taxonomy unit 4 – microbiology. h ands - on o rganizing pasta (10-12 min ) 6 pieces of pasta...
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TAXONOMY
Unit 4 – Microbiology
HANDS-ON ORGANIZING PASTA (10-12 MIN)
• 6 pieces of pasta• Devise a scheme to group them based on their
shared characteristics • At each criteria, offer only 2 options to further
split the group of pasta (see exemplar)
DICHOTOMOUS KEY A step-by-step guide to help identify an organism Follows a series of YES/NO questions that will lead you
to the organism’s name
How many branches at each Yes/No question?Just 2
DICHOTOMOUS KEY EXAMPLES
ibis
heron
spoonbill
cardinal
eagle
HOW DO WE ORGANIZE LIVING THINGS?
We name all organisms using many names: K ingdom King P hylum Phillip C lass Cried O rder Out F amily “For G enus Goodness S pecies Sakes!”
Come up with your ownmemory trick!
Each level is called a “taxa”
specific
SIX KINGDOMS
Unicellular single-cell Multicellular many cells Prokaryotic no nucleus present in cells Eukaryotic nucleus present in cells
All Living Things
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Bacteria
Kingdom Archaea
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Three Domains and Six Kingdoms Classification System
CLADOGRAMS Cladogram the family tree for all living
things that describes phylogenetic (evolutionary) relationships
How do we figure out how organisms are related? Look for homologies
(common characteristics)!
Dichotomous keys: Classifying based on
presence/absence oftraits (yes/no questions)
Traditional Taxonomic Systems
Binomial nomenclature (Two-part name)Genus speciesGenus name capitalized; species in lower casealways italicized if typed, or underlined if
handwritten
Carolus Linnaeus (Li-nay-us)(1707-1778), a Swedish naturalist•created rules for classification based on organism shared characteristics:
The Binomial SystemBlack bear Ursus AmericanusGrizzly bear Ursus horribilis
What can be said about 2 species having the same genus?
The same genus name indicates that these two species are closely related in anatomy, embryology and evolutionary ancestry.
Taxonomic Classification of Grey Wolf- an example
Becoming more specific
Modern taxonomy and PhylogenyPhylogeny = the study of the evolutionary
relatedness between and among species
Family Tree Phylogenetic tree(also cladogram)
Commonancestor
Goi
ng b
ack
in ti
me
1. Which organisms in the above cladogram have hard shelled eggs?2. Which organisms in the cladogram have a backbone?3. Which shared a common ancestor most recently – a bird and a crocodile
or bird and a monkey?
HOW TO BUILD A CLADOGRAMhttp://ccl.northwestern.edu/simevolution/obonu/cladograms/Open-This-File.swf
17
DO PRACTICE FOR DICHOTOMOUS KEY
Use a dichotomous key to identify creatures on planet Pamishan
Review
1. Which group is more specific, order or class? Order2. What is meant by binomial nomenclature? A two name system (Genus species)3. List the 6 kingdoms in order from primitive to advanced Bacteria, Archaea, protista, fungi, plants, and animals
Review
4. Which of the following pairs is MOST closely related?
Acer rubrum & Acer saccharumAcer rubrum & Chenopodium rubrum
5. The science of classification is called _____________
Taxonomy
RECAP: TAXONOMY KEY WORDS
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Taxon (plural: taxa) Unicellular, multicellular Prokaryotic, eukaryotic Taxonomy Cladogram Phylogeny / phylogenetic Homology / homologies / homologous Dichotomous key