synopsisof!naomi!klein’sbook! … 5!...

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1 Synopsis of Naomi Klein’s book This Changes Everything: The Climate vs. Capitalism Summary prepared by Georgia Kelly for Praxis Peace Institute members Introduction Naomi introduces two main ideas at the beginning of her book: 1) A Marshall Plan for the Earth. 2) Public ownership of energy and water. We need a coherent narrative of economics and sustainability that includes: 1) A Vision and Strategy for how to transition to that Vision. 2) A new worldview. 3) A new social and political context in which shifts can take place. Things to oppose and stop: 1) The market for betting on weather derivatives 2) Private militias 3) Collusion between big polluters and “environmental” organizations – Green washing 4) Stop the “fetish of centrism.” The International Energy Agency (IEA) says we are on track for a 6 degree Celsius rise in temperature (10.8 F.). We have a Climate State of Emergency. We live in a selfcentered culture. The 3 Pillars of what has happened in this Era: 1) Privatization of the public sphere 2) Deregulation of the corporate sector 3) Lower of no taxation for corporations. Chapter One – The Right is Right Changes Needed: Basic income for all Rights of Nature acknowledged Rights of Indigenous people respected. The rightwing Heartland Institute works tirelessly to deny climate change. Climate deniers are usually white, male, and conservative. They will use drought and famine to push Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).

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                 Synopsis  of  Naomi  Klein’s  book            This  Changes  Everything:  The  Climate  vs.  Capitalism       Summary  prepared  by  Georgia  Kelly  for  Praxis  Peace  Institute  members    Introduction    Naomi  introduces  two  main  ideas  at  the  beginning  of  her  book:     1)  A  Marshall  Plan  for  the  Earth.     2)  Public  ownership  of  energy  and  water.    We  need  a  coherent  narrative  of  economics  and  sustainability  that  includes:     1)  A  Vision  and  Strategy  for  how  to  transition  to  that  Vision.       2)  A  new  worldview.       3)  A  new  social  and  political  context  in  which  shifts  can  take  place.    Things  to  oppose  and  stop:     1)  The  market  for  betting  on  weather  derivatives     2)  Private  militias     3)  Collusion  between  big  polluters  and  “environmental”  organizations  –  Green              washing     4)  Stop  the  “fetish  of  centrism.”    The  International  Energy  Agency  (IEA)  says  we  are  on  track  for  a  6  degree  Celsius  rise  in  temperature  (10.8  F.).    We  have  a  Climate  State  of  Emergency.    We  live  in  a  self-­‐centered  culture.    The  3  Pillars  of  what  has  happened  in  this  Era:     1)  Privatization  of  the  public  sphere     2)  Deregulation  of  the  corporate  sector     3)  Lower  of  no  taxation  for  corporations.      Chapter  One  –  The  Right  is  Right    Changes  Needed:     -­‐  Basic  income  for  all     -­‐  Rights  of  Nature  acknowledged     -­‐  Rights  of  Indigenous  people  respected.    The  right-­‐wing  Heartland  Institute  works  tirelessly  to  deny  climate  change.  Climate  deniers  are  usually  white,  male,  and  conservative.  They  will  use  drought  and  famine  to  push  Genetically  Modified  Organisms  (GMOs).    

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The  fact  is  that  only  big  government  can  mobilize  quickly  enough  in  a  natural  disaster.  Fire  Departments,  police,  FEMA,  etc.    Greenwashing  is  system-­‐sanctioned  change  –  e.g.,  the  Breakthrough  Institute.    Moderates  are  constantly  trying  to  reframe  climate  action  as  something  more  palatable  to  the  people  responsible  for  the  climate  crisis.  They  ask  how  do  you  reassure  members  of  a  panicked  elite  that  they  are  still  masters  of  the  universe?  The  Answer  is:  You  don’t.  You  make  sure  you  have  enough  people  on  your  side  to  change  the  balance  of  power.    “It  is  always  easier  to  deny  reality  than  to  allow  one’s  worldview  to  be  shattered.”    The  actions  required  directly  challenge  our  reigning  economic  paradigm  (which  is  deregulated  capitalism  combined  with  public  austerity).      Chapter  Two  –  Hot  Money    The  US  and  China  have  had  counter  lawsuits  claiming  protectionism  as  a  result  of  the  WTO.  The  US  challenged  one  of  China’s  wind  power  subsidy  programs  on  the  grounds  that  it  supported  local  industry,  which  it  considered  protectionist.  China  countersued  in  2012  targeting  various  renewable  energy  programs  in  the  EU  on  the  same  grounds.    The  biggest  polluters  in  the  world  are  rushing  to  the  WTO  to  knock  down  each  other’s  windmills.  Trade  trumps  climate,  where  the  favoring  of  local  industry  constitutes  illegal  “discrimination.”      Fossil  fuel  companies  receive  annual  global  subsidies  from  $775  billion  to  $1  trillion  and  pay  nothing  for  polluting  the  atmosphere.  An  oil  company  in  2012  tried  to  use  NAFTA  to  challenge  Quebec’s  hard-­‐won  fracking  moratorium.  As  more  activist’s  victories  are  won,  more  such  legal  challenges  should  be  expected.    Global  warming  warnings  began  in  the  1950s  but  were  firmly  established  with  James  Hansen,  director  of  NASA  at  a  congressional  hearing  on  June  23,  1988.  In  1988,  Time  Magazine  named  the  Earth  as  “man”  of  the  year.    In  1980,  the  backlash  began.  The  “end  of  history”  proclaimed  by  right  wing  ideologues,  including  Francis  Fukuyama,  would  promote  the  extreme,  pro-­‐corporate  ideology  that  persists  right  up  to  the  present.    The  globalization  of  agricultural  systems  over  recent  decades  is  likely  to  have  been  one  of  the  most  important  causes  of  overall  increases  in  green  house  gas  emissions.  All  the  container  ships  increased  traffic  by  nearly  400%  in  recent  years.  The  emissions  caused  from  bringing  TVs  from  China  are  not  entered  into  anyone’s  account  books.    As  the  workshop  of  the  world,  China  became  the  primary  coal-­‐spewing  country  in  the  world.  The  most  basic  rule  of  trade  law  is  you  can’t  privilege  domestic  over  foreign.    

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“A  destabilized  climate  is  the  cost  of  deregulated  global  capitalism.”  But  many  so-­‐called  environmental  organizations  decided  to  cave  and  support  NAFTA.  They  included  the  World  Wildlife  Fund,  the  Environmental  Defense  Fund,  and  Conservation  International,  the  Audubon  Society,  and  the  Natural  Resources  Defense  Council  (NRDC).  Those  that  opposed  NAFTA:  the  Sierra  Club,  Friends  of  the  Earth,  and  Greenpeace.    A  Vision  is  required  for  the  Great  Transition.  The  boosters  of  green  capitalism  have  tried  to  gloss  over  the  clashes  between  market  logic  and  ecological  limits  by  touting  “green”  tech  and  separating  environmental  impacts  from  economic  activity.    Wealthy  countries  need  to  consume  less  immediately.  Consuming  Green  just  means  substituting  one  power  source  for  another.  Ideas:  Selective  degrowth,  luxury  taxes,  fewer  work  hours  with  a  basic  annual  income.    See  Tim  Jackson’s  Prosperity  Without  Growth.      Chapter  3  –  Public  and  Paid  For    Goods  that  everyone  requires  should  be  owned  by  the  public  –  e.g.,  water  and  energy.    25%  of  Germany’s  energy  came  from  renewables  in  2013.  Only  4%  of  energy  in  the  US  came  from  renewables  in  2013.  Sonoma  and  Marin  Counties,  as  of  2015,  have  33%  renewables.    Frankfurt  and  Munich  never  sold  their  energy  grids  and  plan  to  be  100%  renewable  by  2050.  Sacramento  will  be  90%  by  2050.  Cities  need  to  buy  back  their  energy  grids.  Mark  Z.  Jacobson  (climate  scientist,  Stanford  University)  said  the  entire  world’s  energy  supply  could  be  in  renewables  by  as  early  as  2030,  if  we  had  the  political  will.  NY  State  could  meet  all  its  energy  needs  in  renewables  by  2030.    Occupy  Sandy  was  the  volunteer  activist  group  that  went  door-­‐to-­‐door  to  help  people  from  the  storm  that  devastated  so  many  people.  The  poor  were  last  to  be  helped  by  the  Red  Cross  and  other  agencies.  This  disaster  proved  how  dangerous  it  is  to  be  dependent  on  centralized  forms  of  energy  that  can  be  knocked  out  in  one  blow.  Also  of  note:  during  disasters  nearly  everyone  looses  their  “free  Market”  religion  because  government  is  organized  to  help.    A  publically  traded  insurance  company  in  the  face  of  climate  change  is  not  a  sustainable  business  model.    Companies  like  Exxon,  Chevron,  Shell,  etc.,  are  rich  because  they  have  dumped  the  cost  of  cleaning  up  their  messes  onto  regular  people  around  the  world.  The  Exxon  CEO  makes  more  than  $100,000  per  day.  A  steep  carbon  tax  should  be  a  no-­‐brainer.  The  U.S.  military  is  the  largest  user  of  petroleum  products  in  the  world.    How  to  Raise  Money  for  Renewables:       1)  A  low-­‐rate  financial  transaction  tax     2)  Closing  tax  havens.     3)  A  1%  billionaires’  tax  

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  4)  Slashing  the  military  budget  by  25%.     5)  A  carbon  tax     6)  Phasing  out  fossil  fuel  subsidies  globally.  All  these  measures  taken  together  would  raise  more  than  $2  trillion  annually!    Recommended  book:  A  Culture  of  Narcissism  by  Christopher  Lasch    We  have  been  suffering  under  a  corporate  liberation  project  sine  1980.      Chapter  4  –  Planning  and  Banning    For  a  moment,  the  banks,  the  auto  companies  and  the  stimulus  bill  were  in  the  hands  of  Obama.  They  could  have  been  nationalized  or  made  into  cooperatives  in  the  case  of  auto  companies,  but  they  were  bailed  out  instead.  Making  this  opportunity  into  a  win  for  all  would  have  required  a  government  that  was  not  afraid  of  bold  long-­‐term  economic  planning.  The  potential  of  the  moment  slipped  away.    See:  the  documentary  film  “The  Take”  about  workers  taking  over  factories  in  Argentina  and  setting  them  up  as  cooperatives.    It  is  clear  that  a  core  battle  of  ideas  must  be  fought  about  the  right  of  citizens  to  democratically  determine  what  kind  of  economy  they  need,  and  it’s  NOT  the  power  of  the  market.    Renewable  Energy  could  create  jobs  in  the  following  fields:  construction,  manufacturing,  installations,  maintenance,  operation,  public  transportation,  small-­‐scale  sustainable  farming,  and  ecosystem  restoration.    Privatization  has  diminished  services,  increased  prices,  and  limited  our  choices.    About  half  of  Germany’s  renewable  energy  facilities  are  in  the  hands  of  farmers,  citizen  groups,  and  almost  900  energy  cooperatives.  This  relationship  between  power  decentralization  and  successful  climate  action  points  to  how  the  planning  required  by  this  movement  differs  markedly  from  the  more  centralized  versions  of  the  past.    Agroecology  –  is  small-­‐scale  farmers  using  sustainable  methods  based  on  a  combination  of  modern  science  and  local  knowledge.  It  is  a  solution  to  the  climate  crisis.    Hunger  is  not  about  the  amount  of  food  available;  it’s  about  being  able  to  afford  and  control  that  food.  For  example,  the  US  has  more  food  than  it  uses,  but  50  million  people  are  food  insecure.  It’s  not  supply;  it’s  distribution,  it’s  subsidies,  it’s  punitive  trade  agreements.    Mark  Z.  Jacobson:  “Nuclear  energy  is  not  carbon  free.  Vast  amounts  of  fossil  fuels  must  be  burned  to  mine,  transport  and  enrich  uranium,  and  it  takes  between  10  and  19  years  to  build  the  nuclear  power  plant.  Currently,  about  12%  of  the  world’s  energy  is  supplied  by  nuclear.    Germany’s  anti-­‐nuclear  movement  paved  the  way  for  renewables  there.  

