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Page 1: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

TEA ConferenceTEA Conference

Financial Outlook

Page 2: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

HeadlinesHeadlinesNew York Comp Fund's Meltdown A Financial Fukushima

Did the Fed Prevent a Financial Chernobyl?

EURO CRISIS : ECB SHOULD RESIST PRESSURE TO USE "NUCLEAR OPTION

AIG Commits ‘Corporate Suicide’ Without Dr StrangeloveAIG Commits  Corporate Suicide  Without Dr. Strangelove

'Dr. Strangelove' and the euro 'Doomsday Machine'

Think Positive: Wall Street rocket scientists crash to Earth

Banks Sell 'Toxic Waste' CDOs to Calpers, Texas Teachers Fund.

One false move in Europe could set off global chain reaction

A Neutron Bomb in the Marketplace?

Behind the Global Markets' Meltdown – TIME

The global fallout of a eurozone collapse ‐ FT.comg f f p

Page 3: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

What has happened?What has happened?

Page 4: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

The credit bubbleThe credit bubble

US Public and Private debt at 100 year highsUS Public and Private debt at 100 year highs.

Page 5: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

Largest build up of peace time d b hgovernment debt in US history

Page 6: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

Total debt is high and growing across h d l ldthe industrial world

Page 7: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

Gov. debt levels are high across the d l d ld ddeveloped world and growing

General government gross financial liabilities as a percentage of GDP 

Source:   OECD.

Page 8: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

What happened in 2008?What happened in 2008?

• The bubble burst.  

• Loan collateral became impaired.  

• Saving the banking system was a necessary first priority.  

• Debt economics changed. 

• Re‐capitalization of the banking system.

• De‐lever the economy– That means reducing debt relative to the size of the economy.

That means increasing the size of the economy relative to debt– That means increasing the size of the economy relative to debt.

• To achieve there is no single policy nor clear tested strategy.  

Page 9: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

What can we expect now?What can we expect now?

Page 10: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

The Central Case (Reinhart and Rogoff)The Central Case (Reinhart and Rogoff)

• Generalized historical guidance and precedent* gives:– A long period of deleveraging nearly always follows a major financial 

crisis.– There are no quick fixes in the deleveraging process.

• Deleveraging episodes are painful lasting six to seven years on average andDeleveraging episodes are painful, lasting six to seven years on average and reducing the ratio of debt to GDP by 25 percent. 

• GDP typically contracts during the first several years and then recovers.– Recoveries are shallow.

G th i k– Growth is weak.– Recessions are more frequent.– There will be plenty of bumps in the road.

*Historical perspective (Reinhart and Rogoff, “This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly”)

Page 11: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

High debt levels limit our ability to h llmeet challenges

• Economic imbalances and market stressesb / b– OECD Debt/GDP ratios:  Japan, US, Euro Zone, Debt…

• Sovereign default.  Greece, South Europe...– Solvency of the financial system

• US Bank Leverage• European Bank leverage• Central Bank leverage

– Chinese growth and economic stability• Fixed Investments.  >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP.    Versus 15% for US.

h• NPL growth

• Sustainability of Euro project  – North versus South– A decade of differential productivity growth– Unsustainable North‐South structural unemployment p y

• Geo‐political hot‐spots:  North Korea, Iran, Syria...    • Resource constraints

– Water, Transport fuels, Strategic industrial elements and minerals (REE, T t l Fl T t )Tantalum, Fluorspar, Tungsten…)

Page 12: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

What is the policy response?What is the policy response?

Page 13: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

What is the policy response?What is the policy response?

• Avoid a bank solvency crisisAvoid a bank solvency crisis.  

• Avoid a debt default spiral.

ll d fi l li l• Use all monetary and fiscal policy tools to stimulate economic growth.

• This is a global crisis.  Devaluing to drive exports is deeply problematic.

Page 14: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

On the menu…On the menu…• Austerity.   

