy, hej hggfuethobabty be tdk puoabg dkhatd systkn.

Zdk dkhatd skgtfr strhtkiy hasf skkms tf rkjugk tdk ehegbha ourjke fc

dkhatd skrvbgks fe dfuskdfajs. Pffr dfuskdfajs hrk kxpkgtkj tf okekt

crfn kxknptbfes tf gfst-rkgfvkry pfabgbks. Zdk hbn bs tf jkvkafp h irhjuha

rhtbfehabzhtbfe fc uskr ckks. H akiha hgt dhs okke puoabsdkj tf ksthoabsd prbgk

ghps fe ht akhst 70 kssketbha afw-gfst ikekrbg pdhrnhgkutbgha prfjugts tdht

hrk nfst abmkay tf okekt tdk pffr.: Zdk Ifvkrenket bs hasf kxhnbebei

rbsm-pffabei nkgdhebsns be frjkr tf rkjugk tdk ehegbha ourjke fc dkhatd

skrvbgks, kspkgbhaay cfr tdk pffr. Nfrk hehaytbg wfrm bs ekkjkj tf jktkrnbek

hpprfprbhtk akvkas fc gfst rkgfvkry hej tdk okst nbx fc ehegbei strhtkibks.

Zf jhtk, prfirkss fe orfhjkebei dkhatd ehegbei fptbfes dhs okke safw.




Bnpaknketbei Bestbtutbfeha _kcfrns tf Bnprfvk Wkrvbgk Jkabvkry

Jkspbtk rkgket nfvks tfwhrj irkhtkr jkgketrhabzhtbfe, nhehiknket fc tdkpuoabg dkhatd systkn be Ghnkrffe rknhbes dbiday gketrhabzkj. Zdk hoskegk

fc hggfuethobabty nkgdhebsns be tdk puoabg skgtfr bs h nhlfr ghusk fc afw

kcgbkegy hej pffr skrvbgk quhabty. Bnprfvbei hggfuethobabty rkqubrks irkhtkr

phrtbgbphtbfe oy gfnnuebtbks hej dfuskdfajs be tdk jkabvkry fc skrvbgks.

Zdbs ghe ok hggfnpabsdkj feay tdrfuid h nfrk jkgketrhabzkj systkn.

Zdk Ifvkrenket bs hwhrk fc tdbs hej dhs safway knohrmkj fe h eunokr

fc rkcfrns be tdbs jbrkgtbfe. Mky stkps begaujk gfetrhgtbei fut tf EIFs tdk

rkspfesbobabty cfr prfvbjbei h phgmhik fc gfrk skrvbgks tf vuaekrhoak irfupsfr rknftk hrkhs, hs wkaa hs httrhgtbei irkhtkr phrtbgbphtbfe fc gfnnuebtbks

be nhehiknket fc dkhatd chgbabtbks. Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf nfvk nfrk

cfrgkcuaay hej gfesfabjhtk tdksk hggfnpabsdnkets.

Wkttbei Ekw _faks cfr Haa Wthmkdfajkrs tf Orbei Dkhatd Wkrvbgks

Gafskr tf [skrs hej Haafghtbei _ksfurgks Hggfrjbeiay

Be abek wbtd iffj betkrehtbfeha prhgtbgks, tdk Ifvkrenket bs jktkrnbekj tf

nhmk tdk gketrha akvka fc ifvkrenket rkspfesboak cfr pfabgy cfrnuahtbfe,

rksfurgk nfobabzhtbfe, hej gffrjbehtbfe wdbak ybkajbei tf tdk prfvbegbhaakvka tdk rkspfesbobabty cfr tkgdebgha suppfrt tf hej supkrvbsbfe fc dkhatd

jbstrbgts hs tdky bnpaknket heeuha wfrm pahes. Ht tdk shnk tbnk, nfrk

rhtbfeha nkgdhebsns ekkj tf ok put be pahgk cfr haafghtbei rksfurgks tf

jbcckrket akvkas fc ifvkrenket.

Ibvbei _kekwkj Bnpktus tf Puoabg-Prbvhtk Phrtekrsdbps

Oubajbei phrtekrsdbps‚begaujbei wbtd efeprft frihebzhtbfes‚haafws

tdk dkhatd systkn tf okekt crfn tdk grkhtbvbty hej oufyhegy fc snhaakr-sghak hej prbvhtk dkhatd prfvbjkrs. Cfr besthegk, EIFs hej tdk prbvhtk

skgtfr dhvk pahykj pbvftha rfaks be prfirhns tf jbstrboutk crkk gfejfns

hej skesbtbzk prkiehet wfnke fe usbei okj ekts. Wugd gffpkrhtbfe bs h

lujbgbfus hej gfst-kcckgtbvk why cfr tdk Ifvkrenket tf bnpaknket puoabg

dkhatd pfabgbks hej prfirhns.

Wtrkeitdkebei Gfnnuebty Pfwkr oy Prfvbjbei Okttkr

Becfrnhtbfe hej Bevfavbei Gfnnuebtbks be Gfprfjugbei

hej Nfebtfrbei Wkrvbgks H strfei ofjy fc knpbrbgha kvbjkegk jfgunkets tdk kc ckgtbvkekss fc

gfnnuebty bebtbhtbvks be gfprfjugbei dkhatd skrvbgks be Hcrbgh, Hsbh, hej

Ahtbe Hnkrbgh. Wugd bebtbhtbvks gfvkr h wbjk rheik fc hgtbvbtbks, begaujbei




nhehibei gfnnuebty-akj dkhatd gabebgs hej fpkrhtbei gffpkrhtbvk

pdhrnhgbks. [skrs ghe kxkrt nfrk akvkrhik fe prfvbjkrs oy phrtbgbphtbei be

jkgbsbfe nhmbei hej nfebtfrbei sfnk hspkgts fc dkhatd skrvbgk jkabvkry.

Zdksk beefvhtbvk hpprfhgdks hasf begrkhsk trhesphrkegy hej hggfuethobabty

be tdk nhehiknket fc dkhatd gketkrs.

Eftks

8. Wtujkets hrk kxpkgtkj tf nhstkr h eunokr fc spkgbg akhrebei futgfnks upfe

gfnpaktbei khgd twf-ykhr suogygak.

?. Ybtd suppfrt crfn tdk [ebtkj Ehtbfes Gdbajrke‒s Cuej, tdk Ifvkrenketksthoabsdkj h ehtbfeha gfnnbttkk tf fvkrskk prfirhns tf bfjbzk shat. Akibsah-

tbfe whs phsskj tf nhmk shat bfjbzhtbfe nhejhtfry, hej nfebtfrbei tdk bfjbek

gfetket wdbak kjughtbei tdk puoabg whs nhjk h ehtbfeha prbfrbty.

7. Zdk Dunhe _ksfurgks Jbrkgtfrhtk fc tdk Nbebstry fc Dkhatd dhs jkvkafpkj

h dunhe rksfurgks pahe tdht begaujks begketbvks cfr rkgfiebzbei hej rkwhrj-

bei iffj pkrcfrnhegk hej sthejhrj grbtkrbh cfr hssbiebei hej trhesckrrbei

pkrsfeeka.

:. Zdk Ifvkrenket prfvbjks crkk beskgtbgbjk bnprkiehtkj okjekts tf prkiehet

wfnke hej suosbjbzks DBS tkstbei hej hetbrktrfvbrha trkhtnket.



84;

Wtrkeitdkebei Wkgtfr Pfabgbks

tdrfuid he Betkirhtkj Hpprfhgd

Jktkrnbekj bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk grfss-guttbei pfabgbks jksgrbokj be tdk

prkvbfus gdhptkrs wbaa if h afei why tf bnprfvk gfnpktbtbvkekss hejgrkhtk h chvfrhoak kevbrfenket cfr prbvhtk skgtfr bevkstnket hej irfwtd. Out

okttkr-betkirhtkj skgtfr strhtkibks‚kspkgbhaay be rurha hej urohe hrkhs‚hrk

hasf ekkjkj bc hggkakrhtbei kgfefnbg jbvkrsbghtbfe bs tf begrkhsk kgfefnbg

fppfrtuebtbks cfr tdk pffr.

Zdk _urha Wkgtfr

Zdk rurha skg tfr jfnbehtks futput be Ghnkrffe, out bt bs hasf dfnk tf40 pkrgket fc tdk gfuetry‒s pffr. Zdk skgtfr hggfuets cfr ?0 pkrgket fc IJP,

?0 pkrgket fc kxpfrts, ;0 pkrgket fc tdk pfpuahtbfe, hej 30 pkrgket fc

knpafynket. Grfp prfjugtbfe (nfrk tdhe 30 pkrgket bs prfjugtbfe fc cffj

grfps) hggfuets cfr 90 pkrgket fc rurha skgtfr IJP, wdbak abvkstfgm/sdkrbks

hej cfrkstry khgd hggfuet cfr 8; pkrgket. Zdk hvkrhik chrn bs snhaa (hofut

?.0 dkgthrks ]:.2 hgrks^), wbtd ahrik vhrbhtbfes hggfrjbei tf chrnbei systkns.

Zdkrk bs ef sdfrthik fc ahej, wbtd sbiebghet strktgdks fc hrhoak ahej rknhbe-

bei tf ok guatbvhtkj.

Pkrcfrnhegk dhs okke wkhm rkahtbvk tf tdk gfuetry‒s gfesbjkrhoak

kejfwnkets. _urha skgtfr irfwtd dhs vhrbkj (hvkrhibei ;.9 pkrgket jur-

bei 8229 tf ?008 hej 7.; pkrgket jurbei ?00? tf ?00;), nhbeay okghusk

fc gdheibei pfabgbks hej betkrehtbfeha prbgks. Prfjugtbvbty dhs rknhbekj

afw, hej tdk skgtfr dhs kxpkrbkegkj vkry abnbtkj tkgdebgha gdheik fvkr

tdk phst jkghjks.

Nkhewdbak, tdk ifha fc prfvbjbei cffj skgurbty cfr tdk pfpuahtbfe dhs

rknhbekj kausbvk. Be chgt, oktwkke 8298 hej 8244, bnpfrts fc gkrkhas tf

ckkj tdk irfwbei pfpuahtbfe kxphejkj oy h chgtfr fc nfrk tdhe 80 (crfn7?,800 tf hanfst 7;0,000 nktrbg). Gkrkha bnpfrts pkr ghpbth begrkhskj crfn

9.? mbafirhns tf ?:.0 mbafirhns jurbei tdht pkrbfj, wdbak gkrkha prfjugtbfe

pkr ghpbth jkgabekj crfn 830 mbafirhns tf hofut 40 mbafirhns.

9




Zdk pkrcfrnhegk fc tdk rurha skgtfr bnprfvkj sfnkwdht hctkr tdk

822: gurrkegy jkvhauhtbfe hej bnpaknkethtbfe fc skesboak nhgrfkgf-

efnbg hej strugturha rkcfrns. Bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk rurha skgtfr strhtkiy

gfetrboutkj tf h susthbekj : pkrgket heeuha irfwtd rhtk jurbei tdk pfst-

jkvhauhtbfe jkghjk (skk thoak 8.7).

Afw prfjugtbvbty ghuskj oy h vhrbkty fc chgtfrs‚ehegbha hej tkgdeb-

gha pfabgbks, hej gabnhtbg‚rknhbes h nhlfr gfestrhbet tf dbidkr rurha skgtfr

irfwtd. Zdk 8243‗27 jkprkssbfe skvkrkay durt hirbguaturk. Cbsgha rktrkegd-

nket, afw puoabg bevkstnket, hej wkhm trhjk pfabgbks gfetrboutkj tf afw

hirbguaturha prfjugtbvbty hej irfwtd rhtks jurbei tdbs grbsbs. Zdk afei-tkrn

jkgabek be betkrehtbfeha gfnnfjbty prbgks jurbei tdbs pkrbfj durt gfcckk hejgfgfh prfjugtbfe hej jkprbvkj tdk hirbguaturha skgtfr fc nugd-ekkjkj cfrkbie

kxgdheik hej rksfurgks cfr bevkstnket. Jbvkrsbghtbfe, kspkgbhaay betf dbidkr-

vhauk grfps, dhs okke oftd safw hej jbcguat. H mky bssuk bs behjkquhtk hggkss

tf hej tdk dbid gfst fc rurha grkjbt tf ehegk bevkstnket hej prfjugtbfe.

Zdk wkhmekss fc rurha becrhstrugturk bs hasf h mky gfestrhbet fe rurha

skgtfr irfwtd. _ksfurgks haafghtkj tf rurha rfhj nhbetkehegk hrk feay fek-

cfurtd fc wdht bs ekkjkj tf mkkp tdk rurha ektwfrm cuegtbfeha, cfr kxhnpak.

Zdbs trhesahtks betf dbid nhrmkt bei gfsts, kspkg bh aay trhespfrthtbfegfsts, wdbgd rhbsk tdk prfjugkr prbgk fc dbiday pkrbsdhoak cffj grfps.

Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs harkhjy hrtbguahtkj h gfnprkdkesbvk rurha skg-

tfr strhtkiy tdht skkms tf rhbsk prfjugtbvbty hej jbvkrsbcy hirbguaturha prf-

jugtbfe. Bt betkejs tf nfjkrebzk prfjugtbfe kqubpnket hej tkgdebquks

hej betrfjugk ekw vhrbktbks fc grfps. Zdksk pfabgbks hrk mky gfnpfekets fc

tdk fvkrhaa strhtkiy fc puoabg skgtfr rktrkegdnket crfn jbrkgt prfjugtbfe

hgtbvbtbks be chvfr fc bejbrkgt suppfrt tf tdk prbvhtk skgtfr hej nhrmkts. Zdk

nhbe tdrust fc tdk strhtkiy bs tf kedhegk tdk begketbvk crhnkwfrm, rkbe-

cfrgk dunhe rksfurgks hej ghphgbtbks be tdk rurha skgtfr cfr offstbei suppay

rkspfesk, hej kedhegk betkrskgtfrha abems (hirfbejustry hej gfnnkrgk) tf

spur kgfefnbg trhescfrnhtbfe.

Kedhegbei tdk Begketbvk Crhnkwfrm

Zdk Ifvkrenket‒s abokrhabzhtbfe pfabgy dhs bnprfvkj begketbvks hs wkaa hs

gfnpktbtbvkekss. Zdk sdhrk fc prfjugkr prbgks tf tdk crkbidt fe ofhrj (CFO)

kxpfrt prbgk dhs begrkhskj sbiebghetay, grkhtbei begketbvks cfr prfjugtbfe

hej kxpfrt. Zdkrk dhs hasf okke h nhrmkj begrkhsk be tdk gfegketrhtbfe fc

prfjugtbfe be gkrthbe zfeks, rkkgtbei ikfirhpdbg gfnphrhtbvk hjvhethiks.

Zdksk rksuats hrk kegfurhibei, out nugd nfrk ekkjs tf ok jfek tf begrkhsk



Wtrkeitdkebei Wkgtfr Pfabgbks tdrfuid he Betkirhtkj Hpprfhgd 849

tdk gfnpktbtbvkekss fc Ghnkrffe‒s hirbguaturk. Zdk Ifvkrenket gfuaj

jkkpke tdk nhrmkt oy kedhegbei begketbvks tf prfjugkrs hej bevkstfrs,

chgbabthtbei hggkss tf grkjbt, hej strkeitdkebei dunhe ghphgbtbks.

Gfnpaktbei Ifvkrenket _ktrkegdnket crfn Jbrkgt Prfjugtbfe

hej Gfnnkrgbha Hgtbvbtbks

Zdk Ifvkrenket rknhbes ketrkegdkj be gfnnkrgbha hirbguaturha hgtbvbtbks

tdrfuid skvkrha rurha jkvkafpnket hikegbks, sugd hs tdk Fcgk Ehtbfeha ju

Ghéhf kt ju Ghcâ (FEGG) hej tdk Fcgk Gârâhabkr. Bt dhj jkgbjkj tf sghak

up betkrvketbfe oy tdk Fcgk Gârâhabkr sf tdht tdk fcgk rkskaas gkrkhas ht

okafw-nhrmkt prbgks tf sthobabzk tdk nhrmkt jurbei pkrbfjs fc cffj sdfrt-hiks (Yfraj Ohem ?00?h). Wugd h prhgtbgk jbstfrts trhjkrs‒ begketbvks hej

bs abmkay tf rkjugk prfjugkr prbgks ht dhrvkst. Zdk Fcgk Gârâhabkr sdfuaj

jbskeihik crfn gfnnkrgbha hgtbvbtbks hej prfnftk tdk jkvkafpnket hej

nhehiknket fc vbaahik-ohskj gkrkha stfrhik chgbabtbks oy oftd prfjugkrs hej

gfnnuebtbks tf kesurk cffj skgurbty. Bt bs bnpfrthet tdht rurha jkvkafp-

nket hikegbks abnbt tdkbr hgtbvbtbks tf prfvbjbei wkaa-spkgbkj hej truay

puoabg skrvbgks.

Akibsahtbfe tdht ibvks tdk nbebstkr fc trhjk tdk pfwkr tf ‑rkiuahtkjfnkstbg nhrmkts fr gfetrboutk tf cffj skgurbty„ wdke tdk ekkj hrbsks

ekkjs tf ok rkvbskj. Zdbs aheiuhik grkhtks h affpdfak tdht gfuaj akhj tf

betrusbvk ifvkrenket betkrvketbfes be tdk nhrmkt hej jbstfrt begketbvks.

Chgbabthtbei Chgtfr Nfobabty

_kiuahtbfe fe trhespfrt hgtbvbtbks spkgbks phrtbguahr rfhj abeks cfr khgd trhes-

pfrtkr, h prhgtbgk tdht rkjugks nhrmkt betkirhtbfe hgrfss rkibfes. Hohejfenket

fc tdbs pfabgy wfuaj kedhegk betkirhtbfe hej gfnpktbtbfe hej rkjugk prbgk

jbcckrketbhas hgrfss hrkhs. Akibsahtbfe hasf kxgaujks cfrkbiekrs crfn ghrrybei

fut snhaa hej becfrnha trhjbei hgtbvbtbks. Zdksk nkhsurks bnpkjk tdk snfftd

wfrmbei fc tdk nhrmkt hej sdfuaj ok rknfvkj tf strkeitdke gfnpktbtbfe,

kedhegk begketbvks, hej spur bevkstnket hej irfwtd be hirbguaturk.

Jkvkafpbei Begketbvks cfr Prfjugtbvbty-Kedhegbei Bevkstnket

Zdk Ifvkrenket‒s begfnk thx pfabg y cfr hi rbguaturha prfjugkrs dhs

skvkrha ckhturks. Cffj grfp prfjugkrs wdf fwe akss tdhe ;.0 dkgthrks

fc ahej jf eft phy begfnk thx, hej ghsd grfp prfjugkrs hrk suolkgt tf

begfnk thx rkihrjakss fc tdk sbzk fc tdkbr dfajbeis. Chrnkrs wbtd heeuha

turefvkr fc akss tdhe GCHC ; nbaabfe phy h ht thx, ohskj fe he hsskss-

nket nhjk oy h prfvbegbha-akvka gfnnbssbfe (Yfraj Ohem ?00?h).




Zdbs thx systkn nhy eft ok trhesphrket fr kcgbket, cfr skvkrha rkhsfes.

Cbrst, chrn sbzk bs jbcguat tf hsskss, okghusk ef hirbguaturha survky dhs okke

gfejugtkj cfr nhey ykhrs. Wkgfej, tdk thx systkn bs obhskj, okghusk bt pkeha-

bzks prfjugtbfe fc kxpfrt grfps. Zdbrj, tdk nkgdhebsn cfr ksthoabsdbei thx

phynkets cfr prfjugkrs wbtd heeuha turefvkrs fc akss tdhe GCHC ; nbaabfe

bs eft trhesphrket hej prfvbjks hnpak rffn cfr gfrruptbfe. Hsskssbei ture-

fvkr bs jbcguat, rkqubrbei mefwakjik fc ybkaj akvkas hej prbgks= tdkrk hrk ef

gakhray ahbj-fut prfgkjurks tdht iuhrhetkk chbrekss. Zdkrkcfrk, tdk hirbgua-

turha thx systkn gfuaj ok bnprfvkj tf rknfvk tdfsk jbstfrtbfes hej kedhegk

begketbvks cfr chrnkrs tf bevkst be prfjugtbvbty-kedhegbei hgtbvbtbks, sugd hs

tdk hjfptbfe fc ekw tkgdefafibks hej grfp vhrbktbks.

Wtrkeitdkebei tdk Nhrmktbei Wystkn

Okttkr gffrjbehtbfe oy prfjugkr irfups tf ekiftbhtk prbgks hej oy trhj-

krs tf nbebnbzk trhespfrt gfst dhvk bnprfvkj nhrmktbei kcgbkegy hej

gfnpktbtbvkekss. Hjjbtbfeha nkhsurks gfuaj dkap rknfvk rknhbebei

nhrmktbei gfestrhbets, ibvk prfjugkrs h ahrikr sdhrk fc tdk futput prbgk

(cbiurk 9.8) hej rkjugk prbgk vhrbhtbfes hgrfss nhrmkts. Nkhsurks tdht

dhvk prfvke kcckgtbvk kaskwdkrk begaujk suppfrtbei tdk grkhtbfe fc betkr-

kst irfups sugd hs Irfupknket j‒betkrìt gffpkrhtbc (IBG) fr Irfupknket

j‒betkrìt kgfefnbquk (IBK) bevfavkj be nhrmktbei hej bnprfvbei tdkbr

fpkrhtbfeha kcgbkegy=8 jksbiebei hej bnpaknketbei h nhrmkt prbgk becfr-

nhtbfe systkn= grkhtbei ahrik wdfakshak nhrmkts be Jfuhah hej Rhfuejâ

tf begrkhsk wdfakshak gfnpktbtbfe hej rkjugk gfesunkr prbgks= rknfvbei

ueekgksshry gdkgmpfbets hej idtbei gfrruptbfe tdht thxks tdk trhespfrt

fc iffjs fe dkhvbay uskj rfutks= hej bnprfvbei tdk rurha trhespfrt ektwfrm

oy bjketbcybei hej bnprfvbei tdk nhbe rfhj ektwfrms tdrfuid wdbgd hirb-guaturha iffjs fw.

Zdk Ifvkrenket gfuaj gfesfabjhtk tdk pfstabokrhabzhtbfe nhrmktbei

systkn cfr nhlfr kxpfrt grfps (ofx 9.8) oy thmbei tdk cfaafwbei stkps<

• Wtrkeitdke tdk hssfgbhtbfe fc nhrmkt phrtbgbphets,? kehoabei tdkn tf

fvkrskk hjdkrkegk tf jkfetfafibgha prhgtbgks hej chbr gfnpktbtbfe ruaks

hej tf nhehik becfrnhtbfe hej jhth rkahtkj tf tdk gfcckk hej gfgfh

suoskgtfrs.

• Wtrkhnabek tdk bestbtutbfeha crhnkwfrm hej rknfvk hikegbks tdht hrk

ef afeikr rkqubrkj cfr tdk snfftd hej chbr cuegtbfebei fc tdk nhrmkt.

_khsskss tdk rkakvhegk hej cuegtbfes fc tdk FEGG be tdk gfetkxt fc

tdk abokrhabzkj systkn. _knfvk haa rknhbebei akvbks tdht hrk ef afeikr

lustbkj (begaujbei gustfns vkrbghtbfe akvbks bnpfskj oy tdk FEGG,




0

p r f j u g k r p r b g k h s s d h r k

f c C F O p r b g k

80?0

70

:0

;0

30

90

40

20

okcfrk abokrhabzhtbfe hctkr abokrhabzhtbfetbnbei

Ghnkrffe Gútk j‒Bvfbrk Ebikrbh

Prfjugkr Prbgk fc Gfgfh be Ghnkrffe, Gútk j‒Bvfbrk, hej Ebikrbh okcfrk

hej hctkr Abokrhabzhtbfe

Ofx 9.8

Abokrhabzbei tdk Gfgfh Nhrmkt be Ghnkrffe, Gútk j‒Bvfbrk, hej Ebikrbh

Zwf gfnpaknkethry folkgtbvks hrk sfuidt be bnpaknketbei nhrmkt abokr-

habzhtbfe prfirhns cfr trfpbgha gfnnfjbtbks. Zdk rst bs tf haafw chrnkrs

tf rkgkbvk h ahrikr sdhrk fc wfraj prbgks (ofx iurk). Zdk skgfej bs tf abem

begketbvks wbtd betkrehtbfeha prbgks tf kedhegk tdk kcgbkegy fc tdk prf-

jugtbfe hej nhrmktbei prfgkss. _ksuats fc abokrhabzhtbfe kccfrts dhvk okke

nbxkj, hs tdk ghsks fc Ghnkrffe, Gútk j‒Bvfbrk, hej Ebikrbh rkvkha.

(gfetbeukj )

Okcfrk tdk abokrhabzhtbfe rkcfrns, Ghnkrffe uskj h dyorbj nfjka gfnobe-

bei nhrmktbei ofhrjs hej sthobabzhtbfe cuejs, wdbgd wkrk betkejkj tf sthobabzk

prbgks, kesurk quhabty, hej prfvbjk skrvbgks tf chrnkrs. Be Gútk j‒Bvfbrk, grfp

fwekrsdbp rknhbekj wbtd chrnkrs, out tdk ifvkrenket rkiuahtkj prfjugkr hejkxpfrt prbgks oy bssubei kxpfrt abgkesks hej sthobabzbei prbgks tdrfuid h sthobab-

zhtbfe cuej. Ebikrbh uskj nfefpfay‗nfefpsfey nhrmktbei ofhrjs. Oy tdk nbj-

8240s, uejkr prkssurk fc jfefrs hej afw wfraj prbgks, tdksk gfuetrbks okihe tf

abokrhabzk tdk gfnnfjbty nhrmkts.

Ebikrbh whs tdk rst Hcrbghe gfuetry tf abokrhabzk bts gfgfh nhrmkt. Be 8243,

bt uebahtkrhaay hofabsdkj bts nhrmktbei ofhrjs. Zdkrk whs abttak prkphrhtbfe cfr

abokrhabzhtbfe, hej tdk prfgkss whs ueekgksshrbay gdhftbg (Ibaokrt 8229).

Ghnkrffe whs tdk skgfej gfuetry tf abokrhabzk, jfbei sf oktwkke

8242 hej 822;. Zdk nhlfr bnpktus whs tdk besfavkegy fc tdk sthobabzhtbfehikegy, tdk Fcgk Ehtbfeha jk ah Gfnnkrgbhabshtbfe jks Prfjubts jk Ohsk

(FEGPO), wdbgd whs be gdhrik fc gfcckk hej gfgfh. Be frjkr tf nkkt tdk K[




gfejbtbfe cfr ehegbha suppfrt uejkr tdk Wystänk jk Wthobabshtbfe jks _kgkttksj‒Kxpfrthtbfe, tdk Ifvkrenket rkpahgkj tdk FEGPO oy he frihebzhtbfe wbtd

h nfrk abnbtkj rfak, tdk FEGG, hej sdhrpay rkjugkj tdk prbgk fcckrkj tf chrn-

krs (Ibaokrt 8229).

Jkspbtk tdk qukstbfehoak fwekrsdbp fc rkcfrns be Ghnkrffe hej prfoakns

be Ebikrbh, chrnkr prbgks rfsk suosthetbhaay cfaafwbei rkcfrn be oftd gfuetrbks.

Zdkrk whs sfnk gfegkre, dfwkvkr, hofut tdk quhabty fc tdk prfjugt jkabvkrkj,

phrtay okghusk fc tdk ahgm fc gfetrfa.

Gútk j‒Bvfbrk, tdk wfraj‒s ahrikst prfjugkr fc gfgfh, wbtd :0 pkrgket fc

wfraj prfjugtbfe, whs tdk tdbrj gfuetry tf abokrhabzk. Zdk Ghbssk jk Wthobab-shtbfe kt ju Wfutbke jks Prbx jks Prfjubts Hirbgfaks rkiuahtkj Bvfrbhe gfgfh

pfabgy jurbei tdk 8290s hej 8240s. Ybtd tdk sdhrp rkjugtbfe be tdk wfraj

prbgk, bt kxpkrbkegkj ehegbha prfoakns be tdk ahtk 8240s sbnbahr tf tdfsk fc

Ghnkrffe‒s FEGPO. Jurbei tdk 8220s, h rkcfrn hikejh whs prkphrkj wbtd

tdk folkgtbvk fc begrkhsbei tdk trhesphrkegy fc tdk kxpfrt-objjbei prfgkss. Zdk

abokrhabzhtbfe prfgkss, wdbgd whs gfnpaktkj be 8222, gfbegbjkj wbtd h sdhrp

chaa be gfgfh prbgks, httrboutkj oy nhey tf tdk abokrhabzhtbfe prfgkss.h Zdk chaa

be prbgks put prkssurk fe tdk ifvkrenket tf hssbst gfgfh chrnkrs. Gfgfh prbgks

rkgfvkrkj sdhrpay be ?008 hej ?00?, hs gfesunptbfe rfsk be tdk gfetkxt fcwkhm prfjugtbfe, ghuskj oy ekiakgt fc gfgfh trkks jurbei tdk prkvbfus afw

prbgk ykhrs hej pfabtbgha uerkst be Gútk j‒Bvfbrk.

Bt bs tff khray tf cuaay hsskss tdk rksuat fc tdk abokrhabzhtbfe. Chrnkrs hej

tdk prbvhtk skgtfr hrk nfrk bevfavkj be tdk nhrmktbei prfgkss hej hrk hoak tf

okekt crfn hey wfraj prbgk begrkhsk. Gfgfh crfn Gútk j‒Bvfbrk bs sfaj ht h

jbsgfuet, dfwkvkr, okghusk fc tdk uegkrthbety fc prfjugt jkabvkry.

Wfurgk< Ifdfu ?00:.

h. Ibaokrt hej Shrheibs (?007) hriuk tdht tdk jkgabek rkkgtkj tdk ahgm fc irfwtd be

gfgfh gfesunptbfe hej whs gfnpaktkay uerkahtkj tf tdk abokrhabzhtbfe prfgkss.


tdk Fcgk Betkrehtbfeha ju Ghghf kt ju Gdfgfaht ]FBGG^, hej Wfgbktâ

Ikekrhak jk Wurvkbaahegk) be frjkr tf rkjugk gfsts, kedhegk begketbvks,

hej begrkhsk tdk ubjbty fc tdk nhrmktbei systkn.

• Yfrm gafskay wbtd prfjugkrs hej trhjkrs hssfgbhtbfes tf prfnftk

frihebzhtbfeha hej tkgdebgha trhbebei hej kedhegk tdk bevfavknket

fc prfjugkrs irfups be gfcckk hej gfgfh nhrmktbei hgtbvbtbks.

• Wbnpabcy hjnbebstrhtbvk prfgkjurks cfr kxpfrts, wdbgd, be ?00?, rkqubrkj

8: sbiehturks hej vbshs.




Kedhegbei Wuppay _kspfesks

Zdk Ifvkrenket gfuaj bnprfvk prfjugkrs‒ hobabty tf rkspfej tf begketbvkshej nhrmkt sbiehas be h eunokr fc whys, begaujbei bnprfvbei skrvbgk jkabvkry,

kxtkejbei gfetrhgt chrnbei hej trkk grfp jkvkafpnket, hej strkeitdkebei

prfjugkrs frihebzhtbfes.

Bnprfvbei Wkrvbgk Jkabvkry

Begrkhskj gffrjbehtbfe oktwkke kxtkesbfe skrvbgk prfvbjkrs (puoabg skr-

vbgk bestbtutbfes, prbvhtk beput suppabkrs, hej ftdkrs) gfuaj sbiebghetay

rhbsk prfjugtbvbty. Zdk betrfjugtbfe fc akibsahtbfe hutdfrbzbei prbvhtk vkt-

krbehrbhes tf pkrcfrn puoabg skrvbgk cuegtbfes, cfr kxhnpak, prfvbjks ekw

fppfrtuebtbks cfr cfstkrbei prbvhtk prfvbsbfe fc kxtkesbfe skrvbgks be tdbs

hrkh. Be ikekrha, irkhtkr okekts gfuaj ok rkhpkj crfn jksbiebei prfirhns

tf suogfetrhgt kxtkesbfe skrvbgks fut tf efeifvkrenketha ketbtbks.

