“tests of a proximity focusing rich with aerogel as radiator” toru iijima / nagoya university...
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RICH June 2002 Pylos, Greece “Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002 Introduction Silica aerogels… Collidal form of SiO 2 =0.1g/cm 3 Prosity ~ 95% (n=1.03) n=1.006~1.06 ⇒ useful for /K separation in GeV region Applied in many particle/nuclear physics exp’s. But, mostly used in threshold mode (before). Limitation for imaging Rayleigh scattering Cracks Established technique Simple & reliable Limited momentum coverage Kaon ID in veto modeTRANSCRIPT
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”
Toru Iijima / Nagoya [email protected]
for Belle Aerogel-RICH R&D group
Introduction for aerogel + proximity focusingSimulationResults from the 1st beam testDiscussionSummary
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Collaborators
Belle Aerogel-RICH R&D group;
I.Adachi2, I. Bizjak5, A. Gorisek5, T. Iijima3, M. Iwamoto1, S. Korpar5,8, P. Krizan7,5, R. Pestotnik5, M. Staric5, A. Stanovnik5,6, T. Sumiyoshi4,
K. Suzuki2 and T. Tabata1
1 Chiba University, Chiba, Japan2 High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Japan
3Physics Department, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan4Physics Department, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
5 Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia 6 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
7 Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia8 Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Slovenia
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
IntroductionSilica aerogels…
Collidal form of SiO2
=0.1g/cm3
Prosity ~ 95% (n=1.03)n=1.006~1.06
⇒useful for /K separation in GeV region
Applied in many particle/nuclear physics exp’s.But, mostly used in threshold mode (before).
Limitation for imaging Rayleigh scatteringCracks
Established techniqueSimple & reliable
Limited momentum coverageKaon ID in veto mode
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
KEK Aerogel
Development in 90’s for Belle-ACC at the KEK B factory.New single-step production method developed in collaboration with Matsushita E.W.CoGood optical quality:
• Transmission• Index uniformity
Long term stability• Hydrophobicity• Radiation hardness
Improved optical quality of aerogels →Break through for imaging (“Aerogel-RICH”).
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Transmission of aerogels
Almost 3 times better transmission(dominated by Rayleigh scattering)
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Index uniformity
n/(n-1) = ±3% (FWHM) in Belle-ACC experience
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Ring viewed by IIT
Yes, rings are there !
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
RICH w/ aerogel radiatorLarger c between two particle species
Wider PID coverage ⇔ threshold/K separation@ higher momentum (~10GeV/c?) separation @ low momentum (<1GeV/c)
Note: /K sep.(5GeV/c) ~ sep.(1GeV/c)
Compact ring size ~ 13°for n = 1.03 / = 1
Small material thickness
Photodetection in the visible regionShort wave length component strongly suppressed by Ra y leigh scattering.
Cherenkov Angle
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5p(GeV/ c)
d(the
ta) [m
rad]
-K
K-p
n=1.47n=1.03
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Proximity Focusing ?
Mirror focusingHERMES/LHC-B (open geometry exp.)Thick aerogel
⇒ Easier to obtain enough light yield.
Proximity focusingSuitable for collider exp.Aerogel must be thin enough not to deteriorate the angle resolution.
⇒ Light yield ?Never been considered well by other exp’s.
Talk by M.Buenerd (AMS)
Maybe difficult but CHALLENGING⇒Our R&D
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Possibility at Future BellePresent Belle PID system
Combination of dE/dx + ToF + ACCKID eff.=88%/fake=8.5%.“Particle ID Holes”
• EACC works only for tagging• e/- separation at low momentum
Proximity focusing aerogel-RICH for the endcap to cover give /K sep.in 0.8<p(GeV/c)<4.5※photodetection is hard for Barrelphotoelectrons must drift perpendicular to the B filed axis.
TOP counter for Barrel Talk by T.Ohshima⇒
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
R&D HistoryBy 2000: Some preliminary studies Imaging test with IIT / Photodetection / Simulation
… busy years for Belle-ACC though,…
March 2001: “Proximity focusing aerogel-RICH” introduced as a possible Belle PID upgrade option by T.I.
J.Stefan institute joined the R&D
Discussion for Super-KEKB/Belle
June‐Oct. 2001: Cosmic ray test at IJS.