A t it h b l t t d i E UK it h l d f ll t f f– Austerity has barely started in Europe, UK, … it has already fallen out of favor. 

• Fiscal stimulus– In US a cornucopia of initiatives:   Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 Act, 

TARP, “Cash for Clunkers”, American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, American Jobs Act,… 

• Exceptional monetary stimulusExceptional monetary stimulus– Managing the short rate:  ZIRP

– Manager the entire yield curve:• QE: 1,2, Operation Twist, … , and in EZ – ECB’s SMP, LTRO

• Specific asset purchase programs:  Gov Debt, Agency Mortgages

id b k li idi h ll– Avoid bank liquidity crunches at all costs.  

– Avoid deflation at all costs.  

• Additional exceptional monetary policies?• QE: 3…N?  Widespread asset purchase programs by CBs?

– RE, ETFs, Equities, Corporate Bonds…, , q , p

• Monetization of budget deficits?

• Additional exceptional fiscal stimulus– Board tax cuts 

– Large scale government funded infrastructure programs.  Hoover Dam projects.  

Page 15: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

Deficit spending drives government d b l l h hdebt levels ever higher…

General government gross financial liabilities as a percentage of GDP 

Source:   OECD.

Page 16: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

Central Bank balance sheets are fgrowing fast

Page 17: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

ECB balance sheet is growingECB balance sheet is growing

Page 18: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

Federal Reserve balance sheet is growing

Page 19: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

What if the central (muddle‐through) d h ldcase does not hold?

Page 20: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

There are grave economic and political consequences

1. Widespread default and deflation– Severe contraction in GDP– Extensive destruction in real wealth– Material contraction of the welfare state

Ri k th t th iddl d t f liti– Risk that the middle drops out of politics 2. Run away inflation

– Severe contraction in GDPExtensive destruction in real wealth– Extensive destruction in real wealth

– Material contraction of the welfare state– Risk that the middle drops out of politics

3 What is the probability of muddling through?3. What is the probability of muddling through?– We muddle though for the next 5 to 10 years or so to reach 

sustainable steady growth, price stability and low unemployment.  – Given debt levels this is a policy challenge.

Page 21: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

What politics follow if we fail?What politics follow if we fail?

Page 22: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

What politics follow if we fail?What politics follow if we fail?

Page 23: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

Growth is the solutionGrowth is the solution

• Economic growth is our way out of the debt g yproblem:– Immutable law of debt economics:  you can always grow yourself out of ANY debt problemgrow yourself out of ANY debt problem. 

– The question then becomes what growth rate is needed?Thi i i l h 1% 2% i– This time an incremental change, +1%, +2%...in productivity may not be enough.   Perhaps we need a step change, a +4%, +5%...    

– We need great advances in productivity, we need a revolution in productivity. 

– We need a steam engine for the 21st century.g y

Page 24: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

The power of innovationThe power of innovation

Page 25: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

Innovation ‐ a thought experimentInnovation  a thought experiment

• The importance of energy markets:p gy– Huge primary markets.  Energy costs drive costs across the economy, oil costs drive boom and bust. They provide:– They provide: 

• Power for industrial production• Energy for transportation of goods, for global trade

• Total Energy sector is $79T x 8% = $6.3T of Global GDP• In perspective: 

2% f ld GDP i ilit dit– 2% of world GDP is military expenditures– 4% of world GDP is food expenditures– 6% of world GDP is health expendituresp

Page 26: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

Innovation ‐ a thought experimentInnovation  a thought experiment• What if power was modular, clean, transportable and a 

fraction of current costs? 

– What would be the cost of:• Transport fuels?Transport fuels?  

• Costs of mining, milling and refining base metals:  copper, iron, nickel, zinc?

• What would be the cost of cement and steel?

• What would be the cost of ethylene?

• What would be the cost of shipping?

• What would be the cost of global trade?g

• What would be the leap in industrial productivity?