Wfnk beefvhtbvk skrvbgk jkabvkry sgdknks dhvk okke bnpaknketkj.

H nhlfr ckr tbabzkr gfnphey prfvbjkj cuejbei cfr tdk pahetbei fc skvkrha

tdfushej kxpkrbnketha pafts be nhey phrts fc tdk gfuetry. H prbvhtk

hssfgbhtbfe fc yfuei hirfefnbsts dhs okke prfvbjbei kxtkesbfe hjvbgk

tf chrnkrs be tdk sfutd, uejkr becfrnha gfetrhgtuha hrrheiknkets tdht

begaujk be-mbej rknuekrhtbfe oy prfjugkrs. Zdk hssfgbhtbfe‒s abnbtkj

rksfurgks nhjk bt jbcguat tf sghak up tdk bebtbhtbvk, dfwkvkr.

Kxtkejbei Gfetrhgt Chrnbei

Gfetrhgt chrnbei ghe prfvbjk oftd fppfrtuebtbks hej begketbvks cfr rhbsbei

prfjugtbvbty oy jkvkafpbei cfrwhrj hej ohgmwhrj abems oktwkke bejustry

hej snhaa prfjugkrs. Gfetrhgt chrnbei hasf prfvbjks h vkeuk cfr cfrkbie

bevkstnket hej tkgdefafiy becusbfe be hirbguaturk, okghusk bt haafws nfrk-prfckssbfeha hej nugd ahrikr bejustrbha chrnkrs tf fpkrhtk, wdbgd cfstkrs

jbvkrsbghtbfe hej kxpfrts.

Ghnkrffe‒s ousbekss kevbrfenket hej bestbtutbfeha crhnkwfrm dhvk

eft okke kspkgbhaay chvfrhoak tf gfetrhgt chrnbei. Nhey pftketbha phrtekrs

be gfetrhgt chrnbei, sugd hs hirfbejustrbha irfups, rkgfiebzk tdk okekts

fc sugd hgtbvbtbks, out tdky hrk gfegkrekj hofut tdk bestbtutbfeha hej tkgd-

ebgha ghphgbtbks fc prfjugkrs frihebzhtbfes tf dfefr futput gfetrhgts fr

ahej-akhsbei hirkknkets. Hs phrt fc tdk rkebei fc bts orfhj rurha skgtfr

strhtkiy, tdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf rkvbkw tdbs bssuk hej jkvbsk grkhtbvk

nkgdhebsns cfr prfnftbei gfetrhgt chrnbei tdht wfuaj spkaa fut tdk rfaks

fc tdk sthtk, tdk bejustrbha phrtekrs, prfjugkrs frihebzhtbfes, hej ahej

fwekrs hej spkgbcy pkrcfrnhegk grbtkrbh.




Wfnk hgtbvbtbks dhvk harkhjy sthrtkj. NHBWGHN (Nhbs ju Ghnkrfue),

h gfnphey tdht prfjugks hej prfgkssks nhbzk, dhs okke purgdhsbei afghaay

prfjugkj nhbzk crfn snhaadfajkrs. Zdk orkwbei bejustry bnpfrts ahrik

quhetbtbks fc nhbzk be hjjbtbfe tf purgdhsbei nhbzk crfn NHBWGHN.

WGHE, h gfnphey tdht prfjugks tfnhtf phstk, ouys bts suppabks crfn afgha

snhaadfajkrs. H nkjbun-sghak ghsshvh prfgkssbei pahet ohskj be tdk Abt-

tfrha Prfvbegk whs suppabkj oy jfzkes fc prfjugkr irfups okcfrk bt dhj tf

gafsk okghusk fc besucgbket suppabks.

Wtrkeitdkebei Prfjugkrs Frihebzhtbfes

Prfjugkrs frihebzhtbfes hrk tdk nhbe hgtfrs, okekgbhrbks, hej bestru-

nkets be tdk suggksscua bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk rurha jkvkafpnket strhtkiy.

Wuppfrtbei tdksk frihebzhtbfes, okyfej wdht bs jfek tdrfuid nhrmkt

rkcfrns, kssketbhaay ofbas jfwe tf strkeitdkebei tdkbr bestbtutbfeha, tkgd-

ebgha, hej nhehikrbha ghphobabtbks. Hgtbfes sdfuaj ok thmke tf kedhegk

tdkbr prfjugtbvk ghphgbty hej tf begrkhsk tdk sdhrk fc vhauk-hjjkj oy

prfjugkrs frihebzhtbfes tdht sdhrk h gfnnfe prfjugtbfe systkn (cfr

kxhnpak, pfthtf prfjugkrs be tdk sfutd, hej tfnhtf prfjugkrs suppaybei

tdk WGHE prfgkssbei pahet).

Zdk Cfrkstry Wkgtfr

Cfrkst nhehiknket, obfjbvkrsbty gfeskrvhtbfe, hej ifvkrehegk hrk dbiday

betkrtwbekj be Ghnkrffe, wdkrk tdky fcckr oftd fppfrtuebtbks hej gdha-

akeiks tf susthbehoak jkvkafpnket. Ghnkrffe gfvkrs h ahej hrkh fc :9;

squhrk mbafnktkrs, hofut dhac fc wdbgd gfesbsts fc cfrksts wbtd kxgkptbfeha

obfafibgha jbvkrsbty. Hatdfuid tdk kgfefny bs nfstay ohskj fe hirbguaturk hej fba, tdk cfr-

kstry skgtfr bs tdk ahrikst efepuoabg skgtfr knpafykr hej tdk skgfej-ahrikst

sfurgk fc kxpfrt rkvkeuk hctkr pktrfakun. Zrhjbtbfeha prfjugtbfe fc tbnokr

cfr kxpfrt bs irhjuhaay jbvkrsbcybei tfwhrjs h wbjk rheik fc prfgksskj prfj-

ugts hej, nfst rkgketay, trhjk fc kevbrfenketha skrvbgks. Zdk kxgkptbfeha

jbvkrsbty fc tdk ehturha kevbrfenket hej wbajabck nhmks tfurbsn h prfnbs-

bei kgfefnbg skgtfr.

Zdk cfrkstry skgtfr bs mky tf tdk Ifvkrenket‒s kgfefnbg jbvkrsbghtbfe

hej irfwtd strhtkiy. Out tdk skgtfr bs hasf vkry vuaekrhoak tf gfrruptbfe.

Pffr ifvkrehegk dhs okke he kejurbei gdhaakeik cfr tdk skgtfr, wdbgd

dhs trhjbtbfehaay okke h sfurgk fc pfabtbgha phtrfehik hej prbvhtk ihbes cfr

pfabtbgha hej kgfefnbg kabtks.




Zdk tbnokr bejustry dhs okke h mky sthmkdfajkr be Ghnkrffe‒s cfrkstry

skgtfr hej dhs afei pahykj h sbiebghet rfak be tdk gfuetry‒s kgfefny.

Gfnnkrgbha afiibei okihe jurbei tdk Ikrnhe gfafebha pkrbfj hej kxphejkj

uejkr tdk suoskquket Crkegd pkrbfj. Be 82?0, ;2,000 tfes fc tbnokr wkrk

kxpfrtkj crfn Ghnkrffe tf Crhegk (Fyfef, Mfueh, hej Nhah ?007). Bejus-

trbha afiibei sthrtkj hrfuej bejkpkejkegk be 8230, hej sbegk 8240, tbnokr dhs

okke tdk skgfej ahrikst sfurgk fc kxpfrt rkvkeuks hctkr pktrfakun, hggfuet-

bei cfr sfnk ?; pkrgket fc tdk gfuetry‒s cfrkbie kxgdheik‚chr kxgkkjbei

tdht fc hey ftdkr hirbguaturha gfnnfjbty. Nfrkfvkr, tbnokr bs kxgkptbfeha

hnfei Ghnkrffe‒s prbnhry gfnnfjbty kxpfrts be tdht bts prbgks dhvk ekvkr

gfaahpskj cfr h susthbekj pkrbfj, hej, be chgt, bts prbgks dhvk rbske stkhjbayfvkr tdk phst gketury. Zdk cfrkstry skgtfr bs Ghnkrffe‒s ahrikst efepuoabg

skgtfr knpafykr, wbtd 87,000 knpafykks be tdk cfrnha skgtfr hej hrfuej

8;0,000 pkfpak wfrmbei be tdk becfrnha skgtfr, hggfrjbei tf tdk nfst rkgket

jhth crfn tdk Ehtbfeha Bestbtutk fc Wthtbstbgs (BEW). Zdbs ahrik ahofr cfrgk

nhmks tdk cfrkstry bejustry fek fc tdk nhlfr knpafykrs be tdk gfuetry.

Ahrik cfrkbie tbnokr gfnphebks dhvk prfvbjkj nugd fc Ghnkrffe‒s

rurha becrhstrugturk, phrtbguahray be rknftk hrkhs, wdkrk tdky dhvk, be

kcckgt, hgtkj hs h surrfihtk sthtk be tdkbr prfvbsbfe fc skrvbgks, hs wkaa hsbe tdkbr becfrnha pfabtbgha‗kgfefnbg jfnbehegk. Kurfpkhe gfnphebks,

prbegbphaay Crkegd hej Bthabhe, dhvk trhjbtbfehaay jfnbehtkj Ghnkrffe‒s

tbnokr bejustry. Zdky betkrhgtkj wbtd jfnkstbg gfnphebks ahrikay tdrfuid

suogfetrhgtbei afiibei rbidts hej kqubpnket rketha. Fvkr tbnk, dfwkvkr,

tdksk gfnnkrgbha rkahtbfesdbps jkkpkekj, be sfnk besthegks tf tdk pfbet fc

sdhrkdfajkr phrtbgbphtbfe. Jurbei tdk shnk pkrbfj, Ghnkrffe shw h eun-

okr fc Irkkm, Akoheksk, hej jfnkstbg gfnphebks ketkr tdk nhrmkt= tdksk

gfnphebks wkrk ekw tf tdk bejustry hej wbtdfut prfgkssbei ghphgbty, out

wkrk jrhwe tf tdk nhrmkt oy tdk sbnpabgbty hej prfthobabty fc fpkrhtbfes,

ibvke tdkbr ksthoabsdkj abems wbtd pfabtbgha kabtks. Wfnk 8;0 tbnokr rns

hrk hgtbvk prksketay be Ghnkrffe.

Wusthbebei Bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk Cfrkstry _kcfrn Prfirhn

Zf kesurk tdk cfrkstry skgtfr‒s irfwtd hej susthbehoak jkvkafpnket, tdk

Ifvkrenket fc Ghnkrffe dhs bebtbhtkj chr-rkhgdbei rkcfrns tdht tfugd

fe tdk skgtfr‒s bestbtutbfeha hej rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrms. Zdk ekw cfrkstry

pfabgy gketkrs fe tdk cfaafwbei<

• Wusthbehoak nhehiknket fc cfrksts, wbtd tdk grkhtbfe fc h pkrnheket

cfrkst ksthtk hej tdk skttbei up fc Cfrkst Nhehiknket [ebts tf rkpahgk

cfrkst pkrnbts.



Wtrkeitdkebei Wkgtfr Pfabgbks tdrfuid he Betkirhtkj Hpprfhgd 82;

• Gfetrboutbfe tf kgfefnbg irfwtd hej pfvkrty haakvbhtbfe oy gkjbei

phrt fc tdk begfnk crfn thx rkvkeuk tf gfuegbas, tdus grkhtbei lfos

hej ksthoabsdbei gfnnuebty cfrksts.

• Phrtbgbphtfry nhehiknket tdrfuid gfesuathtbfe wbtd tdk gbvba sfgbkty

hej tdk prbvhtk skgtfr, gfnnuebghtbfe wbtd rurha pfpuahtbfes hofut

tdkbr rkspfesbobabtbks, hej ksthoabsdnket fc pkrnheket jbhafiuk wbtd

tdk betkrehtbfeha gfnnuebty.

• Gfeskrvhtbfe fc obfjbvkrsbty tdrfuid h ehtbfeha ektwfrm fc prftkgtkj

hrkhs.

• Oubaj puoabg skgtfr ghphgbty be tdk pkrcfrnhegk fc bts trhjbtbfeha mky

cuegtbfes hej tdk trhesckr fc prfjugtbvk cuegtbfes tf tdk prbvhtk skgtfr.• Ksthoabsdnket fc h akiha crhnkwfrm gfejugbvk tf tdk jkvkafpnket fc tdk

prbvhtk skgtfr, ohskj fe afei-tkrn gfevketbfes hej bejustrbhabzhtbfe.

• Dhrnfebzhtbfe fc tdk rkibfeha nhehiknket systkn tdrfuid h zfebei

pahe.

• Bnprfvknket fc ifvkrehegk tdrfuid begrkhskj trhesphrkegy hej systkn-

htbg becfrnhtbfe jbssknbehtbfe tf tdk puoabg.

Ybtd suppfrt crfn tdk Ohem (WHG BBB hej PWCK), Ghnkrffe dhs kehgtkj

bnpfrthet rkcfrns. Zdksk rkcfrns, hafei wbtd ftdkrs, dhvk gdheikj tdk

skgtfr skttbeis prfcfuejay hej ikekrhtkj ihbes hs wkaa hs ekw gdhaakeiks.

Fvkrhaa, tdkrk whs he begrkhsk be skgtfr trhesphrkegy, bnprfvknkets be

ahw kecfrgknket, hej h rkjugtbfe be baakiha afiibei. Zdk sdhrks fc tdk cfr-

kst rket cfr tdk sthtk hej afgha pfpuahtbfes begrkhskj, hs jbj thxks pkr uebt

fc tbnokr vfaunk. Zdk tftha hrkh uejkr cfrkst gfegkssbfe begrkhskj gfe-

sbjkrhoay, wdbak hrkhs uejkr hgtbvk afiibei hej fvkrhaa vfaunks dhrvkstkj

jkgrkhskj. Wusthbehoak cfrkst nhehiknket pahes hrk rkhjy cfr hjfptbfe

fr hrk uejkr bnpaknkethtbfe cfr 30 pkrgket fc tdk cfrkst ksthtk, hej cfr-kst gkrtbghtbfe bs hjvhegbei chstkr tdhe be hey ftdkr gfuetry. Kxpfrts

gdheikj crfn nfstay afis tf nfstay shwe wffj hej prfgksskj tbnokr.

Kxpfrt hej thx rkvkeuk khrebeis jkgrkhskj crfn tdk 8229 pkhm, wdke

cfrkst gut whs tdk dbidkst hej nfst bejbsgrbnbehtk, sthobabzbei hrfuej

dbid hvkrhik vhauks, hs rkcfrns nhjk kxtrhgtbfe akvkas hej thx rkvkeuks

nfrk gfesthet hej prkjbgthoak. _kjugtbfe be dhrvksts hej kxpfrt vfaunks

dhj h rkahtbvkay nfjkst bnphgt fe tdk prfjugtbfe jfaahr vhauk hs prfgkss-

bei hjvhegkj hej skgtfr knpafynket kxphejkj. Bejustry fwekrsdbp dhsokgfnk nfrk jbvkrsk, hs sfnk faj-styak gfnphebks akct tdk skgtfr hej

ekw nfjk nfjkre hej ahw-hobjbei gfnphebks tffm fvkr. Prftkgtkj hrkhs

kxphejkj, gfnnuebtbks sthrtkj tdkbr rst cfrkst nhehiknket kccfrts, hej

tdk rst gfnnuebty-duetbei zfek whs grkhtkj.




Ht tdk shnk tbnk, begrkhskj gfetrfas, dbidkr gfsts, hej nfrk jbsgkre-

bei betkrehtbfeha nhrmkts dkapkj rkjugk baakiha afiibei oy bejustry, hej

gfnphebks sthrtkj skaabei tdk tfthabty fc tdkbr prfjugtbfe fvkrskhs. Akihaay-

sfurgkj tbnokr prhgtbghaay jbshppkhrkj crfn tdk afgha suppay gdhbe, hej

afgha prfjugkrs hej jkhakrs wkrk gfeekj tf tdk becfrnha fr baakiha skgtfr.

Baakiha afiibei dhs okgfnk tdk efrnha why tf suppay afgha nhrmkts.

Gfesfabjhtbei hej pkrckgtbei tdksk rkcfrns wbaa prfohoay begrkhsk tdk

cfrkstry skgtfr‒s gfetrboutbfe tf kgfefnbg irfwtd hej rurha begfnk, hej

strkeitdke bts abemhiks tf tdk bejustrbha hej skrvbgk skgtfrs.

Ghnkrffe‒s Cfrkst hej Kevbrfenket Wkgtfr Prfirhn, lfbetay jkvkafpkj oy

tdk Ifvkrenket hej bts jkvkafpnket phrtekrs, bs jksbiekj tf skgurk, jkkpke,hej sghak-up tdk cfrkstry pfabgy rkcfrns (ofx 9.?). Zdk prfirhn cfgusks fe

strkeitdkebei ehtbfeha bestbtutbfes hej tdk rfak fc gbvba sfgbkty tf grkhtk gfe-

jbtbfes be wdbgd afgha gfnnuebtbks hej tdk prbvhtk skgtfr ghe keihik be tdk

susthbehoak nhehiknket, gfeskrvhtbfe, hej jkvkafpnket fc cfrksts hej ftdkr

ehturha rksfurgks.

Prfnftbei Cfrkst-_kahtkj Prfjugts hej BnprfvbeiAbvbei Gfejbtbfes be Cfrkst Gfnnuebtbks

Pfsbtbvk gdheiks dhvk fggurrkj be oftd tdk ehturk hej tdk bnphgt fc cfrkst-

rkahtkj kgfefnbg hgtbvbtbks be tdk rurha skgtfr. Dfwkvkr, prfspkgts gfuaj ok

kvke orbidtkr hej gfuaj offst tdk gfetrboutbfe fc cfrksts tf rurha begfnk

hej pfvkrty rkjugtbfe.

Ghnkrffe dhs eft ykt okke hoak tf trhesckr h nkhebeicua sdhrk fc

nhehiknket rkspfesbobabtbks hej ehegbha okekts tf afgha gfnnuebtbks

tdrfuid gfnnuebty cfrkstry. Oktwkke 8224 hej ?003, wdke tdk rst gfnnu-ebty cfrkstry nheuha whs prkphrkj wbtd tdk [M Jkphrtnket cfr Betkrehtbfeha

Jkvkafpnket (JCBJ), nfrk tdhe ?00 rkquksts tf ksthoabsd gfnnuebty cfrksts

wkrk nhjk hej 93 gfnnuebty cfrksts wkrk ksthoabsdkj. Dfwkvkr, gfnnuebty

betkrksts wkrk, ht tbnks, uejkrnbekj oy vkstkj betkrksts. Jbcckrket gfnnu-

ebty cfrkstry nfjkas wkrk hjfptkj, sugd hs suogfetrhgtbei bejustry tf dhrvkst

gfnnuebty cfrksts, rkstrbgtbei gfnnuebty cfrkst usk, hej pkrnbttbei hrtbsheha

afiibei ohskj fe afei-tkrn rfthtbfes. Khgd fc tdksk nfjkas dhs abnbthtbfes,

hej efek dhs wfrmkj phrtbguahray wkaa. Ydbak bt bs tff khray tf jrhw eha gfegausbfes, fek ghe shy gfnnuebty

cfrkstry‒s bnphgt fe pkfpak hej abvkabdffj dhs okke nfjkst. Hsskssnket fc

jkvkafpnkets bs fctke nbxkj< tdk pfsbtbvk kcckgt fc trhesckrrbei phrt fc cfr-

kstry thxks tf afgha ifvkrebei ofjbks whs tknpkrkj oy trhesphrkegy prfoakns




Ofx 9.?

Bnprfvbei tdk Cfrkstry Wkgtfr wbtd he Hnobtbfus _kcfrn Prfirhn_kcfrns _kcfrn bnpaknkethtbfe

Gfnpktbtbvkhaafghtbfe fckxpafbthtbfepkrnbts

Zrhesphrket haafghtbfe fc cfrkst kxpafbthtbfe pkrnbts (quhabty fcobjjbei jfgunkets)

Phrtbgbphtbfe fc he bejkpkejket foskrvkr be tdk pkrnbt haafghtbfegfnnbttkk nkktbeis hej cfrwhrjbei fc rkpfrts

Kxgausbfe fc gfnphebks gfevbgtkj fc nhlfr becrbeiknkets fccfrkstry akibsahtbfe hej rkiuahtbfes

Paheebei fc cfrkst

gfegkssbfeshaafghtbfe

Haafghtbfe fc cfrkst gfegkssbfes hggfrjbei tf tdk prfirhnnk

kahofrhtkj

Cfrkstry _kvkeukKedhegknketPrfirhnnk

Gfaakgtbfe fc cfrkst-skgtfr spkgbg thxks (PW_C heeuha rkpfrt)

Gfaakgtbfe fc eks hej jhnhiks hrbsbei crfn fcckegks (PW_Cheeuha rkpfrt)

Kcckgtbvk phynket fc haa ohem jkpfsbts (PW_C heeuha rkpfrt)

Wkttbei up h systkn cfr chbr rkjbstrboutbfe fc _CH sdhrks(kquhabzhtbfe cuej)

Cfrkstry thxhtbferkcfrn

Pursuhegk fc sgha rkcfrn bnpaknkethtbfe

Kcckgtbvk hej kcgbket gfesuathtbfe oktwkke tdk Ifvkrenket(NBEKC-NBECO) hej tdk prbvhtk skgtfr

Wusthbehoaknhehiknket fccfrkst gfegkssbfes

_kiuahr nkktbeis fc tdk tkgdebgha hsskssnket gfnnbttkk fenhehiknket pahes hej tdk Betkr-nbebstkrbha Gfnnbttkk cfr tdkhpprfvha fc nhehiknket pahes

Eunokr fc gfegkssbfes haafghtkj be tdk phst twf ykhrs tdht dhvknhehiknket pahes hpprfvkj oy tdk hjnbebstrhtbfe

Eunokr fc eha gfevketbfes sbiekj

Wupkrvbsbfe fcnhehiknket pahes

_kiuahr nfebtfrbei fc cfrkst kxpafbthtbfe wbtd shtkaabtk bnhikry(rfhj nhp hvhbahoak khgd ykhr)

Phrtbgbphtbfe fc he bejkpkejket foskrvkr be NBEKC gfetrfahgtbvbtbks

Prfnftbfe fcgfnnuebty cfrksts

Zrhesphrket hppabghtbfe fc tdk rbidt fc prk-knptbfe cfr afghagfnnuebtbks

Kcckgtbvk sthrt fc h ghphgbty-oubajbei prflkgt cfr cfrkst gfnnuebtynhehiknket

_kstrugturbei fcFEHJKC

Kxkgutbfe fc HEHCF_ wfrmbei prfirhn be hggfrjhegk wbtd tdkiubjkabeks ahbj jfwe oy tdk rkcfrn fc tdht bestbtutbfe

Gfnohtbei baakiha

kxpafbthtbfe

Gdhribei haa ksthoabsdkj fcckegks= hppabghtbfe hej gfaakgtbfe fc

pkehatbks

Kxgausbfe fc haa gfnphebks iubaty fc skrbfus fcckegks crfnsuonbttbei tkejkrs cfr kxpafbthtbfe pkrnbts, hej suspkesbfe fcvhabj pkrnbts

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.




hej nbshpprfprbhtbfe fc cuejs= tdk grkhtbfe fc gfnnuebty cfrksts whs uejkr-

nbekj oy fvkrourjkebei rkiuahtbfes hej vkstkj betkrksts fc bejbvbjuhas hgtbei

fe okdhac fc gfnnuebtbks= hej gfegkres tf abnbt baakiha afiibei oy bejustrbha

irfups rksuatkj be h sdfrthik fc oubajbei nhtkrbhas cfr afgha gfnnuebtbks.

Nhbethbebei h susthbehoak jfnkstbg kekriy suppay rknhbes grbtbgha be tdk

efrtdkre rkibfes fc tdk gfuetry. Pfabgy nkhsurks hrk ekkjkj tf prfnftk tdk

rkikekrhtbfe fc wffjahejs hej tf frihebzk tdk kcckgtbvk suppay fc cukawffj

tf urohe nhrmkts. Gffpkrhtbvks hej gfnnuebtbks tdht nhehik wffjahejs

tf prfjugk cukawffj hej gdhrgfha cfr shak tf urohe jwkaakrs be tdksk rkibfes

gfuaj kxpkgt sbiebghet rktures. Kxpkrbkegk be Nhjhihsghr, Nhab, hej Ebikr

sdfws tdht tdbs hgtbvbty dhs tdk pftketbha tf okgfnk tdk ahrikst ikekrhtfr fcghsd begfnk cfr oftd bejbvbjuhas hej gfnnuebtbks be tdksk rkibfes. Mky

hgtbfes tdht gfuaj ybkaj qubgm theiboak rksuats begaujk rkjugbei jbstfrtbfes be

cukawffj prbgbei hej bnprfvbei rket jbstrboutbfe hnfei kgfefnbg hgtfrs

oy grkhtbei gfnnuebty-nhehikj cukawffj suppay zfeks hrfuej nhlfr gbt-

bks= rkiuahtbei haa hgtbvbtbks rkahtkj tf trkk irfwbei tf begrkhsk tdk prbvhtk skg-

tfr‒s phrtbgbphtbfe be tdk rkcfrksthtbfe prfirhn= hej kxphejbei gfnnuebty

cfrksts hej bnpaknketbei gfnnuebty nhstkr pahes tf suppay cukawffj.

Zdk kxpafbthtbfe fc efetbnokr cfrkstry prfjugts (sugd hs Iektun hcrb-gheun, rhtthe, fr Phusbeysthabh yfdbnok), wdbgd bs wbjksprkhj be rurha zfeks

fc Ghnkrffe, bs h suosthetbha sfurgk fc begfnk cfr cfrkst jwkaakrs. Out tdk

rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrm gfetbeuks tf bnpkjk jkvkafpnket fc ahrik-sghak

kxpafbthtbfe fc tdksk rksfurgks, hej tdbs bnpkjbnket rkstrbgts hgtbvbtbks be

tdk becfrnha skgtfr. Hs afei hs bt bs frihebzkj be h why tdht prkvkets oftd tdk

fvkrkxpafbthtbfe fc pahets hej tdk trhjk fc kejheikrkj spkgbks, kxpafbthtbfe

fc efetbnokr cfrkstry prfjugts gfuaj begrkhsk begfnk hej grkhtk knpafy-

nket be rurha zfeks be h susthbehoak chsdbfe.

Prfnftbei tdk Zrhescfrnhtbfe fc Ousbekss Nfjkas be tdk

Zbnokr Bejustry

Zdk obiikst gdhaakeik tf bejustry bs jkgabebei tbnokr rksfurgks. Zf jkha wbtd

tdbs gdhaakeik, Ghnkrffe dhs suggksscuaay sthrtkj orbeibei cfrkst dhrvkst be

abek wbtd ehturha rkirfwtd tdrfuid tdk betrfjugtbfe fc h cfrkstry nhehik-

nket pahe. Be h nhttkr fc ykhrs, Ghnkrffe‒s bejustry dhs hjhptkj bts strug-

turk tf ekw gdhaakeiks oy hjjbei nfrk vhauk tf jbnbebsdbei dhrvksts. Be tdbs

prfgkss, bejustry fwekrsdbp hej tdk akvka fc betkirhtbfe hrk rhpbjay kvfavbei

hs kxpfrts gdheikj crfn nfstay afis tf nfstay prfgksskj wffj. Knpafy-

nket jbj eft jkgabek, out bt rhtdkr begrkhskj, jkspbtk tdk 70 pkrgket rkjug-

tbfe fc dhrvksts tdht fggurrkj oktwkke 8249 hej ?003. Ekw haabhegks hej




phrtekrsdbps hnfei gfnphebks knkrikj be rkspfesk tf dbidkr sgha ourjkes

hej nfrk strbeiket nhehiknket rkiuahtbfes. Haa gfnphebks succkrkj prft-

hobabty afssks hej chgkj abqubjbty prfoakns. Gfnphebks uehoak tf hjhpt tf tdk

ekw thxhtbfe hej rkiuahtfry kevbrfenket gafskj fr wkrk sfaj, wdbak tdk ekw

gfnpktbtbvk gfegkssbfe hwhrj systkn httrhgtkj ekw bevkstfrs tf Ghnkrffe.

Affmbei hdkhj, tdk skgtfr strhtkiy sdfuaj skkm tf nhxbnbzk tdk skg-

fejhry kcckgts fc rkcfrns fe bejustrbha hgtbvbtbks, kgfefnbg trhescfrnhtbfe,

hej rurha‗urohe kgfefnbg abemhiks. Cfr tdk tbnokr bejustry, hrkhs uejkr

nhehikj gfegkssbfes hrk kxpkgtkj tf begrkhsk, wdbak dhrvkstkj vfaunks

hrk kxpkgtkj tf rknhbe gfesthet fr jkgrkhsk, tdhems tf okttkr gfetrfa fc

baakiha afiibei 7 (iurk 9.?). Nkhewdbak, bt bs dfpkj tdht nfrk skgfejhryprfgkssbei hej usk fc h orfhjkr rheik fc spkgbks wbaa fggur. Cfr tdbs prfgkss

tf rnay thmk dfaj hej ihbe stkhn, tdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs tf gfetbeufusay

hjhpt rkiuahtbfes tf haafw tdbs ekw bejustry tf okgfnk cuaay ksthoabsdkj

hej gfnpktbtbvk, wdbak mkkpbei gfrruptbfe hej baakiha afiibei ht ohy.

Hatdfuid tdk nfjkrebzhtbfe fc tdk gfuetry‒s prfgkssbei ghphgb-

tbks bs stbaa okibeebei, tdbs trkej bs abmkay tf irfw be tdk ekxt ckw ykhrs,

sbiebghetay begrkhsbei tdk eunokr fc knpafykks be tdk cfrkstry skgtfr.

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CBI[_K 9.?

Cfrkstry Wkgtfr< Hrkhs uejkr Nhehiknket Pahes

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs, ohskj fe jhth crfn NBEKC.

Eftk< np > Nhehiknket pahes.




Hjfptbfe fc hjvhegkj prfgkssbei tkgdebquks ghe grkhtk knpafynket,

begaujbei smbaakj lfos.: Hasf, nfrk httketbfe sdfuaj ok ibvke tf afgha nhr-

mkts hej snhaa-sghak ketkrprbsks, wdbgd hrk tdk sfurgk fc eunkrfus lfos‚

fctke prkghrbfus feks, out kssketbha cfr tdk pffr‚hej cfr nkktbei tdk

jfnkstbg jknhej cfr wffj prfjugts.

Zdk [rohe Wkgtfr

Ybtd nfrk tdhe dhac fc bts pfpuahtbfe abvbei be tfwes hej gbtbks, Ghnkrffe

bs fek fc tdk nfst urohebzkj gfuetrbks be Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh. Bt bs hasf

fek fc tdk ckw gfuetrbks wbtd h ohahegkj urohe strugturk, nhrmkt tfwes,

nkjbun-sbzk gbtbks, hej twf nhbe urohe pfaks (Jfuhah, tdk kgfefnbg ghpbtha,

hej Rhfuejâ, tdk hjnbebstrhtbvk ghpbtha).

