taken from: alistair r. brown, aapg memoir 42, interpretation of three- dimensional seismic data,...

Taken From: Alistair R. Brown, AAPG Memoir 42, Interpretation of Three-Dimensional Seismic Data, 4th & 6th Editions

John N. Louie, Presenter

Business Justification

3D Seismic Surveys

Seismic Resolution

John N. Louie, Presenter

Business Justification

3D Seismic Surveys

Seismic Resolution

Geol 755: Basin AnalysisGeol 755: Basin AnalysisGeophysics Week 1Geophysics Week 1

Geol 755: Basin AnalysisGeol 755: Basin AnalysisGeophysics Week 1Geophysics Week 1


Business JustificationBusiness Justification 3D seismic has substantially expanded global 3D seismic has substantially expanded global

energy supply. Amoco development experience:energy supply. Amoco development experience:


Business JustificationBusiness Justification 3D seismic has substantially reduced the cost of finding energy. 3D seismic has substantially reduced the cost of finding energy.

Amoco international exploration increase in present value with 3D:Amoco international exploration increase in present value with 3D:


Business JustificationBusiness Justification

3D seismic 3D seismic has has substantially substantially reduced the reduced the risk of risk of exploring for exploring for energy.energy.

Worldwide Worldwide consortium consortium experience:experience:


Business JustificationBusiness Justification 3D seismic has reduced the cost of finding 3D seismic has reduced the cost of finding

energy, while dramatically increasing the volume energy, while dramatically increasing the volume of reserves found- leading to Asian economic of reserves found- leading to Asian economic boom 1999-2007:boom 1999-2007:


Business JustificationBusiness Justification 3D seismic has enabled Amoco to more than replace 3D seismic has enabled Amoco to more than replace

resources produced, keeping energy prices low:resources produced, keeping energy prices low:


3D Seismic Surveys3D Seismic Surveys From Seismological Grand Challenges in Understanding Earth’s Dynamic Systems:Seismological Grand Challenges in Understanding Earth’s Dynamic Systems:The petroleum industry relies on high-resolution seismic surveying to map oil and gas reservoirs at The petroleum industry relies on high-resolution seismic surveying to map oil and gas reservoirs at

depths of up to 7 km. Though costly, 3D seismic yields the detail necessary to image the faults depths of up to 7 km. Though costly, 3D seismic yields the detail necessary to image the faults and complex sedimentary features that can trap energy reserves. This 3D "sonogram" traces and complex sedimentary features that can trap energy reserves. This 3D "sonogram" traces the origin and properties of rock layers and reveals the most likely targets for drilling and the origin and properties of rock layers and reveals the most likely targets for drilling and extraction. Using 3D seismic imaging, the industry has cut the number of non-producing "dry" extraction. Using 3D seismic imaging, the industry has cut the number of non-producing "dry" holes by more than half since 1990.holes by more than half since 1990.

Ship image from B. Dragoset (2005), and Western Geophysical. "F3" seismic data and Ship image from B. Dragoset (2005), and Western Geophysical. "F3" seismic data and analysis from F. Aminzadeh and P. de Groot, (2006)/ Visualization by J. Louie.analysis from F. Aminzadeh and P. de Groot, (2006)/ Visualization by J. Louie.


3D Seismic Surveys3D Seismic Surveys

Sheriff (1992) addresses many benefits of 3-D seismic in Reservoir Geophysics; a few quotations from that volume follow:

3-D seismic is an extremely powerful delineation tool, and spectacularly cost-effective, particularly when well costs are high.

The success is directly attributable to the better structural interpretation made possible by the 3-D survey.

The greatest impact of 3-D surveys has been the ability to match platform size, number of well slots, and production facilities to the more accurately determined field reserves.