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Fracking,  the  semisolid  form  of  unconventional  oil  known  as  bitumen,  is  so  difficult  and  energy-­‐intensive  to  extract  that  the  process  is  roughly  three  to  four  times  as  greenhouse-­‐  gas  intensive  as  extracting  conventional  oil.  James  Hansen  of  NASA  said  that  if  all  the  bitumen  was  dug  up  from  tar  sands  it  would  be  game  over  for  the  climate.  Methane  emissions  linked  to  fracked  natural  gas  are  at  least  30%  higher  than  the  emissions  linked  to  conventional  gas.  That  is  because  of  methane  leaks  at  every  stage  of  production.    Chevron  is  spending  $54  billion  on  a  gas  development  on  Barrow  Island,  a  nature  reserve  off  the  coast  of  Australia.  It  is  expected  to  keep  producing  gas  for  the  next  30  years.  These  long-­‐term  projects  of  oil  companies  prove  that  they  expect  to  control  governments  by  putting  the  clamp  on  them  for  more  extraction  over  the  next  30  to  40  years.    An  oil  company’s  reserve  replacement  ratio  must  be  at  least  100%  for  the  company  to  stay  in  business  long-­‐term;  otherwise,  it  will  run  out  of  oil.  It  is  this  structural  imperative  that  is  pushing  the  industry  into  the  most  extreme  forms  of  dirty  energy.  This  means  that  every  victory  won  against  big  oil  companies  will  be  temporary.    In  essence,  the  oil  industry  is  promising  shareholders  that  they  are  determined  to  burn  5  times  more  fossil  fuel  than  the  planet’s  atmosphere  can  absorb.  In  2013,  the  oil  and  gas  industry  spent  just  under  $400,000  a  day  lobbying  Congress  and  government  officials.    This  is  why  the  oil  industry  is  so  unconcerned  about  the  nonbinding  commitments  made  by  politicians  at  the  UN  climate  summits  to  keep  temperatures  below  2  degrees  Celsius.    Politicians  must  be  prohibited  from  receiving  donations  from  the  industries  they  regulate.  Ideally,  elections  would  be  publically  funded.    What  is  missing  from  most  progressive  movements  are  the  following:     1)  Strategy     2)  Clear  deadlines     3)  Determined  focus  Success  will  require  the  broadest  possible  spectrum  of  allies.  Also  clear  is  that  the  fetish  for  structurelessness,  the  rebellion  against  any  kind  of  institutionalization,  is  not  a  luxury  today’s  transformative  movements  can  afford.    Policies  that  deregulate  and  privatize  have  given  corporations  and  banks  the  right  to  steal.    The  cultural  narrative  that  we  must  transform  is  the  one  that  leads  us  to  believe  that  humanity’s  duty  is  to  dominate  the  world.      Chapter  5  –  Beyond  Extractivism    The  island  of  Nauru  has  been  exploited  to  almost  complete  destruction  for  the  removal  of  phosphate.  It  is  viewed  as  a  disposable  country  that  the  Australian  government  and  extractive  companies  are  allowed  to  destroy.    Several  of  Nauru’s  leaders  have  held  up  their  country  as  a  kind  of  warning  to  a  warming  world.  The  world  is  headed  down  a  similar  path  with  the  relentless  burning  of  coal  and  oil,  which  is  altering  the  planet’s  climate.    

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The  conundrum:  Why  would  an  economic  model  based  on  endless  growth  ever  seem  viable  in  the  first  place?  Extractivism  has  a  nonreciprocal  and  dominance-­‐based  relationship  with  the  Earth.    Extractionism  is  connected  to  the  idea  of  sacrifice  zones.  The  colonial  mind  nurtures  the  belief  that  there  is  always  somewhere  else  to  go  and  exploit  once  the  current  site  is  used  up.  If  the  modern  day  extractionist  has  a  patron  saint  it  should  be  Francis  Bacon.  In  De  Augments  Scientiarum  (1623),  he  urges  man  to  fully  exploit  Nature:  “Neither  ought  a  man  to  make  scruple  of  entering  and  penetrating  into  these  holes  and  corners,  when  the  inquisition  of  truth  is  his  sole  object.”  (Very  telling  language  indeed!)  Patriarchy’s  dual  war  against  women  and  nature  are  connected.  Thoreau  was  the  repudiation  of  Bacon,  Locke,  and  their  ilk.      Riane  Eisler  (author  of  The  Chalice  and  the  Blade)  says  that  patriarchy  underlies  all  this  economic  philosophy.    Rachel  Carson’s  “Silent  Spring”  awakened  the  current  environmental  movement.  In  1972,  the  Club  of  Rome  published  “Limits  of  Growth,”  a  best  seller  warning  of  the  continued  depleting  of  natural  resources.    James  Watt’s  steam  engine  began  the  era  of  coal.  The  market  economy  and  the  fossil  fuel  economy  emerged  at  the  same  time.  Coal  is  the  black  ink  in  which  the  story  of  modern  capitalism  was  written.      Where  the  Left  has  been  complicit:  in  fighting  over  the  spoils  of  capitalist  extractionism  and  exploited  labor  –  rather  than  overturning  the  economic  system.  Communists,  socialists,  and  trade  unionists  have  also  fought  over  the  spoils.  They  have  not  created  an  alternate  vision  or  revolution.  Socialist  states  have  acted  equally  extractive,  even  though  they  are  not  using  the  Old  Testament  as  a  directive.  Authoritarian  socialism  and  capitalism  share  strong  tendencies  toward  centralizing:  one  in  the  hands  of  the  state;  the  other  in  the  hands  of  the  corporation.    Even  Norway’s  Statoil  is  tearing  up  the  Alberta  tar  sands  and  gearing  up  to  tap  massive  reserves  in  the  Arctic.    We  should  seek  a  regenerative  economy  instead  of  an  extractionist  economy.  Keynes,  like  John  Stuart  Mill,  advocated  a  transition  to  a  post-­‐growth  economy.    South  America      Bolivia  –  large  dependence  on  natural  gas      Ecuador  -­‐  growing  oil  dependency  and  selling  off  large  portions  of  the  Amazon  forest      Argentina  –  supports  open-­‐pit  mining  and  green  deserts  of  GMO  soy  and  other  crops.    Since  2007,  Correa’s  Ecuador  has  been  the  most  extractive  government  in  the  history  of  the  country.  In  assessing  their  environmental  positions,  Hugo  Chavez’s  21st  century  socialism  is  not  enough.  (How  does  this  square  with  Ecuador  being  the  first  government  in  the  world  to  recognize  the  Rights  of  Nature?)  On  the  positive  side,  the  poverty  rate  in  Ecuador  has  dropped  32  percent.    

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Some  parts  of  the  environmental  movement  tried  to  prove  that  saving  the  planet  could  be  a  great  new  business  opportunity,  but  that  was  just  more  Old  paradigm  thinking  –  extractionism  for  a  “good”  cause.  We  are  up  against  the  power  of  an  established  cultural  narrative.  This  story  needs  to  change.    PART  TWO  –  MAGICAL  THINKING    Chapter  6  –  Fruits,  Not  Roots    The  Nature  Conservancy  began  extracting  fossil  fuels  on  the  preserve  it  was  supposed  to  protect.  In  1999,  they  commissioned  an  oil  and  gas  operator  to  sink  a  new  gas  well  in  the  preserve.  This  was  exposed  by  the  L.A.  Times.  Their  extraction  was  still  going  on  when  Naomi  Klein  was  writing  her  book,  and  has  been  going  on  for  at  least  15  years.  The  prairie  chickens  that  were  supposed  to  be  saved  by  the  NC  are  now  almost  extinct.  The  Nature  Conservancy  counts  BP  American,  Chevron,  and  Shell  members  of  its  business  council.    The  World  Wildlife  Fund  has  had  a  long  relationship  with  Shell.    Conservation  International  (CI)  has  partnerships  with  Monsanto,  Wal-­‐Mart,  Shell,  Chevron,  ExxonMobil  McDonald’s,  etc.    The  organizations  at  the  forefront  of  the  environmental  movement:  Rainforest  Action  Network  (RAN),  Greenepeace,  Friends  of  the  Earth,  Sierra  Club,  350.org,  Food  and  Water  Watch,  have  not  sold  out  in  any  way.    Much  more  methane  is  released  through  fracking,  which  makes  natural  gas  a  hazardous  fuel,  especially  since  much  of  it  is  being  fracked  today.    The  “market-­‐based”  climate  solutions  favored  by  so  many  large  foundations  and  adopted  by  many  greens  have  provided  an  invaluable  service  to  the  fossil  fuel  sector  as  a  whole.  Since  emissions  are  up  by  about  57%  since  the  UN  climate  conventions  were  signed  in  1992,  the  failure  of  the  Polite  Strategy  is  beyond  debate.    The  UN  climate  summit  held  in  Warsaw  was  sponsored  by  a  panoply  of  fossil  fuel  companies,  including  a  coal  company.  When  they  are  the  “partners,”  there  is  little  hope  for  a  serious  discussion  of  solutions.    The  Environmental  Defense  Fund  filed  the  original  lawsuit  that  led  to  the  banning  of  DDT  in  the  US.  Following  that  and  the  publication  of  Silent  Spring,  there  was  a  wave  of  environmental  legislation.  At  this  point,  DDT  is  no  longer  found  in  body  fat.  Strontium  90  is  no  longer  found  in  cow’s  or  mother’s  milk.  Mark  Dowie  say  this  is  a  result  of  outright  bans  on  the  substances  in  question.    But,  almost  overnight,  banning  and  tightly  regulating  harmful  industrial  practices  went  from  being  bipartisan  political  practice  to  a  symptom  of  “command  and  control  environmentalism.”    Gus  Speth,  who  co-­‐founded  Natural  Resources  Defense  Council  (NRDC),  served  as  a  top  environmental  advisor  to  Jimmy  Carter.  He  described  the  problem  in  the  years  that  