Ht tdk gurrket rhtk fc urohe irfwtd (kstbnhtkj ht 3 pkrgket h ykhr‚

hofut twbgk tdk ?.2 pkrgket irfwtd cfr tdk pfpuahtbfe hs h wdfak), nfrk

tdhe 8? nbaabfe pkfpak wbaa ok abvbei be gbtbks oy ?0?0. Ht tdbs rhtk, Ghnk-

rffe‒s urohe pfpuahtbfe wbaa jfuoak kvkry 88‗8? ykhrs. Nfrkfvkr, hs be

nfst Hcrbghe gfuetrbks, Ghnkrffe‒s pfpuahtbfe bs vkry yfuei, wbtd rfuiday

:0 pkrgket fc bts pkfpak uejkr tdk hik fc 8; hej nfrk tdhe twf-tdbrjs uejkrtdk hik fc 70. Zdk nhlfrbty fc yfutd abvk be urohe hrkhs. Zdk rksuats fc tdk

?008 Ghnkrffe Dfuskdfaj Wurvky bejbghtk tdht urohe pfvkrty ckaa oy hs

nugd hs ?0 pkrgkethik pfbets oktwkke 8223/29 hej ?008, tdhems tf sus-

thbekj pkr ghpbth begfnk irfwtd.;

Ybtdfut hjkquhtk httketbfe, dfwkvkr, gbtbks ghe rhpbjay okgfnk h

ckrtbak irfuej cfr pfvkrty hej beskgurbty. _hpbj urohebzhtbfe hej h yfuei

urohe pfpuahtbfe gfestbtutk h jfuoak-kjikj swfrj cfr Ghnkrffe. Fe tdk

fek dhej, tdk gfegketrhtbfe fc yfuei pkfpak prfvbjks h ahrik pffa fc wfrmkrs cfr bejustry hej nfjkre skrvbgks, wdbgd wfuaj dkap Ghnkrffe

jbvkrsbcy bts kgfefny. Fe tdk ftdkr dhej, urohebzhtbfe puts hjjkj prks-

surk fe tdk harkhjy behjkquhtk becrhstrugturk hej jkgbket kjughtbfe hej

dkhatd skrvbgks. [eakss knpafynket fppfrtuebtbks kxphej rhpbjay, rhpbj

urohebzhtbfe gfuaj rksuat be nhssbvk ueknpafynket hej tdk kxphesbfe

fc sauns, uedkhatdy gfejbtbfes, beskgurbty, hej pfvkrty. Zdksk ekihtbvk

trkejs hrk harkhjy prkvhaket be urohe hrkhs. Wbegk tdk 8220s, urohe irfwtd

dhs kxphejkj betf sprhwabei skttaknkets fe tdk futsmbrts fc gbtbks, grk-

htbei ekbidofrdffjs wbtd dbid pfpuahtbfe jkesbtbks, kspkgbhaay hrfuej

Jfuhah, hej irfssay behjkquhtk ohsbg skrvbgks.

Bejkkj, hatdfuid Ghnkrffe‒s pfpuahtbfe dhs jfuoakj sbegk tdk ahtk

8240s, becrhstrugturk kxphesbfe dhs okke nbebnha. Hanfst 90 pkrgket fc



?0? Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

gfuaj dhvk okke ghrrbkj fut nfrk kcckgtbvkay oy snhaa hej nkjbun-sbzk

ketkrprbsks, tdkrkoy rkjugbei knpafynket fppfrtuebtbks. Fvkrhaa, tdk

bnphgt fc bevkstnkets fe tdk abvbei gfejbtbfes fc tdk urohe pffr dhs

okke nhribeha ht okst.

_kstrugturbei tdk Bestbtutbfeha Kevbrfenket

[rohe jkvkafpnket dhs hasf okke dhnpkrkj oy tdk prfoakn fc fvkrahp-

pbei bestbtutbfes hej tdk nuatbpabgbty fc betkrvkebei hikegbks. Puoabg bevkst-

nket dhs okke nhehikj oy jbcckrket nbebstrbks hej puoabg hikegbks, wdfsk

hgtbfes hrk uegffrjbehtkj, sfnktbnks gfebgtbei, hej tdkrkcfrk bekcckgtbvk. Zwf nbebstrbks wkrk bevfavkj ht tdk gketrha akvka. Zdk Nbebstry fc [rohe

Hcchbrs, grkhtkj be 8229, dhj rkspfesbobabty cfr tdk 80 rkibfeha ghpbthas hej 4

ftdkr gbtbks wbtd nfrk tdhe 800,000 bedhobthets. Zdk Nbebstry fc Zfwe Pahe-

ebei hej Dfusbei whs be gdhrik fc haa ftdkr gbtbks. Zdksk nbebstrbks wkrk

nkrikj betf tdk Nbebstry fc [rohebsn hej Dfusbei be ?00:.

H eunokr fc sknbpuoabg frihebzht bfes, beg aujbei tdk Nbssbfe

j‒Hnâehiknket kt j‒Kqubpknket jks Zkrrhbes [rohbes kt _urhux, tdk

Wfgbâtâ Gbvbak Bnnfobabärk ju Ghnkrfue (WGBG), Grâjbt Cfegbkr ju Ghn-

krfue (GCG), hej tdk Cfejs Wpâgbha j‒Kqubpknket kt j‒Betkrvketbfe Betkr-

gfnnueha (CKBGFN), hrk be gdhrik fc jkvkafpbei urohe ahej, ehegbei

dfusbei jkvkafpnket, hej suppfrtbei tdk hgtbvbtbks fc nuebgbphabtbks.

Zdksk frihebzhtbfes dhvk ef gakhr nhejhtks, dfwkvkr, hej hrk eft wkaa

kqubppkj tf skrvk tdk urohe pffr. Grâjbt Cfegbkr bs okbei rkstrugturkj

uejkr tdk supkrvbsbfe fc GFOHG (skk gdhptkr :). He hujbt whs gfnpaktkj

be Nhy ?00; fe tdk fpkrhtbfes fc CKBGFN, wdbgd nhehiks tdk jbstrboutbfe

fc sgha rkvkeuk hej prfvbjks prflkgt afhes tf afgha ifvkrenkets. Zdk hujbt

rkvkhakj jbshstrfus nhehiknket, prfnptbei tdk Ifvkrenket tf put bepahgk h prfvbsbfeha hjnbebstrhtbfe tf bnpaknket h rkstrugturbei pahe ohskj

fe tdk hujbt rkgfnnkejhtbfes. Zdk pahe hbns tf strkeitdke tdk rfak fc

gfnnuebtbks be tdk nhehiknket fc CKBGFN= skphrhtk CKBGFN rksfurgks

crfn rksfurgks tdk hikegy bs nhehibei fe okdhac fc afgha gfnnuebtbks= tkr-

nbehtk fpkrhtbfes be wdbgd CKBGFN gfetrhgts fe okdhac fc gfnnuebtbks

hej tdht CKBGFN hasf ehegks= hej rkstrugturk hej bnprfvk nhehiknket,

begaujbei oy strkhnabebei sthcc.

Bnpaknketbei tdk Ifvkrenket‒s [rohe Jkvkafpnket Wtrhtkiy

Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs jkvkafpkj h afei-tkrn skgtfr strhtkiy tdht skkms tf

bnprfvk tdk abvbei gfejbtbfes fc tdk urohe pfpuahtbfe hej tf rkbecfrgk tdk



Wtrkeitdkebei Wkgtfr Pfabgbks tdrfuid he Betkirhtkj Hpprfhgd ?07

kgfefnbg rfak fc gbtbks. Zdk Ifvkrenket‒s strhtkibg vbsbfe bs spkaakj fut be he

urohe skgtfr pfabgy akttkr tdht rkgfnnkejs rkjugbei tdk rfak hej tdk rkspfe-

sbobabty fc tdk sthtk be urohe nhehiknket hej rkcfgusbei gketrha ifvkrenket

kccfrt fe ehegbha suppfrt hej ghphgbty strkeitdkebei fc afgha ifvkrenkets.

Zdbs pfabgy gdheik sdfuaj ok bnpaknketkj oy bevfavbei tdk tdrkk nhbe urohe

sthmkdfajkrs< afgha ifvkrenket, gbvba sfgbkty, hej tdk prbvhtk skgtfr.

Zdk strhtkiy rkabks fe tdk gbty jkvkafpnket gfetrhgt hpprfhgd cfr kcckg-

tbvk bnpaknkethtbfe. Zdbs hpprfhgd, ohskj fe gfesuathtbfe wbtd haa sthmk-

dfajkrs, bevfavks jrhctbei h gfetrhgt be wdbgd tdk vhrbfus phrtekrs hirkk fe

h skt fc thrikts, hgtbfes, nkhes, hej sdhrkj rkspfesbobabtbks. Zdk hpprfhgd

prfvbjks h crhnkwfrm cfr ehegbei sdfrt-tkrn urohe betkrvketbfes. Bt hasfprfvbjks h crhnkwfrm cfr h jbhafiuk fe afeikr-tkrn skgtfr strhtkibks hej

betkrvketbfes. Kcckgtbvk bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdbs pfabgy wfuaj rkqubrk

jkvkafpnket fc hpprfprbhtk urohe skgtfr bevkstnket ehegbei bestru-

nkets= okttkr becfrnhtbfe fe gbtbks, tdkbr ekkjs, hej tdkbr nhehiknket=

hej begrkhskj kcgbkegy fc puoabg kxpkejbturk.

Wthtk ehegbha rkkeihiknket be tdk skgtfr dhs tf ok begrkhskj hej

okttkr thriktkj. Be phrtbguahr, tdk vfaunk fc rksfurgks haafghtkj tf urohe

becrhstrugturk‚futsbjk fc tdk whtkr hej kakgtrbgbty ektwfrms‚hej gbtynhehiknket ekkjs tf ok begrkhskj. _kcfrn fc tdk prfpkrty thx systkn

gfuaj ok uskj tf bnprfvk rksfurgks hvhbahoak tf afgha ifvkrenkets.

Cfr he kcckgtbvk usk fc haafghtkj rksfurgks crfn tdk gketrha ifvkrenket,

bt bs kssketbha tdht gbtbks jkek tdkbr afgha prbfrbtbks hej bevkstnket ekkjs hs

tdky prkphrk tdkbr gbty jkvkafpnket gfetrhgts. Zf ok begaujkj be tdk ehtbfeha

urohe prbfrbty bevkstnket pahe, afgha prbfrbtbks wbaa dhvk tf ok wbjkay jbs-

gusskj hnfei afgha sthmkdfajkrs, be hggfrjhegk wbtd tdk ekw jbrkgtbvks fc

tdk ehtbfeha urohe pfabgy. Afgha ifvkrenkets hasf ekkj tf dhvk h gkrthbe

nkhsurk fc ehegbha hutfefny be rhbsbei hej haafghtbei cuejs. Cbehegbha

hutfefny bs kssketbha cfr haafwbei h nfrk-kcgbket haafghtbfe fc rksfurgks

oktwkke hjnbebstrhtbvk hej nhehikrbha hgtbvbtbks fe tdk fek dhej hej

tdk prfvbsbfe fc skrvbgks tf gbty rksbjkets fe tdk ftdkr. Jkgbsbfes fe afgha

prbfrbtbks sdfuaj ok jkgketrhabzkj be hggfrjhegk wbtd tdk afibg fc tdk gbty

jkvkafpnket gfetrhgts hs wkaa hs tdk ehtbfeha jkgketrhabzhtbfe pfabgy.

Zdk cfrnuahtbfe hej bnpaknkethtbfe fc gbty jkvkafpnket gfetrhgts

nust ok ohskj fe sfuej hehaysbs fc tdk kgfefnbgs hej jknfirhpdbgs fc

gbtbks, hs wkaa hs kedhegkj ghphgbty tf hsskss tdk afgha bnphgts fc bevkstnket

prflkgts. H jknfirhpdbg-kgfefnbg jhthohsk fe gbtbks ekkj tf ok grkhtkj

tdht gfuaj ok uskj tf hsskss tdk kgfefnbg cuegtbfes hej bnpfrthegk fc gbtbks

crfn tdk ehtbfeha sthejpfbet hej haafw afgha ifvkrenkets tf bjketbcy



?0: Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

tdk puoabg bevkstnkets tdht wfuaj dhvk tdk irkhtkst okekt be tkrns fc

kgfefnbg jkvkafpnket hej pfvkrty rkjugtbfe, ht akhst afghaay. Wugd h sys-

tkn wfuaj hasf gfethbe nkgdhebsns cfr tdk rkiuahr nfebtfrbei fc urohe

jkvkafpnket futgfnks hej nhehiknket bejbghtfrs. Oy prfvbjbei h sfabj

irfuej cfr bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk ehtbfeha urohe skgtfr NZKC hej chgba-

bthtbei tdk skakgtbfe fc gbtbks cfr jkvkafpnket gfetrhgts, sugd h systkn

wfuaj dkap hgdbkvk urohe skgtfr strhtkiy ifhas.

Irkhtkr kcgbkegy be puoabg spkejbei be tdk urohe skgtfr nhy rkqubrk

hjhpthtbfe fc becrhstrugturk sthejhrjs, nfjkas, hej tkgdebquks. Zdk rkvbsbfe

fc sthejhrjs gfuaj ok jfek be gfesuathtbfe wbtd afgha sthmkdfajkrs fc gbty

jkvkafpnket gfetrhgts. [rohe bevkstnket pahes ekkj tf bjketbcy wfrms tdhtgfuaj ok futsfurgkj tf snhaa hej nkjbun-sbzk ketkrprbsks tdht usk hpprf-

prbhtk nhehiknket nktdfjs.

Nhehiknket hej Prftkgtbfe fc tdk Kevbrfenket

Ghnkrffe bs oaksskj wbtd h wkhatd fc ehturha rksfurgks hej obfafibgha

jbvkrsbty. Out rhpbj pfpuahtbfe irfwtd hej tdk rksuathet ekkj cfr kekriy,

cffj, hej ftdkr gfnnfjbtbks dhvk akj tf jkcfrksthtbfe, betkesbghtbfefc hirbguaturha prfjugtbfe, hej fvkrhaa jkirhjhtbfe fc tdk kevbrfenket.

Zdksk prfgkssks nhy kvketuhaay akhj tf tdk jkirhjhtbfe, hatkrhtbfe, fr

trhescfrnhtbfe fc tdk kgfsystkn.

Zdk pftketbha fppfrtuebty gfst fc tdksk hjvkrsk jkvkafpnkets‚

begaujbei afst prfspkgts cfr tfurbsn, rkgrkhtbfe, cffj, kxpfrts, hej hssfgb-

htkj kgfefnbg jkvkafpnket‚bs duik. Zdk susthbehoak usk hej nhehiknket

fc tdk kevbrfenket bs tdus grbtbgha tf tdk gfuetry‒s cuturk jkvkafpnket

prfspkgts. Ekw gdhaakeiks hrk hasf knkribei, sugd hs tdk kevbrfenkethabnphgts fc tdk ekw fcfhjbei chgbabty cfr fba kxpfrts fcc Mrbob, h nhbe tfur-

bsn gketkr hej abvkabdffj cfr sdbei gfnnuebtbks.

_htbfeha nhehiknket fc tdk kevbrfenket gfestbtutks h prbfrbty be

Ghnkrffe‒s susthbehoak jkvkafpnket strhtkiy. Zdk Ifvkrenket ekkjs

rhpbj hgtbfes be twf nhbe hrkhs.

Bnpaknketbei tdk Ekw Akibsahtbfe fe tdk Kevbrfenket

Wbegk 8223, tdk Ifvkrenket dhs nhjk bnpfrthet gdheiks be kevbrfenke-

tha akibsahtbfe hej pfabgy tdht prfnbsk nfrk-kcgbket nhehiknket fc haa

ehturha rksfurgks, begaujbei tdk gfhstha hej nhrbek rksfurgks (ofx 9.7).

Zdk ekw akibsahtbfe bs jksbiekj tf kqubp Ghnkrffe wbtd h gfnprkdkesbvk



Wtrkeitdkebei Wkgtfr Pfabgbks tdrfuid he Betkirhtkj Hpprfhgd ?0;

hej kcckgtbvk akiha crhnkwfrm tdht gfuaj nfrk kcckgtbvkay rkgfegbak kevb-

rfenketha prftkgtbfe wbtd tdk kxbikegbks fc becrhstrugturk jkvkafpnket,

kgfefnbg irfwtd, hej pfvkrty rkjugtbfe. Nfrk tdhe 80 ykhrs hctkr tdk

Ifvkrenket hjfptkj tdksk ahws, dfwkvkr, nfst fc tdkn hrk stbaa hwhbtbei

bnpaknkethtbfe jkgrkks.

[ejkr WHG-BBB hej tdk Pktrfakun Kevbrfenketha Ghphgbty Kedhegk-

nket Prflkgt hssfgbhtkj wbtd tdk Gdhj-Ghnkrffe pbpkabek prflkgt, tdk

Ifvkrenket nhjk bnpfrthet kccfrts tf jkvkafp rkiuahtbfes, ruaks, hej

prfgkjurks tf jkha wbtd spkgbg kevbrfenketha hspkgts fc cfrkst rksfurgks

nhehiknket hej fba bejustry ousbekss. Be tdk cfrkst skgtfr, ruaks wkrk

kehgtkj tf prfvbjk cfr kevbrfenketha hsskssnket fc cfrkst gfegkssbfe tdhthrk gafsk tf jksbiehtkj prftkgtkj hrkhs= gfnnuebty cfrkst rkiuahtbfes= hej

Ofx 9.7

Hwhbtbei Bnpaknkethtbfe fc Kevbrfenketha Ahws

Ghnkrffe‒s kevbrfenketha ahws prfvbjk h iffj rkibnk cfr kevbrfenketha prf-

tkgtbfe hej nhehiknket, gfeskrvhtbfe, hej susthbehoak jkvkafpnket fc tdk

ehturha rksfurgk ohsk. Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs hirkkj tf trhesahtk tdksk ahws betfkcckgtbvk prfgkjurks ohskj fe tdk ohsbg prbegbpaks fc nfjkre kevbrfenketha

ahw jkrbvkj crfn betkrehtbfeha gfevketbfes tf wdbgd Ghnkrffe bs h phrty.

Zdksk begaujk tdk Gfevketbfe fe Obfjbvkrsbty, wdbgd hbns tf hcckgt betkreh-

tbfeha gffpkrhtbfe be tdk gfeskrvhtbfe fc obfafibgha jbvkrsbty hej tf prfnftk

tdk susthbehoak usk fc abvbei ehturha rksfurgks wfrajwbjk= tdk Gfevketbfe tf

Gfnoht Jkskrtbghtbfe, wdbgd hbns tf gfnoht jkskrtbghtbfe hej nbtbihtk tdk

kcckgts fc jrfuidt be gfuetrbks kxpkrbkegbei skrbfus jrfuidt fr jkskrtbghtbfe=

hej tdk Gfevketbfe fe Betkrehtbfeha Zrhjk be Kejheikrkj Wpkgbks fc Ybaj

Chueh hej Cafrh. Akibsahtbvk rkcfrn sbegk tdk _bf Wunnbt dhs okke nhjk oyphsshik fc tdk Ahw fe Cfrksts fc 822: hej bts bnpaknketbei jkgrkks fc 822;

fe wbajabck hej cfrksts= tdk Crhnkwfrm Ahw fe Kevbrfenketha Nhehiknket

fc 8223= hej tdk 8224 Ahw fe Yhtkr, wdbgd prbfrbtbzks tdk rbidt tf gakhe hej

hggkssboak whtkr suppay.

Ehtbfeha prbfrbtbks, jkekj be tdk Ehtbfeha Kevbrfenketha Hgtbfe Pahe,

begaujk nkktbei ohsbg ekkjs hej kesurbei chbr hggkss tf rksfurgks cfr haa Ghn-

krffebhes. Zdbs nhy begrkhsk tdk jknhej cfr rksfurgks be tdk sdfrt tkrn,

nhmbei tdk ekkj cfr chr-sbidtkj hej susthbehoak nhehiknket haa tdk nfrk

bnpkrhtbvk. Nhrmkj bnprfvknket be tdk kcckgtbvkekss fc pfabgy hej akibsahtbfebs kxpkgtkj be tdk ekhr cuturk, prfvbjkj tdk ekgksshry cuejbei, rkskhrgd, hej

ghphgbty oubajbei hrk nhjk hvhbahoak.

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.




susthbehoak nhehiknket fc cfrkst rksfurgks, begaujbei wbajabck. [ejkr tdk

kedhegknket prflkgt, tdk Yfraj Ohem dhs okke hssbstbei tdk Ifvkrenket

be ek-tuebei tdk 8223 ahw hej prkphrbei jkgrkks cfr bts kcckgtbvk bnpak-

nkethtbfe. Fegk tdksk jkgrkks hej rkiuahtbfes hrk kehgtkj, tdky wbaa

prfvbjk h sfuej crhnkwfrm cfr hsskssbei tdk kevbrfenketha bnphgt fc

becrhstrugturk hej kxtrhgtbvk bejustrbks‗rkahtkj prflkgts, kvhauhtbei tdkbr

gunuahtbvk bnphgts hej thmbei betf hggfuet tdk betkrksts hej ekkjs fc tdk

gfnnuebtbks abvbei ekhroy.

Wtrkeitdkebei tdk Nhejhtks fc Kevbrfenketha Prftkgtbfe Hikegbks

hej Kedhegbei Gfnnuebty Phrtbgbphtbfe

Be ?00: Ghnkrffe ksthoabsdkj tdk Nbebstry fc Kevbrfenket hej Ehturk

Prftkgtbfe (NBEKP), wbtd tdk nbssbfe fc prfnftbei kevbrfenketha prf-

tkgtbfe. NBEKP ekkjs tf prfvbjk akhjkrsdbp, wfrm be syekriy, hej oubaj

gfeskesus hej gffrjbehtbfe nkgdhebsns wbtd ftdkr skgtfr nbebstrbks

hej bestbtutbfes, sugd hs tdk Pbpkabek Wtkkrbei hej Nfebtfrbei Gfnnbt-

tkk,3 tdht sdhrk tdk nbssbfe fc nhehibei hej prftkgtbei tdk kevbrfenket

be Ghnkrffe. NBEKP hasf ekkjs tf jkvkafp h prfirhn cfr strkeitdkebei

tdk ghphgbtbks fc hej kegfurhibei gfnnuebtbks tf phrtbgbphtk be jkgbsbfe

nhmbei‚hej tf sdhrk tdk okekts crfn gfeskrvhtbfe. Zdkrk hrk h ckw iffj

kxpkrbkegks be tdbs hrkh crfn gfuetrbks be tdk suorkibfe.9 Ghnkrffe gfuaj

hasf rhbsk tdk sthmks cfr afgha phrtbgbphtbfe tdrfuid h grkhtbvk hpprfhgd tdht

abems kevbrfenketha prftkgtbfe wbtd gfnnuebty ekkjs hs wkaa hs kgfefnbg

hej sfgbha jkvkafpnket.

Eftks

8. Zfiktdkr wbtd trhbebei fe ohsbg nhehiknket cuegtbfes, sugd suppfrt wfuaj

begaujk prfvbsbfe fc wkbidbei kqubpnket, whrkdfusk chgbabtbks, sdfrt-tkrn

grkjbt cfr stfrhik, hej hjvbgk fe nhrmktbei hpprfhgdks.

?. Nhrmkt phrtbgbphets begaujk irfups fc bejbvbjuhas hej prfjugkrs, kxpfrtkrs,

cfrwhrjbei hikets, quhabty hej pdytfshebthry gfetrfa hikets, hej prfgkssfrs.

7. Hrkhs uejkr susthbehoak nhehiknket pahes dhvk begrkhskj crfn ;70,000 dkgt-

hrks be ?007 tf : nbaabfe dkgthrks be Nhrgd ?003, wdbak dhrvkstkj vfaunks

dhvk stkhjbay jkgabekj crfn 7.; nbaabfe guobg nktkrs be 8229/24, sdfwbei h

tkejkegy tf akvka ht hrfuej ?.?‗?.; nbaabfe guobg nktkrs (skk iurk 9.7).

:. Ekw prfgkssbei chgbabtbks, sugd hs eunkrbgha gfetrfa pheka kqubpnket hejahskr iubjbei, rkqubrk nfrk quhabkj wfrmkrs, wdf hrk ikekrhaay trhbekj fe

tdk lfo (Ghrrkt 8222).

;. [rohe pfvkrty rhtk dhs jrfppkj crfn :8.: pkrgket be 8223 tf ??.8 pkrgket be

?008, wdbak pfvkrty jkptd dhs chaake crfn 8:.9 pkrgket tf 3.7 pkrgket. Pfvkrty



Wtrkeitdkebei Wkgtfr Pfabgbks tdrfuid he Betkirhtkj Hpprfhgd ?09

jkptd sdfws dfw chr dfuskdfajs hrk crfn tdk pfvkrty abek. Bt ghpturks tdk

nkhe hiirkihtk begfnk fr gfesunptbfe sdfrtchaa rkahtbvk tf tdk pfvkrty abek

hgrfss tdk wdfak pfpuahtbfe. 3. Zdbs betkrnbebstkrbha gfnnbttkk whs ksthoabsdkj tf supkrvbsk hej nfebtfr

kevbrfenketha, sfgbha, kgfefnbg, sgha, hej sfgbha hspkgts fc haa kxbstbei hej

cuturk pbpkabeks be Ghnkrffe. Bt wbaa dhvk h rfak tf pahy be rkvbkwbei hej

nfebtfrbei prflkgts tdht hrk abmkay tf hcckgt pbpkabeks.

9. Ebikr dhs okke suggksscua be prftkgtbei oftd bts kevbrfenket hej bts ibrhcck

pfpuahtbfe wbtd gfnnuebty phrtbgbphtbfe. H crhgtbfe fc ckks phbj oy tfurbsts

bs trhesckrrkj tf tdk afgha gfnnuebty, wdbgd phrtbgbphtks be pfabgbei tdk prf-

tkgtbfe pfabgbks.



?02

PH_Z

BS

BnprfvbeiIfvkrehegkhej WuppfrtbvkBestbtutbfes

F

c tdk nhey strhtkibg jfnhbes jbsgusskj sf chr, efek bs nfrk bnpfr-

thet fr dhs irkhtkr rhnbghtbfes cfr susthbehoak kgfefnbg irfwtd hej

sfgbfpfabtbgha jkvkafpnket tdhe ifvkrehegk. Hpprfprbhtk pfabgy gdfbgks,

jktkrnbekj rksfavk, swbct hgtbfes, hej gfnnbtnket tf rkcfrns‚haa fc

wdbgd hrk rkahtkj tf tdk fvkrhrgdbei grfss-guttbei bssuk fc ifvkrehegk‚hrk

ekkjkj hgrfss pfabgy hrkhs.

Bestbtutbfeha gdheik bs h prkgfejbtbfe cfr tdk kcckgtbvk usk fc rksfurgks.

Zdk ahgm (fr pkrgkptbfe fc tdk ahgm) fc trhesphrkegy hej hggfuethobabty hej

tdk wkhm hej crhinketkj bestbtutbfeha strugturk dhvk okke jktrbnketha tf

bevkstnket, begaujbei CJB, hej tf prbvhtk skgtfr jkvkafpnket be Ghnkr-

ffe. Zdksk prfoakns hrk rkkgtkj be Ghnkrffe‒s afw gfuetry rhtbei fe

nfst betkrehtbfeha bejbghtfrs fc ifvkrehegk. Be ?000, cfr kxhnpak, Zrhes-

phrkegy Betkrehtbfeha‒s Gfrruptbfe Pkrgkptbfe Bejkx cfr Ghnkrffe whs ?.0




(fe h sghak fc 0 tf 80, wbtd h dbidkr eunokr bejbghtbei okttkr ifvkrehegk),

hej Ghnkrffe rhemkj 4:td fut fc 20 gfuetrbks (ZB ?00:).

Zdk hjfptbfe, be Luek ?000, fc tdk Ehtbfeha Ifvkrehegk Prfirhn

(PEI B) gfestbtutkj h whtkrsdkj, okghusk bt dkbidtkekj tdk bnpfrthegk fc

iffj ifvkrehegk tf kgfefnbg hej sfgbha jkvkafpnket hej sbiehakj tdk

Ifvkrenket‒s jktkrnbehtbfe tf rksfautkay jkha wbtd tdbs bssuk. Zdk PEI B

bs h gfnprkdkesbvk phgmhik fc nkhsurks hbnkj ht bnprfvbei ifvkrehegk oy

strkeitdkebei puoabg ehegbha nhehiknket, trhesphrkegy, hggfuethobabty,

hej phrtbgbphtbfe be puoabg hcchbrs= bnprfvbei tdk lustbgk systkn= prfnft-

bei rkspkgt cfr dunhe rbidts= hej idtbei gfrruptbfe. H suoskt fc prbfrbty

hgtbfes crfn tdk PEI whs htthgdkj tf tdk Betkrbn-P_WP hs phrt fc tdk P_WPPrbfrbty Hgtbfe Pahe.

Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs thmke bnpfrthet stkps tdht dhvk rksuatkj be the-

iboak ihbes be ifvkrehegk hej he begrkhsk be Ghnkrffe‒s betkrehtbfeha

rhembei. Bt bebtbhtkj rkcfrns be prfgurknket, oujikt nhehiknket, hej

tdk cfrkstry skgtfr, hs jbsgusskj khrabkr be tdbs rkpfrt. Bt hasf tffm stkps tf

bnprfvk bts rkahtbfes wbtd gbvba sfgbkty hej kxtkreha phrtekrs. Be phrtbgu-

ahr, bt gfesfabjhtkj hej bestbtutbfehabzkj h ehtbfewbjk gfesuathtbvk prfgkss

frbibehaay jkvkafpkj cfr prkphrhtbfe fc tdk P_WP‚h prfgkss tdht bs okbeiuskj tf nfebtfr hej bnpaknket tdk P_WP. Zfiktdkr, tdksk nugd-ekkjkj

rkcfrns bnprfvkj trhesphrkegy hej ifvkrenket kcgbkegy oktwkke 8223

hej ?00; (iurk BS.8).

Ybtd sfuej pfabgy hej best btutbfeha crhnkwfrms harkhjy be pahgk

be nhey hrkhs, rksfautk bnpaknkethtbfe rknhbes tdk nhbe gdhaakeik.

Bejkkj, gfnphrbsfe fc Ghnkrffe wbtd ftdkr gfuetrbks rkvkhas tdht

nugd rknhbes tf ok jfek tf bnprfvk ifvkrehegk hej gdheik pkrgkptbfes

(iurks BS.? hej BS.7).

Zf hjjrkss tdksk gdhaakeiks, tdk Ifvkrenket dhs jkvkafpkj skg-

fej-ikekrhtbfe bestbtutbfeha rkcfrns jksbiekj tf bnprfvk trhesphrkegy,

hggfuethobabty, hej skrvbgk jkabvkry. Be Efvknokr ?00;, tdk Ifvkrenket

hjfptkj h rkvbskj PEI (PEI BB) hej bts prbfrbty hgtbfe pahe, wbtd knpdh-

sbs fe dbid-bnphgt hgtbvbtbks tdrfuid jkthbakj pkrcfrnhegk bejbghtfrs. Zdk

rkvhnpkj PEI gfvkrs pfabtbgha (jknfgrhtbg) hs wkaa hs hjnbebstrhtbvk hej

kgfefnbg ifvkrehegk, begaujbei h nfjuak cfr idtbei gfrruptbfe.

Zdk quhabty fc kgfefnbg ifvkrehegk ghe ok hssksskj crfn vhrbfus pkr-

spkgtbvks, begaujbei< dfw pfabgbks hrk jksbiekj hej bnpaknketkj tf jkabvkr



Bnprfvbei Ifvkrehegk hej Wuppfrtbvk Bestbtutbfes ?88

gfetrfa fc gfrruptbfepfabtbgha sthobabty/ef vbfakegk

vfbgk hej hggfuethobabty

ruak fc ahw

rkiuahtfry quhabty

ifvkrenketkcckgtbvkekss

gfnphrbsfe oktwkke ?00; hej 8223

CBI[_K BS.8

Ifvkrehegk Bejbghtfrs, 8223 hej ?00;

Wfurgk< Mhucnhe, Mrhhy, hej Nhstruzzb ?003.

puoabg skrvbgks (iffj fr ohj pfabgy gdfbgks, kcckgtbvk bnpaknkethtbfe fc pfab-

gbks)= dfw bestbtutbfes hrk crhnkj tf jkabvkr puoabg skrvbgks (hggfuethobabty fc

tdk gketrha ifvkrenket hej afgha bestbtutbfes, he hutfefnfus lujbgbha systkn

kesurbei h sfuej akiha hej rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrm hej kecfrgbei akiha hej rkiu-

ahtfry nkhsurks)= hej dfw bevfavkj tdk gfnnuebty bs be tdk jkgbsbfe-nhmbei

prfgkss tf kedhegk tdk quhabty fc puoabg skrvbgks.

Zdk gdhptkrs be phrt BS hsskss tdk quhabty fc kgfefnbg ifvkrehegk

uejkr tdksk tdrkk unorkaahs hej prfvbjk rkgfnnkejhtbfes cfr hjjb-

tbfeha nkhsurks cfr bnprfvbei ifvkrehegk. Gdhptkr 4 rkvbkws tdk gbvba

skrvbgk rkcfrn hej jkgketrhabzhtbfe prfgkss hs wkaa hs bebtbhtbvks thmke

oy tdk Ifvkrenket tf cfstkr gfnnuebty phrtbgbphtbfe be puoabg hcchbrs.Gdhptkr 2 affms ht nkhsurks thmke oy tdk Ifvkrenket tf strkeitdke tdk

lujbgbha systkn.



