Tang and Song ChinaTang and Song China

The Golden Age of ChinaThe Golden Age of China

How Many Dynasties are in Post-How Many Dynasties are in Post-Classical China 600-1450?Classical China 600-1450?

Do Now: Please take out DBQ graphic organizers on Buddhism in ChinaWhat missing voices/additional documents? What would their perspectiveOffer? Can you think of other documents (ex. A census from Tang DynastyAccounting for Buddhist population and service)

Sui DynastySui Dynasty

Emperor Wendi united traditional core of Emperor Wendi united traditional core of China after fall of HanChina after fall of Han

Wendi lowered taxes / instituted land Wendi lowered taxes / instituted land reformreform

Murdered by son YangdiMurdered by son Yangdi

Sui DynastySui Dynasty

Yangdi re-established civil service examsYangdi re-established civil service exams Advanced scholar-gentryAdvanced scholar-gentry Forced labor of peasants for construction of Forced labor of peasants for construction of

Grand CanalGrand Canal Unsuccessfully tried to take KoreaUnsuccessfully tried to take Korea Decline due to failure in war, breakaway Decline due to failure in war, breakaway

provinces, pressure from northern nomadsprovinces, pressure from northern nomads Yangdi assassinated by own ministersYangdi assassinated by own ministers

Tang DynastyTang Dynasty

Tang established by one Tang established by one of Yangdi’s officialsof Yangdi’s officials

Tang armies conquered Tang armies conquered as far as Afghanistan- as far as Afghanistan- Tang Tang largest Chinese largest Chinese empireempire

Completed repairs on Completed repairs on Great WallGreat Wall

Empire extended into Empire extended into Tibet, Vietnam, and Tibet, Vietnam, and ManchuriaManchuria

Tang DynastyTang Dynasty

Korea was conquered and vassal Korea was conquered and vassal kingdom, Silla, establishedkingdom, Silla, established

Scholar-gentry used to administer vast Scholar-gentry used to administer vast landslands

Scholar-gentry used to offset noblesScholar-gentry used to offset nobles Civil service exam expandedCivil service exam expanded Merit important but nobles found place in Merit important but nobles found place in

scholar-gentryscholar-gentry

Tang DynastyTang Dynasty

BuddhismBuddhism found home found home in China due to in China due to patronage by royal patronage by royal familyfamily

Buddhism became Buddhism became strong social, strong social, economic, and political economic, and political forceforce

Attempt made by Attempt made by Empress Wu to Empress Wu to elevate Buddhism to elevate Buddhism to state religionstate religion

Tang DynastyTang Dynasty

Rise of Buddhism in China (mid 9Rise of Buddhism in China (mid 9thth century)century)

Buddhism changed by Chinese societyBuddhism changed by Chinese society Buddhism seen as threat by Confucians Buddhism seen as threat by Confucians

and Daoistsand Daoists Why?Why?

Tang DynastyTang Dynasty

Buddhists restricted and persecutedBuddhists restricted and persecuted Buddhism survived but severely Buddhism survived but severely

weakenedweakened Emperor Xanzong and concubine, Emperor Xanzong and concubine,

Yang GuifeiYang Guifei Revolts killed many of Yang’s relatives- Revolts killed many of Yang’s relatives-

forced emperor to execute Yangforced emperor to execute Yang Rebellions, breakaway provinces, and Rebellions, breakaway provinces, and

weak rulers brought end to Tangweak rulers brought end to Tang

Yang Guifei

Song Dynasty Song Dynasty Last Tang emperor Last Tang emperor

forced to resignforced to resign Emperor Taizu reunited Emperor Taizu reunited

much of China but north much of China but north remained under control remained under control of nomadic Jinof nomadic Jin

Song paid tribute to Song paid tribute to nomadsnomads

Military came under Military came under control of government- control of government- increasing status of increasing status of scholar-gentryscholar-gentry

Emperor Taizu

Song DynastySong Dynasty

Civil service exams became routine- every three Civil service exams became routine- every three years at three levels: district, province, and years at three levels: district, province, and imperialimperial

Rise of Rise of Neo-ConfucianismNeo-Confucianism Stressed morality as highest goalStressed morality as highest goal Hostile to outside influences and ideasHostile to outside influences and ideas Stress on traditionalism stifled technological Stress on traditionalism stifled technological

innovation and creative thoughtinnovation and creative thought Emphasized rank, obligation, deference, and gender Emphasized rank, obligation, deference, and gender

distinctionsdistinctions

Song DynastySong Dynasty

Decline due to financial stress: tribute payments Decline due to financial stress: tribute payments to northern nomads, cost of maintaining large to northern nomads, cost of maintaining large army on borderarmy on border

Increased taxes caused social unrestIncreased taxes caused social unrest Army poorly led and equipped due to control by Army poorly led and equipped due to control by

scholar-gentryscholar-gentry Reforms between 1070-1090 by Chief Minister Reforms between 1070-1090 by Chief Minister

Wang Anshi: cheap loans, taxes on landlords Wang Anshi: cheap loans, taxes on landlords and scholar-gentry, establishment of trained and scholar-gentry, establishment of trained mercenary armymercenary army

Song DynastySong Dynasty

Reforms opposed by scholar-gentryReforms opposed by scholar-gentry Reforms ended with death of emperor and Reforms ended with death of emperor and

influence of Neo-Confucianism on influence of Neo-Confucianism on succeeding emperorsucceeding emperor

North forces shrinking of Song into rump North forces shrinking of Song into rump statestate