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followed  “we  kept  working  within  the  system  when  we  should  have  tried  to  change  the  system  and  root  causes.”    The  conciliatory  “environmentalists”  defined  themselves  as  having  a  collaborative  approach  rather  than  one  of  confrontation.  “We  are  creative,  entrepreneurial,  and  partnership-­‐driven.  We  don’t  litigate.”  Indeed,  the  pro-­‐corporate  conversion  of  large  parts  of  the  green  movement  in  the  1980s  led  to  deep  schisms  inside  the  environmental  movement.  Real  environmental  groups  are  disgusted  with  the  corporate  buyout  of  Earth  Day.    One  of  the  green  groups  that  underwent  a  corporate  makeover  was  the  Environmental  Defense  fund  (EDF).  Under  Fred  Krupp’s  leadership,  the  new  goal  became  “creating  markets  for  the  bastards,”  as  a  former  colleague  would  say.  EDF  now  forms  partnerships  with  polluters,  trying  to  persuade  them  of  the  cost  savings  in  going  green.  EDF  prided  itself  on  putting  results  above  ideology,  but  they  are  very  ideological.  It  is  the  ideology  of  the  private,  market-­‐based  “solutions.”    Sam  Walton  (Wal-­‐Mart)  sits  on  the  board  of  Environmental  Defense  Fund!  The  Walton  family  foundation  gave  about  half  of  the  $71  million  in  grants  for  environmental  causes  to  EDF,  Conservation  International,  and  Marine  Stewardship  Council.  Such  a  group  is  very  unlikely  to  be  critical  of  Wal-­‐Mart  and  whatever  they  support.    Wal-­‐Mart,  FedEx,  GM  were  pushing  hard  for  the  global  deregulatory  framework  that  has  done  so  much  to  send  emissions  soaring.    “The  alignment  of  economic  interests  –  combined  with  the  ever  powerful  desire  to  be  seen  as  “serious”  in  circles  where  seriousness  is  equated  with  toeing  the  pro-­‐market  line  –  fundamentally  shaped  how  these  green  groups  conceived  of  the  climate  challenge  from  the  start.  Climate  change  was  presented  as  a  narrow  technical  problem  with  no  end  of  profitable  solutions  within  the  market  system.    With  all  the  fanfare  about  environmentalism  –  Vanity  Fair  covers,  TED  talks,  hybrids,  etc.  –  there  is  virtually  no  discernible  movement.  The  greenwashing  movement  is  like  this  imagined  punch  line:  “  It’s  easy  to  be  healthy  –  smoke  one  less  cigarette  a  month.”    Fracking  The  vast  majority  of  new  gas  projects  in  North  America  rely  on  fracking,  not  conventional  drilling.  From  a  Cornell  study  in  NY  Times:  “The  gas  extracted  from  shale  deposits  is  not  a  bridge  to  a  renewable  future  -­‐-­‐-­‐  it’s  a  gangplank  to  more  warming  and  away  from  clean  energy  investments.”  Mark  Z.  Jacobson  says,  “We  don’t  need  unconventional  fuels  to  produce  the  infrastructure  to  convert  to  entirely  clean  and  renewable  wind,  water,  and  solar  power  for  all  purposes.  Conventional  fossil  fuels  can  power  the  transition.”    The  Environmental  Defense  Fund  and  the  Nature  Conservancy  have  responded  to  revelations  about  the  huge  risks  associated  with  natural  gas  by  undertaking  a  series  of  initiatives  that  give  the  distinct  impression  that  fracking  is  on  the  cusp  of  becoming  clean  and  safe.  The  Conservancy  has  a  high-­‐profile  partnership  with  BP  and  Wyoming’s  Jonah  Field,  a  huge  fracking-­‐for-­‐gas  operation  in  an  area  of  vulnerable  wildlife.    

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The  EDF  has  received  a  $6  million  grant  from  Michael  Bloomberg’s  foundation  involved  in  creating  regulations  that  make  fracking  “safe.”  Again,  a  reminder  about  Methane  releases  from  fracking.    Like  the  well-­‐understood  strategy  of  sowing  doubts  about  the  science  of  climate  change,  this  confusion  effectively  undermines  the  momentum  away  from  fossil  fuels  and  toward  renewable  energy.  We  are  squandering  the  greatest  political  will  that  we’ve  ever  had  towards  getting  off  of  fossil  fuels.  (See  Film:  Gasland)    Kyoto  Protocol  When  the  Clinton  administration  came  to  the  negotiations,  it  proposed  an  alternate  route:  create  a  system  of  international  carbon  trading  modeled  on  the  cap-­‐and-­‐trade  system  used  to  address  acid  rain.  The  EDF  worked  closely  on  that  campaign  with  Al  Gore’s  office.  Rather  than  straightforwardly  requiring  all  industrialized  countries  to  lower  their  greenhouse  gas  emissions  by  a  fixed  amount,  the  scheme  would  issue  pollution  permits,  which  they  could  use,  sell  if  they  didn’t  need  them,  or  purchase  so  that  they  could  pollute  more!.    Europe  viewed  the  US  and  our  creation  of  a  global  carbon  market  as  tantamount  to  abandoning  the  climate  crisis  to  “the  law  of  the  jungle.”  The  European  Union’s  Emissions  Trading  System  (ETS)  was  launched  in  2005  and  would  go  on  to  become  closely  integrated  with  the  UN’s  Clean  Development  Mechanism  (CDM),  which  was  written  into  the  Kyoto  Protocol.  It  didn’t  take  long  for  the  flaws  in  this  system  to  appear.    All  kinds  of  dodgy  industrial  projects  can  generate  lucrative  credits.  Oil  companies  operating  in  the  Niger  Delta  that  practiced  “flaring”  –  setting  fire  to  the  natural  gas  released  in  the  oil  drilling  process  because  capturing  and  using  the  potent  greenhouse  gas  is  more  expensive  than  burning  it  -­‐-­‐-­‐  have  argued  that  they  should  be  paid  if  they  don’t  burn  the  fuel.  And,  some  are  already  receiving  carbon  credits  for  this  slight-­‐of-­‐hand  practice.    Even  a  highly  polluting  factory  that  installs  a  piece  of  equipment  that  keeps  a  greenhouse  gas  out  of  the  atmosphere  can  qualify  as  “green  development”  in  UN  rules.    Selling  carbon  credits  constituted  a  jaw-­‐dropping  93.4%  of  one  Indian  firm’s  revenues  in  2012!  At  this  point,  there  is  overwhelming  evidence  that  manufacturers  are  gaming  the  system  by  profiting  in  the  production  of  even  more  greenhouse  gases  (called  carbon  cowboys).  The  EU  has  banned  credits  from  these  factories  in  its  carbon  market.    One  type  of  scam  turns  over  large  tracks  of  land  to  conservation  groups  and  indigenous  groups,  on  the  promise  of  money  for  nothing.  All  this  points  to  a  broader  problem  with  offsets.    Example:  In  Paraná,  Brazil,  at  a  project  providing  offsets  for  Chevron,  GM,  and  American  Electric  Power,  and  administered  by  The  Nature  Conservancy  and  a  Brazilian  NGO,  the  Indigenous  Guarani  were  not  allowed  to  forage  for  wood  or  hunt  in  the  places  they  had  always  occupied,  or  even  to  fish  in  nearby  waterways.    The  offset  market  has  created  a  new  class  of  “green”  human  rights  abuses.  In  Brazil,  locals  have  reported  being  shot  at  by  park  rangers  while  they  searched  the  forest  for  food.  The  land  is  overseen  by  the  Nature  Conservancy.  As  of  2013,  over  100  local  farmers  and  their  advocates  have  been  killed,  making  it  a  crime  to  be  a  farmer  there.  In  order  for  

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multinational  corporations  to  protect  their  freedom  to  pollute  the  atmosphere,  peasants,  farmers,  and  indigenous  people  are  losing  their  freedom  to  live  and  sustain  themselves.    Why  aren’t  we  ordering  companies  to  stop  putting  our  future  at  risk,  instead  of  bribing  and  cajoling  them?  Offset  projects  have  resulted  in  an  increase  of  emissions  worldwide.    The  Cap  and  trade  laws  that,  fortunately,  did  not  pass  the  House  and  Senate  after  Obama  was  elected,  would  have  repeated  all  the  same  mistakes  of  the  UN  emission  trading  system.  Both  proposals  were  based  on  the  EDF’s  Fred  Krupp  design,  which  had  brought  together  large  polluters  –  Dow  Chemical,  Alcoa,  ConocoPhillips,  BP,  Shell  Duke  Energy,  DuPont,  etc.  –  with  the  big  environmental  groups,  which  included  NRDC,  World  Wildlife  Federation,  and  the  Nature  Conservancy.  The  coalition  was  known  as  the  United  States  Climate  Action  Partnership  (USCAP).    The  free  allowances  to  burn  and  trade  carbon  were  bribes  and  would  have  allowed  the  polluters  to  keep  on  polluting  and  pay  no  price  for  it.  And,  worse  yet,  the  Waxman-­‐Markey  plan,  which  was  based  on  the  coalition’s  blueprint,  specifically  banned  the  EPA  from  regulating  carbon  from  many  major  pollution  sources,  including  coal  plants.    After  the  2008  economic  meltdown  and  the  rise  of  the  Tea  Party,  corporate  members  of  USCAP  realized  that  they  now  had  a  solid  chance  of  scuttling  climate  legislation  altogether.  Caterpillar,  ConocoPhillips,  and  BP  dropped  out  of  the  coalition.    ConocoPhillips  said  on  their  website,  “  Climate  change  legislation  will  result  in  higher  direct  energy  costs  for  the  typical  American  family.”  EDF’s  Krupp  thought  he  was  playing  a  savvy  game,  but  Big  Green  was  outmaneuvered  -­‐-­‐  and  used  -­‐-­‐  on  a  grand  scale  this  time.      Chapter  7  –  No  Messiahs  –  The  Green  Billionaires  Won’t  Save  Us    At  the  2006  Clinton  Global  Initiative  annual  meeting  in  NY  City,  Richard  Branson  pledged  to  spend  roughly  $3  billion  over  the  next  decade  to  develop  biofuels  as  an  alternative  to  oil  and  gas  and  on  other  technologies  to  battle  climate  change.  He  would  divert  funds  from  profits  generated  by  Virgin’s  fossil  fuel-­‐burning  transportation  lines.    He  offered  a  $25  million  prize  to  the  first  inventor  to  figure  out  how  to  sequester  one  billion  tons  of  carbon  a  year  from  the  air  without  countervailing  harmful  effects.  Indeed,  the  idea  that  we  can  solve  the  climate  crisis  without  having  to  change  our  lifestyles  seemed  to  be  the  underlying  assumption  of  all  of  Branson’s  various  climate  initiatives.  This  is  in  line  with  what  the  EDF  has  been  saying  in  answer  to  why  they  work  with  the  polluters.    Jeremy  Grantham,  who  contributes  to  the  green  movement,  says,  “Capitalism,  by  ignoring  the  finite  nature  of  resources  and  by  neglecting  the  long-­‐term  well-­‐being  of  the  planet  and  its  potentially  crucial  biodiversity,  threatens  our  existence.”    Warren  Buffet  owns  several  huge  coal-­‐burning  utilities  and  holds  large  stakes  of  ExxonMobil  and  the  tar  sands  giant  Suncot.  His  investments  bet  on  coal  and  are  behind  the  efforts  to  export  coal  to  China.  He  is  also  a  major  player  in  the  reinsurance  business,  the  part  of  the  insurance  sector  that  stands  to  profit  most  from  climate  disruption.  Berkshire  