?8? Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe


Pkrcfrnhegk _kahtbvk tf Ftdkr Afw-Begfnk Gfuetrbks

Pkrcfrnhegk _kahtbvk tf Ftdkr Gfuetrbks be Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh

gfetrfa fc gfrruptbfe

ruak fc ahw

rkiuahtfry quhabty


pfabtbgha sthobabty/ ef vbfakegk

0

0


gfetrfa fc gfrruptbfe

ruak fc ahw

rkiuahtfry quhabty


pfabtbgha sthobabty/

ef vbfakegk

gfnphrbsfe wbtd begfnk ghtkifry hvkrhik (afw begfnk)

gfnphrbsfe wbtd rkibfeha hvkrhik (Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh)

CBI[_K BS.?

Ifvkrehegk Pkrcfrnhegk be Ghnkrffe _kahtbvk tf Ftdkr Afw-Begfnk

Gfuetrbks hej Gfuetrbks be Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh, ?00;




CBI[_K BS.7

Ifvkrehegk Bejbghtfrs be Wkakgtkj Gfuetrbks, ?00;


Eftk< ‚ > 20 pkrgket gfejkegk betkrvha.

ytbahuqyrfthauikrytbabohteufgghjehkgbfv

whac fkaur kgekafbvfe/ytbabohtsahgbtbafp

hehdIhbjeB

ahikekW

hbsyhahN

hjehi[

hbrkibE

hbehtbruhN

hbehtbruhN

hbsbeuZ

effrknhG

krbfvB‒jktúG

hebdG

subtbruhN

subtbruhN

hbsyhahN

hbsbeuZ

ahikekW

hehdI

hbjeB

hebdG

hjehi[

effrknhG

hbrkibE

krbfvB‒jktúG

hbsyhahN

hbsbeuZ

ahikekW

hehdI

hbjeB

hebdG

hjehi[

effrknhG

hbrkibE

krbfvB‒jktúG

hbehtbruhN

hbsyhahN

hbsbeuZ

ahikekW

hehdI

hbjeB

hebdG

hjehi[

effrknhG

hbrkibE

krbfvB‒jktúG

hbsyhahN

hbsbeuZ

ahikekW

hehdI

hbjeB

hebdG

hjehi[

effrknhG

hbrkibE

krbfvB‒jktúG

subtbruhNhbsyhahN

hbsbeuZ

ahikekW

hehdI

hbjeB

hebdG

hjehi[

effrknhG

hbrkibE

krbfvB‒jktúG

;?0 008 0;90;

0

;?0

g f u e t r y

g f u e t r y

g f u e t r y

g f u e t r y

g f u e t r y

g f u e t r y

008;90;

;?0iebmehrkabtekgrkp

008 ;?0;90;iebmehrkabtekgrkp

iebmehrkabtekgrkp iebmehrkabtekgrkp

008;90;




ZHOAK 4.8

Akeitd fc Zbnk oktwkke Heefuegknket hej Bnpaknkethtbfe fc

Wkakgtkj Wtrugturha _kcfrn Pfabgbks

BtknRkhr fc

heefuegknket Rkhr fc

bnpaknkethtbfe

Eunokr fcykhrs oktwkke

heefuegknket hejbnpaknkethtbfe

Prbvhtbzhtbfe

GHNZKA 8224 Eft bnpaknketkj hs fc Jkgknokr ?003

Nfrk tdhe 4

GJG 822: Eft bnpaknketkj hs fc Jkgknokr ?003

Nfrk tdhe 8?

HKW WEKG 8224 Eft bnpaknketkj hs fc Jkgknokr ?003

Nfrk tdhe 4

GHN_HBA 822: 8224 :

HKW WFEKA 8222 ?008 7

DKSKGHN 822: 8223 ?

WFGHPHAN 822: ?000 3

WFW[GHN 8220 8224 4

GHNHB_ 8224 Eft bnpaknketkj hs fc Jkgknokr ?003

Nfrk tdhe 4

Bestbtutbfeha rkcfrn

Hujbt Gdhnokr 8223 Ahw phsskj be ?007, fpkrhtbfeha be ?003

80

GfestbtutbfehaGfurt

8223 Ahw phsskj be ?00:, eft bnpaknketkj hs

fc Jkgknokr ?003

Nfrk tdhe 80

Wkehtk 8223 Eft ykt Nfrk tdhe 80

_kibfeha jkgketrhabzhtbfe

8223 Ahw phsskj be ?00:, eft bnpaknketkj hs fc Jkgknokr ?003

Nfrk tdhe 4

Bnpaknkethtbfe fc ahw hej jkgrkks

Ehtbfeha Bestbtutk fc Wthtbstbgs

?00? ?003 :

Crkkjfn fc nkjbh

8220 ?000 80

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ gfnpbahtbfe.



Prfnftbei he Kcckgtbvk hej Phrtbgbphtfry Jkgbsbfe-Nhmbei Prfgkss ?89

fc ifvkrenket bs ueusuhaay crhinketkj hej jyscuegtbfeha tdht nhmks

betkirhtbei pfabgbks h jhuetbei thsm. Ghnkrffe‒s ourkhugrhgy bs gdhrhgtkr-

bzkj oy h ahrik eunokr fc abek nbebstrbks tdht gfnpktk wbtd h irfwbei eun-

okr fc grfss-skgtfrha gfnnbttkks. Ht tdk shnk tbnk, h sdhjfw ghobekt wbtdbe

tdk Fcgk fc tdk Prksbjket fctke wfrms ht grfss- purpfsks tf oftd nbebstrbks

hej grfss-skgtfrha gfnnbttkks.

Fek rkvkhabei baaustrhtbfe fc tdbs pdkefnkefe bs rkahtkj tf nfebtfrbei

tdk P_WP hej tdk P_IC prfirhn.8 Zdksk prfirhns hrk rkiuahray nfebtfrkjoy tdk nfebtfrbei gfnnbttkk (Gfnbtâ tkgdebquk jk Wubvb ]GZW^), tdht wfrms

uejkr tdk Nbebstry fc Kgfefny hej Cbehegk= h tkgdebgha betkrnbebstkrbha

DBPG gfnnbttkk skt up tf haafghtk DBPG cuejs hej supkrvbsk, (uejkr tdk

Nbebstry fc Kgfefny hej Cbehegk) tdk kxkgutbfe fc rkahtkj prflkgts= hej

h P_WP pkrnheket gfnnbttkk uejkr tdk Nbebstry fc Paheebei, Prfirhn-

nbei hej _kibfeha Jkvkafpnket, wdbgd begaujks tdk GZW hej bs be gdhrik

fc supkrvbsbei bnpaknkethtbfe fc tdk P_WP. Zdk nhey turc ohttaks be sugd

bestbtutbfeha strugturks dbejkr stkhjchst, gfesbstket, hej kcckgtbvk hgtbfeshej gfestbtutk h nhlfr fosthgak tf grfss-suppfrt fr betkirhtkj hgtbfes, kspk-

gbhaay be gfnprkdkesbvk grfss-skgtfrha strugturha rkcfrns.

Zdbs begketbvk systkn bs hasf tf oahnk. H pkrvhsbvk phtrfehik-ohskj

prfnftbfe-jknftbfe systkn gfetrboutks tf afw nfrhak wbtdbe tdk hjnbe-

bstrhtbfe. Bejkkj, hatdfuid bebtbha dbrbei jkgbsbfes hrk usuhaay nkrbt

ohskj, kspkgbhaay cfr prfckssbfehas, chvfrbtbsn hej pfabtbgha phtrfehik hrk

wbjksprkhj be ahtkrha nfvks hej prfnftbfes. Ibvke tdk ahgm fc hggfuet-

hoak hej trhesphrket sthejhrjs hej prfgkssks, pkrebgbfus phtrfe-gabket

rkahtbfesdbps hej phrfgdbha pkrsfeha hej chgtbfeha afyhatbks pkrnkhtk

tdk systkn. Be tdbs gabnhtk, jkgbsbfe nhmkrs tkej tf okgfnk kxgkssbvkay

tbnbj, rbsm hjvkrsk, hej uatbnhtkay skac-skrvbei. Zdk futgfnk bs prkjbgt-

hoak< hjnbebstrhtbvk ofttakekgms= wbjksprkhj nbsnhehiknket= hej h

ZHOAK 4.?

Hvkrhik Eunokr fc Rkhrs tf Prbvhtbzk Kakgtrbgbty hej Zkakgfnnuebghtbfes

Becrhstrugturk be Ghnkrffe, Gútk j‒Bvfbrk, hej Wkekiha, 8220‗?003

Gfuetry Kakgtrbgbty Zkakgfnnuebghtbfes

Ghnkrffe 7 Nfrk tdhe 4

Gútk j‒Bvfbrk Akss tdhe 8 ?

Wkekiha 8 ?

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ gfnpbahtbfe ohskj fe jhth crfn heeuha rkpfrts fc prbvhtbzkj gfnphebks.




prfcfuej hvkrsbfe tf ofaj hej swbct hgtbfes, kspkgbhaay wbtd rkihrj tf

strugturha rkcfrns. Kabnbehtbei tdksk beirhbekj trhbts fc pfabtbgha abck hej

ksthoabsdbei gakhr hej trhesphrket prfnftbfe ruaks wbaa rkqubrk jktkr-

nbekj ifvkrenket gfnnbtnket.

Zdk phtrfehik-ohskj systkn uejkrnbeks tdk jkvkafpnket fc h nfrk

sthoak, jbsgbpabekj, hej kcckgtbvk tkgdefgrhgy tdht ghe prfvbjk bestbtutbfeha

nknfry cfr susthbebei rkcfrns. H afw whik pfabgy tdht bs eft abemkj tf prf-

jugtbvbty hej rkspfesbobabtbks dhs uejkrnbekj tdk knkrikegk fc h sthoak hej

kcgbket tkgdefgrhgy be Ghnkrffe. Hs jbsgusskj be gdhptkr 7, Ghnkrffe‒s

gbvba skrvbgk whik bs afw rkahtbvk tf pkr ghpbth begfnk hej tf gfnphrhoak

gfuetrbks be Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh. Zdk afw whiks rkjugkj nfrhak hej akj tf wbjksprkhj gfrruptbfe,

rkcakgtkj be afwkr prfjugtbvbty hej hggfuetbei brrkiuahrbtbks. Bejkkj,

kakgtkj hej puoabg fcgbhas hs wkaa hs ifvkrenket knpafykks fctke dhvk

prbvhtk betkrksts tdht gfebgt wbtd tdkbr prfckssbfeha jutbks, wbtd gbvba skr-

vhets keihibei be besbjkr trhjbei, skaabei beukegk, hej prftkkrbei crfn

puoabg wfrms gfetrhgts. [atbnhtkay, tdksk prfoakns trhesahtk betf tdk nbshp-

prfprbhtbfe fc puoabg cuejs hej bekcckgtbvk kxkgutbfe fc mky prfirhns.

Zdk Ifvkrenket bs mkkeay hwhrk fc tdfsk bssuks hej dhs httknptkjtf rkspfej tf tdk prfoakn fc afw whiks oy grkhtbei spkgbha hssbienket

gfnnbttkks. Oy phrtbgbphtbei be tdksk gfnnbttkks, gbvba skrvhets rkgkbvk gfn-

pkeshtbfe fvkr hej hofvk tdkbr ohsk whik. [ecfrtuehtkay, tdbs prhgtbgk dhs

begrkhskj tdk eunokr fc pkrnheket gfnnbttkks hej kxhgkrohtkj tdk prfoakn

fc fvkrahppbei hikegbks. Bt dhs jbstfrtkj wfrm begketbvks wbtdbe tdk hjnbebs-

trhtbfe, uejuay oafhtkj tdk bestbtutbfes fc puoabg hjnbebstrhtbfe, hej grkhtkj

he htnfspdkrk fc nbstrust. Eft surprbsbeiay, tdk gfrk rhems fc jknfrhabzkj

prfckssbfehas dhvk okke jrbvke hwhy crfn tdkbr ohsbg sthtutfry rkspfesbobab-

tbks tfwhrj skac-hiirhejbzbei, ofeus-ikekrhtbei hgtbvbtbks, gfnpfuejbei tdk

prfoakns fc phtrfehik hej tdk krrhtbg fvkrahppbei fc gfnnbttkk wfrm wbtd

tdht fc abek nbebstrbks.

Zdk Ifvkrenket uriketay ekkjs tf bnpaknket gfnprkdkesbvk gbvba

skrvbgk rkcfrn tdht systknhtbghaay hjjrkssks tdk gfuetry‒s nfuetbei

prfoakns hej grkhtks h truay prfckssbfeha hej jbsgbpabekj tkgdefgrhgy.

Ofx 4.8 ibvks sfnk iubjhegk fe dfw tf prfvbjk bnpktus tf pfabgy nhe-

hiknket. Zf grkhtk tdbs bnpktus, tdk Ifvkrenket wfuaj ekkj tf rknfvk

uequhabcbkj hej rkjuejhet knpafykks hej ksthoabsd h gbvba skrvbgk

ohskj fe gakhray jkekj lfo prfaks hej dbrbei hej prfnftbfe ohskj

fe smbaa, nkrbt, hej prfjugtbvbty. Zdk Ifvkrenket nust gakhray jbstbe-

iubsd tdk rhems fc wdbtk-gfaahr tkgdebgha sthcc crfn pfabtbgha hppfbetkks.



Prfnftbei he Kcckgtbvk hej Phrtbgbphtfry Jkgbsbfe-Nhmbei Prfgkss ?82

Bejkkj, tf cfstkr tdk jkvkafpnket fc h strkhnabekj tkgdefgrhgy wbtdbe

tdk hjnbebstrhtbfe, rkgrubtnket fc prfckssbfehas nust ok skakgtbvk hej

nkrbt ohskj= gfnpkeshtbfe hej hjvhegknket nust ok ohskj fe hgtuha

rkspfesbobabtbks hej pkrcfrnhegk tdht bs nkhsurkj tdrfuid h trhesphrket

kvhauhtbfe systkn. Grkhtbei sugd h systkn wfuaj eft feay kesurk h jkirkk

fc sthobabty hej gfetbeubty fc dunhe rksfurgks wbtdbe tdk hjnbebstrhtbfe,

out wfuaj hasf offst nfrhak, tdkrkoy gfetrboutbei tf nfrk-hggfuethoak

hej kcgbket puoabg hjnbebstrhtbfe hej skrvbgk. Zdbs bssuk bs jbsgusskj be

tdk pkrsfeeka nhehiknket skgtbfe be gdhptkr 7.

Wtrkeitdkebei tdk Bestbtutbfeha Crhnkwfrm tf BnprfvkWkrvbgk Jkabvkry

Irkhtkr kcgbkegy be tdk jkabvkry fc puoabg skrvbgks ghaas cfr irkhtkr rkspfe-

sbobabty hej hggfuethobabty fc tdfsk be gdhrik. Zdk kgfefnbg hej hjnbebs-

trhtbvk ifvkrehegk hikejh tdkrkcfrk ghaas cfr rkcfrnbei hej strkeitdkebei

bestbtutbfes be frjkr tf irhet cuaa rkspfesbobabty tf abek nbebstrbks (nhmbei

Ofx 4.8

Nhmbei, Nhehibei, hej Bnpaknketbei Iffj Pfabgbks

Wurk sbies fc orkhmjfwes6 Ydke pfabtbgha pfabgy jkgbsbfes hrk eft bnpaknketkj

fr hrk phrtbhaay bnpaknketkj fr rkvkrskj. Ydke tdk pfabgy jkgbsbfes fc pfabgy-

nhmkrs hrk uegffrjbehtkj, begfesbstket, fr ohjay bnpaknketkj, tdk afei rfutk

fc hggfuethobabty hej skrvbgk jkabvkry bs abmkay tf succkr.

• Gfnnuebghtbfe, futrkhgd, hej gfesuathtbfe ghe cfrksthaa fppfsbtbfe hej

bnprfvk bnpaknkethtbfe pahes. H stujy fc twf Hcrbghe ehtbfes rkvkhakj

tdht nfrk tdhe twf-tdbrjs fc ghobekt jkgbsbfes wkrk ekvkr bnpaknketkj.

Be \hnobh, ikeubek suppfrt cfr rkcfrns betrfjugkj oy tdk nuatbphrtyjknfgrhtbg ifvkrenket be tdk khray 8220s ekvkr kxtkejkj okyfej h ckw

ghobekt nbebstkrs. Hs h rksuat, spkgbha betkrkst irfups, wdf dhj eft okke

gfesuatkj, safwkj bnpaknkethtbfe tf h grhwa.

• Gdffsbei dfw tf bnpaknket iffj pfabgbks bs hs bnpfrthet hs nhmbei

tdkn. Gfuetrbks dhvk kxpkrbnketkj be tdk phst twf jkghjks wbtd

jbcckrket puoabg hjnbebstrhtbfe hpprfhgdks tf bnprfvbei tdk pkrcfrnhegk

hej hggfuethobabty fc puoabg fcgbhas hej hikegbks. Hehaysbs suiiksts

tdht tdk ohsbg jrbvkrs fc pkrcfrnhegk hrk nkrbt-ohskj rkgrubtnket hej

prfnftbfe, hjkquhtk gfnpkeshtbfe, hej rkhsfehoak hutfefny crfnpfabtbgha betkrckrkegk.

Wfurgk< Yfraj Ohem ?00:g< 828‗2;.



??0 Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

tdkn hggfuethoak cfr hgdbkvbei thriktkj rksuats) hej jkgketrhabzbei

rkspfesbobabtbks cfr skrvbgk jkabvkry tf afgha ifvkrenkets. Jkgketrhabzhtbfe

whs knokjjkj be tdk 8223 Gfestbtutbfe, out eft uetba nbj-?00: whs tdk

bnpaknketbei akibsahtbfe hjfptkj oy tdk Ehtbfeha Hssknoay.?

Bnprfvkj quhabty hej kcgbkegy be puoabg skrvbgks hrk phrtay tdk rksuats

fc bnprfvknkets be pfabgy gdfbgks hej bnpaknkethtbfe hej fc tdk fvkrhaa

strkeitdkebei fc tdk akiha hej rkiuahtfry kevbrfenkets. Okttkr-thriktkj

rkcfrns wbaa ok rkqubrkj tf gfetbeuk bnprfvbei skrvbgk jkabvkry. Gketrhabzkj

jkabvkry fc skrvbgks dhs pffray skrvkj nfst fc Ghnkrffe‒s pkfpak, be oftd

rurha hej urohe hrkhs. H mky folkgtbvk bs tdkrkcfrk tf strkeitdke gbtbzke vfbgk

oy orbeibei skrvbgks gafskr tf tdk uskrs. Zdbs ghe okst ok hggfnpabsdkj oyjkgketrhabzbei skrvbgk jkabvkry tf tdk gfnnuebty akvka hej jkgfegketrhtbei

tdk wfrmbeis fc tdk gketrha ifvkrenket oy jkvfavbei pfwkr tf jkphrtnke-

tha uebts wbtdbe abek nbebstrbks.

Zdk jkgketrhabzkj skrvbgk jkabvkry hpprfhgd dhs tdk betrbesbg nkrbt

fc bnprfvbei ifvkrehegk hej hggfuethobabty oy bestbtutbfehabzbei irkhtkr

hutfefny fc jkgbsbfe nhmbei be sgdffas, dfspbthas hej gabebgs, hej ftdkr

sfgbha skgtfr bestbtutbfes. Oy jkvfavbei skrvbgk jkabvkry tf tdk afgha akvka,

tdk Ifvkrenket gfuaj hasf prfnftk sfgbha kqubty hej begausbvkekss, wdbgdhrk kssketbha cfr sfgbha dhrnfey hej sthobabty.

Zdk Ifvkrenket‒s strhtki y cfr jkgketrhabzbei skrvbgk jkabvkry gfe-

sbsts fc twf gfnpaknkethry pbaahrs. Zdk rst hbns ht hggkakrhtbei tdk

jkgfegketrhtbfe prfgkss, uejkr wdbgd hjnbebstrhtbvk uebts fc tdk gketrha

ifvkrenket (abek nbebstrbks hej jkphrtnketha uebts) wbaa dhvk tf rktdbem

tdkbr nbssbfe= rkjksbie tdkbr frihebzhtbfeha strugturks= hej rkkeibekkr

tdkbr fpkrhtbfeha prfgkssks tf haafw kcckgtbvk trhesckrs fc rkspfesbobab-

tbks tf afgha ifvkrenkets, begaujbei be skrvbgk jkabvkry. Zdbs rkfrihebzh-

tbfe dhs sthrtkj, hej bt wbaa ekkj tf ok gfnpaktkj be h tbnkay chsdbfe hej

jkkpkekj. Zdk skgfej pbaahr hbns ht strkeitdkebei tdk jkgketrhabzkj uebts

(gfnnueks ]vbaahiks^) sf tdht tdky ghe hssunk begrkhskj rkspfesbobabtbks

be skrvbgk jkabvkry.

Wkvkrha stkps hrk ekkjkj tf fpkrhtbfehabzk tdbs sgdknk. Zdky begaujk

tdk cfaafwbei<

• Habie tdk strhtkibg prbfrbtbks fc tdk gfnnuebtbks hej rksfurgk haafghtbfe

ht tdk gketrha hej jkgketrhabzkj akvkas (oujikthry haafghtbfes hej cbsghajkgketrhabzhtbfe).

• Wtrkeitdke dunhe hej bestbtutbfeha ghphgbtbks (begaujbei begketbvks

systkn) fc tdk jkgketrhabzkj strugturks.



Prfnftbei he Kcckgtbvk hej Phrtbgbphtfry Jkgbsbfe-Nhmbei Prfgkss ??8

• Wtrkeitdke syekribks hej gffpkrhtbfe oktwkke tdk gketrha ifvkrenkets

(gfrk hej skgtfr nbebstrbks) hej afgha ifvkrenkets, tdk prbvhtk skgtfr,

hej afgha gfnnuebty frihebzhtbfes.

Prfirkss dhs okke nhjk be khgd fc tdksk hrkhs, ht akhst be rkihrj

tf bevkstnket paheebei. Zdk Nbebstry fc Paheebei, Prfirhnnbei hej

_kibfeha Jkvkafpnket dhj jkvkafpkj h prfirhn cfr strkeitdkebei tdk

jkvkafpnket gfnnbttkks (gfnbtâs jk jâvkafppknket ]GJs^), h strugturk

jksbiekj tf prfvbjk he betkrchgk oktwkke gfnnuebtbks hej tdk jkgfegke-

trhtkj uebts. Zdk Ifvkrenket‒s sthtkj folkgtbvk bs tf prfirkssbvkay begrkhsk tdk eunokr

fc bevkstnket prflkgts knhehtbei crfn tdk GJs. H grbtbgha bssuk bs tdkbr akhj-

krsdbp, gurrketay dkaj oy h ifvkrenket-hppfbetkj prâckt (tdk fcgbha dkhj fc

tdk jkphrtnket). Zdbs rues gfuetkr tf tdk ekkj tf nhmk tdk GJs h truk rkkg-

tbfe fc tdk gfnnuebtbks tdky rkprksket hej tf rkejkr tdkbr akhjkrsdbp nfrk

rkspfesbvk (hej hggfuethoak) tf gfnnuebty ekkjs. H okttkr sfautbfe wfuaj

ok tf nhmk kakgtkj fcgbhas, sugd hs nhyfrs hej ahwnhmkrs, tdk jk chgtf

dkhjs fc tdk GJs ht tdk gfnnuebty hej jkphrtnket akvkas.

Begrkhsbei Gfnnuebty Phrtbgbphtbfe be Puoabg Hcchbrs

Be sfgbktbks be wdbgd tdk hvkrhik gbtbzke bs pffr, puoabg skrvbgks fctke chba

pffr pkfpak. Gbtbzke vfbgk bs wkhm, nkhebei tdht pfabtbgbhes dhvk ef begketbvk

tf ok hggfuethoak tf gbtbzkes fr rkspfesbvk tf tdkbr ekkjs.

Fek pfwkrcua nkhes fc ibvbei tdk pffr h vfbgk bs tf cfstkr gfnnuebty

phrtbgbphtbfe be puoabg hcchbrs. Wugd bevfavknket dhs okke sdfwe tf irkhtay

kedhegk tdk quhabty fc puoabg skrvbgks. Zdk rhpbj irfwtd fc gbtbzke bebtbhtbvks dhs okke jksgrbokj hs tdk ekw

hggfuethobabty hikejh. Bt bevfavks h nfrk jbrkgt rfak cfr frjbehry pkf-

pak, tdkbr hssfgbhtbfes, hej tdk prbvhtk skgtfr hgrfss h nfrk jbvkrsk skt

fc lurbsjbgtbfes.

Gfegkrebei ifvkrehegk, bt bs kssketbha tdht gbvba sfgbkty dhs h sthmk

hej h vfbgk be bnpaknketbei ifvkrehegk prfirhns. Ibvbei gbvba sfgbkty h

vfbgk dkaps rkjugk tdk abmkabdffj tdht jbsiruetakj irfups ghe shofthik h

iffj prfirhn. Bt hasf begrkhsks bestbtutbfeha sthobabty hej kedhegks pkrcfr-nhegk. Zdk vkry hgt fc rkhgdbei fut hej knpfwkrbei okekgbhrbks ht tdk

irhssrffts, tdkrkoy strkeitdkebei hggfuethobabty ht tdk gfnnuebty akvka,

wbaa bnprfvk ifvkrehegk hej gfuetkr tdk pftketbhaay jbsruptbvk beukegk fc



??? Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

vkstkj betkrksts hej rket-skkmkrs. Nfrkfvkr, oy hegdfrbei skrvbgk jkabvkry

be tdk prbfrbtbks fc afgha gfnnuebtbks, tdbs hpprfhgd afghtks hggfuethoba-

bty wdkrk bt gfuets nfst‚ht tdk akvka fc tdk uatbnhtk okekgbhrbks. Kxpk-

rbkegk sdfws tdht irkhtkr knpfwkrnket hej fwekrsdbp oy okekgbhrbks

hej rkjugkj jkpkejkegk fe gketrha ourkhugrhtbg gfetrfa systkns gfestb-

tutk kcckgtbvk bestrunkets cfr nbebnbzbei tdk rbsm fc gfrruptbfe hej tdus

bnprfvbei skrvbgk jkabvkry.

Phrtbgbphtbfe fc gbvba sfgbkty be puoabg hcchbrs be Ghnkrffe dhs

okke strkeitdkekj fvkr tdk phst jkghjk, phrtbguahray be tdk kjughtbfe

skgtfr. Wgdffa gfuegbas dhvk okke ksthoabsdkj, begaujbei nknokrs crfn

phrket-tkhgdkr hssfgbhtbfes, tdk prbvhtk skgtfr, hej EIFs. Hs stbpuahtkj oyahw, tdksk gbtbzkes hrk bevfavkj be sgdffa nhehiknket.

Wbnbahr beefvhtbfes dhvk fggurrkj be tdk dkhatd skgtfr. Zdk phrtbgbph-

tbfe fc afgha gfnnuebtbks tdrfuid dkhatd gfnnbttkks dhs okke kegfurhikj.

Zdk dkhj fc tdk chgbabty bs rkqubrkj tf sdhrk oujikthry becfrnhtbfe wbtd tdk

gfnnbttkk, hej ht akhst fek nknokr fc tdk gfnnbttkk nust phrtbgbphtk be

tdk kvhauhtbfe fc puoabg objs.

Ftdkr kxhnpaks fc gbtbzke bevfavknket hrk rkpfrtkj be gdhptkr 7.

Zdky beg aujk tdk prkskegk fc bejkpkejket foskrvkrs fe puoabg prfgurk-nket gfnnbttkks, tdk ksthoabsdnket fc h chgbabthtbfe gfnnbttkk gdhbrkj

oy tdk prbvhtk skgtfr be tdk Pfrt fc Jfuhah, tdk prkskegk fc bejkpkejket

foskrvkrs be tdk objjbei prfgkss cfr cfrkstr y haafghtbfes hej be tdk nfeb-

tfrbei fc tdk bnpaknkethtbfe fc cfrkstry nhehiknket pahes, hej tdk phr-

tbgbphtbfe fc gbvba sfgbkty be tdk KBZB prfgkss. Zdk hutdfrbtbks dhvk hasf

bestbtutbfehabzkj sthmkdfajkr phrtbgbphtbfe be tdk bnpaknkethtbfe hej

nfebtfrbei fc tdk P_WP. Fe tdk ohsbs fc tdk rkgfnnkejhtbfes rksuatbei

crfn tdk survky fe tdk nfebtfrbei fc oujikt kxkgutbfe hej tdk hsskss-

nket fc okekgbhry shtbschgtbfe, be ?00; tdk Ifvkrenket okihe tf pfst

absts fc prflkgts be hjnbebstrhtbvk jbvbsbfes. Zf kehoak okekgbhrbks tf phr-

tbgbphtk kcckgtbvkay be prflkgt nfebtfrbei, tdk Ifvkrenket betkejkj tf

bestbtutk pkrbfjbg rkvbkws fc tdk kxkgutbfe fc tdk oujikt, be phrtekrsdbp

wbtd gbvba sfgbkty hej rkprkskethtbvks fc tdk okekgbhrbks (jkputbks hej

nuebgbpha gfuegbafrs) be tdk hjnbebstrhtbvk jkphrtnkets be wdbgd tdk

absts hrk pfstkj.7

Ftdkr pfwkrcua nkhes tf begrkhsk gbtbzke vfbgk hej nhmk puoabg fc-

gbhas hej bestbtutbfes nfrk hggfuethoak begaujk pfabgbks tdht strkeitdke

afgha ghphgbty hej jknhej cfr okttkr skrvbgks= cfstkr tdk rfak fc tdk prbvhtk

skgtfr, begaujbei tdrfuid puoabg-prbvhtk phrtekrsdbps be becrhstrugturk



Prfnftbei he Kcckgtbvk hej Phrtbgbphtfry Jkgbsbfe-Nhmbei Prfgkss ??7

bevkstnket prflkgts= hej prfnftk he kevbrfenket suppfrtbvk fc gbtbzkes‒

bebtbhtbvks. Fek fc tdk nfst kcckgtbvk nkhes cfr begrkhsbei tdk vfbgk fc

pffr pkfpak be pfabgynhmbei bs tf prfvbjk tdkn wbtd okttkr hej nfrk-

tbnkay becfrnhtbfe. Becfrnhtbfe begrkhsks tdk hobabty fc gbvba sfgbkty

frihebzhtbfes tf dfaj pfabtbgbhes hggfuethoak, hej bt bs abmkay tf bnprfvk

skrvbgks cfr tdk pffr. Gfevkrskay, tdk ahgm fc trhesphrkegy be becfrnh-

tbfe jbsgafsurk bs nfst jktrbnketha tf begrkhsbei gbtbzke vfbgk hej dkegk

tf bnprfvbei ifvkrehegk hej puoabg skrvbgks. Abmkwbsk, suppfrtbei gbvba

sfgbkty frihebzhtbfes tdht ikekrhtk hej usk spkgbg becfrnhtbfe hofut

skrvbgk jkabvkry fr sdfw gbtbzkes dfw tf nfobabzk ghe dkap bnprfvk puoabg

skrvbgk prfvbsbfe. Wuppfrtbei nhss nkjbh hej bts ghphgbty tf bequbrk,prfjugk, hej jbssknbehtk becfrnhtbfe hofut puoabg skrvbgks ghe hasf akhj

tf okttkr ifvkrenket pkrcfrnhegk be prfvbjbei ohsbg skrvbgks. Zdk ?00:

Yfraj Jkvkafpnket _kpfrt (Yfraj Ohem ?00:g) prfvbjks sfnk uskcua iubjk-

abeks cfr jksbiebei h suggksscua becfrnhtbfe strhtkiy (ofx 4.?).

Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs nhjk sbiebghet kccfrts, tf bnprfvk trhesphr-

kegy hej kedhegk gbtbzke vfbgk. Zdky begaujk rkiuahr oujikt rkpfrtbei

Ofx 4.?Ydht Nhmks he Becfrnhtbfe Wtrhtkiy Wuggksscua6

Zrhgkr stujbks fc spkejbei fe [ihejhe kjughtbfe rkvkhakj akhms hs dbid hs

20 pkrgket. Fegk tdk becfrnhtbfe whs puoabgbzkj, tdk oujiktkj rksfurgks

rkhgdbei sgdffas rfsk jrhnhtbghaay. Wtujbks suiikst tdht ekwsphpkr rkhjkrsdbp

hej hvhbahobabty be Bejbh spur sthtk ifvkrenkets tf rkspfej tf cffj grbsks. Be

Oukefs Hbrks, Hriketbeh, puoabsdbei tdk wbajay jbcckrket prfgurknket prbgks

phbj oy gbty dfspbthas cfr sbnbahr prfjugts akj tf rhpbj gfevkrikegk fc prbgks.

Ydht jbj tdksk becfrnhtbfe strhtkibks dhvk be gfnnfe6 Zdk becfrnhtbfe whsspkgbg. Pfabtbgha betkrkst be hjjrkssbei tdk prfoakn whs dbid. Hej tdk becfrnh-

tbfe whs kakgtfrhaay shabket.

Ftdkr becfrnhtbfe strhtkibks affm jbrkgtay ht puoabg skrvbgk futputs (quhabty

hej quhetbty fc skrvbgks prfvbjkj oy ifvkrenket) rhtdkr tdhe beputs (prbgk

phbj hej oujikts gfnnbttkj hej jkabvkrkj). Zdk okst mefwe hrk tdk gbtbzke

rkpfrt ghrjs jkvkafpkj oy tdk Puoabg Hcchbrs Gketrk be Oheihafrk, Bejbh. Gbtbzkes

hrk hsmkj tf rhtk skrvbgk hggkss hej quhabty hej tf rkpfrt fe gfrruptbfe hej

ikekrha irbkvhegks hofut puoabg skrvbgks. Zdk rksuats dhvk stbnuahtkj gfesbjkr-

hoak nkjbh, ourkhugrhtbg, hej pfabtbgha httketbfe hej hgmefwakjinket fc tdkbrgfetrboutbfe tf skrvbgk bnprfvknkets.




??: Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

hej puoabghtbfe tf tdk puoabg= heeuha puoabghtbfe fc h rkpfrt fe tdk

kxtrhgtbvk bejustry (gurrketay fba) tdrfuid tdk KBZB= hej puoabghtbfe

fc hjnbebstrhtbvk hej lujbgbha shegtbfes cfr vbfahtbfes fc tdk ahw (cfr

kxhnpak, prfgurknket ruaks hej cfrkstry rkiuahtbfes). Zdksk hrk

kegfurhibei stkps tdht ekkj tf ok orfhjkekj, jkkpkekj, hej susthbekj

tf bnprfvk ifvkrehegk.

Gfnnuebty-jrbvke jkvkafpnket prfirhns ghe hasf knpfwkr gfn-

nuebtbks hej ofastkr gbtbzke jknhej cfr kcckgtbvk skrvbgks. Gfnnuebty-

jrbvke jkvkafpnket hbns tf stbnuahtk afgha ghphgbty hej jknhej tdrfuid

thriktkj hgtbfes jksbiekj tf hssbst afgha gfnnuebtbks be skttbei up tdkbr

fwe jkvkafpnket prflkgts tdrfuid h phrtbgbphtfry prfgkss. Prflkgts gheskrvk tdk juha purpfsk fc jkabvkrbei skrvbgks tf tdk pffr nfrk kcckgtbvkay

hej bestbtutbfehabzbei h nfrk rkspfesboak afgha ifvkrenket. Gbtbzke bebtbh-

tbvks ghe gfvkr he hrrhy fc bssuks, crfn bnprfvbei ahw tf kedhegbei oujikt

kxkgutbfe (ofx 4.7).

H gfnnuebty-jrbvke jkvkafpnket prflkgt suppfrtkj oy tdk Yfraj

Ohem, tdk Prfirhnnk Ehtbfeha jk Jâvkafppknket Phrtbgbphtbc ( PEJP),

bs uejkr bnpaknkethtbfe be h ckw pbaft hrkhs be Ghnkrffe. Bc bt prfvks sug-

gksscua, bt gfuaj ok kxphejkj tf ftdkr skgtfrs hej tdk gfuetry hs h wdfak(ofx 4.:).

Ofx 4.7

Begrkhsbei Hggfuethobabty tdrfuid Phrtbgbphtfry Hgtbvbtbks< Akssfes crfn

Orhzba, Bejbh, hej Wfutd Hcrbgh

Zdk oujikt, h prbnhry sthtknket fc ifvkrenket prbfrbtbks, bs cfr nhey gbtbzkes

h oahgm ofx, nfebtfrkj hej hssksskj feay oy tdk trhjbtbfeha betkreha hggfuet-

hobabty rkahtbfesdbps wbtdbe ifvkrenket. Out bt ghe ok h grugbha tffa cfr gbtbzkes

tf beukegk hej nfebtfr puoabg pfabgy hej skrvbgks. Hggfrjbeiay, phrtbgbphtfry

oujiktbei bebtbhtbvks hrk rhpbjay begrkhsbei be skvkrha gfuetrbks. Zdk gdhaakeiks

hrk tf oubaj ghphgbty fc gbtbzke irfups, tf ibvk pfabtbgbhes hej pfabgy nhmkrs tdk

begketbvks tf abstke hej hgt fe gbtbzke ckkjohgm, hej tf put fut oujikts tdht hrk

uejkrsthejhoak hej betkrkstbei tf gbtbzkes.

Oujikt paheebei. Zdk nfst wkaa-mefwe oujikt paheebei bebtbhtbvks gfnk

crfn gbty nuebgbphabtbks be Orhzba, sugd hs Pfrtf Hakirk hej Okaf Dfrbzfetk.

Ekbidofrdffjs bejbghtk tdkbr spkejbei ekkjs ht oujikt cfruns, hej jkakihtks

tdke orbei tdksk ekkjs tf hssknoabks, kesurbei gbtbzke vfbgk be oujikt haafgh-

tbfes hej bnpaknkethtbfe.

(gfetbeukj )



Prfnftbei he Kcckgtbvk hej Phrtbgbphtfry Jkgbsbfe-Nhmbei Prfgkss ??;


Oujikt nfebtfrbei. Zdk Bestbtutk cfr h Jknfgrhtbg Wfutd Hcrbgh nhmks

becfrnhtbfe hofut prfvbegbha hej ehtbfeha oujikt haafghtbfes hggkssboak tf

gbtbzkes. Bts tkgdebgha kxpkrts orkhm jfwe puoabg oujikts tf chgbabthtk puoabg

gfnnkets. Wpkgbha rkpfrts sdfw dfw nugd nfeky bs haafghtkj, cfr kxhnpak,

tf ikejkr-rkahtkj hej gdbajrke‒s bssuks. Zdk nfst jbrkgt beukegk fc bts wfrm bs

be strkeitdkebei tdk hobabty fc phrabhnkethrbhes tf phrtbgbphtk nfrk kcckgtbvkay

be oujikt jbsgussbfes.

Oujikt hujbtbei. Zdk Nhzjffr Mbshe Wdhmtb Wheidhtdhe, h irhssrffts frih-

ebzhtbfe be tdk efrtd Bejbhe sthtk fc _hlhstdhe, dhs turekj frjbehry gbtbzkes

betf ehegbha hujbtfrs. Bts mky beefvhtbfe dhs okke tdk lhe suewhb (puoabg

dkhrbei), he fpke-hbr cfrun ht wdbgd fcgbha rkgfrjs hrk prksketkj hafeisbjk

tdk tkstbnfey jkrbvkj crfn betkrvbkws wbtd afgha pkfpak. ‑Nhey pkfpak jbsgfv-

krkj tdht tdky dhj okke abstkj hs okekgbhrbks fc hetb-pfvkrty sgdknks, tdfuid

tdky dhj ekvkr rkgkbvkj phynket. Ftdkrs wkrk hstfebsdkj tf akhre fc ahrik

phynkets tf afgha oubajbei gfetrhgtfrs cfr wfrm tdht whs ekvkr pkrcfrnkj„

(Lkembes hej Ifktz 8222). [etba h sthtk rbidt-tf-becfrnhtbfe ahw whs phsskj be

?000‚ahrikay h rksuat fc tdk prftkst hej afooybei kccfrts fc tdk frihebzhtbfe‚

bt dhj tf fothbe tdbs becfrnhtbfe oy hppkhabei tf synphtdktbg ourkhugrhts.

H sbnbahr ehtbfeha ahw whs phsskj be ?007.


Ofx 4.:

Zdk Gfnnuebty Jkvkafpnket Prfirhn

Zdk PEJP (Prfirhnnk Ehtbfeha jk Jâvkafppknket Phrtbgbphtbc) gfestbtutks he

bnpfrthet kaknket fc Ghnkrffe‒s ehtbfeha strhtkiy cfr pfvkrty rkjugtbfe, kgf-

efnbg irfwtd, jkgketrhabzhtbfe, hej iffj ifvkrehegk futabekj be tdk P_WP. Bt

hbns tf suppfrt gfnnuebty-jrbvke jkvkafpnket oy haafwbei gfnnuebtbks hej

tdkbr afgha ifvkrenket tf bnpaknket prbfrbty hgtbfe pahes oy strkeitdkebei tdk s-

gha, bestbtutbfeha, hej hjnbebstrhtbvk kevbrfenket cfr hjkquhtk oujikt haafghtbfe,

kcckgtbvk skrvbgk jkabvkry, hej trhesphrket nhehiknket fc ehegbha skrvbgks. Okek-

gbhrbks fc tdk PEJP gfesbst fc rurha gfnnuebtbks be haa 80 prfvbegks fc Ghnkrffe,

hs wkaa hs ftdkr frihebzhtbfes, begaujbei afgha hej rkibfeha puoabg hjnbebstrhtbfes,

EIFs, hej ftdkr hssfgbhtbfes. Zdk prfirhn prfvbjks ehegbha suppfrt cfr rurha

gfnnuebty jkvkafpnket, tdk strkeitdkebei fc gfuegbas wbtdbe tdk jkgketrhabzh-

tbfe prfgkss, afgha ghphgbty oubajbei, hej prflkgt nhehiknket hej nfebtfrbei.



??9


He bejkpkejket lujbgbha systkn bs kssketbha cfr kedhegbei puoabg

trust hej hggfuethobabty, kecfrgbei tdk ruak fc ahw be he bnphrtbhahej gfesbstket nheekr, prftkgtbei dunhe rbidts hej gbvba abokrtbks, hej

dkapbei prfnftk irfwtd hej httrhgt CJB (ofx 2.8). Okghusk Ghnkrffe

dhs nhey fppfrtuebtbks tf httrhgt CJB, tdk phyfcc be idtbei gfrruptbfe

bs dbid. Zdk ?003 Bevkstnket Gabnhtk Hsskssnket (Yfraj Ohem ?003g)

bjketbkj gfrruptbfe hej tdk akiha systkn/gfebgt rksfautbfe hnfei tdk

tfp 80 gfestrhbets tdht ketrkprkekurs pkrgkbvk. Zdk pkrgkethik fc rns

2

Ofx 2.8Dfw Jfks Gfrruptbfe Hcckgt Irfwtd hej Cfrkbie Bevkstnket6

Gakhr kvbjkegk suiiksts tdht gfrruptbfe dbejkrs kgfefnbg irfwtd, hs h rksuat

fc tdk nhrmkt jbstfrtbfe bt betrfjugks. Fe tdk kxpkejbturk sbjk, tdk skakgtbfe

fc puoabg bevkstnket prflkgts bs abmkay tf ok obhskj tfwhrj prflkgts wbtd afwkr

prfjugtbvbty. Fe tdk rkvkeuk sbjk, gfrruptbfe be thx hjnbebstrhtbfe hej gustfns

fctke rkjugks thx rkgkbpts. Gfrruptbfe hasf uejkrnbeks tdk hobabty fc ifvkre-

nket tf bnpfsk hej kecfrgk rkiuahtfry gfetrfas. Ybjksprkhj gfrruptbfe hasf

jbsgfurhiks cfrkbie bevkstfrs.

CJB fws tf knkribei nhrmkt kgfefnbks dhvk irfwe sbiebghetay, out

tdky gfetbeuk tf oyphss nugd fc Hcrbgh. Kxkgutbvk survkys fc h ahrik grfss-

skgtbfe fc nuatbehtbfeha gfnphebks sdfw tdht gfrruptbfe jktkrs cfrkbie bevkst-

nket. Hcrbghe gfuetrbks pkrgkbvkj hs akss gfrrupt (Oftswheh, Ehnbobh, tdk

Wkygdkaaks, hej Zuebsbh) pkrcfrn wkaa, wbtd heeuha befws fc hanfst $:00

pkr ghpbth. Be gfetrhst, gfuetrbks pkrgkbvkj hs dhvbei dbid akvkas fc gfrruptbfe

(Ghnkrffe, Mkeyh, hej Nhjhihsghr) httrhgt akss tdhe $8 pkr ghpbth pkr ykhr.

Fek stujy ejs tdht h 8-pfbet begrkhsk (fe h sghak fc 0‗2) be tdk gfrruptbfe

bejkx bs hssfgbhtkj wbtd h 83 pkrgket rkjugtbfe be tdk fw fc CJB‚kqubvhaket

tf hofut h 7-pkrgkethik-pfbet begrkhsk be tdk nhribeha thx rhtk (Wnhrzyesmh

hej Ykb ?00?).

Wfurgk< Yfraj Kgfefnbg Cfrun ?000.



??4 Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

tdht hrk kxpkgtkj tf ibvk ibcts be nkktbeis wbtd thx bespkgtfrs bs nfrk

tdhe trbpak tdk hvkrhik cfr tdk rkibfe, wdbak tdk vhauk fc ibcts kxpkgtkj tf

skgurk h ifvkrenket gfetrhgt bs nfrk tdhe jfuoak tdk rkibfeha hvkrhik

(ofxks BB.8 hej BB.?).

Zdk idt hihbest gfrruptbfe rkqubrks susthbekj kccfrts fe nhey crfets,

begaujbei pfabtbgha rksfavk oy oftd tdk Ifvkrenket hej tdk prbvhtk skgtfr.

Prfnftbfe oy tdk Ifvkrenket fc tdk ruak fc ahw, prfpkrty rbidts, crkkjfn

fc tdk prkss, pfabtbgha gfnpktbtbfe, hej trhesphrkegy wfuaj if h afei why

tfwhrj idtbei gfrruptbfe.

Hetbgfrruptbfe kccfrts gheeft gfesbst feay fc hgtbfes fc h ckw ifvkre-

nket hikegbks= tf hvfbj ghpturk fc sthtk bestbtutbfes oy nfefpfabstbg prbvhtk vkstkj betkrksts, fpke hej trhesphrket prbvhtk skgtfr gfnpktbtbfe bs grbtbgha.

Zfiktdkr, tdksk nkhsurks wbaa dkap abnbt tdk hobabty fc puoabg jkgbsbfe nhmkrs

tf kxtrhgt orboks.

Kquhaay bnpfrthet hrk nkhebeicua gbtbzke bevfavknket hej nkgdh-

ebsns tdht ibvk gbtbzkes h vfbgk be idtbei gfrruptbfe. Gbvba sfgbkty, tdk

nkjbh, phrabhnket, tdk lujbgbhry, hej tdk prbvhtk skgtfr nust ok bevfavkj be

h phrtbgbphtfry nheekr, wbtd cuaa vfbgk hej knpfwkrnket. Beefvhtbvk whys

fc bevfavbei gbtbzkes ht tdk afgha akvka‚wfrmbei wbtd tdkbr nuebgbphabtbks tfbnprfvk ifvkrehegk hej gfetrfa gfrruptbfe‚ghe ok vkry kcckgtbvk.

Gfrruptbfe fctke fggurs okghusk fc h ahgm fc rkabhoak becfrnhtbfe.

Ifvkrenkets nhy ahgm becfrnhtbfe fe wdht tdkbr hikets hrk jfbei fe tdk

irfuej, hej gbtbzkes nhy eft ok hwhrk fc tdk ahws hej ruaks. Gahrbcybei

ruaks hej begrkhsbei trhesphrkegy ghe dkap rkjugk gfrruptbfe.

Lujbgbha nkgdhebsns cfr gdkgmbei hej gfestrhbebei tdk kxkgutbvk

orhegd (tdk Gfestbtutbfeha Gfur t hej tdk Hujbt Gdhnokr fc tdk Wuprknk

Gfurt) dhvk okke hosket fr eftfrbfusay wkhm be Ghnkrffe. Zdkbr

wkhmekss bekv bthoay cukas tdk wbjksprkhj pkrgkptbfe tdht ifvkrenket

knpafykks‚kvke tdfsk bevfavkj be hirhet gfrruptbfe hej rkprkdke-

sboak gfejugt‚hrk hofvk tdk ahw hej bnnuek tf shegtbfes. Zdk ?00:

Yfraj Jkvkafpnket _kpfrt (Yfraj Ohem ?00:g) strksskj tdk bnpfrthegk fc

grkhtbei h wkaa-cuegtbfebei lujbgbhry hej bnpaknketbei rkahtkj rkcfrns

(ofx 2.?).

Zdk 8223 gfestbtutbfe tffm he bnpfrthet stkp cfrwhrj be nhmbei tdk

lustbgk nbebstry he bejkpkejket pfwkr rhtdkr tdhe h sbnpak hutdfrbty. Bt hasf

nhejhtkj tdk grkhtbfe fc h gfestbtutbfeha gfurt= he hggfuetbei gdhnokr be

tdk Wuprknk Gfurt= he hjnbebstrhtbvk gdhnokr= hej oy bnpabghtbfe, hjnbe-

bstrhtbvk trbouehas. Hatdfuid tdk Ifvkrenket dhs nhjk sfnk strbjks tfwhrj

rkhabzbei tdksk nhejhtks‚thmbei stkps tf fpkrhtbfehabzk tdk Hujbt Gdhnokr



Wtrkeitdkebei tdk Lujbgbha Wystkn ??2

(Gdhnork jks Gfnptks), cfr kxhnpak‚nugd nfrk ekkjs tf ok jfek. Cuturk

kccfrts nust ok jbrkgtkj ht nhmbei tdksk bestbtutbfes wfrm kcckgtbvkay.

Ghnkrffe hej bts ekbidofrs be GKNHG dhvk hirkkj tf tdk crhnk-

wfrm fc FDHJH. Bnpaknketht bfe fc tdbs crhnkwfrm sdfuaj irkht ay

strkeitdke tdk lujbgbha systkn be chvfr fc tdk prbvhtk skgtfr hej grkhtk h

nfrk chvfrhoak kevbrfenket cfr cfrkbie bevkstnket hej kgfefnbg jbvkr-

sbghtbfe. Zdbs suorkibfeha sgdknk sdfuaj hasf kedhegk dhrnfebzhtbfe

fc ahws hej rkiuahtbfes hej bnprfvk tdk vbsbobabty fc tdk kgfefnbg sphgk

tf cfrkbie bevkstfrs.

Be ?00?, tdk Ifvkrenket gfejugtkj h tkgdebgha jbhiefstbg stujy tf

bjketbcy tdk ghusks fc pffr pkrcfrnhegk fc tdk lustbgk systkn. Zdk stujy

rkgfnnkejkj h eunokr fc hgtbfes tf bnprfvk tdk fpkrhtbfes fc tdk gfurts

hej tdk hppabghtbfe fc lujbgbha prfgkjurks, begaujbei rkcfrnbei lujbgbha

prfgkjurks, bnprfvbei tdk rknuekrhtbfe fc lujiks, hej rkefvhtbei hej

kxphejbei chgbabtbks. Zdk lujbgbha skgtfr strhtkiy hej NZKC wkrk prkphrkj

fe tdk ohsbs fc tdksk rkgfnnkejhtbfes hej bs efw uejkr bnpaknketh-

tbfe. Zdk pahe hbns tf gfesfabjhtk lujbgbha bejkpkejkegk= stkp up tdk

hetbgfrruptbfe ghnphbie be tdk lujbgbha systkn= hej kecfrgk ahws, gfurt

jkgbsbfes, hej pkehatbks.

Ofx 2.?


He bejkpkejket, wkaa-cuegtbfebei lujbgbhry bs vbtha cfr gfnohtbei gfrruptbfe

hej fctke fcckrs h vbhoak ketry pfbet. Be kecfrgbei ahws hej prfvbjbei gdkgms

hej ohahegks fe tdk pfwkr fc pfabgynhmkrs hej prfvbjkrs, gfurts jbrkgtay

strkeitdke vfbgk. Be nhey gfuetrbks, dfwkvkr, gfurts hrk tdknskavks h gfrrupt

hrn fc tdk ifvkrenket. Kvke bc lujiks hrk hofvk rkprfhgd, ahwykrs, gfurt

gakrms, hej ftdkr gfurt fcgbhas fe tdk thmk ghe hjj tf tdk wko fc gfrrup-

tbfe. Zdk beirkjbkets fc rkcfrns hrk nhey‚crkkjfn fc becfrnhtbfe= irkhtkr

trhesphrkegy hej suesdbek ahws= skac-rkiuahtbfe tdrfuid rkcfrn-nbejkj ohr

hssfgbhtbfes hej ahw sfgbktbks= upjhtbei fc hetbquhtkj ahws hej gfurt prfgk-

jurks= hej tdk bejkpkejkegk, gfnpktkegk hej betkirbty fc lujbgbha pkrsfe-

eka‚out tdky hrk gfnpabghtkj tf hssknoak hej ekkj tbnk tf thmk rfft.

Kxpkrbkegk suiiksts tdht bnpfrthet prfirkss ghe ok nhjk bc rkcfrns cfgus

fe begketbvks, bestbtutbfeha rkahtbfesdbps, hej becfrnhtbfe hggkss rhtdkr tdhe

feay fe cfrnha gfurt ruaks, prfgkjurks, hej gfurt kxphesbfe. Hetbgfrruptbfe

akibsahtbfe tdht nhtgdks tdk kecfrgknket ghphgbty fc tdk gfuetry, bejkpkejket

suprknk hujbt frihebzhtbfes, hej akibsahtbvk fvkrsbidt ghe dkap.





Zdk Ifvkrenket dhs nhjk prfirkss be strkeitdkebei tdk lujbgbha

skgtfr be rkgket ykhrs. H ekw pkeha gfjk tdht dhrnfebzks tdk akiha systkn

whs hpprfvkj be Luek ?00; hej prfnuaihtkj be Luay ?00;. Zdk ekw gfjk,

wdbgd gfethbes kaknkets crfn oftd tdk Crkegd akiha systkn hej Heiaf-

Whxfe gfnnfe ahws, bs jksbiekj tf bnprfvk tdk jkabvkry fc lujbgbha skrvbgks

hej prftkgt dunhe rbidts. Zf dkap rkjugk ofttakekgms be tdk systkn, tdk

Nbebstry fc Lustbgk bs rkgrubtbei hej trhbebei nhibstrhtks.

Be ?003, tdk Ifvkrenket nhjk dbiday puoabgbzkj kccfrts tf kecfrgk

tdk ruak fc ahw hej rkjugk gfrruptbfe tdrfuid tdk wbjkr usk fc shegtbfes.

Bt puoabsdkj becfrnhtbfe fe hetbgfrruptbfe kccfrts fe tdk prbnk nbebstkr ‒s

Yko sbtk. Bt tffm hgtbfe tf gakhe tdk phyrfaa fc idfst wfrmkrs, shegtbfenbsgfejugt be tdk lujbgbhry systkn hej prfgurknket fpkrhtbfes, hej

grhgm jfwe fe gfrrupt puoabg fcgkrs. Hs phrt fc tdbs kccfrt, tdkrk bs he

feifbei httknpt tf prfskgutk h eunokr fc tfp gbvba skrvhets hgguskj fc

knokzzabei puoabg cuejs. H eunokr fc tfp puoabg fcgbhas wkrk jbsnbsskj

hej hrrkstkj. Hasf, cfrkstry tbtaks wkrk wbtdjrhwe crfn tdrkk prbvhtk fpkr-

htfrs wdf chbakj tf phy tdkbr jkpfsbts, hej rkiuahr gfesuathtbfes dhvk okke

thmbei pahgk oktwkke tdk nbebstrbks fc cfrkstry hej wbajabck, kgfefny hej

ehegk, hej lustbgk cfr bnprfvbei tdk nfebtfrbei fc abtbihtbfe ghsks. Zdk Ifvkrenket ahuegdkj twf bnpfrthet hgtbfes be tdk rst quhr-

tkr fc ?003. Bt grkhtkj he bejkpkejket hikegy, tdk Gfnnbssbfe Ehtbfehak

Hetb-Gfrruptbfe (GFEHG), tf spkhrdkhj tdk hetbgfrruptbfe ghnphbie,

hej bt hjfptkj h obaa tdht rkqubrks puoabg fcgbhas (begaujbei tdk prksbjket,

tdk prbnk nbebstkr, nbebstkrs, dbid fcgbhas be ifvkrenket hej puoabg

ketkrprbsks, hej nknokrs fc tdk Ehtbfeha Hssknoay) tf puoabgay jbsgafsk

tdkbr wkhatd.

Wbegk Ghnkrffe rkhgdkj tdk DBPG gfnpaktbfe pfbet, be Hprba ?003,

tdk hetbgfrruptbfe jrbvk skkns tf dhvk afst nfnketun. Oy tdk kej fc ?003,

GFEHG nknokrs dhj eft ykt okke hppfbetkj hej tdk jkgrkk rkihrjbei

wkhatd jbsgafsurk dhj ykt tf ok prkphrkj. H rkmbejakj kccfrt bs ekkjkj bc tdk

Ifvkrenket‒s wkaa-puoabgbzkj hetbgfrruptbfe ghnphbie bs tf rknhbe grkj-

boak= ihbe stkhn= hej dkap bnprfvk ifvkrehegk, tdk ousbekss gabnhtk, hej

tdk kcckgtbvkekss fc tdk hjnbebstrhtbfe.



PH_Z

S

Nkjbun-ZkrnPrfspkgtscfr Irfwtdhej Pfvkrty_kjugtbfe

?78



?77

80Nkjbun-Zkrn Prfspkgts cfrIrfwtd hej Pfvkrty _kjugtbfe

Bnpfrthet jkvkafpnkets sbegk ?007 wdke tdk Ifvkrenket fc Ghnkr-

ffe okihe P_WP bnpaknkethtbfe, akj tf suosthetbha rkvbsbfes fc Ghn-krffe‒s nkjbun-tkrn nhgrfkgfefnbg prfspkgts hs frbibehaay prflkgtkjbe tdk P_WP, hej pfvkrty rkjugtbfe. Zdk sgha gfesfabjhtbfe fc ?00;‚tfrkvkrsk sabpphiks tdht fggurrkj jurbei tdk ?00: prksbjketbha kakgtbfe ghn-phbie‚trhesahtkj betf dbidkr thxks hej h sbiebghet gut be tdk oujikt,

wdbgd gfetrboutkj tf h safwkr irfwtd rhtk tdhe kxpkgtkj be tdk P_WP cfrtdk ?007‗0; pkrbfj. Zdk jkahy be htthbebei tdk DBPG gfnpaktbfe pfbetjhnpkekj tdk ousbekss kevbrfenket, gfetrboutbei tf sauiibsd bevkstnkethej irfwtd. Fe tdk pfsbtbvk sbjk, htthbenket fc tdk gfnpaktbfe pfbet be

Hprba ?003 haafwkj Ghnkrffe tf okekt crfn gfesbjkrhoak hjjbtbfeharksfurgks crfn jkot rkabkc, wdbgd dkapkj tdk Ifvkrenket rkahx oujiktgfestrhbets hej begrkhsk spkejbei tf suppfrt tdk P_WP, stkps tdht wfuajbnpay orbidtkr prfspkgts cfr irfwtd hej pfvkrty rkjugtbfe.

Ofx 80.8

Ghnkrffe‒s Nhgrfkgfefnktrbg Nfjka

Nkjbun-tkrn irfwtd prflkgtbfes hrk fothbekj tdrfuid pfabgy sbnuahtbfes pkr-

cfrnkj wbtd tdk gfuetry nhgrfkgfefnktrbg nfjka, WBPHK (Wystänk Betâirâjk Prflkgtbfe jks Hirâihts Âgfefnbquks). Zdk irfwtd phtd bs jktkrnbekj

oy nhgrfkgfefnbg hej skgtfr pfabgbks tdht hcckgt afei-tkrn prfjugtbvk ghphg-

bty (dunhe ghpbtha, becrhstrugturk, hej jbrkgt bevkstnket fws)= sdfrt- hej

nkjbun-tkrn ugtuhtbfes be hiirkihtk jknhej (nfekthry hej sgha pfabgbks)=

hej tdk kxtkreha kevbrfenket (fba prbgk hej tkrns fc trhjk). Ftdkr sfurgks fc

becfrnhtbfe cfr hsskssbei tdk nkjbun-tkrn irfwtd prfak begaujk tdk skgtfr

strhtkiy phpkrs be prbfrbty hrkhs sugd hs kjughtbfe, dkhatd, rurha skgtfr, tkakgfns,hej puoabg wfrm hej tdk rksuats fc h gfnprkdkesbvk stujy fe tdk sfurgks fc

irfwtd uejkrthmke oy tdk Ifvkrenket.(gfetbeukj )



ZHOAK 80.8

Hgtuha, Kstbnhtkj, hej Wkgtfrha Irfwtd _htks uejkr tdk Ohskabek Wgkehrbf, ?008‗8;

pkrgket Hgtuha Kstbnhtkj

Btkn ?008 ?00? ?007 ?00: ?00; ?003

IJP :.; :.0 :.0 7.9 ?.0 7.;

Efefba IJP ;.; :.2 :.2 :.2 ?.2 7.8

Prbnhry skgtfr 7.9 7.9 7.; :.: ?.9 7.:

Cffj hirbguaturk :.3 ;.0 7.; 7.: 7.? :.7

Bejustrbha hej kxpfrt

hirbguaturk ‗?.0 ?.4 ?.: 80.4 8.9 ‗8.4 Abvkstfgm, chrnbei, hej duetbei 4.3 ?.3 ?.0 :.4 :.: 7.0

Cbsdbei 8?.9 ?.2 ?.7 ?.8 :.3 ?.0

Cfrkstry hej cfrkst prfjugts ‗2.7 ‗:.; 2.0 3.0 ‗;.? :.;

Wkgfejhry skgtfr 8.0 0.4 0.; ‗0.? ‗8.4 7.0

Nbebei ‗7.2 ‗:.7 ‗:.2 ‗2.8 ‗2.9 4.4

Nheuchgturbei bejustrbks 7.4 ?.: ?.2 7.4 8.3 8.2

Kakgtrbgbty, ihs, hej whtkr 8.? ‗:.3 9.? 3.2 ?.8 ?.3

Puoabg wfrm 7.2 ;.9 :.7 4.: 8.8 ?.8

Zkrtbhry skgtfr 4.; 9.7 9.: 3.3 7.0 7.4

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs hej Ghnkrffe hutdfrbtbks.




oufyhet, chsdbfe hej gfetbeuk tf irhjuhaay bnprfvk tdk ousbekss gabnhtk.Dfwkvkr, eftdbei sdfuaj ok thmke cfr irhetkj. Kvke tdbs prujket ohskabekirfwtd phtd rkprkskets h gdhaakeik, hs bt rkqubrks rkvkrsbei tdk jkgabebeitrkej sbegk ?007 hej rhbsbei tdk irfwtd pkrcfrnhegk fc tdk phst vk ykhrsoy 8.; pkrgkethik pfbets.

Hs tdk kxpkrbkegks fc ftdkr gfuetrbks dhvk jknfestrhtkj, Ghnkrffegfuaj hgdbkvk kvke dbidkr irfwtd (3‗9 pkrgket) bc tdk Ifvkrenket wfuajrksfautkay hggkakrhtk bnpaknkethtbfe fc bts rkcfrn hikejh be frjkr tf grkhtkhe kehoabei kevbrfenket cfr prbvhtk skgtfr‗akj irfwtd. Bejkkj, gfuetkr-chgtuha pfabgy sbnuahtbfes crfn tdk ohskabek sgkehrbf sdfw orbidtkr prfs-

pkgts cfr irfwtd uejkr tdk hssunptbfe fc h nfrk oufyhet phgk fc rkcfrnsgfupakj wbtd thriktkj puoabg bevkstnket be irfwtd-kedhegbei skgtfrs sugdhs dunhe rksfurgks (kjughtbfe hej dkhatd) hej becrhstrugturk. Zdk rksuat

wfuaj ok h nhrmkj begrkhsk be tdk rhtk fc dunhe hej becrhstrugturk ghpbthahggunuahtbfe hej dkegk h dbidkr irfwtd rhtk (rfuiday 8 pkrgkethik pfbethofvk tdk ohskabek sgkehrbf) (thoak 80.?).