3D Seismic Surveys3D Seismic Surveys History of oil exploration and reserves in History of oil exploration and reserves in

Campos Basin, from PetroBras:Campos Basin, from PetroBras:


Resolution of 3D Seismic SurveysResolution of 3D Seismic Surveys Factors in horizontal and vertical resolution:Factors in horizontal and vertical resolution:


Resolution of 3D Seismic SurveysResolution of 3D Seismic Surveys Wavelength increases with depth, so resolution decreases:Wavelength increases with depth, so resolution decreases:


Resolution of 3D Seismic SurveysResolution of 3D Seismic Surveys Separating reflections vertically, in section:Separating reflections vertically, in section:


Resolution of 3D Seismic SurveysResolution of 3D Seismic Surveys Horizontal resolution: Fresnel zones in map viewHorizontal resolution: Fresnel zones in map view


Design of 3D Seismic SurveysDesign of 3D Seismic Surveys From Nexus Energy, Schlumberger.From Nexus Energy, Schlumberger.


Resolution Resolution of 3D of 3D

Seismic Seismic SurveysSurveys

Failure of 2D Failure of 2D (NAZ- Narrow (NAZ- Narrow Azimuth) Azimuth) surveyssurveys- reflecting reflecting points are not points are not in 2D section:in 2D section:


Resolution of 3D Seismic SurveysResolution of 3D Seismic Surveys ““Marmousi” tank data illustrating 3D advantages:Marmousi” tank data illustrating 3D advantages:


Resolution of 3D Seismic SurveysResolution of 3D Seismic Surveys 3D imaging will properly place dipping structures3D imaging will properly place dipping structures


Resolution of 3D Resolution of 3D Seismic SurveysSeismic Surveys

3D imaging 3D imaging achieves achieves better better continuity continuity and fewer and fewer seismic seismic artifacts.artifacts.


Resolution of 3D Seismic SurveysResolution of 3D Seismic Surveys Proper 3D imaging moves interfering reflections Proper 3D imaging moves interfering reflections

out of the way of a reservoir reflection:out of the way of a reservoir reflection:


Resolution of 3D Seismic SurveysResolution of 3D Seismic Surveys 3D gives proper dip on sections through salt dome:3D gives proper dip on sections through salt dome:


Resolution of 3D Seismic SurveysResolution of 3D Seismic Surveys A channel invisible before 3D migration (left) is A channel invisible before 3D migration (left) is

clear after 3D imaging (right):clear after 3D imaging (right):


Design of 3D Seismic SurveysDesign of 3D Seismic Surveys From Nexus Energy, Schlumberger.From Nexus Energy, Schlumberger.


Design of 3D Seismic SurveysDesign of 3D Seismic Surveys A geologic hypothesis for the target translates to A geologic hypothesis for the target translates to

design parameters of survey layout: line design parameters of survey layout: line spacing, and shot spacing along the lines.spacing, and shot spacing along the lines.


Design of 3D Design of 3D Seismic SurveysSeismic Surveys

The more dip a The more dip a target has, the target has, the higher the higher the frequencies needed frequencies needed to image it.to image it.

High frequencies = High frequencies = better resolution.better resolution.

High frequencies High frequencies are difficult to get.are difficult to get.


Design of 3D Seismic SurveysDesign of 3D Seismic Surveys A geologic hypothesis for the target translates to A geologic hypothesis for the target translates to

design parameters of survey layout: line design parameters of survey layout: line spacing, and shot spacing along the lines.spacing, and shot spacing along the lines.


3D Seismic Data Volumes3D Seismic Data Volumes Terminology for sections of seismic data volume:Terminology for sections of seismic data volume:


Seismic Data AmplitudesSeismic Data Amplitudes Histogram of seismic amplitudes in data volume:Histogram of seismic amplitudes in data volume:


Seismic Data AmplitudesSeismic Data Amplitudes Representation of amplitudes in data volume:Representation of amplitudes in data volume:

taken from: alistair r. brown, aapg memoir 42, interpretation of three- dimensional seismic data,...

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