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Hathaway  insures  against  all  types  of  disasters,  knowing  it  will  never  have  to  pay  to  all  clients.    Tom  Steyer,  on  the  other  hand,  has  left  the  business  that  made  so  much  money  for  him  because  he  can  no  longer  in  conscience  be  involved  in  making  money  from  polluting.  Michael  Bloomberg  is  actively  snapping  up  fossil  fuel  assets  even  as  he  funds  reports  warning  that  climate  change  makes  for  “risky  business.”    Bill  Gates  is  invested  with  BP  and  ExxonMobil  but  also  talks  about  the  importance  of  addressing  climate  change.  He  talks  about  miracles  like  nuclear  reactors  that  have  yet  to  be  invented  or  a  machine  to  suck  carbon  out  of  the  atmosphere  –  or  direct  climate  manipulation.  Again,  not  addressing  the  need  for  serious  economic  and  lifestyles  changes.    When  Carl  Pope  was  the  head  of  the  Sierra  Club  –  thank  God  they  replaced  him  with  Michael  Brune  (former  Exec.  Dir.  of  Rainforest  Acton  Network)  –  he  joined  T.  Boone  Pickens  on  his  private  jet  to  help  sell  his  mega  plan  to  reporters.  Pickens  went  from  advocating  solar  to  pushing  for  more  gas  extraction  no  matter  what  the  cost.  He  extolled  the  virtues  of  the  tar  sands  and  the  Keystone  XL  pipeline.  (Ed.  note:  this  is  why  aligning  with  libertarians  can  be  treacherous.  Profit  and  individual  rights  will  always  take  precedence  over  the  greater  good.)    Back  to  Branson’s  green  investment  plans,  they  acknowledge  that  a  breakthrough  plan  has  not  emerged  and  they  have  not  invested  the  money  promised  to  find  them.  When  Branson  made  his  pledge,  he  said  he  would  pledge  100%  of  all  future  proceeds  of  the  virgin  Group  into  tackling  global  warming  for  an  estimated  value  of  $2  billion  by  2016.  Not  even  close  to  $2  billion  has  been  spent.  Branson  now  plays  down  the  original  commitment,  calling  it  a  gesture  rather  than  a  pledge.  In  the  meantime,  he  is  putting  far  more  planes  in  the  air.  Going  from  40  flights  a  day  in  2010,  Virgin  now  has  177  flights  a  day.  His  rock-­‐bottom  prices  have  boosted  flights  and  are  poaching  passengers  from  United  and  American.  At  least  160  planes  have  been  added  to  his  fleet.  So  much  for  cutting  emissions.  Virgin’s  greenhouse  gas  emissions  have  soared  more  than  40%  since  he  claimed  to  have  been  enlightened  by  Al  Gore.      Shell  and  Statoil  (Norway)  are  two  of  the  biggest  players  in  the  Alberta  tar  sands.  Branson’s  sustainability  advisor,  Alan  Knight,  suggested  that  Branson  adopt  a  narrative  about  how  their  “awesome”  technology  can  be  used  not  just  to  extract  dirty  oil  but  also  to  solve  the  environmental  problems  of  tomorrow.    Enhanced  Oil  Recovery  techniques  (EOR)  are  estimated  to  be  almost  3  times  as  greenhouse-­‐gas  intensive  as  conventional  extraction.  Any  technology  that  can  quadruple  proven  reserves  in  the  US  alone  is  a  climate  menace,  not  a  climate  solution.  And,  Branson  has  gone  from  promising  to  help  get  us  off  oil  to  championing  technologies  aimed  at  extracting  and  burning  much  more  of  it.  Some  prize!    Branson  quote:  “  If  you  hold  industry  back,  we  will  not,  as  a  nation,  have  the  resources  to  come  up  with  the  new  clean-­‐energy  solutions  we  need.”  Branson  set  out  to  harness  the  profit  motive  to  solve  the  climate  crisis  –  but  the  temptation  to  profit  from  practices  worsening  the  crisis  proved  too  great  to  resist  and  the  climate  crisis  suffers.    

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The  idea  that  capitalism  and  only  capitalism  can  save  the  world  from  a  crisis  created  by  capitalism  is  no  longer  an  abstract  theory;  it’s  a  hypothesis  that  has  been  tested  over  and  over  again.  We  have  tried  it  Branson’s  way  and  the  soaring  emissions  speak  for  themselves.  Virgin  Trains  has  received  more  than  £3  billion  in  subsidies  since  British  railways  were  privatized  in  the  late  1990s.  Today,  66%  of  British  residents  say  they  support  renationalizing  the  railway  companies.    The  most  intoxicating  narrative:  the  belief  that  technology  is  going  to  save  us  from  the  effects  of  our  actions.  This  belief,  along  with  waiting  for  the  Superhero,  make  up  the  myths  that  could  lead  to  our  own  devastation.    Chapter  8  –  Dimming  the  Sun    The  Royal  Society,  Britain’s  prestigious  science  academy,  held  a  conference  in  England  to  discuss  technological  “fixes”  to  global  warming,  specifically  geoengineering.  Naomi  writes  about  a  retreat  she  attended  in  England  with  the  Royal  Society,  the  World  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  the  Environmental  Defense  fund.      From  “fertilizing”  oceans  with  iron  to  pull  out  carbon  from  the  atmosphere  to  covering  deserts  with  vast  white  sheets  in  order  to  reflect  sunlight  back  into  space,  and  from  building  machines  that  will  suck  the  carbon  out  of  the  air,  to  the  one  being  considered  most  seriously,  spraying  sulfate  aerosols  into  the  stratosphere,  all  of  their  plans  assumed  the  need  for  “fix-­‐it”  schemes  because  nothing  or  very  little  would  be  done  to  change  the  economic  imperatives  for  endless  growth  and  continued  extraction  of  fossil  fuels.    The  meeting  was  convened,  not  to  decide  which  “fix-­‐it”  schemes  to  use  but  to  decide  how  to  manage  the  amount  of  sunlight  that  reaches  the  earth,  or  Solar  Radiation  Management  (SRM).  Discussed  was  something  called  the  Pinatubo  option,  based  on  the  volcano  that  erupted  in  1991  in  the  Philippines  and  which  cased  a  drop  in  temperature  when  aerosols  stayed  suspended  in  the  stratosphere  for  nearly  two  years.    Simulating  this  condition,  but  on  a  permanent  bases,  would  mean  blue  skies  would  be  a  thing  of  the  past.  But,  the  biggest  problem  with  this  “solution”  is  that  it  never  addresses  the  underlying  causes  of  climate  change,  treating  only  the  most  obvious  symptom.    Once  such  a  process  begins,  it  is  unlikely  that  it  could  stop  easily  because  a  much  greater  warming  could  take  place  when  business  as  usual  continues  polluting  the  planet  while  the  shields  are  used.    The  worst  part  of  this  story  is  that  in  1965  President  Johnson’s  Science  Advisory  Committee  issued  a  report  warning  the  president  about  climate  change.  We  have  had  so  much  time  to  deal  with  this!    Nathan  Myhrvoid  is  a  former  Microsoft  chief  technology  officer  who  now  heads  Intellectual  Ventures,  a  company  that  specializes  in  high-­‐tech  inventions  and  is  described  as  a  vehicle  for  patent  trolling.  The  authors  of  SuperFreakonomics,  think  the  Pinatubo  Option  is  preferable  to  getting  off  of  fossil  fuels.  This  kind  of  vested  interest  is  a  recurring  theme:  many  of  the  most  aggressive  advocates  of  geoengineering  research  are  associated  with  planet-­‐hacking  start-­‐ups.    

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Most  scientists  see  sun-­‐blocking  as  a  last  resort,  these  entrepreneurs  see  it  as  the  next  thing  to  sell  and  make  a  fortune  from  it.  Ref.  20  Reasons  Why  Geoengineering  May  Be  a  Bad  Idea”  by  Alan  Robock.    One  participant  at  this  meeting  refused  to  take  part  in  an  exercise  that  avoided  the  obvious  questions  that  needed  to  be  asked  and  wrote  the  following  on  a  large  piece  of  paper  he  posted  in  the  room:     *  Is  the  human  that  gave  us  the  climate  crisis  capable  of  properly  and  safely  regulating  Solar  Radiation  Management  (SRM)?     *  In  considering  SRM  regulation,  are  we  not  in  danger  of  perpetuating  the  view  that  the  earth  can  be  manipulated  in  our  interests?     *  Don’t  we  have  to  engage  with  these  questions  before  we  place  ourselves  in  the  triangle  (the  three  choices  were:  promote,  prohibit,  or  Regulate  SRMs)?    His  questions  were  never  even  acknowledged.  Succumbing  to  the  logic  of  geoengineering  does  not  require  any  change  from  us;  it  just  requires  that  we  keep  doing  what  we  have  done  for  centuries,  only  much  more  so.    Naomi  refers  to  Francis  Bacon’s  view  of  Nature  as  a  prone  woman.  Sallie  Chisholm,  scientist  at  MIT,  says  geoengineering  simply  ignores  the  fact  that  the  biosphere  is  also  a  player.  Instead,  this  clique  of  science-­‐entrepreneurs  is  crammed  with  overconfident  men  prone  to  complimenting  each  other  on  their  fearsome  brainpower.  The  ancients  call  this  hubris.  Wendell  Berry  calls  it  “arrogant  ignorance.”  Also  to  be  considered  is  the  ethical  problem  of  geoengineering.    Sulfur  dioxide  injections  would  disrupt  the  Asian  and  African  summer  monsoons,  reducing  precipitation  to  the  food  supply  for  billions  of  people.  SRM  would  create  significant  losses  of  rainfall.  There  could  be  a  complete  crop  collapse  in  these  areas.  There  is  compelling  evidence  now  that  what  Pinatubo  sent  in  to  the  stratosphere  can  account  for  the  severity  of  the  drop  in  rainfall  that  followed  the  eruption.  (National  Center  for  Atmospheric  Research,  CO).  So,  how  with  all  the  evidence  to  the  contrary,  are  those  who  promote  geoengineering  projects  invoking  the  historical  record  for  “proof  of  harmlessness”?  AND,  it’s  critical  to  note  that  it  wouldn't  be  scientists  deciding  how  to  use  these  technologies  –  it  would  be  politicians!  We  are  left  with  a  question  less  about  technology  and  more  about  politics.    The  solution  to  global  warming  is  not  to  fix  the  world,  it  is  to  fix  ourselves.  “Building  a  livable  world  is  not  rocket  science;  it’s  far  more  complex  than  that.”  Ed  Ayres,  in  God’s  Last  Offer.    The  African  delegates  at  UN  climate  summits  have  begun  using  words  like  “genocide”  to  describe  the  collective  failure  to  lower  emissions.    By  waiting  until  it’s  too  late  for  sensible  solutions,  the  shock  doctrine  kicks  in.  In  the  desperation  of  a  true  crisis,  high-­‐risk  behaviors  seem  temporarily  acceptable.  It  is  only  outside  of  a  crisis  atmosphere  that  we  can  rationally  evaluate  the  future  ethics  and  risks  of  deploying  geoengineering.    International  treaties  to  ban  certain  types  of  science  are  already  in  effect,  which  means  that  geoengineering  could  be  banned.  Some  of  the  former  include,  the  UN  Environmental  Modification  Convention  that  bans  the  use  of  weather  modification  as  a  weapon;  168  