Nkjbun-Zkrn Futaffm cfr Puoabg Cbehegk

_kvkeuk hej Wpkejbei

Efefba rkvkeuks hrk prkjbgtkj tf rkhgd 87.3 pkrgket fc IJP oy ?080,chr dbidkr tdhe tdk kstbnhtkj 8?.9 pkrgket cfr ?003 (thoak 80.7). Zdbsbegrkhsk wbaa haafw rkvkeuk tf rknhbe ht rfuiday 89.? pkrgket fc IJPoktwkke ?003 hej ?08;, jkspbtk tdk jkgabek be fba‒s gfetrboutbfe. Zfthaspkejbei bs mkpt rfuiday be gdkgm fvkr tdk ketbrk pkrbfj (?003‗8;), ht8;.8 pkrgket fc IJP, hs tdk P_WP‗rkahtkj begrkhsk be efebetkrkst spkej-

bei bs gfnpkeshtkj cfr oy rkjugkj betkrkst phynkets crfn jkot rkabkc.Gfeskquketay, tdk fvkrhaa sgha ohahegk (fe h gfnnbtnket ohsbs hejkxgaujbei irhets), bs kxpkgtkj tf sthobabzk ht hofut 8 pkrgket fc IJPoktwkke ?080‗8;.

Cbehegbei rkqubrknkets hppkhr nfjkrhtk fvkr tdk ketbrk pkrbfj.Bejkkj, tdk rksfurgks kxpkgtkj crfn tdk gfegausbfe fc tdk Phrbs Gauo ekif-tbhtbfes hej crfn hjjbtbfeha jkot cfribvkekss oy obahtkrha jfefrs, begaujbeiCrhegk (uejkr tdk gfetrht jâskejkttknket jâvkafppknket ), hrk kevbshikj tf

gfvkr nfst fc tdk ehegbei rkqubrknkets. Zdk hutdfrbtbks gfuaj hasf ofr-rfw crfn tdk rkibfeha ofej nhrmkt tf ehegk rksbjuha rkqubrknkets be tdkcuturk. Wugd ofrrfwbei nust ok mkpt be gdkgm, dfwkvkr, okghusk fc tdk rbsmfc grfwjbei fut prbvhtk bevkstnket.



ZHOAK 80.?Hvkrhik Heeuha Irfwtd, 822:‗?08;

pkrgket

Hvkrhik Heeuha Irfwtd (pkrgket) Gfetrbou

Hgtuha Kstbnhtkj Prflkgtkj Hgtuha

Btkn 822:‗?00: ?00;‗03 ?009‗88 ?08?‗8; 822:‗?00:

Jktkrnbehets fc afei-tkrn irfwtd<

Prbvhtk ghpbtha pkr ghpbth 8.9 8.? :.3 :.: 0.8

Ifvkrenket ghpbtha pkr ghpbth 4.9 89.: :.7 :.7 0.2

Becrhstrugturk pkr ghpbth 8.7 ‗0.; :.3 :.: 0.?

Dunhe ghpbtha pkr ghpbth 0.? 0.4 8.0 0.4 0.0

Phst IJP irfwtd pkr ghpbth 0.: ?.8 8.2 ?.8 0.8

Kstbnhtkj afei-tkrn IJPirfwtd pkr ghpbth

8.7 ?.: ?.0 ?.0 8.7

Pfpuahtbfe (ahofr cfrgk) ?.4 ?.4 ?.9 ?.9 ?.4

Zftha chgtfr prfjugtbvbty 0.: ‗?.; 8.8 ?.: 0.:

Zftha IJP :.3 ?.4 ;.4 9.8 :.3

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.



ZHOAK 80.7

Hgtuha, Kstbnhtkj, hej Prflkgtkj Ifvkrenket Cbehegk, ?008‗8;

pkrgket fc IJP

Hgtuha Kstbnhtks

?008 ?00? ?007 ?00: ?00; ?003 _kvkeuk, kxgaujbei irhets 89.9 89.2 83.4 8;.9 89.2 82.7

fba :.4 :.2 :.? :.8 :.2 3.3

efe-fba 8?.2 87.0 8?.3 88.9 87.0 8?.9

Kxpkejbturks 83.2 83.0 8;.; 87.2 8:.: 8;.:

gurrket 87.3 87.7 87.7 88.9 88.2 88.9

ghpbtha 7.7 ?.; ?.8 ?.? ?.7 7.9

Kxpkejbturks kxgaujbei

betkrksts 87.9 87.: 87.? 88.2 8?.2 8:.7Fvkrhaa ohahegk fe h gfnnbtnket ohsbs

(wbtdfut irhets) 0.2 8.4 8.7 8.4 7.3 7.2

Fvkrhaa ohahegk fe hgfnnbtnket ohsbs(wbtd irhets) 8.7 ?.? 8.4 8.2 :.8 :.?

Fvkrhaa ohahegk fe h ghsdohsbs (kxgaujbei irhets) ‗8.8 ‗7.? 0.2 ‗0.? ?.4 ?.?

Fvkrhaa ohahegk fe h ghsdohsbs (wbtd irhets) ‗0.3 ‗?.2 8.: ‗0.8 7.7 ?.;

Prbnhry ohahegk :.0 :.9 7.9 7.4 ;.? ;.8

Prbnhry efe-fba ohahegk (% efe-fba fc IJP) ‗0.4 ‗0.: ‗0.9 ‗0.7 0.8 ‗8.9




ZHOAK 80.:

Hgtuha, Kstbnhtkj, hej Prflkgtkj Wkgtfrha Irfwtd uejkr tdk Nkjbun-Zkrn Kxpkejbturk Crhn

Hgtuha Kstbnhtks

Wkgtfr ?008 ?00? ?007 ?00: ?00; ?003

Pkrgkethik fc IJP

Kjughtbfe ?.2 7.8 7.? 7.? 7.? 7.;

Dkhatd 0.4 8.0 8.0 8.8 8.0 8.7

Wfgbha jkvkafpnkethej knpafynket 0.8 0.? 0.? 0.? 0.8 0.?

Prfjugtbvk becrhstrugturk 8.: 8.3 ?.0 ?.0 8.4 ?.?

_urha skgtfr 0.; 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 8.0

Jkckesk hej skgurbty 8.2 ?.0 ?.0 ?.0 8.2 8.3

Ftdkr nbebstrbks hej

bestbtutbfes ?.? ?.7 ?.9 ?.3 ?.7 ?.:

Zftha 2.4 80.4 8?.0 8?.0 88.8 8?.?

Pkrgkethik fc prbnhry kxpkejbturk

Kjughtbfe ?8.7 ?7.2 ?:.; ??.4 ?:.; ?:.7

Dkhatd 3.8 9.7 9.4 9.9 9.4 2.8

Wfgbha jkvkafpnkethej knpafynket 0.2 8.? 8.? 8.? 8.0 8.9

Prfjugtbvk becrhstrugturk 80.? 88.4 8;.; 8:.0 8:.8 8;.8

_urha skgtfr 7.2 :.? 3.2 3.7 3.; 9.?

Jkckesk hej skgurbty 87.4 8;.; 8;.7 87.2 8:.; 80.2

Ftdkr nbebstrbks hejbestbtutbfes 83.? 89.9 ?0.9 84.0 89.9 83.3

Zftha nbebstrbks 9?.: 48.3 28.2 47.2 43.8 4:.2




Nkjbun-Zkrn Prfspkgts cfr Irfwtd hej Pfvkrty _kjugtbfe ?:8

Ofx 80.?

Ghnkrffe‒s Nhgrf-Nbgrf Wbnuahtbfe Nfjka

Ghnkrffe‒s nhgrf-nbgrf nfjka cfr irfwtd-pfvkrty sbnuahtbfe gfnprbsks twf

kssketbha nfjuaks. Zdk rst bs h jkthbakj nhgrfkgfefnbg nfjka tdht ghe sbnu-

ahtk irfwtd futgfnks hej kesurk fvkrhaa nhgrfkgfefnbg gfesbstkegy. Zdk

skgfej bs h nbgrf sbnuahtbfe nfjka (PHNW), (Ksshnh-Esshd ?00;) oubat fe

dfuskdfaj survky jhth, wdbgd whs jkvkafpkj oy tdk Yfraj Ohem hej hjhptkj

tf tdk gfejbtbfes fc Ghnkrffe. Zdk nfjka prfvbjks he betkirhtkj nhgrf-nbgrf

crhnkwfrm wbtd tdrkk ahykrs< h nhgrf nfjuak betkrchgkj wbtd WBPHK= h ahofr

nfjuak wbtd h orkhmjfwe betf jbcckrket ahofr ghtkifrbks (smbaakj hej uesmbaakj

be urohe hej rurha skgtfrs, trhjkj hej efetrhjkj)= hej h pfvkrty nfjuak tdht

ghe prflkgt pfvkrty hej bekquhabty bejkxks ohskj fe skgtfr-ohskj jbstrboutbfe

fc irfwtd hej tdk rkahtkj ahofr nhrmkt jkvkafpnkets.

PHNW Crhnkwfrm

Ahykr 8< WBPHK crhnkwfrm

Ehtbfehahggfuets

Ohahegk fc phynkets Oujikt

Kxtkreharksfurgks

Ahykr ?< Jbshiirkihtkj prfjugtbfe, ahofr nhrmkt, hej trhesckrs

Jknhej hejsuppay fc ahofr<rurha (smbaakj hej

uesmbaakj)=urohe (smbaakj hej

uesmbaakj)

Ahykr 7< Dfuskdfaj survky jhth (KGHN BB)

8 ? 7 : ... ... e

Pfvkrty hej bekquhabty bejbghtfrs (dkhjgfuet, Ibeb, hej Zdkba)

Nbebnun whik Yhik oy ghtkifry Begfnk oy ghtkifry

Jbshiirkihtkjprfjugtbfe< rurha

(trhjhoak,efetrhjhoak) hejurohe (trhjhoak,

efetrhjhoak)

Jbshiirkihtkjtrhesckrs< sfgbha

kxpkejbturk(kjughtbfe hejdkhatd) thxhtbfe

oy irfup

Zdk nfjka whs ghaborhtkj fe tdk ?008 dfuskdfaj survky jhth. Zdk thoak

okafw gfnphrks tdk kstbnhtkj pfvkrty bejkxks wbtd tdfsk jkrbvkj crfn tdk

KGHN survky. Kstbnhtkj ehtbfeha, rurha, hej urohe dkhjgfuet bejkxks hrk

gafsk tf tdk foskrvkj bejbghtfrs. Be gfetrhst, tdk Ibeb bejkxks ghaguahtkj oy

tdk nfjka jbcckr nhrmkjay crfn tdfsk jkrbvkj crfn tdk survky. Zdk jbcckrkegkrkkgts tdk chgt tdht tdk nfjka kssketbhaay jkrbvks wbtdbe-irfup Ibeb bejkxks

feay, ekiakgtbei oktwkke-irfup bekquhabtbks.

(gfetbeukj )



?:? Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

begrkhsk fvkr tdk ekxt ckw ykhrs tf rkhgd 89 pkrgket fc prbnhry kxpkejbturkhej ?.9 pkrgket fc IJP oy ?08;.

Prfspkgts cfr Pfvkrty _kjugtbfe

Irfwtd-pfvkrty sbnuahtbfes wkrk pkrcfrnkj usbei tdk Ifvkrenket‒snhgrfkgfefnbg nfjka hej tdk Yfraj Ohem‒s ‑Pfvkrty Hehaysbs Nhgrfkgf-efnbg Wbnuahtfr„ (PHNW) (ofx 80.?). Zdk ohskabek nhgrfkgfefnbg crhnk-

wfrm jksgrbokj be thoak 80.8 suiiksts tdht tdk begbjkegk fc pfvkrty wfuajok hofut 77 pkrgket be ?08;, jfwe crfn :0 pkrgket be ?008 out sdfrt fctdk NJI thrikt fc ?: pkrgket. [ejkr tdk hggkakrhtkj rkcfrns sgkehrbf, tdkdbidkr irfwtd rhtk (9 pkrgket jurbei ?080 tf ?08;) hej bts orfhjkr jbstrbou-tbfe wfuaj rkjugk tdk pfvkrty rhtk tf tdk NJI thrikt oy ?08;.

_bsm Hsskssnket

_bsm hsskssnket whs pkrcfrnkj usbei tdk Yfraj Ohem‒s 8?7P_WP nfjka(Gdhrabkr kt ha. ?003). Zdk rksuats fc tdk gfuetkrchgtuha sbnuahtbfes kxkrgbskibvk rkhsfes cfr iuhrjkj fptbnbsn out hasf gfegkre fvkr tdk nkjbun-tkrnfutaffm sdfuaj tdk rkcfrn hikejh sthaa (ofx 80.7). Kvke uejkr chvfrhoakkxtkreha gfejbtbfes, chbaurk tf susthbe rkcfrns‚tdht bs, tf bnprfvk oujiktkxkgutbfe hej tdk jkabvkry fc mky puoabg skrvbgks, be phrtbguahr kekriy‚

Ofx 80.? (gfetbeukj )

Pfvkrty be Ghnkrffe be ?008

KGHN ?008 PHNW bejbghtfr ohsk ykhr

Btkn [rohe _urha Zftha [rohe _urha Zftha

p0 ??.8 :2.2 :0.? ?3.7 ;0.? :0.:

p8 3.7 84.7 8:.8 4 ?: 89.3

p? ?.9 2.7 9 : 8; 80

Ibeb :0.3 73.2 :0.4 ?;.; :0.4 77.?

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs‒ gfnputhtbfe ohskj fe jhth gfaakgtkj oy BEW.

Wfurgk< 8?7P_WP nfjka (Jkvhrhlhe hej If ]?007^ hej Gdhrabkr kt ha. ]?003^).

Eftk< Fek bnpfrthet sdfrtgfnbei fc tdk PHNW bs tdht prbgks hrk eft nfjkakj= whiks hrkskt kxfikefusay, hej tdk ahofr nhrmkt, begaujbei tdk nhrmkt cfr smbaakj wfrmkrs, bs eftekgksshrbay gakhr. p0 > pfvkrty begbjkegk= p8 > pfvkrty jkptd= p? > pfvkrty skvkrbty.



Nkjbun-Zkrn Prfspkgts cfr Irfwtd hej Pfvkrty _kjugtbfe ?:7

Ofx 80.7

Hsskssbei tdk Bnphgt fc Wdfrt- hej Afei-_ue Wdfgms tf Begfnk Jbstrboutbfe

hej IJP Irfwtd [sbei tdk 8?7P_WP Nfjka

Zdk 8?7P_WP nfjka (Jkvhrhlhe hej If ?007) bs he khsy-tf-usk ikekrha kqub-

aborbun nfjka, abemkj tf tdk WBPHK (tdk nhgrfkgfefnbg nfjka fc tdk JHK).

Bt nkhsurks tdk bnphgt fc kgfefnbg pfabgbks fe pfvkrty tdrfuid twf nhbe

trhesnbssbfe gdheekas< tdk betkesbty fc irfwtd (hvkrhik IJP irfwtd rhtk) hej

tdk jbstrboutbfe fc irfwtd oktwkke trhjkj hej efetrhjkj iffjs.

8?7P_WP Crhnkwfrm

Zdk nfjka begaujk skvkrha nfjuaks<

• Wdfrt-rue hej afei-rue sdfgms tf tdk IJP phtd. Wdfrt-rue sdfgms tf IJP

hrk jkrbvkj crfn h SH_ kgfefnbg irfwtd nfjka tdht sdfws tdk jyehnbg

vhrbhtbfe (cfr tdk cfaafwbei vk ykhrs) fc tdk IJP irfwtd rhtk be rkspfesk tf

he begrkhsk fc 8 pkrgket be tdk tkrns fc trhjk fr puoabg kxpkejbturks. Afei-rue

sdfgms tf IJP hrk jkrbvkj crfn he kejfikefus irfwtd nfjka be wdbgd tdk

pftketbha IJP irfwtd rhtk jkpkejs fe cfur mky vhrbhoaks< nhgrfkgfefnbgs

pfabgbks (prbnhrbay gfnnkrgbha pfabgbks tdht hcckgt tdk jkirkk fc abokrhabzhtbfe

fc trhjk hej sgha hej nfekthry pfabgbks), dunhe ghpbtha, pdysbgha ghpbtha

hej becrhstrugturk, hej futsbjk sdfgms.• _kahtbvk prbgks hej chgtfr gfsts . IJP vhrbhegk jhth hej tdk becfrnhtbfe

gfethbekj be tdk nhgrfkgfefnbg crhnkwfrm prfvbjkj oy tdk JHK hrk

beskrtkj betf tdk 8?7P_WP nfjka tf jktkrnbek tdk kvfautbfe fc rkahtbvk

prbgks hej whiks.(gfetbeukj )

N b g r f

W k g t f r b h a

N h g r f

_kha irfwtd

Kejfikefusirfwtd

SH_ Nfjka

Dfuskdfaj nfjuak

GIK< 8?7P_WP Nfjka

Cbehegbha nfjuak

Nhgrf crhnkwfrmjkrbvkj crfn

WBPHK

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.

Eftk< SH_ > vkgtfr hutf rkirkssbvk= GIK > gfnputhoak ikekrha kqubaborbun.



?:: Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe


• Bnphgt fe pfvkrty hej dfuskdfaj begfnk jbstrboutbfe. IJP irfwtd hej

prbgk trkej jhth hrk hppabkj tf tdk dfuskdfaj nfjuak oubat crfn tdk

KGHN BB survky jhth tf nkhsurk tdk bnphgt fc sdfgms hej pfabgbks fe

spkejbei hej rkvkeuks fe khgd begfnk jkgbak.

Orkhmjfwe fc Kxpkejbturk hej _kvkeuk oy Jkgbak

pkrgket

Jkgbak

Kxpkej-

bturk fe

jfnkstbg iffjs

Kxpkej-

bturk fe

bnpfrtkj iffjs

Zftha

kxpkej-bturk Yhiks

_kvkeuk

crfn

jfnkstbg iffjs

_kvkeuk

crfn

kxpfrtkj iffjs

Zftharkvkeuk

Jkgbak 8

(pffrkst)

4;.: 8:.3 800.0 8?.; 94.3 4.2 800.0

Jkgbak 80

(rbgdkst)

9;.; ?:.; 800.0 :8.9 ;7.2 :.: 800.0

Zftha 92.; ?0.; 0 ?8.; 98.4 3.9 800.0

Wfurgk< Gdhrabkr hej ftdkrs ?003.

‗8

‗8

0

8

8

p k r g k e t

ykhr

?

?

Ibeb nkhe begfnk PF (dkhj gfuet bejkx)

?000 ?007 ?003 ?002 ?08? ?08;

CBI[_K 80.?Kekriy Wgkehrbf, ?000‗8;

pkrgkethik gdheik crfn ohskabek sgkehrbf

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.



Nkjbun-Zkrn Prfspkgts cfr Irfwtd hej Pfvkrty _kjugtbfe ?:;

gfuaj rkjugk irfwtd oy hs nugd hs ?.; pkrgkethik pfbets rkahtbvk tf tdkohskabek sgkehrbf. Bejkkj, hs tdk P_WP hptay rkgfiebzkj, hatdfuid Ghn-

krffe rknhbes phrtbguahray susgkptboak tf kxtkreha rbsms, sugd hs hjvkrsksdfgms be tdk tkrns fc trhjk fr h prftrhgtkj jfweture be tdk iafoha kgfe-fny, tdk nfst prfnbeket rbsm chgtfrs hrk betkreha. Zdk nhbe sfurgk rknhbestdk begfesbstket bnpaknkethtbfe fc rkcfrns hej tdk pkrsbstkegk fc strug-turha hej irfwtd-bedbobtbei rbibjbtbks.

Wbnuahtbfe rksuats bejbghtk tdht gfetbeukj chbaurk tf rksfavk Ghnk-rffe‒s kekriy prfoakns wfuaj durt irfwtd, ifvkrenket rkvkeuk, hej pfv-krty rkjugtbfe (iurk 80.?). Wdfuaj kekriy suppay fvkr tdk ekxt vk ykhrsbegrkhsk oy feay dhac tdk paheekj akvka be tdk ohskabek sgkehrbf, tdk hvkrhik

IJP irfwtd rhtk gfuaj jrfp oy hs nugd hs dhac h pfbet. Zdbs wfuaj kethbarkvkeuk afssks fe tdk frjkr fc GCHC ?0 obaabfe pkr ykhr, bnpaybei he kqubvh-aket gut be paheekj spkejbei, h 8-pkrgkethik-pfbet begrkhsk be tdk pfvkrtyrhtk rkahtbvk tf tdk ohskabek sgkehrbf, hej h ?-pkrgkethik-pfbet jkgabek bedfuskdfaj begfnk fvkr tdk ekxt tdrkk ykhrs.

CBI[_K 80.7

Puoabg Cbehegbha Nhehiknket Wgkehrbf, ?000‗8;

pkrgkethik gdheik crfn ohskabek sgkehrbf

‗?

‗7

?000 ?007 ?003 ?002 ?08? ?08;

‗8

0

8

p k r g k e

t

ykhr

?

7

Ibeb nkhe begfnk PF (dkhj gfuet bejkx)

Wfurgk< Hutdfrs.



?:3 Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk Irfwtd be Ghnkrffe

Chbaurk tf sbiebghetay bnprfvk puoabg ehegk nhehiknket wfuajrksuat be h afw rhtk fc kxkgutbfe fc ifvkrenket oujikt hej wkhmkr irfwtdhej pfvkrty futgfnks. Wpkgbcbghaay, sbnuahtbfe rksuats bejbghtk tdht h33 pkrgket rhtk fc hosfrptbfe fc paheekj rksfurgks wfuaj akhj tf h jrfpfc 8.; pkrgkethik pfbets be hvkrhik IJP irfwtd hej h ? pkrgkethik pfbetbegrkhsk be tdk pfvkrty rhtk rkahtbvk tf tdk ohskabek sgkehrbf (iurk 80.7).Dfuskdfaj begfnk wfuaj jkgrkhsk oy : pkrgket fvkr tdk ekxt tdrkk ykhrs.

Zdk pffrkst qubetbak fc dfuskdfajs wfuaj ok nfrk hcckgtkj tdhe ftdkrirfups, wbtd tdkbr begfnk jrfppbei oy 8 pkrgkethik pfbet nfrk tdhe tdhtfc tdk rbgdkst qubetbak.

Chbaurk tf susthbe hej kcckgtbvkay bnpaknket tdk strugturha rkcfrns(prbvhtbzhtbfe, rkiuahtfry rkcfrns, hej sbnbahr nkhsurks) ekkjkj tfbnprfvk tdk fvkrhaa ousbekss gabnhtk wfuaj rksuat be safwkr irfwtd fcdunhe ghpbtha, becrhstrugturk, hej prbvhtk bevkstnket.8 Zdbs wfuaj rkjugknkjbun-tkrn hvkrhik heeuha irfwtd oy hs nugd hs ?.; pkrgkethik pfbetscrfn tdk ohskabek sgkehrbf, wbtd hahrnbei gfeskqukegks cfr dfuskdfajbegfnk hej pfvkrty. Ykrk tdbs trkej tf gfetbeuk okyfej ?080, dfuskdfajbegfnk gfuaj jrfp 8; pkrgket, durtbei kspkgbhaay tdk pffrkst dfuskdfajs,

wdfsk begfnk wfuaj chaa 83 pkrgket (gfnphrkj wbtd 88 pkrgket cfr tdkrbgdkst dfuskdfajs).

Zdksk hehaysks ibvk rkhsfes cfr gfegkre. Ht tdk shnk tbnk, tdky prfvbjkrkhsfes cfr iuhrjkj fptbnbsn, hs tdky gakhray bejbghtk tdht h dbidkr phgk fcpfvkrty rkjugtbfe bs wkaa wbtdbe rkhgd hej prbnhrbay jkpkejket fe tdkIfvkrenket‒s wbaabeiekss hej ghphobabtbks tf cfrgkcuaay jkkpke rkcfrnshej swbctay bnpaknket pfabgbks. Ybtd rkluvkehtkj rksfavk, tdk Ifvkrenketghe wkaa gdhrt h orbidtkr cuturk cfr bts pkfpak hej sbiebghetay gdheik tdkgfursk fc bts jkstbey.

Eftk

8. Zdbs sgkehrbf hssunks tdht tdk kevbrfenket bs gdhrhgtkrbzkj oy h safwjfwefc ehegbha rkcfrn tdht kethbas h sabidt jktkrbfrhtbfe fc ehegbha jkkpkebei=safw bnpaknkethtbfe fc sfgbha skgtfr rkcfrns, wdbgd trhesahtks betf afwkr kju-ghtbfe hej dkhatd futgfnks hej tdus h afwkr rhtk fc hggunuahtbfe fc dunheghpbtha= hej gfetbeukj jkahys be tdk prbvhtbzhtbfe fc mky ketkrprbsks, wdbgd wfuaj rksuat be snhaakr CJB fws hej wkhmkr jkabvkry fc becrhstrugturk skrvbgk

rkahtbvk tf tdk ohsk sgkehrbf.



?:4 Oboabfirhpdy

KGFYHW (Kgfefnbg Gfnnuebty fc Ykst Hcrbghe Wthtks). ?003. Ykst Hcrbgh Pfvkrty_kjugtbfe Wtrhtkiy Phpkr . Houlh, Ebikrbh.

KBH (Kekriy Becfrnhtbfe Hjnbebstrhtbfe). ?009. Ghnkrffe Kekriy Prfak Ykosbtk. dttp<//www.kbh.jfk.ifv.

Kmfmh, G. P. ?007. Âtujk sur aks sfurgks jk ah grfbsshegk. Ousbekss JkvkafpnketWkrvbgk, Rhfuejâ.

Ksshnh-Esshd, O. ?00;. ‑Wbnuahtbei tdk Pfvkrty Bnphgt fc Nhgrfkgfefnbg Wdfgmshej Pfabgbks.„ Pfabgy _kskhrgd Yfrmbei Phpkr 7944, Yfraj Ohem, Yhsdbeitfe,JG.

Ikrikay, E. ?00?. ‑Wtujy fe Bnprfvbei tdk Nhrmktbei hej Gfnpktbtbvkekss fcGhnkrffe‒s Hirbguaturha Prfjugts.„ Yfrmbei Phpkr, Rhfuejâ.

Idurh, J. 8229. ‑Prbvhtk Bevkstnket hej Kejfikefus Irfwtd< Kvbjkegk crfnGhnkrffe.„ BNC Yfrmbei Phpkr YP/29/83;, Betkrehtbfeha Nfekthry Cuej, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.

Ibaokrt, G. A. 8229. Gfgfh Nhrmkt Abokrhabzhtbfe< Bts Kcckgt fe Xuhabty, Cuturk Zrhjbeihej Prbgks. Gfgfh Hssfgbhtbfe fc Afejfe.

Ibaokrt, G. A., hej P. E. Shrheibs. ?007. ‑Iafohabzhtbfe hej Betkrehtbfeha Gfn-nfjbty Zrhjk wbtd Wpkgbg _kckrkegk tf tdk Ykst Hcrbghe Gfgfh Prfjug-krs.„ EOK_ Yfrmbei Phpkr 2334, Ehtbfeha Ourkhu fc Kgfefnbg _kskhrgd,Ghnorbjik, NH.

Ifdfu, I. ?00:. ‑Bnphgt fc Gfnnfjbty Nhrmkt Abokrhabzhtbfe fe Chrnkr‒s Ykachrk.„ Yfrmbei phpkr, Jkphrtnket fc Kgfefnbgs, [ebvkrsbty fc Nhryahej,Gfaakik Phrm.

Dbemak, A., H. Dkrrfu-Hrhife, hej M. Muofth. ?007. ‑Dfw Chr Jbj Hcrbgh‒s CbrstIkekrhtbfe Zrhjk _kcfrns If6 He Betkrnkjbhtk Nktdfjfafiy cfr Gfnphrh-tbvk Hehaysbs fc Zrhjk Pfabgbks.„ Hcrbgh _kibfe Yfrmbei Phpkr ;4h, Yfraj Ohem, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.

BNC (Betkrehtbfeha Nfekthry Cuej). ?000. Ghnkrffe< Cbehegbha Wystkn Wthobabty Hsskssnket . BNC, Hcrbghe hej Nfekthry hej Kxgdheik Hcchbrs Jkphrtnket, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.

‚‚-‚. ?007. Wubvb jks râcfrnks ju systänk sgha< betrfjugtbfe jk ah râcfrnk jk a‒B_PP<

Nbsk ke pahgk jk ah JIK kt nhåtrbsk jks kxfeârhtbfes. BNC, Cbsgha Hcchbrs Jkphrt-nket, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.‚‚-‚. ?003. ‑Wtrkeitdkebei Zrhesphrkegy be tdk Fba Wkgtfr be Ghnkrffe< Ydy

Jfks Bt Nhttkr6„ Pfabgy Jbsgussbfe Phpkr PJP/03/?, Yhsdbeitfe JG.Lkembes, _fo, hej Heek Nhrbk Ifktz. 8222. ‑Hggfuets hej Hggfuethobabty< Zdkf-

rktbgha Bnpabghtbfes fc tdk _bidt-tf-Becfrnhtbfe Nfvknket be Bejbh.„ ZdbrjYfraj Xuhrtkray ?0 (7)< 307‗??.

Mhucnhe, J., H. Mrhhy, hej N. Nhstruzzb. ?003. Ifvkrehegk Bejbghtfr Jhthskt . YfrajOhem Bestbtutk, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.

Ahaa, W. 8222. Zdk Zkgdefafibgha _kspfesk tf Bnpfrt Abokrhabzhtbfe be Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh.

Afejfe< Nhgnbaahe.Nbeiht, H., hej L-P. Zhe. 8223. ‑Zdk Cuaa Wfgbha _ktures tf Kjughtbfe< Kstbnhtks

Ohskj fe Gfuetrbks‒ Kgfefnbg Irfwtd Pkrcfrnhegk.„ Dunhe Ghpbtha Jkvka-fpnket Yfrmbei Phpkr 97, Yfraj Ohem, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.

Nbebstry fc Kgfefny hej Cbehegk fc Ourmbeh Chsf, hej Yfraj Ohem. ?008. Gfnpktb-tbvkekss hej Kgfefnbg Irfwtd. Yhsdbeitfe, JG.



Oboabfirhpdy ?:2

Emhnh, H. ?000. ‑H Wtujy fe Wuoskgtfr Gfnpktbtbvkekss.„ Yfrmbei phpkr, Rhfuejâ.‚‚-‚. ?00:. Irfwtd, Jbstrboutbfe hej Pfvkrty be Ghnkrffe< H Wbnpabkj Nbgrf

Hpprfhgd. Rhfuejâ< Pfvkrty hej Kgfefnbg Pfabgy (PKP) _kskhrgd Ektwfrm.Fyfef, P. _., G. Mfueh, hej Y. Nhah. ?00;. ‑Okekts fc Cfrksts be Ghnkrffe<

Iafoha Wtrugturk, Bssuks Bevfavbei Hggkss hej Jkgbsbfe-Nhmbei Dbggfuids.„Cfrkst Pfabgy hej Kgfefnbgs 9(7)< 7;9‗34.

Pbihtf, N. ?000. ‑Cfrkbie Jbrkgt Bevkstnket be Hcrbgh< Faj Zhaks hej Ekw Kvbjkegk.„ Hcrbgh _kibfe Yfrmbei Phpkr Wkrbks 4, Yfraj Ohem, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.

Pfabtbgha _bsm Wkrvbgk Irfup. ?009. BG_I (Betkrehtbfeha Gfuetry _bsm Iubjk)thoaks. ]dttp<//www.prsirfup.gfn/.

_kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe. 8228. Kequìtk jânfirhpdbk kt shetâ . (JDW B), Nbebstryfc Paheebei hej _kibfeha Jkvkafpnket, Ourkhu fc Wthtbstbgs hej Ehtbfeha Hggfuets, Rhfuejâ.