Nov.‐Dec. 2001: Beam test at KEK 12 GeV-PS
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Simulation IngredientsProduction of Cherenkov photons : F-T formulaChromatic dispersion : Scaled from fused silica Rayleigh scattering :
Mean free path based on transmission data (with correction of finite acceptance of photospectrometer)
Photodetection : Bialkari photocathode (QE = 25% at 400nm)
Pad size : 5mm/10mm
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Simulation Result (I)Simulated Npe for unscattered photons.
Normal incidenceAssume 100% geometrical acceptance for photodetection
Higher n is preferred to have enough light yield for pions at 0.8 GeV/c.⇔Lower n gives better separation at high momentum (next slide).
Npe: Momentum DependenceAerogel thickness = 20mm
0
5
10
15
20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6Momentum (GeV/c)
Npe (
unsc
atter
ed&d
etecte
d)
pi 1.030pi 1.050pi 1.070K 1.030K 1.050K 1.070
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Simulation Result (II)Simulation indicates:
Npe>12 possible for light velocity particlesN=1.030 gives better separation, but light yield at around threshold (p~0.8GeV/c) may be critical. Optimal n ~1.05⇒Separation @ 4GeV/c > 5 possible even with 10mm read-out pad.⇒Need verification with experiment.
pi/ K separation20mm thick / +-5mm reso.
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6Momentum (GeV/ c)
Sigma
1.0301.0501.070
0.31
0.72
0.860.92
0.950.96
0.59
0.91
0.97
0.91
0.98
Numbers: Eff (Npe>=6) for K(not shown if >0.99)
4GeV/c
K
5.7 separation
Cherenkov angle
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
2cm thickn=1.03/1.05/1.07
p = 0.5~4.0Gev/c, p
Incident angle0 ~ 30 deg.
(Gas C to eliminate e)
1st Beam Test
Nov.25~Dec.2 @ KEK-PS, 2 beam line
Index Thickness(mm)
t(mm)
1.029 21 38
1.050 19.5 15
1.070 20.5 7.2
Aerogel sample
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Photodetection
Coarse granularity
Fine granularity
6×6 Multi-anode PMT array based on Hamamatsu R5900-M16
36% photocathod coverage: □18mm / 30mm pitch
Two read-out configurationCoarse granularity:
Every 4 pads grouped together (144ch) ⇒optimum for light yield measurement
Fine granularity: only 1/3 sector connected to TDC (192ch) ⇒optimum for angular reso. measurement
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Observed Ring Image
Coarse granularity, 3GeV/c -
n=1.029 (2cm thick)
2D hit distribution w.r.t beam Typical hits / event
Ring expected from tracking
Hit due to beam
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Data @ p= 0.5GeV/ce-, -, - at low momentum with beam line polarity at negative
electron vetoby gas C
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Typical distributionNdet & are obtained by fitting the distribution.
Gaussian + background NsNdet = Ns/#eventAlso checked Ndet by counting hits in ±3 window around the peak. is the single photon angular resolution.
Gaussian+background
Ndet = Ns/#event
Counting in ±3 window
* Poisson based on 0 hit bin
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Detected photon / event
Ndet = 2.6/2.7 for n=1.029/1.050 samples (2cm thick).Note: n=1.050 has worse transmissionCorrection by PMT array acceptance applied (event-by-event).
C (in PMT acceptance)C (whole ring)
fcorr =
2cm coarse2cm fine2+2cm coarse
2.8cm Novosibirsk
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Angular resolutionFine granularity (4.5mm pad)
⇒ ~ 10mrad at d = 20cm, 2cm thick, n=1.029/1.050.d: distance between radiator and photodetectorvaried depending on index: d=29cm (1.029), 21cm(1.050), 17cm(1.070)Right figure shows the results when normalized to d = 20cm.
Normalized at d=20cm
2cm fine gran.
d
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Momentum dependence
Momentum dependence is as expected.Lines in figures are expected dependence fit to the data points.Effect of multiple scattering at low momentum ()
Ndet/ring (not normalized by d)
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Incident angle dependence
Almost no dependence on incident angle.
Ndet/ring (not normalized by d)
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Discussion
Comparison to expectation (2cm, 3GeV/c pions)index Ndet (coarse gran.) (mrad, fine)
Measured Expected Measured Expected
1.029 2.6 2.7 7.0 6.7
1.050 2.7 2.9 9.8 9.7
Assume: 36% effective area 70% correction eff.