• What would be the leap in global growth?

• What would be the impact on our debt problem?

Page 27: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

Innovation ‐ a thought experimentInnovation  a thought experiment

• What would be the cost of:

– Neodymium‐Iron‐Boron magnets? Lithium ion batteries? And of recycling?

– Costs of HEV v‐a‐v ICEV?

What would be the costs of waste disposal? The costs of waste recycling and safe– What would be the costs of waste disposal?  The costs of waste recycling and safe incineration?

• What world would we live in if we have cheap‐clean‐modular power?

• What world will we live in if we do not?  

• What world will we live in if we do not innovate? 

• What world will we live if we do not seek to innovate? *• What world will we live if we do not seek to innovate? *

*Innovation is not the next best way to capture the next on‐line “consumer click”.   

Page 28: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

How we learn to stop worrying about h d b blthe debt problem…

Page 29: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

INNOVATE…INNOVOTE…INNOVATEd kl h d b l k kAnd quickly. The debt clock is ticking...

Page 30: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

Some reference materialSome reference material

• McKinsey Global Institute.  January 2012. Debt and y ydeleveraging: Uneven progress on the path to growth.

• IMF.  April 2012.  Global Financial Stability Report.  The Q t f l ti St bilitQuest for lasting Stability.

• Speech given by Andrew G Haldane, Executive Director, Financial Stability and Member of the Financial, PolicyFinancial Stability and Member of the Financial, Policy Committee, Bank of England.  Wincott Annual Memorial Lecture, Westminster, London,  24 October 20112011.

• Carmen M. Reinhart & Kenneth S. Rogoff. This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial FollyDifferent: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly

Page 31: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation
Page 32: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

JapanJapan

• Nominal GDP = $5.9T, 3rd largestNominal GDP    $5.9T, 3 largest• Sovereign 214% GDP in 2012, 223% GDP in 2013, approx $10T.2013, approx $10T.

• Major demographic problem– Aging population;Aging population;– Support Ratio less than 2.

• Economic stagnationEconomic stagnation• Fiscal sustainability challenged by growing rate of retirement of “boomers”rate of retirement of  boomers . 

Page 33: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

CB balance sheets are growing fastCB balance sheets are growing fast

Page 34: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

Gov debt levels are high across the d l d lddeveloped world

Page 35: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

And debt becomes socialized…And debt becomes socialized…

• Private sector mal‐investments (bad loans) from a credit cycle f i t h d (b k ) t bli h d (C t l B k )pass from private hands (banks) to public hands (Central Banks).   

• Central Banks help fund government fiscal programs design to stimulate growth supported by Keynesian economic paradigms.

• Mal investments ends up on the balance sheet of the central• Mal‐investments ends up on the balance sheet of the central banks which is already loaded with substantial amounts of government debt.

• Central Bank becomes increasing unable to defend the currency.Central Bank becomes increasing unable to defend the currency.• The costs of the mal‐investments during the credit bubble are 

ultimately borne by the currency. • Economic losses from mal‐investments in a credit cycle become y

socialized.  

Page 36: TEA Conference · 2020. 3. 27. · • Fixed Investments. >50% if China’s $5.9T GDP. Versus 15% for US. • NPL growth • Sustainability ... 1. Widespread default and deflation

Debt levels are too highDebt levels are too high

• Historical perspective (Reinhart and Rogoff, “This Time p p ( g ,Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly”)– Less than 90% Gov debt‐to‐GDP ratios have no significant impact on growthimpact on growth.

– Above 90% Gov ratios have a significant impact to growth, with these countries averaging negative growth.

• Many industrial nations are past the 90% threshold.

Carmen Reinhart Senior Fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics She wasCarmen Reinhart ‐ Senior Fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. She was previously professor of economics at the University of Maryland. 

Kenneth Rogoff is professor of Public Policy and professor of economics at Harvard University.