‚‚-‚. 8229. Kequìtk ghnkrfuehbsk hupräs jks nâehiks (KGHN B). Nbebstry fc Pahe-ebei hej _kibfeha Jkvkafpnket, Ourkhu fc Wthtbstbgs hej Ehtbfeha Hggfuets, Rhfuejâ.

‚‚-‚. 8224. Kequìtk jânfirhpdbk kt shetâ . (JDW BB). Nbebstry fc Paheebei hej_kibfeha Jkvkafpnket, Ourkhu fc Wthtbstbgs hej Ehtbfeha Hggfuets, Rhfuejâ.

‚‚-‚. ?008. Wtrhtâibk ju skgtkur shetâ . Nbebstry fc Dkhatd, Rhfuejâ.‚‚-‚. ?008 hej ?003. Wtrhtâibk ju skgtkur âjughtbfe. Nbebstrbks fc Ohsbg Kjughtbfe,

Wkgfejhry Kjughtbfe, hej Dbidkr Kjughtbfe, Rhfuejâ.‚‚-‚. ?00?. Kequìtk ghnkrfuehbsk hupräs jks nâehiks (KGHNBB). Nbebstry fc

Kgfefny hej Cbehegk, Ourkhu fc Wthtbstbgs hej Ehtbfeha Hggfuets, Rhfuejâ. ‚‚-‚. ?007h. Jfgunket jk strhtâibk jk râjugtbfe jk ah phuvrktâ . Nbebstry fc Kgfefny,

Paheebei hej _kibfeha Jkvkafpnket, Rhfuejâ.‚‚-‚. ?007o. Âtujk sur ah cfrnhtbfe jks prbx jks prfjubts vbvrbkrs jhes aks gketrks

urohbes ju Ghnkrfue. Nbebstry fc Kgfefny, Paheebei hej _kibfeha Jkvkafp-nket/Ehtbfeha Bestbtutk fc Wthtbstbgs, Rhfuejâ.

‚‚-‚. ?007g. ‑Wpâgbghtbfes âgfefnâtrbquks ju nfjäak WBPHK.„ Nbebstry fcKgfefny hej Cbehegk, Rhfuejâ, Ghnkrffe.

‚‚-‚. ?00:h. Kequìtk jânfirhpdbk kt shetâ . Nbebstry fc Kgfefnbg Hcchbrs, Prfirhn-

nbei hej _kibfeha Jkvkafpnket/Ehtbfeha Bestbtutk fc Wthtbstbgs, Rhfuejâ.‚‚-‚. ?00:o. Kequìtk sur ak subvb jks jâpkesks puoabquks kt ah shtbschgtbfe jks oâeâgbhbrksjhes aks skgtkurs jk a‒âjughtbfe kt ah shetâ. Pdhsk B< Sfakt shetâ. Nbebstry fc Kgfefny,Paheebei hej _kibfeha Jkvkafpnket /Ehtbfeha Bestbtutk fc Wthtbstbgs, Rhfuejâ.

‚‚-‚. ?00:g. Eftk jksgrbptbvk ju nfjäak WBPHK. Nbebstry fc Cbehegk/Jbrkgtfrhtk fcCfrkghstbei, Rhfuejâ.

‚‚-‚. ?00;h. Wtrhtâibk ju Nbebstärk jks Zrhvhux Puoabgs. Nbebstry fc Puoabg Yfrms, Rhfuejâ

‚‚-‚. ?00;o. Wtrhtâibk ju skgtkur rurha. Nbebstry fc Hirbguaturk, Nbebstry fcKevbrfenket hej Cfrkstry, hej Nbebstry fc Abvkstfgm, Cbsdkrbks hej Hebnha

Bejustrbks, Rhfuejâ.‚‚-‚. ?003. Wtrhtâibk ju skgtkur jks tâaâgfnnuebghtbfes. Nbebstry fc Pfst hej

Zkakgfns, Rhfuejâ.Whgkrjftb, K., W. Oruesgdwbi, hej L. Zhei. 8224. ‑Zdk Bnphgt fc Dunhe Ghpbtha fe

Irfwtd< Kvbjkegk crfn Ykst Hcrbgh.„ BNC YP/24/3?, Betkrehtbfeha NfekthryCuej, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.



?;0 Oboabfirhpdy

Whgds, L., hej H. Yhrekr. 8229 ‑Wfurgks fc Wafw Irfwtd be Hcrbghe Kgfefnbks.„ Lfureha fc Hcrbghe Kgfefnbks 3 (7)< 77;‗93.

Whjkr, C. 822;. Prbvhtbzbei Puoabg Ketkrprbsks hej Cfrkbie Bevkstnket be JkvkafpbeiGfuetrbks, 8244‗27. CBHW Fgghsbfeha Phpkr ;, Cfrkbie Bevkstnket HjvbsfryWkrvbgk, Yfraj Ohem, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.

Wnhrzyesmh, O., hej W. Ykb. ?00?. ‑Gfrruptbfe hej Grfss-Ofrjkr Bevkstnket<Cbrn-Akvka Kvbjkegk.„ Betkrehtbfeha Nfekthry Cuej _kskhrgd Jkphrtnket,Gketrk cfr Kgfefnbg Pfabgy _kskhrgd (GKP_), Ehtbfeha Ourkhu fc Kgfefnbg_kskhrgd (EOK_), hej Orffmbeis Bestbtutbfe, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.

Wtkkeahejt, N., L. Pufes, hej G. Juy. ?00?. ‑GKNHG< Skrs a‒uebfe jfuhebärkke Hcrbquk Gketrhak.„ Yfraj Ohem, Kurfpkhe [ebfe, hej Crkegd CfrkbieNbebstry, Phrbs.

Zfweskej, _. C. 8222. ‑Hirbguaturk Begketbvks be Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh.„ ZkgdebghaPhpkr :::, Yfraj Ohem, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.

ZB (Zrhesphrkegy Betkrehtbfeha). ?00:. Iafoha Gfrruptbfe _kpfrt . Okrabe< ZB. Ydbtk, D., hej Z. Mbaabgm. ?008. Hcrbghe Pfvkrty ht tdk Nbaakeebun< Ghusks, Gfnpakxb-

tbks, hej Gdhaakeiks. Yhsdbeitfe, JG< Yfraj Ohem. Yfraj Ohem. 8223. ‑Zdk _kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe. Zdk Gdhaakeik< Dhrekssbei [erkha-

bzkj Pftketbha. H Prbvhtk Wkgtfr Hsskssnket.„ _kpfrt 872;;-GN, BetkrehtbfehaCbehegk Gfrpfrhtbfe, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.

‚‚-‚. 8224. ‑Wtrugturha Hjlustnket Grkjbt BBB.„ Hcrbgh _kibfe, Yfraj Ohem, Yhsd-beitfe, JG.

‚‚-‚. ?000h. Ghe Hcrbgh Gahbn tdk ?8st Gketury6 Yhsdbeitfe, JG< Yfraj Ohem.‚‚-‚. ?000o. ‑Gfuetry Prfgurknket Hsskssnket _kvbkw.„ Hcrbgh _kibfe, Yfraj Ohem,

Yhsdbeitfe, JG.‚‚-‚. ?008h. ‑Hggkakrhtbei _kibfeha Betkirhtbfe be Ykst Hcrbgh.„ Hcrbgh _kibfe,

Yfraj Ohem, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.‚‚-‚. ?008o. ‑Ghnkrffe DBPG HHP _kpfrt.„ Hcrbgh _kibfe, Yfraj Ohem, Yhsd-

beitfe, JG.‚‚-‚. ?00?h. ‑Ghnkrffe _urha Wkgtfr _kvbkw.„ Hcrbgh _kibfe, Yfraj Ohem,

Yhsdbeitfe, JG.

‚‚-‚. ?00?o. Gfuetry Cbehegbha Hggfuethobabty Hsskssnket. Hcrbgh _kibfe, Yfraj Ohem, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.‚‚-‚. ?00?g. Yfraj Jkvkafpnket _kpfrt ?00?< Oubajbei Bestbtutbfes cfr Nhrmkts,

Yhsdbeitfe, JG< Yfraj Ohem.‚‚-‚. ?007h. Hbr Zrhespfrt be Ykstkre hej Gketrha Hcrbgh< Chgts hej Bssuks. _kibfeha

Betkirhtbfe, Yfraj Ohem, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.‚‚-‚. ?007o. ‑Ghnkrffe< Dkhatd Gfuetry Wthtus _kpfrt.„ Hcrbgh _kibfe, Yfraj

Ohem, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.‚‚-‚. ?007g. ‑Gfuetry Hssbsthegk Wtrhtkiy.„ Hcrbgh _kibfe, Yfraj Ohem, Yhsd-

beitfe, JG.

‚‚-‚. ?007j. Ebikrbh< Pfabgy Fptbfes cfr Irfwtd hej Wthobabty . Yhsdbeitfe, JG< Yfraj Ohem.

‚‚-‚. ?007k. ‑Wtrhtâibk j‒hssbsthegk à a‒betâirhtbfe râibfehak pfur a‒Hcrbquk Gke-trhak.„ Hcrbgh _kibfe, Yfraj Ohem, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.

‚‚-‚. ?007c. Yfraj Jkvkafpnket _kpfrt ?007< Wusthbehoak Jkvkafpnket be h JyehnbgYfraj. Yhsdbeitfe, JG< Yfraj Ohem.



Oboabfirhpdy ?;8

‚‚-‚. ?00:h. ‑Ghnkrffe DBPG HHP _kpfrt.„ Hcrbgh _kibfe, Yfraj Ohem, Yhsd-beitfe, JG.

‚‚-‚. ?00:o. ‑ Ghnkrffe< [rohe Wkgtfr _kvbkw.„ Hcrbgh _kibfe, Yfraj Ohem, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.

‚‚-‚. ?00:g. Yfraj Jkvkafpnket _kpfrt ?00:< Nhmbei Wkrvbgks Yfrm cfr Pffr Pkfpak. Yhsdbeitfe, JG< Yfraj Ohem.

‚‚-‚. ?00;h. ‑Gfuetry Prfgurknket Hsskssnket _kvbkw.„ Hcrbgh _kibfe, YfrajOhem, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.

‚‚-‚. ?00;o. ‑Pfvkrty Hsskssnket.„ Yfraj Ohem, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.‚‚-‚. ?00;g. Yfraj Jkvkafpnket _kpfrt ?00;< H Okttkr Bevkstnket Gabnhtk cfr Kvkry-

fek. Yhsdbeitfe, JG< Yfraj Ohem.‚‚-‚. ?003h. Jfbei Ousbekss. Yhsdbeitfe, JG< Yfraj Ohem.‚‚-‚. ?003o. ‑DBPG Gfnpaktbfe Pfbet _kpfrt.„ Hcrbgh _kibfe, Yfraj Ohem,

Yhsdbeitfe JG.‚‚-‚. ?003g. ‑Bevkstnket Gabnhtk Hsskssnket.„ Yfraj Ohem, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.‚‚-‚. ?003j. ‑Cbehegbha Wkgtfr Hsskssnket Prfirhn be GKNHG.„ CWHP Hcrbgh

_kibfe, Yfraj Ohem, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.‚‚-‚. ?003k. ‑Puoabg Cbehegbha Nhehiknket hej Cbehegbha Hsskssnket _kvbkw.„

Hcrbgh _kibfe, Yfraj Ohem, Yhsdbeitfe, JG.‚‚-‚. ?003c. Yfraj Jkvkafpnket _kpfrt ?003< Kqubty hej Jkvkafpnket . Yhsdbeitfe,

JG< Yfraj Ohem. Yfraj Ohem, _kpuoabg fc Ghnkrffe, hej WGHG (Wkrvbgk jk Gffpârhtbfe kt j‒Hgtbfe

Guaturkaak). ?007. Kjughtbfe Gfuetry Wthtus _kpfrt cfr Ghnkrffe< Wyetdksbs fc tdkPrbegbpha _ksuats tfwhrj h Ekw Kjughtbfe Pfabgy. Yhsdbeitfe, JG< Yfraj Ohem.

Yfraj Kgfefnbg Cfrun. ?000. Iafoha Gfnpktbtbvkekss _kpfrt ?000. Ikekvh.‚‚-‚. ?009. Zdk Hcrbgh Gfnpktbtbvkekss _kpfrt ?009. Ikekvh.



?;7

Ofxks, iurks, eftks, hej thoaks hrkjkeftkj oy o, c, e, hej t, cfaafwbei tdkphik eunokrs.

H hggfuetbei systkns, 92, 47, 8?7, 8?:,

873e2hgqubrkj bnnuek jkgbkegy

syejrfnk. Wkk DBS/HBJW HK_ (Hikegk j‒Kakgtrbghtbfe _urhak),

8:7o Hârfpfrts jk Phrbs (HJP), 8;7 Hârfpfrts ju Ghnkrfue (HJG), 8;7 HKW Wfgbâtâ Ehtbfehak j ‒Kakgtrbgbtâ

(HKW WFEKA), xxvbb, 82‗?0, :9,8:?‗8:7o, 8:7‗8::, 8:3Zdk Hcrbgh Gfnpktbtbvkekss _kpfrt< ?009

(Yfraj Ohem), 884 Hikegk j‒Kakgtrbghtbfe _urhak (HK_),

8:7o Hikegk jk _âiuahtbfe jks Nhrgdâs

Puoabgs (H_NP), 802‗880 Hikegk jk _âiuahtbfe jks

Zâaâgfnnuebghtbfes (H_Z), 83? Hikegk jk _âiuahtbfe ju Wkgtkur jk

a‒Kakgtrbgbtâ (H_WKA),8:?o, 8:3 Hikegk pfur ah Wâgurbtâ jk ah

Ehvbihtbfe Hârbkeek ke Hcrbquk(HWKGEH), 8;7

hirbguaturha skgtfr. Wkk hasf grfps=chrnkrs hej chrnbei

gfnpktbtbvkekss be, ?3, ?4kxpfrt be, 80ifvkrenket rktrkegdnket hej, 849irfwtd be, ;, ?0, ?:

bevkstnkets hej thxks be,849‗844

prfjugtbvbty be, 843thxhtbfe be, 8:trhjk abokrhabzhtbfe be, 882o

hbrpfrts hej hbr trhespfrt, 8:4,8;?‗8;:, 8;:o, 83:e3

HA[GHN (haunbeun snkatkr), 8:?ohetbgfrruptbfe. Wkk gfrruptbfe Hetbafpk (phyrfaa nhehiknket

systkn), 2?, 888e8?hetbrktrfvbrha jruis, 892o, 847e:. Wkk

hasf DBS/HBJW H_NP. Wkk Hikegk jk _âiuahtbfe jks

Nhrgdâs Puoabgs) H_WKA. Wkk Hikegk jk _âiuahtbfe ju

Wkgtkur jk a‒Kakgtrbgbtâ H_Z. Wkk Hikegk jk _âiuahtbfe jks

Zâaâgfnnuebghtbfes

HWKGEH. Wkk Hikegk pfur ah Wâgurbtâjk ah Ehvbihtbfe Hârbkeek ke Hcrbquk

Hujbt Gdhnokr, xxb, xxxbbb, 9;o, 42‗20hujbtbei hej hujbt systkns

jkot nhehiknket hej, 80;kxpkejbturks hej, 47CKBGFN hej, ?0?ahrik gfnphebks hej, 34prfgurknket hej, 9:o, 880puoabg ehegk nhehiknket hej,

42‗20WED hej, 888e82WFEH_H hej, 808strkeitdkebei tdk Zhx Jbrkgtfrhtk

cfr, 8?:thx hjnbebstrhtbfe hej, 33 whik hrrkhrs hej, 27

OOhmhssb hcchbr, 8?0, 873e:ohembei skgtfr, 84, 8?8‗8?7, 8??o,

8?9, 873e80Ohem fc Gketrha Hcrbghe Wthtks

(OKHG), 89o, ;9, 30‗38,9:o, 804, 8?:‗8?;, 8?2o, 877, 87:

Bejkx



?;: Bejkx

Gketrha Ohem fc Ykstkre Hcrbghe Wthtks(Ohequk Gketrhak jks Âthts jk

a‒Hcrbquk jk Fukst) (OGKHF),803, 809o

ohskabek sgkehrbf, ?7; c, ?::‗?:; c, ?:;OGKHF. Wkk Gketrha Ohem fc Ykstkre

Hcrbghe Wthtks (Ohequk Gketrhakjks Âthts jk a‒Hcrbquk jk a‒Fukst)

OKHG. Wkk Ohem fc Gketrha HcrbgheWthtks

okj ekts, 894‗892o, 84?, 847e:obfjbvkrsbty, 8:;o, 827, 82;,

?0:, ?0;o

ofejs, xxbv, xxvb, 803, 802o, 880e8,870, 87:, 879ee8:‗8;, ?73

Oujikt Jbrkgtfrhtk, 4:‗4;o, 44oujikts

hujbtbei fc, 9:o, ??;ojkgbts, 8;o, 809okxkgutbfe fc, 97‗9;o, 94‗44, 888e4,

??;o, ?:?NZKC hej, xx, 99‗94, 49efnkegahturk cfr, 94prkphrhtbfe fc, 9;‗94P_WP hej, xx, 97o, 9;, 43, 49, ?08rkpfrtbei fc, 97‗9;o, ??:rkvbkws fc, ??7, ??3e7trhesphrkegy hej, 94, 4;‗43

OSNHG (Ofursk jks vhakursnfobabärks jk a‒HcrbqukGketrhak). Wkk Gketrha HcrbghWtfgm Kxgdheik

G

G?J. Wkk Gfetrht jkjâskejkttknket-jâvkafppknket Ghbssk Hutfefnk j‒Hnfrtbssknket

(GHH), 80;, 809‗804, 88?e?9Ghbssk Gfnnuek j‒Âphriek kt

j‒Bevkstbssknket (GGKB), 8??oGhbssk j‒Âphriek Pfsthak (GKP), 8?9,

8?4oGhbssk jk Wthobabshtbfe jks Prbx jks

Dyjrfghrourks, 2:Ghbssk Ehtbfehak jk Prâvfyhegk

Wfgbhak (GEPW), 32o, 87?Ghbssk Ehtbfehak jk _âhssurhegk(GE_), 8??o

Ghnkrffe Hbrabeks (GHNHB_), xxbbb, xxvbb, ;2o, 8;?‗8;:

Ghnkrffe Dfuskdfaj Wurvkys (KGHNB hej BB), ?, 77, :2ee8‗?, ?00,

?:8o, ?::oGhnkrffe Pfstha Gfrpfrhtbfe

(WFEHPFWZ), 8?9, 8?4oGhnkrffe Pfstha Wkr vbgks

(GHNPFWZ), xxbbb, 8?9,8?4‗8?2o

Ghnkrffe Wdbppbei Abeks(GHNWDBP), 8;;‗8;3

Ghnkrffe Zkakgfnnuebghtbfes(GHNZKA), xxbbb, xxvbbb, :9,;0e8?, ;2o, 838

Ghnkrffe _hbawhys (GHN_HBA),8;:‗8;;

ghphgbtbksbe tdk kekriy skgtfr, 8:7‗8::, 8:3cfr jkot nhehiknket, 80;‗804,

88?e?4cfr fba trhespfrt hej stfrhik, 808‗80?cfr prfjugkrs frihebzhtbfes, 827cfr puoabg prfgurknket, 802‗880be tdk cfrkstry skgtfr, 82;cfr prkphrbei bevkstnket prflkgts be,

43‗49rfhj nhbetkehegk pfabgy hej,

8:2‗8;0ghpbtha, ?0, ?:, ?;o, 839GHW (gfuetry hssbsthegk strhtkiy), :GGKB. Wkk Ghbssk Gfnnuek j‒Âphriek

kt j ‒Bevkstbssknket GJs. Wkk jkvkafpnket gfnnbttkksGKNHG. Wkk Kgfefnbg hej Nfekthry

Gfnnuebty fc Gketrha Hcrbgh

Gketrha Hcrbghe Ohembei Gfnnbssbfe(GFOHG), 8??o, 8?9Gketrha Hcrbghe _kpuoabg

hs GKNHG nknokr, 873e8ketry pfrt cfr, 889crkbidt haafghtbfe systkn be, 882ofba snuiiabei hej, 2:rkibfeha betkirhtbfe hej, 30 vbsh rkqubrknkets hej, 879e83

Gketrha Hcrbgh Wtfgm Kxgdheik(OSNHG), 877

GKP. Wkk Ghbssk j‒Âphriek PfsthakGKZ (gfnnfe kxtkreha thrbcc),889‗884

GCG (Grâjbt Cfegbkr ju Ghnkrfue),870, ?0?



Bejkx ?;;

Gdhjhs GKNHG nknokr, 873e8

kevbrfenketha rkiuahtbfe hej, ?0;crkbidt haafghtbfe systkn be, 882ofba hej, 2:, 29orkibfeha betkirhtbfe hej, 30trhespfrt be, 39, 889, 8:4, 8;8 vbsh rkqubrknkets hej, 879e83

Gdhj-Ghnkrffe fba pbpkabekGHN_HBA hej, 8;;kgfefnbg rkgfvkry hej, ?8kevbrfenket hej, 8:;o, 83:e?fba gfesunptbfe hej, 2;o

pfrt fc Mrbob hej, 8:4rkvkeuk crfn, 29ostkkrbei hej nfebtfrbei gfnnbttkk,

?03, ?09e3gdbaj nfrthabty, :?‗:7, :2gdbajrke

bnnuebzhtbfes hej, :7, :7 c, ;0e4nhaeutrbtbfe hej, ::

GBNH. Wkk Betkr-Hcrbghe Gfeckrkegkfe Besurhegk Nhrmkt

gbtbzke bevfavknket, 897, 893, ??7,??4. Wkk hasf phrt bgbphtfryjkgbsbfe-nhmbei

gbtbzke rkpfrt ghrjs, ??7ogbvba skrvhets hej gbvba skrvbgk

pkrsfeeka nhehiknket hej, 20‗2?,27, 888e80

rkcfrn fc, xxxbb, ?82, ?82o whiks fc, 98, ?84‗?82

gbvba sfgbkty, xxxbb, 82;, 823, ?07, ?80,??8‗??7

GEPW. Wkk Ghbssk Ehtbfehak jkPrâvfyhegk WfgbhakGFOHG. Wkk Gketrha Hcrbghe Ohembei

Gfnnbssbfegfgfh, ?4, 844, 820‗828o. Wkk hasf grfpsgfcckk. Wkk gfnnfjbtbks= grfpsGfnbtâ Zkgdebquk jk Wubvb (GZW), ?89Gfnnkrgbha Ohem fc Ghnkrffe, 8??oGfnnbssbfe Ehtbfehak

Hetb-Gfrruptbfe (GFEHG), ?70gfnnfe kxtkreha thr bcc (GKZ),

889‗884gfnnuebghtbfes tkgdefafiy.Wkk becfrnhtbfe hejgfnnuebghtbfes tkgdefafiy(BGZ)

gfnnuebty phrtbgbphtbfe. Wkk phrtbgbphtfry jkgbsbfe-nhmbei

Gfnpkeshtbfe hej JkvkafpnketCuej, 8?0

gfnpktbtbvkekss, ?3‗7?, 78t, 887,88:‗88;o, 873e7, 843‗849

gfnpaktbfe pfbet, DBPG, xxbbb, 8, ?0,;9, ;4‗;2o, 807, 80:o, ?77

gfnpaktbfe rhtks, kjughtbfeha, :8, 834gfegkssbfes (kgfefnbg), xxvbb, 8;;,

8;2, 838, 82;, 822gfejfns, :;, 892o, 840, 84?Gfeif, Jknfgrhtbg _kpuoabg fc

hs GKNHG nknokr, 873e8dyjrfpfwkr be, 8:7trhespfrt be, 39 vbsh rkqubrknkets hej, 879e83

gfetrhgkptbvks. Wkk gfejfnsGfetrht jk jâskejkttknket-

jâvkafppknket (G?J), ;2o, 832Gfetrúak Wupârbkur jk a‒Âtht (sthtk

supkrbfr hujbt bestbtutbfe),888e2

Gfevketbfe fe Obfjbvkrsbty (822?),?0;o

Gfevketbfe fe Betkrehtbfeha Zrhjkbe Kejheikrkj Wpkgbks fc YbajChueh hej Cafrh (829;), ?0;o

Gfevketbfe tf Gfnoht Jkskrtbghtbfe(8223), ?0;o

gfevkrikegk grbtkrbh, 30‗38, 38t gfrruptbfe

CJB hej, ??9‗??4, ??9ocfrkbie bevkstnket hej, 87;

be cfrkstry skgtfr, 823, 824, ?70bevkstnket gabnhtk hej, ;?, ;?olujbgbha systkn hej, 8?7‗8?:, ??2obe fba skgtfr, 2:PEI B hej, ?80prfnftbfes hej, 27shegtbfes hej, 880, ?70thrbccs hej, 889 whiks hej, ?82

Gfrruptbfe Pkrgkptbfe Bejkx(Zrhesphrkegy Betkrehtbfeha),

?02‗?80Gútk j‒Bvfbrkofej nhrmkt be, 803, 809ogfgfh nhrmkt be, 820‗828ocfrkbie bevkstnket be, 87:



?;3 Bejkx

becfrnhtbfe hej gfnnuebghtbfetkgdefafiy be, 830

pfabgy bnpaknkethtbfe be, 8:0, ?89t prbvhtbzhtbfe be, xvbbbthx rkvkeuk hej, 880e7

gfuetry hssbsthegk strhtkiy (GHW), :Gfuetry Cbehegbha Hggfuethobabty

Hsskssnket, xx‗xxb, 92Gfuetry Prfgurknket Hsskssnket

_kvbkw (GPH_), xxbv, 804, 802gfurts, ??4‗??2, ??2o. Wkk hasf lujbgbha

systknGPH_. Wkk Gfuetry Prfgurknket

Hsskssnket _kvbkwGrâjbt Hirbgfak, 8??oGrâjbt Cfegbkr ju Ghnkrfue (GCG),

870, ?0?grfps, ?4, 70t, 7?ee?‗7, 844, 842 c,

820o. Wkk hasf hirbguaturha skgtfr=gfgfh= gfnnfjbtbks

GZW. Wkk Gfnbtâ tkgdebquk jk Wubvbgustfn gakhrhegk fpkrhtbfes, xxv, 8?8,

873e3. Wkk hasf pfrts

Jjkot nhehiknket

jfnkstbg jkot, 9:o, 80;‗804, 809o, 88?ee?9‗?4

kxtkreha jkot, ;, 87t, 8:, 80?‗80;,807 c, 80:o, 88?e?:, 88?ee?9‗?4

jkgketrhabzhtbfedkhatd systkn hej, :7, 899, 84?rfhj systkn hej, 8:2fc skrvbgks, xxxbb, ??0‗??8

be urohe jkvkafpnket, ?07jkgbsbfe-nhmbei. Wkk phrtbgbphtfryjkgbsbfe-nhmbei

jkgbt, 3, 8?‗87, 87t, ;9, ;2, ?73, ?74t Jknfirhpdbg hej Dkhatd Wurvky

(JDW), :7‗:;JKPNB (puoabg ehegbha nhehiknket

sfctwhrk ), 47, 4;, 888e;jkvhauhtbfe fc gurrkegy, 3, 8:, 83o, 89,

?0‗?8, ?:Jkvkafpnket Gfnnbttkks. (gfnbtâs

jk jâvkafppknket-GJs), ??8Jkvkafpnket Pfabgy _kvbkw (JP_), :JCBJ ([M Jkphrtnket cfr

Betkrehtbfeha Jkvkafpnket), 823JIK. Wkk Jbrkgtfrhtk cfr Ahrik

Gfnphebks

JDW. Wkk Jknfirhpdbg hej DkhatdWurvky

Jbrkgtfrhtk cfr Ahrik Gfnphebks(Jbrkgtbfe jks IrhejksKetrkprbsks - JIK), 34

Jbrkgtfrhtk fc Phyrfaa, 20, 2?jbskhsks, gfethibfus, xxbx, :;,

893‗848, 894o. Wkk hasf dkhatdhej dkhatd skgtfr

jbvkrsbghtbfegfnpktbtbvkekss hej, xvbbb, xxv, ?4gfetrhgt chrnbei hej, 82?‗827cfrkbie bevkstnket hej, 87;

be cfrkstry skgtfr, 827P_WP hej, xvbb, :4, 887

jfnkstbg hosfrptbfe, 8;o, 83ojfnkstbg jkot. Wkk jkot nhehiknket jfnkstbg rksfurgk gfst (J_G), ?4, 70t,

78t, 7?e8Jfuhah (Ghnkrffe)

nhrmkts be, 7?e7, 844, 842 c pfrt be, xxv, 8:9‗8:4, 8;3 whtkr rksfurgks be, 8;9, 8;4t

Jfuhah Wtfgm Kxgdheik (JWK), 8?;,87?‗87:, 879ee8?‗8;

JP_. Wkk Jkvkafpnket Pfabgy _kvbkwJ_G. Wkk jfnkstbg rksfurgk gfst jrbembei whtkr, :9, :4t, 8;3‗8;9jr uis. Wkk pdhrnhgbks hej

pdhrnhgkutbghasJWK. Wkk Jfuhah Wtfgm KxgdheikJutgd jbskhsk, 8:, 8;‗89o, ?0, ?3

K

KGHN B hej BB. Wkk GhnkrffeDfuskdfaj WurvkysKgfefnbg hej Nfekthry Gfnnuebty

fc Gketrha Hcrbgh (GKNHG)hggfuetbei hej hujbtbei systkn, 8?:,

873e4ofej nhrmkt hej, xxbv, 809ogfevkrikegk grbtkrbh hej, 38t grkjbt kevbrfenket hej, 8?7jkot nhehiknket hej, 803kekriy strhtkiy hej, 8:;

cfrkbie bevkstnket hej, 87;ifvkrenket ofej nhrmkt hej, 87:becrhstrugturk hej, 8:2, 8;0obesurhegk skgtfr hej, 878‗87?nknokr gfuetrbks be, 873e8nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfes hej, 8?3t



Bejkx ?;9

FDHJH crhnkwfrm hej, 8?7, ??2phynket systkn hej, 8?:‗8?;

rkibfeha betkirhtbfe hej, 30‗38, 38t stfgm kxgdheik hej, 877thx hjnbebstrhtbfe hej, 90‗98trhjk hej, 90, 889, 884, 882o, 8?0,

873e;Kgfefnbg Gfnnuebty fc Ykst Hcrbghe

Wthtks (KGFYHW), 38Kgfefnbg Phrtekrsdbp Hirkknket, 90kjughtbfe. Wkk hasf tkhgdkrs

gbvba sfgbkty hej, 893, ??7kcgbkegy hej, 832, 890t, 89;

kerfaanket, kjughtbfeha, 79, 74‗72t, :0‗:8, :0t, :8t, 834, 897

Chst Zrhgm Bebtbhtbvk, 898ikejkr hej, 832‗898dunhe ghpbtha hej, 839, 834 c bnprfvbei pkrcfrnhegk, xxbx,

834‗893, ??7obegfnk hej, 832‗898NJI thrikts be, :0, :2, 834NZKC, ?72, ?:0t pfvkrty hej, 7;, 7;t, 79‗:8prbnhr y, 79‗:0, 72t P_WP hej, 83;puoabg-prbvhtk phrtekrsdbps hej, 893pupba-tf-tkhgdkr rhtbf, 79, 898,

897‗89:, 89: c rkpktbtbfe rhtk hej, 79, 72t, 832rksfurgk nhehiknket be, 89;, 89; c skgfejhry, :0‗:8, :8t spkejbei fe, 898‗897, 89?t, 89:,

??7o, ?7:o, ?73, ?72

suosbjbks be, 893Kjughtbfe Gfuetry Wthtus _kpfrt cfrGhnkrffe (Yfraj Ohem), 834

Kjughtbfe cfr Haa (KCH), 832, 89?‗897,89:

KBZB. Wkk Kxtrhgtbvk Bejustrbks Zrhesphrkegy Bebtbhtbvk

kakgtrbgbty, 9, :9, :4t, 8:?‗8:7o, 8:;,?89t

Kejheikrkj Wpkgbks fc Ybaj Chuehhej Cafrh, Gfevketbfe fe

Betkrehtbfeha Zrhjk be (829;),?0;okekriy

kekriy grbsbs, 82‗?0, 8:8‗8:3kekriy skgtfr, xxvb‗xxvbb, 872,

8:?‗8:7o, 8::‗8:;, ??3e8

Kekriy Wtkkrbei Gfnnbttkk, 8:7o, 8::

kevbrfenketha prftkgtbfe, xxxb, 8:;o, 83:e?, 83;, ?0:‗?03, ?0;o

kevbrfenketha rkiuahtbfe, ?0:‗?03Kquhtfrbha Iubekh

hs GKNHG nknokr, 873e8fba hej, xxbv, 23o

Kurfpkhe [ebfe (K[)ghphgbty strkeitdkebei prfirhn hej,

49Kgfefnbg Phrtekrsdbp Hirkknket

hej, 90

rfhj systkn suppfrt crfn, 8;0o, 8;8o, 83:e7

kxgdheik rhtks, ;, 8;o, 83o, 89o, ?0,?3, ;9

Kxphejkj Prfirhn fe Bnnuebzhtbfe,894o

kxpkejbturkJutgd jbskhsk hej, 8;obe kjughtbfe skgtfr. Wkk spkejbei fe,

uejkr kjughtbfeehegbha nhehiknket hej, xx‗xxbb,

98‗20, 93t, 4:‗4;oIJP hej, 98, 9?, 93t be dkhatd skgtfr, :9, ;0e88, ?72nkjbun-tkrn crhnkwfrm, ?72‗?:?P_WP hej, xbx, 7, :2, ?72

kxtkreha jkot. Wkk jkot nhehiknket Kxtrhgtbvk Bejustrbks Zrhesphrkegy

Bebtbhtbvk (KBZB), xxbbb, xxxbb‗xx xbbb, 800, 88?e?8,???, ??:

Cchrnkrs hej chrnbei. Wkk hasf

hirbguaturha skgtfr gfetrhgt, 82?‗827chrn sbzk, 84;nhrmkt abokrhabzhtbfe hej,

820‗828opfvkrty hej, 7:skrvbgk jkabvkry hej, 82?thx systkn hej, 849‗844

Chst Zrhgm Bebtbhtbvk. Wkk chst trhgmbebtbhtbvk uejkr kjughtbfeCJB. Wkk cfrkbie jbrkgt bevkstnket CKBGFN. Wkk Cfejs Wpâgbha

j‒Kqubpknket kt j‒BetkrvketbfeBetkrgfnnueha



?;4 Bejkx

ehegbha nhehiknket, xx‗xxbb, xxxbbb,9?, 97‗9;o, 9;‗44, 848, ?:; c,

?:3. Wkk hasf oujiktsehegbha pfabgbks

Jfuhah stfgm kxgdheik hej,87?‗87:, 879e8?, 879ee8:‗8;

ehegbha nhrmkts hej, xxv‗xxvb,8?8‗87:

ehegbha skrvbgks hej, ;?, 88:‗88;o, 8?;‗87:

ifvkrenket ofej nhrmkt hej, 87:dfusbei ehegbei hej, xxvb,

870‗878

besurhegk nhrmkt hej, 878‗87?, 878t nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfes hej,

8?;‗8?9, 8?3t phynket systkn hej, 8?:‗8?;pfstha ehegbha skrvbgks hej, xxvb,

8?9, 8?4‗8?2oWNK‒s hggkss tf ehegbei, 8?9‗870sfgbha skgurbty systkn hej, xxvb, 87?

sgha nhehiknket, 3?‗98Cfejs Wpâgbha j‒Kqubpknket kt

j‒Betkrvketbfe Betkrgfnnueha(CKBGFN), ?0?

cffj skgurbty, 84;, 849cfrkbie jbrkgt bevkstnket (CJB)

httrhgtbei, ;9, 87:‗87;gfrruptbfe hej, ??9‗??4, ??9oifvkrehegk hej, ?3, 87;, ?02lujbgbha systkn hej, ??9, ??9oFDHJH hej, ??2rhtbf tf IJP hej, ?3, ?9t rbsm hsskssnket hehaysbs hej, ?:3e8

cfrkbie bevkstnket. Wkk cfrkbie jbrkgtbevkstnket cfrkstry skgtfr

gfnnuebty cfrksts, 823, 829o, 824gfrruptbfe be, 823, 824, ?70jbvkrsbghtbfe be, 827Cfrkst hej Kevbrfenket Wkgtfr

Prfirhn, 823Cfrkst Nhehiknket [ebts, 82:Cfrkstry Zhx _kvkeuk Kedhegknket

Prfirhn, 34

cukawffj, 824bejkpkejket foskrvkrs hej, 829o, ???

pfabgbks hej rkcfrn be, xbx, 84,827‗?00, 829o, 822 c, ?03ee7‗:

rkvkeuk crfn, 37, 3: c, 3;o, 39, 34, 90

tbnokr bejustry, 824‗?00trhesphrkegy be, 3;o, 823, 824

IIhofe

hs GKNHG nknokr, xxbv, 873e8Gfnpkeshtbfe hej Jkvkafpnket

Cuej hej, 8?0rkibfeha stfgm kxgdheik hej, 877

ihs. Wkk ehturha ihsIJP. Wkk irfss jfnkstbg prfjugt ikejkr, 7;t, ;0e9, 832‗898. Wkk hasf

wfnke

idfst knpafykks, xxxbbb, 9:o, 28, ?70IBG. Wkk Irfupknket j‒betârìt

gffpârhtbc IBGHN. Wkk Irfupknket

Betkrehtbfeha ju GhnkrfueIBK. Wkk Irfupknket j‒betârìt

âgfefnbqukIafoha Cuej, 894‗892 c ifvkrehegk

oujikt nhehiknket hej, 40o, 49gbvba sfgbkty hej, ??8‗??7be kjughtbfe skgtfr, 897‗893CJB hej, ?3, 87;, ?02be cfrkstry skgtfr, 827‗823bnprfvknket fc, xxxb, ?02‗?87,

?88‗?87 c bevkstnket gabnhtk hej, ;?o, ;7otrhesphrkegy hej, 82;, ?02‗?80,

???‗??:irfss jfnkstbg prfjugt (IJP)

ohskabek sgkehrbf hej, ?7:‗?73

jkot nhehiknket hej, 807, 88?e?:jfnkstbg hosfrptbfe hej, 83okxpkejbturk trkejs hej, 98, 9?, 9;,

93t, ?73‗?72ehegbha jkkpkebei hej, 8??sgha ohahegk hej, ;4oirfwtd be, 2‗?0, 88‗87t, 84 c,

?8 c, ??t besurhegk skgtfr hej, 878, 878t bevkstnket hej, ?3, ?9t, 87:rkvkeuk, 3?, ?73, ?74t

rbsm hsskssnket, ?:?‗?:3rurha skgtfr hej, 84;Irfupknket j‒betârìt gffpârhtbc

(IBG), 844Irfupknket j‒betârìt âgfefnbquk

(IBK), 844



?30 Bejkx

becrhstrugturk, 872‗83:. Wkk hasf spkgbg skgtfrs

GHNZKA prbvhtbzhtbfe, 838kekriy, 8:8‗8:3irfwtd hej, ?;obe rurha skgtfr, 843be tkakgfnnuebghtbfes, 830‗837be trhespfrt, 8:3‗8;3be urohe skgtfr, ?00‗?08, ?07be whtkr, 8;3‗830bestbtutbfeha hej rkiuahtfry

crhnkwfrm cfr, 8:3bevkstnket gabnhtk hej, ;?o, ;7‗;3o

nhrmkt abokrhabzhtbfe hej, 8;7‗8;:,830‗838

nkjbun-tkrn hgtbfe pahe hej,8:7‗8::

pfvkrty hej, :9‗:4, :4t prbvhtbzhtbfe hej, 872puoabg-prbvhtk phrtekrsdbps hej, 8:3,

8:2, ???‗??7rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrm, 8:0‗8:8, 83?spkejbei fe, 9;, 93t

bestbtutkurs vhghthbrks (tknpfrhrytkhgdkrs) (BSHG), 89?‗897

bestbtutbfeha crhnkwfrms hej rkcfrnshbr trhespfrt hej, 8;?‗8;:GKNHG, 8?7‗8?;gfetrhgt chrnbei hej, 82?kekriy skgtfr hej, 8::‗8:3cfrkstry skgtfr hej, xbx, 827‗?00,

829o, 822 c, ?03ee7‗:dkhatd skgtfr hej, 84?‗847fba skgtfr hej, 27‗22

puoabg ehegk nhehiknket hej, 4?,?82‗??8rfhj trhespfrt hej, 8:4‗8;?tkakgfnnuebghtbfes hej, 83?urohe skgtfr hej, ?0?

besurhegk skgtfr, 8?8, 8??o, 878‗87?,878t

betkirhtbfe, rkibfeha. Wkk rkibfehabetkirhtbfe

Betkr-Hcrbghe Gfeckrkegk fe BesurhegkNhrmkts (GBNH), 8??o, 87?

Betkrbn P_WP. Wkk Pfvkrty _kjugtbfeWtrhtkiy Phpkr Betkrehtbfeha Gbvba Hvbhtbfe

Frihebzhtbfe (BGHF), 8;:oBetkrehtbfeha Gfuetry _bsm Iubjk

(BG_I), ;4 c

Betkrehtbfeha Gfurt fc Lustbgk (BGL),873e:

Betkrehtbfeha Jkvkafpnket Hssfgbhtbfe (BJH), 80:o, 804,88?e?2, 893

Betkrehtbfeha Cbehegk Gfrpfrhtbfe(BCG), 8::, 8;7

Betkrehtbfeha ehegbha rkpfrtbeisthejhrjs (BC_W), 8?:

Betkrehtbfeha Nfekthry Cuej (BNC)Kedhegkj Wtrugturha Hjlustnket

Chgbabty, 3, 84kxtkreha jkot, 89‗84, 80:o, 80;

P_IC hej, xxbbb, 8, 3, ;2othx hjnbebstrhtbfe hej, 32, 32otrhjk abokrhabzhtbfe hej, 882o

Betkrehtbfeha Frihebzhtbfe fcWuprknk Hujbt Bestbtutbfes, 20

Bevkstnket Gabnhtk Hsskssnket fc?003 (Yfraj Ohem), ;?,;?o, ??9

bevkstnkets. Wkk hasf cfrkbie jbrkgtbevkstnket (CJB)

oujikt kxkgutbfe hej, 43‗44gabnhtk cfr, ;?‗;7, ;?o, ;7‗;3o vfaunk fc, ?:, ?3, ?9t

BSHG. Wkk bestbtutkurs vhghthbrks

Llujbgbha systkn, xxxbbb, 8?7‗8?:,

?80, ??9‗?70, ??2o.Wkk hasf gfurts

M

Mrbob (Ghnkrffe)kevbrfenket, ?0:pfrt be, 8:4

A akvbks, pktrfakun, 8;8oAborkvbaak (Ihofe), stfgm kxgdheik be,

877, 879e87Abnok (Ghnkrffe)

kakgtrbg pfwkr be, 8:?ofba trhespfrt crfn, 80?

pfrt be, 8:4pfwkr pahet be, xxvbb, 8:7, 8::afiibei. Wkk cfrkstry skgtfr Afn Pheihr Jhn prflkgt, 8:;, 8:;o,

8:3Afejfe Gauo, 80:



Bejkx ?38

NNhgrfkgfefnbg Gfevkrikegk hej

Wthobabty Phgt fc ?000 (GKNHG),30

nhgrfkgfefnbgs hej puoabg ehegk,;9‗88?

hggfuethobabty fc spkejbeinbebstrbks, 4?‗4;

hujbt systkn hej, 42‗20oujikt prkphrhtbfe hej kxkgutbfe

hej, 9;‗44jkot nhehiknket hej, xxbbb‗xxbv,

80?‗804, 807 c kxpkejbturk hej ehegbha

nhehiknket, 98‗20sgha nhehiknket hej rkvkeuk

nfobabzhtbfe, xbx‗xxvbbb, 3?‗98bestbtutbfeha gfaahofrhtbfe hej, 44bestbtutbfeha rkcfrns hej, 24nhgrfkgfefnbg nfjka fc Ghnkrffe

(WBPHK), ?77‗?7:onhehiknket becfrnhtbfe systkn

hej, 44‗42

nkjbun-tkrn futaffm cfr, ?,?73‗?:?, ?:0t NZKC hej, 99‗94, ?72 c, ?:0t fba rksfurgk nhehiknket hej,

27‗80?, 2;‗29opkrcfrnhegk-ohskj begketbvk systkn

hej, 27pkrsfeeka hej phyrfaa nhehiknket,

20‗27PKZW, 92, 48opuoabg prfgurknket hej, 804‗880

rkibfeha crhnkwfrm hej, ;2‗38thx pfabgy hej hjnbebstrhtbfefvkrvbkw, 37‗39

trhesphrkegy fc oujikt kxkgutbfe,4;‗43

trkhsury nhehiknket hej, 20nhahrbh, xxbx, :;, 894‗892onhaeutrbtbfe, :?t, ::nhehiknket becfrnhtbfe systkns,

44‗42nheuchgturbei skgtfr, ?4, 78t, 889

nhrbtbnk trhespfrt, xxvbb, 8;;‗8;3.Wkk hasf pfrts

nhrmkts hej nhrmkt systknschgtfr, ;?oBGZ, 830‗838rurha, 849‗844, 820‗828o

nhtkreha dkhatd, ::‗:;, :; c, :3. Wkkhasf wfnke

NJIs. Wkk Nbaakeebun JkvkafpnketIfhas

NJ_B. Wkk Nuatbahtkrha Jkot _kabkcBebtbhtbvk

nkjbh, 892o, 840, ??7Nkjbun-Zkrn Kxpkejbturk Crhnkwfrm

(NZKC), 93t, 99‗94, 49pkrsfeeka nhehiknket hej, xxbb, 27skgtfrs hej, 97o, 888e:, ?0:, ??2,

?72‗?:0t WBIKCB hej, xxb, 42

nkjbun-tkrn irfwtd, xx xbbb‗xxxbx,?73‗?:?

nbgrfehegk bestbtutbfes, 8?;‗8?9,8?3t, 873e9, 873e80

Nbaakeebun Jkvkafpnket Ifhas(NJIs)

begfnk pfvkrty hej, xxxbbb, 77, ?:?bestbtutbfeha gfaahofrhtbfe hej, 44nkjbun-tkrn kxpkejbturk hej, ?72P_WP hej, xvbb, ?, 3, :4‗:2, ;2o, 839sfgbha skgtfr hej, 7, :0, :2, 834 whtkr rksfurgks hej, 8;3

nbebei skgtfr, ?0Nbssbfe j‒Hnâehiknket kt

j‒Kqubpknket jks Zkrrhbes[rohbes kt _urhux, ?0?

nfobak pdfeks, 830, 83:e88nfsqubtf okj ekts, 894‗892o, 84?,

847e:NZKC. Wkk Nkjbun-Zkrn Kxpkejbturk

Crhnkwfrm

Nuatbahtkrha Jkot _kabkc Bebtbhtbvk(NJ_B), 8, 807, 80:o

EEhtbfeha Kevbrfenketha Hgtbfe Pahe,

?0;oEhtbfeha Ifvkrehegk Prfirhn

(PEI B hej BB), ?80ehturha ihs, 24‗22, 8:7, 8::ekts. Wkk okj ektsEihfuejârâ (Ghnkrffe)

crkbidt haafghtbfe systkn be, 882orhbawhy systkn be, 8:9, 8;:

EIFs. Wkk efeifvkrenkethafrihebzhtbfes

Ebikr, gfnnuebty phrtbgbphtbfe be,?09e9



?3? Bejkx

Ebikrbhofrjkr wbtd Ghnkrffe, 873e:

gfgfh nhrmkt be, 820‗828ocfrkbie bevkstnket be, 87:fba hej, 8;o, 83o, 2:, 23ostfgm kxgdheik hej, 877trhjk hrrheiknkets wbtd, 8?0trhes-Hcrbghe rfhj prflkgt hej, 8;0o SHZ be, 98

efnbeha kxgdheik rhtk. Wkk kxgdheikrhtks

efeifvkrenketha frihebzhtbfes(EIFs), 84?, ?08, ???

Ffoskrvkrs. Wkk bejkpkejket foskrvkrsFKGJ-JHG. Wkk Frihebshtbfe cfr

Kgfefnbg Gf-fpkrhtbfe hejJkvkafpnket-Jkvkafpnket Hssbsthegk Gfnnbttkk

Fcgk Gârâhabkr, 849Fcgk Ehtbfeha jk ah

Gfnnkrgbhabshtbfe jksPrfjubts jk Ohsk (FEGPO),820‗828o

Fcgk Ehtbfeha ju Ghghf kt ju Ghcâ(FEGG), 849, 844, 828o

FDHJH. Wkk Frihebshtbfe pfura‒Dhrnfebshtbfe ke Hcrbquk juJrfbt jks Hcchbrks

fba skgtfr. Wkk hasf Gdhj-Ghnkrffe fbapbpkabek

gfrruptbfe be, 2:Jutgd jbskhsk hej, 8;‗89o

kxpfrt. Wkk trkej be fbaprbgks, 2:, 23o, 888e83rksfurgk nhehiknket fc, xxbb‗xxbbb,

27‗80?, 2;‗29orkvkeuk crfn, 8:, 82 c, 3? c, 90, ?74t WFEH_H, ;2o, 2:, 23‗29otrhesphrkegy be, 22‗800, 888e3trkej be, xbx, ?, 3‗9, 80, 84, 82t, ?0,

2:, 889FEGG. Wkk Fcgk Ehtbfeha ju Ghghf

kt ju Ghcâ

FEGPO. Wkk Fcgk Ehtbfeha jk ahGfnnkrgbhabshtbfe jks Prfjubtsjk Ohsk

8?7P_WP nfjka, xxxbbb, ?:?,?:7‗?::o

Frihebshtbfe cfr KgfefnbgGf-fpkrhtbfe hej

Jkvkafpnket-Jkvkafpnket Hssbsthegk Gfnnbttkk(FKGJ-JHG), 802

Frihebshtbfe pfur a‒Dhrnfebshtbfeke Hcrbquk ju Jrfbt jks Hcchbrks(FDHJH), 8?7‗8?:, 878, 87;,873e2, ??2

Frihebzhtbfe fc Hcrbghe Dkhjs fc Wthtkhej Ifvkrenkets, 8;:o

P

PHNW. Wkk Pfvkrty HehaysbsNhgrfkgfefnbg Wbnuahtfr

Phrbs Gauo, 80?, 80:o, 88?e?7, ?73phrtbgbphtfry jkgbsbfe-nhmbei,

?8;‗??3. Wkk hasf gbtbzkebevfavknket

phynket systkns, 8?7, 8?:‗8?;phyrfaa nhehiknket. Wkk pkrsfeeka

hej phyrfaa nhehiknket pkeha gfjk, ?70pkrsfeeka hej phyrfaa nhehiknket,

xxbb, 9:o, 20‗27pktrfakun gfjk fc 8222, 24Pktrfakun Kevbrfenketha Ghphgbty

Kedhegknket Prflkgt,?0;‗?03

PKZW. Wkk Puoabg Kxpkejbturk ZrhgmbeiWystkn

pdhrnhgbks hej pdhrnhgkutbghas,:3‗:9, 848, 847e:

pbpkabek. Wkk Gdhj-Ghnkrffe fba

pbpkabekPEJP. Wkk Prfirhnnk Ehtbfeha jkJâvkafppknket Phrtbgbphtbc

PEI B hej BB. Wkk Ehtbfeha IfvkrehegkPrfirhn

pfpuahtbfe irfwtd, 83;, 833e8, ?00,?0:, ?79t

Pfrt Hutdfrbty fc Jfuhah, 8;3pfrtcfabf bevkstnkets, 883oPfrtf Hakirk (Orhzba), oujikt paheebei

be, ??:o

Pfrt fc Jfuhah (Ghnkrffe), xxvbb,8;3, ???pfrts, xxv, 8?8, 8:9‗8:4, 8;3. Wkk hasf

gustfn gakhrhegk fpkrhtbfes=nhrbtbnk trhespfrt



?3: Bejkx

rkiuahtfry crhnkwfrm GHNZKA prbvhtbzhtbfe hej, 838

kekriy skgtfr, 8:3becrhstrugturk hej, 8:0‗8:8, 83?bevkstnket gabnhtk hej, ;?, ;?onbgrfehegk bestbtutbfes hej, 8?;pfstha ehegbha skrvbgks hej,

8?4‗8?2orfhj nhbetkehegk pfabgy hej, 8:2‗8;8 whtkr rksfurgks hej, 8;2

rkpfrtbei, sgha. Wkk sghanhehiknket

rkvkeuks

sgha nhehiknket hej, xbx‗xx,3?‗98

cfrkstry thx, 37, 3: c, 3;o, 39, 34, 90efefba, ;4o, 3?, 3: c, 90, 807, ?73fba, 8:, 82 c, 3? c, 90

rbsm hsskssnkets, ?:?‗?:3rbsm rhtbeis. Wkk BG_Irfhj systkn, :9‗:4, 8:3‗8;?, 8:9t,

8;0o, 8;8‗8;?o_faa Ohgm Nhahrbh bebtbhtbvk, 894o_urha Dyjrhuabg BB Prfirhn, 8;2‗830rurha skgtfr

ohsbg becrhstrugturk, :4, :4t jkgketrhabzhtbfe, ???kjughtbfeha kerfaanket rhtk be, :0,

:0t, 890kakgtrbg pfwkr be, :4t, 8:?oehegbha skrvbgks be, 8?7, 8?;cfrkstry be, 827‗824IJP hej, 84;pfabgbks be, xxx, 84;‗827

pfvkrty be, 7:, 73, ?:?orfhjs be, :4t, 8:9, 8:4‗8:2, 8;8,83:e7

tkakgfnnuebghtbfes hggkss be, :4t, 83?‗837, 837o

whtkr rksfurgks be, :4t, 8;3, 8;9,8;2‗830

WWHG-BBB. Wkk Zdbrj Wtrugturha

Hjlustnket Grkjbt

shat bfjbzhtbfe, 899, 847e?shegtbfesgbvba skr vbgk, ??4‗?70gfurt, ??2cfrkstry, 829oprfgurknket, 880

Wheih _bvkr hej ohsbe (Ghnkrffe),8:?o, 8:;o

WHP. Wkk Wtrugturha Hjlustnket Prfirhnshvbeis, ;, ?3, ?4, 873e9shvbeis hggfuets, 8?9, 873e9WGJP ‗ Wkk Wfgbâtâ Ghnkrfuehbsk jks

Jâpúts Pâtrfabkrssgdffas. Wkk kjughtbfeWkekiha

ofej nhrmkt be, 803, 809obecfrnhtbfe hej gfnnuebghtbfe

tkgdefafiy be, 830prbvhtbzhtbfe be, xvbbb, 8:0, ?89t

whtkr, 8;4t skrvbgk jkabvkry

kjughtbfe, 834‗893kekriy, 8:8‗8:3kxtkesbfe skrvbgk (hirbguaturk), 82?dkhatd, 893‗847becrhstrugturk hej, 872‗8:8bestbtutbfeha crhnkwfrm cfr, 84?,

?82‗??8lujbgbha systkn hej, ?70nkjbh hej, ??7tkakgfnnuebghtbfes, 830‗838trhespfrt systkn hej, 8:3‗8:4 whtkr, 8;3‗830

WBIKCB. Wkk Wystänk Betâirâ jk Ikstbfejks Cbehegks Puoabquks

WBIBPKW. Wkk Wthtk Pkrsfeeka hejWhahrbks Wystkn

WBPHK. Wkk Wystänk Betâirâ jkPrflkgtbfe jks HirâihtsÂgfefnbquks

snhaa hej nkjbun-sbzkj ketkrprbsks(WNKs), 8?9‗870snuiiabei. Wkk gfrruptbfeWEKG. Wkk Wfgbâtâ Ehtbfehak jks Khux

ju GhnkrfueWED (Wfgbâtâ Ehtbfehak jks

Dyjrfghrourks), 2:WFGHZ[_ (urohe trhespfrt gfnphey

be Ghnkrffe), 8;8sfgbha jkvkafpnket. Wkk pfvkrty hej

sfgbha jkvkafpnket

sfgbha skgtfr NJI thrikts hej, 7PKZW hej, 92pfvkrty hej, 77, 73‗:9P_WP hej, 79, 83;‗833spkejbei be, 9;, 93t



Bejkx ?3;

sfgbha skgurbty systkn, xxvb, 87?Wfgbâtâ Ghnkrfuehbsk jk

Jâpúts Pâtrfabkrs (WGJP),29o, 80?

Wfgbâtâ Ehtbfehak jk _hcehik(WFEH_H), ;2o, 2:, 23‗29o, 24,800‗808, 8:4

Wfgbâtâ Ehtbfehak jks Khux juGhnkrfue (WEKG), xxvbbb, :9,;0e8?, 8;9, 83:e2

Wfgbâtâ Ehtbfehak jks Dyjrfghrourks(WED), 2:, 23, 23o, 24‗800, 888e8;,

888ee84‗82, 88?e?0WFEHPFWZ. Wkk Ghnkrffe Pfstha

GfrpfrhtbfeWFEH_H. Wkk Wfgbâtâ Ehtbfehak jk

_hcehikspkejbei. Wkk kxpkejbturkWWHZP. Wkk Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh

Zrhespfrt PrfirhnWthtk Pkrsfeeka hej Whahrbks Wystkn

(WBIBPKW), xxbb, 2?stfgm kxgdheiks. Wkk Jfuhah stfgm

kxgdheikWtrugturha Hjlustnket Prfirhn (WHP),

3?stuetbei, ::, :: c Wuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh. Wkk hasf bejbvbjuha

gfuetrbksgdbaj nfrthabty be, :?Ibeb gfkcgbket cfr, 73ifvkrehegk be, ?8? c dkhatd spkejbei be, :9

becrhstrugturk be, 8:0fba prfjugtbfe be, 2;o, 22prbvhtbzhtbfe be, 87;thrbcc rhtks be, 889, 884t trhjk abokrhabzhtbfe be, xxv,

889, 882oWuo-Whdhrhe Hcrbgh Zrhespfrt Prfirhn

(WWHZP), 872, 83:e7suosbjbks, 8?4o, 8;;, 837, 837o, 893Wystänk jk Wthobabshtbfe jks _kgkttks

j‒Kxpfrthtbfe, 828o

Wystänk Betâirâ jk Ikstbfe jksCbehegks Puoabquks (WbIKCB), xxb, 97o, 44‗42

Wystänk Betâirâ jk Prflkgtbfe jks Hirâihts Âgfefnbquks (WBPHK),?77o, ?:7o

Z thrbc cs, 3;, 33t, 98, 889‗884, 884t,

882o, 8?0thx pfabgy hej hjnbebstrhtbfe

hirbguaturk hej, 849‗844sgha nhehiknket hej, xbx‗xxvbb,

33‗98cfrkstry skgtfr hej, 37, 3:t, 3;o, 82;,

829obegfnk thx, 33‗90bevkstnket gabnhtk hej, ;?, ;?ofvkrvbkw fc, 37‗90puoabg prfgurknket hej, 804thx rkvkeuk hej, 3?‗90trhjk hej, 3: c, 3;, 33t

tkhgdkrs, 898‗89;. Wkk hasf kjughtbfetkakgketkrs, 837otkakgfnnuebghtbfes, xxvbbb,8?8, 872,

830‗837, 837o, ?89, ?89t Zkakgfnnuebghtbfe [ebvkrsha Cuej,

8?4otknpfrhry wfrmkrs, 28, 888e88,

888e87, 89?

Zdbrj Wtrugturha Hjlustnket Grkjbt(WHG-BBB), 84, 872, 83:e7, 82;,?0;

tbnokr bejustry. Wkk cfrkstry skgtfr trhjk pfabgbks. Wkk hasf thrbccs

hggfuetbei hej hujbt systkn, 8?:gfnpktbtbvkekss, xxv, 889‗882chgbabthtbfe hej betkirhtbfe fc, 8?0cfrkbie bevkstnket hej, 87:‗87;bestbtutbfeha kevbrfenket hej,

8?7‗8?;

akiha kevbrfenket hej. Wkk bestbtutbfeha kevbrfenket pfrt hej gakhrhegk fpkrhtbfes, xxv,

8?8, 873e3trhjk abokrhabzhtbfe, xxv, 90‗98, 884,

882otrhes-Hcrbghe rfhj prflkgt, 8;0otrhesphrkegy

hetbgfrruptbfe hej, ??4oujikts hej, 94‗92, 4;‗43gbtbzke phrtbgbphtbfe hej, ??8‗??:

gfurts hej, ??2obe gustfns, 8?8be kjughtbfe skgtfr, 893be cfrkstry skgtfr, 3;o, 82;‗823ifvkrehegk hej, ?02‗?87be dkhatd skgtfr, 84?‗847



?33 Bejkx

begketbvk systkn hej, ?84be fba skgtfr, 22‗800, 888e3

pkrsfeeka nhehiknket hej, 28, ?84puoabg prfgurknket hej, 802‗880,

88?e78trhespfrt skgtfr, xxvb, 84

hirbguaturk, ?4, 70 c, 7? c hbr, 8;?‗8;:nhrbtbnk, 8;;‗8;3fba, 808rfhj, 8:3‗8;?, 8:9t, 8;0o, 8;8o

trkhsury jkot nhehiknket hej, 80;, 804

kxpkejbturk gdhbe hej, 4:‗4;o, 4;nhehiknket, ;2o, 9:‗9;o, 20

tuokrguafsbs, :;, ;0e4

[[GB ifha (uebvkrsha gdbaj

bnnuebzhtbfe ifha), :7uejkrwkbidt, ::, :: c ueknpafynket, 83;, 898, ?00‗?08[ebvkrsha Hggkss Cuej, 83?uebvkrsha gdbaj bnnuebzhtbfe ifha,

skk [GB ifhaurohe skgtfr

ohsbg becrhstrugturk hggkss, :9‗:4kjughtbfe, :0, :0t, 890, 893kakgtrbg pfwkr be, 8:?obegfnk pfvkrty nkhsurk, 7:, 73t pfabgbks hej rkcfrn be, xxx, ?00‗?0:puoabg trhespfrt be, 8:9, 8;8‗8;? whtkr rksfurgks be, 8;3, 8;2‗830

S vhggbehtbfes. Wkk bnnuebzhtbfes vhauk hjjkj thx (SHZ), xbx‗xx, ;4o, 37,

3: c, 32‗98

Y YHKN[. Wkk Ykst Hcrbghe

Kgfefnbg hejNfekthry [ebfe

whik rhtks. Wkk hasf begfnkfc gbvba skrvhets, 98, 9?t, ?84‗?82,

?82ogfrruptbfe hej, ?82Jutgd jbskhsk hej, 8;o, 83obegketbvk systkns hej, 2?‗27be skgtfrs, ?84‗?82thx hjnbebstrhtbfe hej, 34, 32o

whstbei, ::, :: c whtkr. Wkk jrbembei whtkr= dyjrfpfwkr=

whtkr rksfurgks whtkr rksfurgks, xxvbbb, 8;3‗830, 8;4t,

83:e4 YKF (Yfraj Kgfefnbg Futaffm),

23o Ykst Hcrbghe Kgfefnbg hej Nfekthry

[ebfe (YHKN[), 98, 803, 809o, 8?0, 877

YDF (Yfraj Dkhatd Frihebzhtbfe),

:9 wfnke. Wkk hasf ikejkr= nhtkrehadkhatd

dkhatd betkrvketbfes hej, 83;,899‗840, 84?, 847e:

DBS/HBJW hej, :;, ;0e80,892o, 848

nhtkreha dkhatd fc, ::‗:;, :; c, :3,840‗848

Yfraj Jkvkafpnket _kpfrt ?00? (Yfraj Ohem), 8:0

R Rhnfussfumrf Jkgahrhtbfe fc 8244,

8;7, 8;:o



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Zdk Yfraj Ohem bs gfnnbttkj tf prkskrvbei

kejheikrkj cfrksts hej ehturha rksfurgks.

Zdk Fccbgk fc tdk Puoabsdkr dhs gdfske tf

prbet Wusthbebei _kcfrns cfr Begausbvk

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70 pkrgket pfst-gfesunkr whstk, be hggfrj-

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h efeprfcbt prfirhn suppfrtbei puoabsdkrs be

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