Importatnt R&D issues: Improvement of aerogel quality
Better transmission Improvement of photodetection
Good effective area (36% 70%)Good efficiency for single photon
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Improvement of aerogels
Significant increase in Ndet with n=1.050 Novosibirsk sample.Ndet = 4.6 (28mmt) 2.7 (20mmt) w/ KEK70% increase (40% increase when thickness difference accounted).
We aim at improving the quality at n~1.05 by revisiting;
Production method/procedurePrecursor materialSolvent
Other R&D issuesSizeFlatness etc.
Novosibirsk sample (48mm)
Large potential to improve
Talk by A.F.Danilyuk
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Photodetection
Flat Panel PMT array for R&DNewly developed 8 ×8 multi-anode PMT by HPK.Effective area = □49mm for □51.7mm package (90% coverage)Single p.e. peak is observable.
Further performance studies and better understanding of the detector behavior.Optimization of design
In real application in 1.5T magnetic field at Belle,⇒Proximity focusing HPD with good effective area
Flat Panel HPD/HAPD?
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Summary
Improved optical quality of aerogels in 90’s opened the window for aerogel-RICH.We have tested possibility of proximity focusing aerogel-RICH with beam
Angular resolution < 10mrad with ~5mm pad.Light yield ~ 2.7 with photodetection efficiency of 25% (=36×70%).
⇒ Good starting point;Results are reasonable and understood.They clarify the R&D targets.
– Further improvement of aerogel quality (n ~ 1.05)– Proximity focusing H(A)PD with good effective area.
×(1.5~2.0)×>2
Our hope for improvement factor.If achieved, K/ separation > 6 (@ 4GeV/c) possible
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Thank you !!!
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Backup Slides
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Lens System
Optionally used in the beam test.
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Importance of K/ separation remains unchanged also at the Super-Belle.Flavor tagging (p<2 GeV/c)
• For any CPV measurement in neutral B.Two-body decays (1.5<p<4GeV/c)
• B→/KB→/ K• B→DK/D• Others:’/’K etc.
Increased demand at the Super KEKB/Belleb→d/b→srequired reduction ~50?)
Good separation in inclusive measurements (multiple tracks)Full reconstruction tag (efficiency/purity)How about / charm ?
++ low momentum e/ separation (< 1 GeV/c)B→K(*)ll (b →sll) (especially in channel)
Good K/< 5 GeV/c good ⇒ < 1 GeV/c
Physics Requirement
Large impact of improved PID
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Present Belle-PIDCombination of dE/dx + ToF + ACC
Performanceeff.=88%/fake=8.5%.
Concerns: Background immunity
• TOF dead time: O(10%)Material thicknessRadiation hardness“Particle ID Holes”
• EACC works only for tagging• e/- separation at low momentum
⇒Points of improvement @ upgrade
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
K*+
++0 K++0
B+ → / K*+ /KB0 → ++0 / K++0 Conditions:
Br(s) = 20×Br(d)Present eff/fake from data(open histograms)Improved eff/fake = 0.975/0.025~ 4 separation of two Gaussian(hatched histograms)
K/-ID Impact in b→d/b→s
Present 0.95/0.05 0.975/0.025 0.99/0.01
ds(2chg) 0.64 1.3 (1.1) 2.3 (1.8) 4.6 (2.6)
ds (3chg) 0.45 0.90 (0.78) 1.7 (1.2) 4.2 (1.9)
(): Endcap as it is.
PID w/ good eff/fake and hermeticity is important
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Lepton/-ID Impact in b→sllForward-backward asymmetry (AFB)
Need to measure AFB as a function of Mll
May flip sign below and above 1.5GeVHowever,
In K channel, Mll<1.5GeV is difficultbecause (almost) no separation.
Present MUID + 97.5% @ p<1GeV/c by Cherenkov
⇒ ×2 events in Mll < 1 GeV ⇒ ×1.5 events in 1 < Mll < 2 GeV
A good Cherenkov detector will givesignificantly earlier finding of AFBand test of the sign flip.
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
‘Flat panel HPD’ Concept
Photon counting w/ hybrid PD(typical spectrum)
“Tests of a proximity focusing RICH with aerogel as radiator”, by Toru Iijima, June 8, 2002
RICH20025-10 June 2002Pylos, Greece
Dual Radiator SchemeInteresting option, if aerogel transmission is improved.Light yield can be increased without deteriorating the angular resolution.Need study effectiveness with simulation