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nations  agreed  to  a  treaty  banning  the  development  of  biological  weapons.  Such  international  agreements  are  doable.    The  most  outlandish  ideas  for  techno-­‐fixes  are  promoted  by  industry  billionaires.  Robert  Frosch,  a  VP  at  General  Motors  said,  “I  don't  know  why  anybody  should  feel  obligated  to  reduce  carbon  dioxide  if  there  are  better  ways  to  do  it  (meaning  geoengineering).  The  American  Enterprise  Institute  took  millions  of  dollars  in  donations  from  ExxonMobil  and  launched  a  department  called  the  Geoengineering  Project.    There  is  URGENT  need  for  a  Plan  A  that  is  based  on  emissions  reduction,  however  economically  radical  it  may  be.  Rather  than  focus  on  geoengineering  for  the  future,  we  need  to  stop  taking  fossil  fuels  out  of  the  ground  today.  A  related  plan  is  to  reverse  energy  privatizations  to  regain  control  over  our  grids.    When  they  argue  that  some  of  these  Plan  A  solutions  would  break  all  the  free  market  rules,  we  can  counter  with:  so  did  bailing  out  the  banks  and  the  auto  companies.    The  chronic  forgetfulness  is  the  thread  that  unites  so  many  fateful  policy  errors  –  e.g.,  fracking  as  a  bridge  fuel,  cap-­‐and-­‐trade,  and  carbon  offsets,  while  ignoring  the  people  and  environment  that  are  destroyed  in  the  process.    Stewart  Brand  has  been  a  big  proponent  of  nuclear  power  and  geoengineering.  Watch  Mark  Z.  Jacobson  (speaker  at  Praxis  2014  conference)  debate  Brand  on  nuclear  power  on  YouTube:  https://www.google.com/#q=stewart+brand+mark+jacobson  This  debate  took  place  about  six  month  before  Fukushima.  You  can  also  view  Mark’s  Praxis  presentation  on  YouTube:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mh-­‐xnnbq7SY&list=PLKeloccnAfWN1mGUpfW3CZ_hoBmouhyeQ&index=1    Many  key  figures  in  the  geoengineering  scene  share  a  strong  interest  in  a  planetary  exodus.  Settling  colonies  on  Mars,  for  instance.  However,  not  all  Mars  settlers  approve  of  geoengineering  and  are  working  for  sustainability  on  our  planet  (e.g.,  Elon  Musk,  CEO  of  Tesla,  SpaceX,  and  SolarCity).  That  said,  we  know  this  escape  story  all  too  well,  from  Noah’s  ark  to  the  Rapture.  We  need  a  story  that  honors  our  home,  not  seeks  to  destroy  it  and  then  escape.  One  of  the  cultural  myths  that  persists  is  that  -­‐-­‐  at  the  very  last  minute  -­‐-­‐  some  of  us  are  going  to  be  saved.  Or,  some  savior  will  suddenly  appear.      Chapter    9  -­‐  Blockadia    “The  first  step  towards  reimagining  a  world  gone  terribly  wrong  would  be  to  stop  the  annihilation  of  those  who  have  a  different  imagination  –  an  imagination  that  is  outside  of  capitalism  as  well  as  communism.  An  imagination  which  has  an  altogether  different  understanding  of  what  constitutes  happiness  and  fulfillment.  “  ~  Arundhati  Roy    Blockadia  is  not  a  specific  location  on  a  map  but  a  roving  transnational  conflict  zone  that  is  cropping  up  with  increasing  frequency  and  intensity  wherever  extractive  projects  are  attempting  to  dig  and  drill,  whether  for  open-­‐pit  mines,  gas  fracking,  or  tar  sands/oil  pipelines.  Blockadia  is  about  stopping  climate  crisis  crime  in  progress.    

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“People  are  hungry  for  climate  action  that  does  more  than  ask  you  to  send  e-­‐mails  to  your  climate-­‐denying  congressperson.  Places  where  ordinary  citizens,  especially  young  people,  have  taken  to  the  streets  and  barricades  against  mining,  fracking  and  other  types  of  destructive  extraction,  are  the  front  lines  of  Blockadia.  These  places  include:     1)  The  Skouries  forest  in  Greece     2)  The  village  of  Pungesti,  Romania     3)  New  Brunswick,  Canada     4)  Inner  Mongolia     5)  Balcombe,  West  Sussex,  England     6)  A  coalmine  in  New  South  Wales,  Australia     7)  Quebec,  Canada  Details  of  these  struggles  are  detailed  on  pages  295  –  301  in  Naomi’s  book.    Opposition  to  the  Keystone  pipeline  brought  together  the  unexpected  alliance  of  Indigenous  tribes  and  ranchers  (known  as  “the  Cowboy  and  Indian  alliance),”  along  the  pipeline  route  that  crossed  on  or  near  their  lands.  The  companies  at  the  center  of  these  battles  are  still  trying  to  figure  out  what  hit  them.  TransCanada  was  so  sure  it  would  be  able  to  push  through  the  Keystone  XL  pipeline  without  a  hitch  that  it  went  ahead  and  bought  over  $1  billion  worth  of  pipe.  Instead  of  the  rubberstamp  TransCanada  was  expecting,  the  project  sparked  a  movement  so  large  it  revived  U.S.  environmentalism.    What  we  are  seeing  in  the  above  resistance  movements  is  a  transnational  narrative  about  resistance  to  a  common  ecological  crisis.  Ref.  See  documentary  film,  Gasland.    One  of  the  most  egregious  examples  of  exploitation  of  land  and  people  has  taken  place  in  the  Niger  Delta.  For  the  past  50  years,  an  Exxon  Valdez-­‐worth  of  oil  has  spilled  in  the  Delta  every  year,  poisoning  fish,  animals,  and  humans.  Since  the  1970s,  Nigerians  living  in  this  area  have  been  demanding  redress  for  the  damage  done  to  them  by  multinational  oil  giants.  They  organized  the  Movement  for  the  Survival  of  the  Ogoni  People  (MOSOP),  led  by  Ken  Saro-­‐Wiwa  famed  human  rights  activist.  Eventually,  they  forced  Shell  Oil  out  of  the  area  with  grassroots  environmental  activism  that  has  persisted  to  this  day.    In  another  area,  the  Ijaw  people  organized  their  own  offensive,  Operation  Climate  Change.  They  understood  the  link  between  crude  oil  that  impoverished  them  and  the  environment.  The  youth  took  to  the  streets,  marching  peacefully.  The  Nigerian  government  responded  by  deploying  soldiers  in  village  after  village.  They  opened  fire  on  unarmed  civilians,  killing  as  many  as  200  people.  In  at  least  one  case,  soldiers  were  flown  into  the  area  on  a  helicopter  taken  from  a  Chevron  operation.  Chevron  did  not  issue  any  public  protest  of  the  killings,  nor  has  it  stated  that  it  will  take  any  steps  to  avoid  similar  incidents  in  the  future.    Because  of  these  brutal  events,  young  people  in  the  Niger  Delta  have  lost  faith  in  non-­‐violence,  and  in  2006,  there  was  a  full-­‐blown  armed  insurgency,  complete  with  bombings  of  oil  infrastructure  as  well  as  government  targets  and  pipeline  vandalism.    After  the  killing  of  Ken  Saro-­‐Wiwa,  activists  from  Environmental  Rights  Action  in  Nigeria  formed  an  alliance  with  Acción  Ecológica  in  Ecuador,  both  organizations  fighting  Chevron.  These  two  groups  formed  Oilwatch  International,  which  has  been  at  the  forefront  of  the  global  movement  to  “leave  the  oil  in  the  soil.”      

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Fracking  Fracking  now  covers  so  much  territory  that,  according  to  a  2013  Wall  Street  Journal  investigation,  “more  than  15  million  Americans  live  within  a  mile  of  a  well  that  has  been  drilled  and  fracked  since  2000.”    So  far,  Quebec  residents  have  managed  to  fend  off  the  gas  companies  with  a  moratorium  on  fracking.  Fracking  opponents  could  only  laugh  when  in  February  2014,  it  emerged  that  none  other  than  Exxon  CEO  Rex  Tillerson  had  quietly  joined  a  lawsuit  opposing  fracking-­‐related  activities  near  his  $5  million  Texas  home,  claiming  it  would  lower  property  values!      Fossil  Fuel  companies  treat  politicians  as  their  unofficial  PR  wings  and  the  judiciaries  as  their  own  personal  legal  departments.    Even  the  South  of  France  has  not  been  spared  the  possible  exploration  for  fracking.  When  residents  learned  of  the  plans,  town  hall  meetings  were  packed,  one  of  the  largest  citizens’  mobilization  efforts  in  the  history  of  the  area.  In  2011,  France  became  the  first  country  to  adopt  a  nationwide  fracking  ban!    In  the  Pacific  Northwest,  oil  and  coal  industries  have  confronted  a  powerful  combination  of  Indigenous  Nations,  farmers,  and  fishers  whose  livelihoods  depend  on  clean  water  and  soil.      Since  the  coal  industry  has  all  but  collapsed  in  the  US,  the  industry  still  wants  to  exploit  our  resources  here  but  export  them  to  areas  that  do  not  have  such  stringent  regulations,  like  China.  “We  are  the  last  place  on  Earth  that  should  settle  for  a  tired  old  retread  of  the  false  choice  between  jobs  and  the  environment.  Coal  export  is  fundamentally  inconsistent  with  our  vision  and  values.”    Richmond,  CA  –  See  Praxis  newsletters  for  more  details  on  the  extraordinary  and  successful  effort  to  rein  in  the  plans  of  Chevron  in  their  city  and  to  recoup  millions  of  dollars  from  Chevron  fires  that  endangered  the  health  of  the  community,  which  caused  hundreds  to  flood  the  emergency  room  at  local  hospitals.  The  progressive  city  council  blocked  Chevron’s  expansion  plans  and  won  again  when  Chevron  appealed.  Then  Mayor  and  current  city  council  member,  Gayle  McLaughlin,  was  a  speaker  at  the  2014  Praxis  conference  as  well  as  at  other  Praxis  events.  (Praxis  is  the  fiscal  sponsor  for  Gayle’s  forthcoming  book  on  their  experiences  of  building  a  successful  progressive  community  in  Richmond.)      Being  part  of  a  continent-­‐wide,  even  global,  movement  that  has  the  industry  surrounded  is  a  potent  way  to  generate  success.    There  are  huge  gaps  in  our  knowledge  about  how  spilled  tar  sands  oil  behaves  in  water.  And,  there  has  been  virtually  no  formal  research  at  all  on  the  particular  risks  of  transporting  tar  sands  oil  via  truck  or  rail.    The  Alberta  Energy  Regulator  recently  found  a  “marked  reluctance  to  speak  out”  in  the  medical  community  about  the  health  impact  of  the  tar  sands.  Physicians  are  afraid  to  diagnose  health  conditions  linked  to  the  oil  and  gas  industry.  This  is  a  result  of  the  smears  and  misconduct  charges  brought  against  a  doctor  who  was  vocal  about  the  alarming  number  of  cancers  found  in  the  area  where  this  extraction  was  taking  place  (Fort  Chipewyan,  Alberta).  