Song Song conquered by Mongolsconquered by Mongols

Golden Age of ChinaGolden Age of China Grand Canal expanded by Grand Canal expanded by

Tang caused shift in Tang caused shift in populations within Chinapopulations within China

South saw increase in South saw increase in population and food population and food productionproduction

Canal increased Canal increased communication within communication within China, increased revenues, China, increased revenues, opened up south to opened up south to commercecommerce

Silk RoadSilk Road, cut by nomads, , cut by nomads, was re-opened and was re-opened and revitalized by Tangrevitalized by Tang

The Silk Road

Golden Age of ChinaGolden Age of China

Increased sea trade Increased sea trade under Tang and Songunder Tang and Song

Use of Chinese JunksUse of Chinese Junks Trade and markets Trade and markets

regulatedregulated Guilds establishedGuilds established Deposit shops (banks)Deposit shops (banks) Paper moneyPaper money Flying money Flying money (credit (credit

vouchers)vouchers)Chinese Junk

Golden Age of ChinaGolden Age of China

Levels of urbanization not seen in West until Levels of urbanization not seen in West until Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Industry- iron production greater in Song than in Industry- iron production greater in Song than in Britain during Industrial RevolutionBritain during Industrial Revolution

Life in ChinaLife in China

Canal allowed peasants to market produce Canal allowed peasants to market produce throughout empirethroughout empire

Large estates broken up for peasant land- Large estates broken up for peasant land- accompanying loss of power of nobilityaccompanying loss of power of nobility

Power of males intensified. Child who Power of males intensified. Child who struck parents could be beheaded. Child struck parents could be beheaded. Child who struck older sibling could get 2 ½ who struck older sibling could get 2 ½ years hard laboryears hard labor

Life in ChinaLife in China

Marriage put off until late in life- as late as 30 for scholar-Marriage put off until late in life- as late as 30 for scholar-gentrygentry

Women could divorceWomen could divorce Neo-Confucianism reinforced male dominanceNeo-Confucianism reinforced male dominance FootbindingFootbinding became visible symbol of women’s subjugation became visible symbol of women’s subjugation

Chinese women making silk

Life in ChinaLife in China

FootbindingFootbinding Symbol of women’s Symbol of women’s

subjugationsubjugation Started with upper classesStarted with upper classes Began around age 5-6Began around age 5-6 Limited women’s mobilityLimited women’s mobility Practice spread to peasant Practice spread to peasant

classclass Seen as attractive- Seen as attractive-

unbound feet would unbound feet would severely limit marriage severely limit marriage prospectsprospects

Life in ChinaLife in China

Technological advancesTechnological advances Most basic types of bridges developed (truss, Most basic types of bridges developed (truss,

suspension, etc.)suspension, etc.) Application of gunpowder for weaponryApplication of gunpowder for weaponry Compass first used for navigationCompass first used for navigation AbacusAbacus Moveable typeMoveable type

COT: Post-Classical China 600-1450COT: Post-Classical China 600-1450

In Post-Classical China (600-1450) the mandate of heaven remained a way to determine In Post-Classical China (600-1450) the mandate of heaven remained a way to determine dynastic succession providing structure through rebuilding of infrastructure (Great Wall and the dynastic succession providing structure through rebuilding of infrastructure (Great Wall and the new Grand Canal linking the Yangtze to the Yellow Rivers), the role of the civil service new Grand Canal linking the Yangtze to the Yellow Rivers), the role of the civil service bureaucracy would facilitate sound political decision making through the organization of the bureaucracy would facilitate sound political decision making through the organization of the economy based on Confucian principles, however, trade would increase expanding both China’s economy based on Confucian principles, however, trade would increase expanding both China’s size (during the Tang Dynasty) and their hegemony (sinification of Korea, Viet Nam and Japan) size (during the Tang Dynasty) and their hegemony (sinification of Korea, Viet Nam and Japan) and extension of maritime (junk ship trade across the Indian Ocean) and caravan trade (across and extension of maritime (junk ship trade across the Indian Ocean) and caravan trade (across the silk routes) .the silk routes) .

In post-classical China the increase in trade (proto-industrialism/commercial expansion) would In post-classical China the increase in trade (proto-industrialism/commercial expansion) would lead Tang-Song China to actively pursue tributary ties. The influence of Buddhism through trade lead Tang-Song China to actively pursue tributary ties. The influence of Buddhism through trade routes would lead to great internal conflict eventually developing into neo-Confucianism. With all routes would lead to great internal conflict eventually developing into neo-Confucianism. With all of this trading influence, however, the status of merchants would not be elevated based on of this trading influence, however, the status of merchants would not be elevated based on Confucian principles.Confucian principles.

COTCOT

Changes Continuities

Civil Service system expandedGrand Canal (liking Yellow with Yangtze)Elevated status of women then foot bindingDynasties (Sui-Tang-Song)Size of empire ( Tang the largest)Urbanization (Chang ‘An and Guang Zhou)Woman Empress (Wu Zeitan)Banking, letters of credit, paper”flying”moneyNeo-Confucianism- mixing Confucianism, Taoism and BuddhismGunpowder weaponry (Song Dynasty)AbacusRemovable type printingCompassPorcelainMechanical clock

Civil service meritocracyInfrastructure rebuilt every new dynasty ( in accordance with Mandate of Heaven)Mandate of HeavenPatriarchy (deference in Confucianism)Silk Road and Indian OceanConfucianism (role in Civil Sevice)BuddhismGunpowder ( for fireworks)Paper production (although spreads West after Battle of Talas River with Abbasid Caliphate)Role of forced laborRole of military