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 “For  years,  the  US  gas  industry  responded  to  reports  of  contaminated  water  wells  by  insisting  that  there  was  no  scientific  proof  of  any  connection  between  fracking  and  the  fact  that  residents  living  near  gas  drilling  suddenly  found  they  could  set  their  tap  water  on  fire.  (Echoes  of  Erin  Brockovich?)  The  reason  there  was  no  evidence  was  because  the  industry  had  won  an  unprecedented  exemption  from  federal  monitoring  and  regulation  –  the  so-­‐called  Halliburton  Loophole,  ushered  in  under  George  W.  Bush.  Researches  from  Duke  University  found  that  the  level  of  contamination  from  methane,  ethane,  and  propane  closely  correlated  with  proximity  to  wells  for  shale  gas.    A  later  Presidential  Oil  Spill  Commission  found,  “Whether  purposeful  or  not,  many  of  the  decisions  that  BP  and  its  contractors  Halliburton  and  Transocean  made  increased  the  risk  of  spills  and  saved  them  money.  The  Enbridge  pipeline  burst  in  Michigan  was  the  largest  onshore  oil  spill  in  US  history.  Enbridge  had  also  put  profits  before  basic  safety,  while  regulators  slept  at  the  switch.    In  2012,  there  were  more  than  6,000  spills  and  other  mishaps  at  onshore  oil  and  gas  sites  in  the  US.  A  2013  Harris  poll  found  that  a  paltry  4%  of  US  respondents  believe  oil  companies  are  “honest  and  trustworthy.”  No  industry  was  more  disliked  than  the  oil  and  gas  sector.    When  human  health  and  the  environment  are  significantly  at  risk,  perfect  scientific  certainty  is  NOT  required  before  taking  action.  Moreover  the  burden  of  proving  that  a  practice  is  safe  should  not  be  placed  on  the  public  that  could  be  harmed.    The  fossil  fuel  companies  are  no  longer  dealing  with  those  Big  Green  groups  that  can  be  silenced  with  a  generous  donation  or  a  conscience-­‐clearing  carbon  offset  program.  We  are  asking  for  No  New  Carbon  Frontiers!  The  climate  movement  has  found  its  non-­‐negotiables.      Chapter  10  –  Love  Will  Save  This  Place    The  proposed  Enbridge  Northern  Gateway  pipeline:  Students  in  Bella  Bella,  British  Columbia  prepared  for  months  for  the  hearings  to  decide  on  the  fate  of  a  pipeline  that  would  go  through  waters,  impacting  their  land  and  livelihoods.  The  students  contemplated  on  what  a  spill  would  mean  for  this  region.  It’s  the  salmon  that  connect  the  streams  to  the  rivers,  the  river  to  the  sea,  the  sea  back  to  the  forests.  Endanger  the  salmon  and  you  endanger  the  entire  ecosystem  that  depends  on  them.    Teachers  in  Bella  Bella  said  that  no  other  issue  had  ever  so  engaged  the  community’s  young  people  as  this  one.  The  outside  business  interests  and  politicians  promoting  the  pipeline  did  not  realize  that  there  is  no  compromise  point  in  the  issue  –  that  there  is  nothing  companies  can  offer  as  a  bargaining  chip.  No  safety  pledge  will  assuage;  no  bribe  will  be  big  enough.  What  will  save  this  and  many  places  like  it  is  not  hatred  of  the  oil  companies  but  love  of  place,  the  land.    What  has  emerged  in  the  movement  against  extreme  extraction  is  less  an  anti-­‐fossil  fuels  movement  than  a  pro-­‐water  movement.  Fear  of  contaminated  drinking  water  is  what  kick-­‐started  the  anti-­‐fracking  movement.    

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Water  Use:  It  takes  2.3  barrels  of  water  to  produce  a  single  barrel  of  oil  from  tar  sands  mining,  much  more  that  conventional  crude  (0.1  to  0.3  barrels  of  water  needed).  According  to  2012  study,  fracking  uses  an  average  of  5  million  gallons  of  water  in  the  process  of  extraction.    The  tribes  issued  a  pledge  that  was  signed  by  130  First  Nations:     “We  will  not  allow  the  proposed  Enbridge  Northern  Gateway  Pipelines,  or  similar     Tar  Sands  projects  to  cross  our  lands,  territories,  and  watershed,  or  the  ocean     migration  routes  of  Fraser  River  salmon.”    As  the  natives  say,  a  broken  bank  is  a  crisis  we  can  fix;  a  broken  Arctic  we  cannot.    Other  countries  with  bans  on  fracking  include  France,  Bulgaria,  the  Netherlands,  and  the  Czech  Republic.  States  with  bans  include  Vermont,  Quebec,  Newfoundland,  and  Labrador.  Costa  Rica  has  banned  open-­‐pit  mining  projects  everywhere  in  the  country.  The  World  Bank  will  no  longer  finance  coal  projects.  The  Sierra  Club’s  hugely  successful  “Beyond  Coal”  campaign  has  succeeded  in  retiring  170  coal  plants  in  the  US  and  prevented  over  180  proposed  plants  since  2002.    Even  delays  in  approving  pipelines  will  buy  time  for  clean  energy  sources  to  increase  their  market  share  and  be  more  possible.    China  and  pollution  –  the  World  Health  Organization  sets  guidelines  for  safe  presence  of  fine  particles  of  dangerous  air  pollutants  (PM2.5)  at  25  micrograms  or  less  per  cubic  meter;  250  is  considered  hazardous  by  the  US  government.  In  January  2014,  Beijing  levels  of  these  carcinogens  hit  671!  Pollution  is  now  the  single  greatest  cause  of  social  unrest  in  China.    The  Fossil  Fuel  Divestment  Movement  Discussions  are  underway  to  turn  the  “no  new  fossil  frontiers”  principle  behind  these  campaigns  into  international  law.  Proposals  include  a  Europe-­‐wide  ban  on  fracking.  Activists  are  also  pushing  for  a  global  moratorium  on  tar  sands  extraction  anywhere  in  the  world.      The  Divestment  movement  has  been  joined  by  350.org  and  has  motivated  students  in  universities  across  the  country.  This  is  an  industry  that  has  declared  War  on  the  future.  13  universities  have  announced  their  intention  to  divest  from  fossil  fuel  stocks  and  bonds,  and  more  than  25  cities,  including  San  Francisco  and  Seattle,  have  made  similar  commitments.    Divestment  is  the  first  stage  in  the  delegitimization  process.  Boycotts,  court  cases,  and  more  militant  direct  action  are  moving  this  along.    Greenwashing  –  Groups  like  the  Environmental  Defense  Fund  have  not  joined  the  divestment  movement  and  have  positioned  themselves  as  brokers,  offering  up  “best  practices”  developed  with  industry  groups.    Groups  leading  the  way:  Rainforest  Action  Network,  350.org,  Food  &  Water  Watch,  Greenpeace,  Friends  of  the  Earth  and,  since  Michael  Brune  took  over  as  Director  of  the  Sierra  Club,  it  has  been  a  major  player  working  toward  systemic  sustainability.    

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An  interesting  aside:  Shell  Oil’s  4th  quarter  profits  in  late  2013  dropped  a  jarring  48%.  Many  factors  are  playing  into  such  a  loss.    The  Democracy  Crisis  As  the  anti-­‐fossil  fuel  forces  gain  strength,  extractive  companies  are  beginning  to  fight  back  using  investor  protection  provisions  in  free  trade  agreements.  After  Quebec  successfully  banned  fracking,  the  US  incorporated  oil  and  gas  company,  Lone  Pine  Resources  announced  plans  to  sue  Canada  for  at  least  $230  million  under  NAFTA.    When  the  Keystone  XL  Pipeline  was  delayed  again  in  April  2014,  Canadian  and  TransCanada  officials  began  hinting  of  a  possible  challenge  to  the  US  government  under  NAFTA.  Other  trade  agreements  –  like  the  Trans  Pacific  Partnership  (TPP)  provide  legal  grounds  for  foreign  corporations  to  fight  any  attempt  by  governments  to  restrict  the  exploitation  of  fossil  fuels.  For  a  thorough  explanation  of  the  TPP:  http://www.citizen.org/TPP    The  real  problem  is  not  that  trade  agreements  allow  fossil  fuel  companies  to  challenge  governments,  it’s  that  governments  are  not  fighting  back  against  these  corporate  challenges.  The  profoundly  corrupt  state  of  our  political  system  is  the  real  problem.    Pennsylvania’s  Office  of  Homeland  Security  hired  a  private  contractor  to  gather  intelligence  on  anti-­‐fracking  groups  and  share  it  with  major  shale  gas  companies.  The  collusion  between  corporations  and  the  state  has  become  more  and  more  entrenched  as  it  erodes  any  semblance  of  democracy.  As  Venezuelan  political  scientist  Edgardo  Lander  said,  “The  total  failure  of  climate  negotiation  serves  to  highlight  the  extent  to  which  we  now  live  in  a  post-­‐democratic  society.”    Cities  are  leading  the  way  on  climate  action  around  the  world,  from  Bogotá  to  Vancouver.  Local  alliances,  neighborhood  groups,  First  Nations,  etc.,  are  making  inroads  and  need  to  strengthen  them.    Another  interesting  aside:  As  oil  and  gas  companies  try  to  frack,  mine,  and  dig  for  pipelines  on  native  land,  they  are  in  serious  trouble.  The  federal  cabinet  needs  First  Nations’  approval  and  social  license  in  British  Columbia  (where  they  have  been  approved  by  the  Canadian  government  to  frack),  but  they  have  neither.  First  Nations  have  formally  banned  pipelines  and  tankers  from  their  territories.      Chapter  11  –  You  and  What  Army?    Land  has  been  used  for  extracting  purposes  on  Native  Indian  lands  since  1846.    Arthur  Maneul,  a  Native  leader  presented  The  Okanagan  writ  of  summons,  explaining  that  similar  writs  had  been  filed  by  many  other  First  Nations.  These  simple  documents,  asserting  land  title  to  large  swaths  of  territory,  put  the  Canadian  government  on  notice  that  these  bands  had  every  intention  of  taking  legal  action  to  get  the  economic  benefits  of  lands  being  used  by  resource  companies  without  their  consent.    Manuel  stated,  “We  are  subsidizing  the  wealth  of  Canada  and  British  Columbia  with  our  impoverishment.”    

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Indigenous  land  and  treaty  rights  have  proved  a  major  barrier  for  the  extractive  industries  in  many  of  the  key  Blockadia  struggles.  However,  many  North  American  treaties  with  First  Nations  contain  resource-­‐sharing  provisions.  Gary  Simon  of  the  Elsipogtog  First  Nation  explained,  “I  believe  our  treaties  are  the  last  line  of  defense  to  save  the  clean  water  for  future  generations.”    No  one  has  more  legal  power  to  halt  the  reckless  expansion  of  the  tar  sands  than  the  First  Nations  living  downstream  from  fracking.  As  the  Indigenous  rights  movement  gains  strength  globally,  huge  advances  are  being  made  in  recognizing  the  legitimacy  of  these  claims.  Most  significant  was  the  United  Nations  Declaration  on  the  Rights  of  Indigenous  Peoples,  adopted  by  the  General  Assembly  in  Sept.  2007,  with  143  members  states  voting  in  favor  of  it.    What  is  changing  now  is  that  non-­‐Native  people  are  starting  to  realize  that  Indigenous  rights  –  if  aggressively  backed  by  court  challenges,  direct  action,  and  mass  movements  demanding  that  they  be  respected  –  may  now  represent  the  most  powerful  barriers  protecting  all  of  us  from  a  future  of  climate  chaos.    In  reaction  to  the  industry-­‐friendly  Harper  government  in  Canada,  the  First  Nations  launched  the  Idle  No  More  movement  from  coast  to  coast.  This  movement  sought  to  attract  non-­‐Native  peoples  to  the  movement  as  well  as  more  of  their  own  people.    In  June  2014,  the  Supreme  Court  of  Canada  issued  what  may  be  its  most  significant  indigenous  rights  ruling  to  date  when  it  granted  the  Tsilhoqot’in  Nation  a  declaration  of  Aboriginal  title  to  1,750  square  kilometers  of  land  in  British  Columbia.  One  continuing  problem  for  native  peoples  is  the  high  unemployment  rate,  which  can  exceed  65%.  When  Shell  comes  to  town  offering  jobs,  many  are  swayed  because  of  poverty  and  see  this  as  their  only  option.    Greenland  Currently,  Greenland’s  largest  industry  is  fishing,  which  could  be  devastated  by  any  oil  spills  or  pipeline  breaks.  One  of  the  companies  selected  to  begin  developing  Greenland’s  estimated  50  billion  barrels  of  offshore  oil  and  gas  is  BP.  Families  are  being  torn  apart  over  whether  to  accept  industry  deals  or  to  uphold  traditional  teachings.  But  the  traditionalists  feel  they  have  nothing  to  offer  their  people  if  there  are  no  jobs.  (This  is  where  building  cooperative  businesses  that  help  the  community  could  be  a  vital  lifeline.)  So,  though  Natives  have  land  rights,  they  are  often  impoverished  and  see  no  other  way  than  to  work  for  extracting  industries  that  promise  jobs.      Chapter  12  –  Sharing  the  Sky    “The  elites  have  cast  a  mythology  of  ‘debt  crisis’  and    ‘bitter  medicine’  and  ‘austerity’  over  all  claims  to  the  commonwealth.”  Sivan  Kartha,  Tom  Athanasiouu,  and  Paul  Baer,  climate  researchers.    Fossil  fuel  wars  in  northern  Montana  are  pitting  the  industry  against  Natives.  The  Northern  Cheyenne  and  Crow  Reservations  were  ripe  for  exploitation  from  oil  companies  and  coal  mining.    

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In  1977,  the  EPA  granted  the  Northern  Cheyenne  Reservation  the  highest  possible  classification  for  its  air  quality,  called  Class  1  under  the  Clean  Air  Act.  It  allows  the  tribes  to  argue  in  court  that  polluting  projects  as  far  away  as  Wyoming  were  a  violation  to  its  treaty  rights  because  the  pollutants  could  travel  to  the  Northern  Cheyenne  Reservation.    One  problem  is  that  the  tribe  had  elected  a  former  coal  miner  as  tribal  president,  who  was  determined  to  open  up  the  lands  to  the  extractive  industries.  With  tribal  unemployment  up  to  65%,  anyone  coming  into  town  promising  good  paying  jobs  and  the  ability  to  fund  social  and  educational  programs  is  going  to  be  hard  to  resist  for  the  native  population.    Solutions:  One  NGO  came  to  the  reservation  a  few  years  back  and  built  straw  bale  homes  for  some  of  the  population.  Their  energy  bills  went  from  $400  a  month  (from  poorly  insulated  dwellings)  to  $19  a  month.  If  tribal  members  could  be  trained  to  build  straw  bale  homes  and  get  funding  to  do  it  across  the  reservation,  this  would  provide  employment  and  cheaper  energy  bills.  For  instance,  a  builders’  co-­‐op  could  for  formed.    The  Cheyenne  were  able  to  get  funding  from  the  EPA  to  build  and  install  solar  heaters  in  their  reservation  homes.  This  further  cuts  their  heating  bills  in  winter.    There  is  no  doubt  that  moving  to  renewables  represents  more  than  just  a  shift  in  power  sources  but  also  a  fundamental  shift  in  power  relations  between  humanity  and  the  natural  world.  It  requires  that  we  unlearn  the  myth  that  we  are  Masters  of  the  universe  and  embrace  the  fact  that  we  are  in  partnership  with  the  natural  world.  Developing  a  partnership  ethic.    The  Black  Mesa  Water  Coalition  (Exec.  Dir.,  Jihan  Gearon  spoke  at  Praxis  2014  conference)  won  a  pivotal  battle  in  2005  when  it  helped  shut  down  the  notoriously  polluting  Mohave  Generating  Station  as  well  as  the  Black  Mesa  Mine.  But  coal  mining  and  coal-­‐power  generation  continue  on  Navajo  territory.  The  mining  puts  the  water  supply  at  risk  but  the  Black  Mesa  activists  know  that  there  is  no  hope  of  shutting  it  all  down  until  they  are  able  to  provide  alternatives  to  their  people,  including  work  alternatives.    Part  of  the  job  of  the  climate  movement  is  to  make  the  moral  case  that  the  communities  that  have  suffered  most  from  unjust  resource  relationships  should  be  first  to  be  supported  in  their  efforts  to  build  the  next,  life-­‐based  economy.  The  shift  from  one  power  system  to  another  must  be  accompanied  by  a  power  correction  in  which  the  old  injustices  that  plague  our  societies  are  righted  once  and  for  all.    The  solution,  as  the  more  visionary  sectors  of  the  labor  movement  understand,  is  to  fight  for  policies  that  do  not  force  workers  to  make  choices  that  provide  work  but  destroys  their  land  and  health.    Green  investments  could  provide  34  times  the  jobs  being  created  by  building  a  pipeline.  Governments  should  invest  in  this  infrastructure.  In  Canada  a  minimal  national  carbon  tax  of  $10  a  ton  would  raise  $5  billion  a  year  for  this  investment.  If  policy  options  like  that  were  on  the  table,  the  jobs  vs.  environment  dichotomy  would  disappear,  as  would  the  divide  and  conquer  strategy  that  has  conquered  many  environmental  campaigns.      

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Don’t  Just  Divest,  Reinvest!  Diverting  funds  from  fossil  fuels  to  green  is  where  divested  funds  from  coal  and  oil  should  be  routed.  An  example,  Duke  University  has  invested  $8  million  in  the  Self-­‐Help  Credit  Union,  in  part  to  fund  affordable  green  housing.  Miami  University  is  directing  investment  funds  into  renewable  energy  funds.    The  Black  Mesa  Water  Coalition  has  plans  for  a  municipal-­‐scale  solar  utility,  possibly  a  solar  co-­‐op.  In  Nebraska,  farmers  built  a  barn,  powered  by  wind  and  solar,  in  the  proposed  pipeline’s  path.  They  pointed  out  that  the  power  generated  from  just  that  one  barn  would  bring  more  energy  to  the  region  than  the  oil  in  the  pipeline  that  was  headed  for  the  export  terminal  in  Texas.    From  the  British  village  of  Balcombe,  a  new  power  company  formed  from  the  anti-­‐fracking  movement.  The  new  power  company  is  called  REPOWERBalcombe.  Its  goal  is  to  supply  the  equivalent  of  100%  of  Balcombe’s  electricity  demand  through  community  owned,  locally  generated  renewable  energy  –  with  financing  coming  from  the  residents  buying  shares  in  the  energy  cooperative.    In  the  1970s,  we  had  the  option  of  dropping  out  and  going  back  to  the  land.  Today,  we  do  not  have  that  luxury.  Resistance  and  Alternatives  are  the  twin  strands  of  the  DNA  of  social  change.  Both  are  necessary.  We  are  working  toward  a  non-­‐extractive  sustainable  economy,  one  that  rekindles  the  values  of  land  stewardship  and  intergenerational  responsibility  that  has  deep  roots  in  rural  life.    Countries  like  Ecuador  and  Bolivia  and  states  like  the  First  Nations  should  be  compensated  for  keeping  their  oil  in  the  ground,  for  not  extracting  resources.  It  is  a  way  for  richer  nations  that  have  exploited  these  countries  and  areas  to  pay  back  their  climate  debt.  It’s  the  Marshall  Plan  for  the  Earth.  When  Ecuador’s  President  Correa  offered  to  keep  oil  in  the  ground  and  not  cut  more  of  the  Amazon  forest  if  the  richer  countries  would  compensate  them  for  leaving  the  oil  in  the  ground,  the  wealthier  countries  did  not  come  up  with  the  necessary  funds,  so  drilling  is  now  allowed  again.  The  Western  powers  owe  an  Ecological  Debt  for  centuries  of  colonial  land  grabs  and  resource  extraction.    Tipping  the  Balance  Fighting  the  pipelines  and  export  terminals  that  would  send  fossil  fuels  (including  coal)  to  Asia  is  one  piece  of  the  puzzle.  So  is  battling  new  free-­‐trade  deals  like  the  TransPacific  Partnership  (TPP)  and  reining  in  our  own  overconsumption,  and  relocalizing  our  economies.    One  proposal  receiving  attention  is  for  a  “global  feed-­‐in  tariff,”  which  would  create  an  internationally  administered  fund  to  support  clean  energy  transitions  throughout  the  developing  world.  The  goal  of  reparations  is  to  break  the  chains  of  dependency  once  and  for  all.  Ending  subsidies  for  oil  companies  could  free  up  more  funding  for  renewables  and  for  payment  of  our  climate  debt.      Chapter  13  –  The  Right  to  Regenerate    In  April  2014,  researchers  with  the  Colorado  School  of  Public  Health  and  Brown  University  published  a  peer-­‐reviewed  study  looking  at  birth  outcomes  in  rural  Colorado,  where  a  lot  of  

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fracking  is  underway.  It  found  that  mothers  living  in  the  areas  with  the  most  natural  gas  development  were  30%  more  likely  to  have  babies  with  congenital  heart  defects  than  those  who  lived  in  areas  with  no  gas  well  near  their  homes.      Hormone  disrupting  chemicals  have  proven  to  be  a  factor  in  the  disproportionate  number  of  girls  born  on  the  Aamjiwnaang  First  Nation  territory.  Just  35%  of  the  births  between  1993  and  2003  were  boys.    We  have  a  global  agricultural  model  that  has  succeeded  in  making  it  illegal  for  farmers  to  engage  in  the  age-­‐old  practice  of  saving  seeds,  the  building  blocks  of  life,  so  that  new  seeds  have  to  be  repurchased  each  year.  And,  we  have  a  global  energy  model  that  values  fossil  fuels  over  water,  where  all  life  begins  and  without  which  no  life  can  survive.    One  of  the  most  lasting  legacies  of  the  BP  spill  may  well  be  an  aquatic  infertility  crisis,  one  that  in  some  parts  of  the  Gulf  could  reverberate  for  decades.    In  April  2014,  235  dolphins  had  been  discovered  dead  along  the  Gulf  Coast,  a  staggering  number  since  it  represents  only  about  2%  of  the  actual  die-­‐off.  The  National  Oceanic  and  Atmospheric  Administration  (NOAA)  warned  that  dolphins  would  likely  face  reduced  survival  and  ability  to  reproduce.    Coral  is  also  dying  all  over  the  planet.  When  temperatures  rise  above  93  degrees  F.,  egg  fertilization  stops.  For  oysters  in  the  Pacific  Northwest,  the  water  is  acidifying  so  that  larvae  are  unable  to  form  their  tiny  shells  in  the  earliest  days  of  life,  leading  to  mass  die-­‐off.    The  way  industrial  agriculture  deals  with  fertility  problems  is  to  keep  going  –  irrigate  heavily  to  make  up  for  the  fact  that  annual  plants  do  a  poor  job  of  retaining  moisture.  Rather  than  solving  fertility  problems  in  the  soil,  we  have  simply  moved  it,  transforming  a  land-­‐based  crisis  into  an  ocean-­‐based  one.  Healthy  soil  also  sequesters  carbon.  The  Land  Institute  in  Salina,  Kansas  and  its  founder,  Wes  Jackson,  have  started  selling  the  flour  that  is  made  from  perennial  wheatgrass  that  his  team  began  cultivating  and  growing.  In  one  year,  even  though  there  was  a  severe  drought  on  in  Texas  where  some  of  this  wheat  was  growing,  their  crops  were  seemingly  not  affected  by  it.    Salmon  One  can’t  ask  for  a  better  symbol  of  the  tenacity  of  life  than  the  Pacific  salmon.  To  reach  their  spawning  grounds,  cohos  will  leap  up  massive  waterfalls  and  expend  their  last  life  force  to  complete  their  mission.  Their  strength  can  be  defeated  by  overfishing,  by  fish  farming  operations  that  spread  sea  life  that  kill  young  salmon  in  droves,  by  warming  waters  and  by  oil  spills.  Salmon  has  disappeared  to  about  40%  of  their  historical  range  in  the  Pacific  Northwest.  *    “Our  natural  systems  are  designed  to  promote  more  life.”    ~  Leanne  Simpson,  Mississauga  Nishnaaberg  native.    We  should  be  looking  at  the  reproductive  rights  of  the  whole  planet  and  promoting  the  right  of  ecosystems  not  only  to  exist  but  to  “regenerate.”  In  2010,  the  Pittsburgh  City      *  For  an  in-­‐depth  look  at  the  relationship  between  salmon  and  sustainability,  Andrew  Kimbrell’s  Salmon  Economics  is  a  must  read.  It  is  available  from  Praxis  Peace  Institute.    

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Council  passed  a  law  explicitly  banning  all  natural  gas  extraction  and  stating  that  nature  has  “inalienable  and  fundamental  rights  to  exist  and  flourish.”    A  similar  effort  in  Europe  is  attempting  to  make  ecocide  a  crime  under  international  law.    The  “young”  countries  like  Canada,  the  US,  New  Zealand,  Australia  tend  to  have  myths  rather  than  memories.  For  descendants  of  settlers  and  newer  immigrants,  it  begins  with  learning  the  true  histories  of  where  we  live.  Indigenous  people  have  the  history  of  the  environment.  An  alliance  of  indigenous  and  non-­‐indigenous  peoples  can  reawaken  a  worldview  that  contains  the  whole  history.    Living  non-­‐extractively  does  not  mean  that  we  do  not  extract  at  all.  It  means  the  end  of  the  extractivist  mindset  –  of  taking  without  caretaking.  Renewal  and  regeneration  needs  to  be  part  of  the  equation.    Naomi  prefers  the  word,  “Regenerative”  to  resilience  because  regeneration  is  Active.  We  become  full  participants  in  the  process  of  maximizing  life’s  creativity.  It’s  about  our  aggressively  applying  our  labor  toward  restoration.      Conclusion  –  The  Leap  Years    “Developed  countries  have  created  a  global  crisis  and  on  a  flawed  system  of  values.  There  is  no  reason  we  should  be  forced  to  accept  a  solution  informed  by  that  same  system.”           ~  Marlene  Moses,  Ambassador  to  the  US  for  Nauru,  2009    Global  capitalism  has  made  the  depletion  of  resources  so  rapid,  convenient,  and  barrier-­‐free  that  “earth-­‐human  systems  are  becoming  dangerously  unstable  in  response.    Brad  Werner,  a  complex  systems  researcher,  says,  “Resistance  movements  are  people  who  adopt  a  certain  set  of  dynamics  that  does  not  fit  within  the  capitalist  culture.  This  includes  environmental  direct  action,  blockades,  sabotage,  etc.,  along  the  lines  of  the  abolition  movement.  Only  mass  social  movements  can  save  us  now,”  he  warns.    Meeting  science-­‐based  targets  will  mean  forcing  some  of  the  most  profitable  companies  on  the  planet  to  forfeit  trillions  of  dollars  of  future  earnings  by  leaving  the  vast  majority  of  proven  fossil  fuel  reserves  in  the  ground.      But,  let’s  move  democratically.  Violent,  vanguardist  resolutions  don’t  have  much  to  offer  in  the  way  of  road  maps.  In  the  West,  the  most  common  precedents  showed  that  social  movements  can  be  a  disruptive  historical  force  as  are  celebrated  in  the  human  rights  movements,  the  civil  rights  movement,  women’s  and  gay  rights.  These  movements  transformed  the  face  and  texture  of  the  dominant  culture.  But,  given  that  the  challenge  for  the  climate  movement  hinges  on  purling  off  a  profound  and  radical  economic  transformation,  it  MUST  be  noted  that  for  the  above-­‐mentioned  movements,  the  legal  and  cultural  battles  were  always  more  successful  than  the  economic  ones.  Sharing  legal  status  is  one  thing;  sharing  economic  resources  quite  another.    We  need  to  make  massive  investments  in  public  infrastructure  –  utilities,  transportation  systems,  housing,  and  more  –  on  a  scale  compatible  with  what  the  climate  crisis  calls  for  today.  

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 What  we  need  to  remember:  Since  the  1950s,  several  democratically  elected  socialist  governments  nationalized  large  parts  of  their  extractive  sectors  and  began  to  redistribute  to  the  wealth  that  had  previously  hemorrhaged  into  foreign  bank  accounts.  They  redirected  some  of  this  wealth  to  the  poor  and  middle  class.  These  governments  included  Mohammad  Mosaddegh  (Iran),  Salvador  Allende  (Chile)  and  Jacobo  Arbenz  (Guatemala),  all  overthrown  by  the  CIA!  Their  efforts  were  constantly  undermined  through  political  assassinations,  foreign  interference,  and  the  chains  of  debt-­‐driven  structural  adjustment  programs.    Economic  Parallels  According  to  historian  Eric  Foner,  at  the  start  of  the  Civil  War,  “slaves  as  property  were  worth  more  than  all  the  banks,  factories,  and  railroads  in  the  country  put  together.”  Strengthening  the  parallel  with  fossil  fuels,  Chris  Hayes  points  out  that  “in  1860,  slaves  represented  about  16%  of  total  household  assets  –  that  is  all  the  wealth  –  in  the  entire  US,  which  in  today’s  terms  is  a  stunning  $10  trillion”!    That  figure  is  roughly  similar  to  the  value  of  the  carbon  reserves  that  must  be  left  in  the  ground  worldwide  if  we  are  to  have  a  good  change  of  keeping  warming  below  2  degrees  Celsius.    The  Unfinished  Business  of  Liberation    We  return  to  The  Marshall  Plan  for  the  Earth.    The  fact  that  our  most  heroic  social  justice  movements  won  on  the  legal  front  but  suffered  big  losses  on  the  economic  front  is  precisely  why  our  world  is  as  fundamentally  unequal  and  unfair  as  it  remains.    Franz  Fanon  wrote  in  The  Wretched  of  the  Earth,  “What  matters  today,  the  issue  which  blocks  the  horizon,  is  the  need  for  a  redistribution  of  wealth.  Humanity  will  have  to  address  this  question,  no  matter  how  devastating  the  consequences  may  be.”    Climate  change  is  our  chance  to  right  those  festering  wrongs  at  last  -­‐-­‐-­‐  the  unfinished  business  of  liberation.  When  major  shifts  in  the  economic  balance  of  power  take  place,  they  are  invariably  the  result  of  extraordinary  levels  of  social  mobilization.    Any  attempt  to  rise  to  the  climate  challenge  will  be  fruitless  unless  it  is  understood  as  part  of  a  much  broader  battle  of  worldviews,  a  process  of  rebuilding  and  reinventing  the  very  idea  of  the  collective,  the  communal,  the  commons,  the  civil,  and  the  civic  after  so  many  decades  of  attack  and  neglect.  If  the  dominant  worldview  is  delegitimized,  all  the  rules  within  it  become  much  weaker  and  more  vulnerable.    So,  how  do  we  change  worldviews?  Part  of  it  is  choosing  the  right  early  policy  battles  –  game  changing  ones  that  don’t  merely  aim  to  change  laws  but  change  patterns  of  thought.  This  would  be  an  alternative  worldview  that  rivals  the  one  at  the  heart  of  the  ecological  crisis  –  embedded  in  interdependence  rather  than  hyper-­‐individualism,  reciprocity  rather  than  dominance,  and  cooperation  rather  than  hierarchy.    

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(This  is  where  cooperatives  have  such  an  important  role  to  play  and  why  Praxis  Peace  Institute  continues  to  educate  people  about  this  model  for  today  and  the  future.)    Our  aim  is  to  alter  public  opinion.  The  abolition  of  slavery  depended  in  large  measure  on  a  major  transformation  in  moral  perception.  The  understanding  about  the  need  to  assert  the  intrinsic  value  of  life  is  at  the  heart  of  all  major  progressive  victories.    We  will  not  win  the  battle  for  a  stable  climate  by  trying  to  beat  the  bean  counters  at  their  game  (e.g.,  cap  and  trade).  We  will  win  by  asserting  that  such  calculations  are  morally  monstrous,  since  they  imply  that  there  is  an  acceptable  price  for  allowing  entire  countries  to  disappear  or  leaving  people  to  die  on  parched  land.  The  climate  movement  has  yet  to  find  its  full  moral  voice  on  the  world  stage.    Free  market  ideology  has  been  discredited  by  decades  of  deepening  inequality  and  corruption,  stripping  it  of  much  of  its  persuasive  power.  And,  the  various  forms  of  magical  thinking  that  have  diverted  precious  energy  –  from  blind  faith  in  technological  miracles  to  the  worship  of  benevolent  billionaires  –  are  fast  losing  their  grip.  It  is  slowly  dawning  on  a  great  many  of  us  that  no  one  is  going  to  step  in  and  fix  this  crisis;  that  if  change  is  to  take  place  it  will  come  only  because  leadership  bubbled  up  from  below.                          Praxis  Notes         Summary  completed  by  Georgia  Kelly  for  Praxis  Peace  Institute  members.    For  follow-­‐up  to  this  material,  watch  the  presentations  from  the  Praxis  conference,  The  Economics  of  Sustainability,  that  took  place  in  San  Francisco,  October  2014.  All  presentations  are  available  on  YouTube:  https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKeloccnAfWN1mGUpfW3CZ_hoBmouhyeQ    The  conference  speakers,  many  of  whom  are  cited  in  Naomi  Klein’s  book,  offer  excellent  follow-­‐up  to  Klein’s  opus  on  economics  and  sustainability.  DVDs  and  CDs  are  also  available  of  all  presentations  for  viewing  with  family  and  friends.    Your  feedback  on  this  summary  would  be  most  helpful  in  our  plans  to  provide  other  summaries.  Please  send  your  thoughts.    Please  consider  making  a  tax-­‐deductible  contribution  to  Praxis  Peace  Institute  so  that  we  can  continue  to  offer  this  kind  of  education  to  more  and  more  people.  www.praxispeace.org/donate                                        Praxis  Peace  Institute,  P.O.  Box  523,  Sonoma,  CA  95476                                        Phone:  707-­‐939-­‐2973