1

7th

IWA Odours and Air

Emissions Conference

Abstracts List

2

Session 2 A – Odorants & odour measurement/ monitoring – part

1

2 A (1): Odor activity value as a method for evaluating odor abatement

technologies for animal production

M. J. Hansen1 and A. Feilberg

1

1 Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej 2, 8200 Aarhus N, DK

(E-mail: michaelj.hansen@eng.au.dk; anders.feilberg@eng.au.dk)

ABSTRACT

Odor threshold values (OTV) for chemical odorants can be applied for estimating the odor activity value (OAV)

of sample air from animal production facilities and the efficiency of odour abatement technologies. The aim of

the present study was to apply two different databases of OTV’s and 1) correlate OAV and odour concentration

measured by dynamic olfactometry for samples collected from pig houses with and without odour abatement

technologies and 2) evaluate the effect of abatement technologies for pig production based on these two OTV

databases. A total of 115 samples from pig houses with and without odour abatement technologies were analyzed

by two different odor laboratories and the chemical odorants by Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry

(PTR-MS). The results demonstrate that the correlation between OAV and odour concentration is dependent on

the odor laboratory and the OTV database that is used. Furthermore, the estimated correlations were fairly poor

(R2: 0.17-0.47). The efficiency of abatement technologies is highly dependent on the OTV’s that are used. In

conclusion, more research is needed to estimate and validate OTV’s if the method should be used for evaluating

odour abatement technologies.

2 A (2): Bias of Dynamic Olfactometry on the Chemical Composition of

Odour Samples and Projected Impact on the Evaluation of Abatement

Technologies

P. L. Kasper1, M. J. Hansen

1, A. Feilberg

1

1 Department of Engineering, Aarhus University Hangøvej 2, DK-8200 Aarhus N

(E-mail: peka@eng.au.dk; michaelj.hansen@eng.au.dk; af@eng.au.dk )

ABSTRACT

The recovery during dynamic olfactometry of nine of the most significant odorous pollutants typically emitted

from livestock production has been determined by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. The study

included numerous different combinations of sampling routines and sampling equipment, i.e. sample bags of

different materials (Nalophan, Tedlar and Teflon), different sizes (1-20 L), different storage durations (0-48 h)

and three different olfactometer dilution systems consisting of glass, stainless steel, and Teflon/stainless steel,

respectively. The results showed that the tested compounds were lost to varying degrees ranging from 0 to >

98% depending on the chemical properties of the compounds, the sampling materials and the procedure. From

the results, five case studies are conducted to show the practical consequences of these loses and the bias this

may inflict on the evaluation of different odour abatement technologies. This is based on PTR-MS data collected

from full-scale systems, which include a manure acidification system, a biological air cleaner, a hybrid

biological and chemical- air cleaning system and a commercial chemical scrubber.

3

2 A (3): Characterization and Prediction of Odours from Municipal Sewage

Treatment Plant in China

Weifang Li1, Weihua Yang

2, Jiayin Li

2

1State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Odor Pollution Control, Tianjin Academy of Environmental

Sciences, Tianjin, China; No.17, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin

(E-mail: lwf1919@163.com) 2Tianjin Sinodour Environmental Protection Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China.

No.17, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin

(E-mail: yangwh65@126.com; 704431879@qq.com)

ABSTRACT

Nuisance odours generation from municipal sewage treatment plants is a cause of public discomfort and

complaints. Odour samples were collected at municipal sewage treatment plant in Tianjin during summer and

autumn in 2013. Odour concentrations were measured by the triangular odour bag method. Chemical

components were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The objectives were to identify the

compounds that contributing most to the overall odour emanating from municipal sewage treatment plant, and

develop predicting models for sensory odour concentration based on the compound odour activity value (OAV).

According to the analysis of odour emission characteristics, it was found that hydrogen sulfide and methyl

mercaptan were the key odourants responsible for the overall odour. In order to understand the interrelationship

of these two odourants, 10 groups of binary mixture of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan, which represent

different levels of odour concentration and intensity, were prepared in the lab. Odour concentrations were

regressed against OAV by using multivariate linear regression. The results showed that the sensory evaluation

model of municipal sewage treatment plant was Y=1.675X1-0.890X2 (X1: hydrogen sulfide, X2: methyl

mercaptan), the correlations were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the models were validated by

the field monitoring data, it showed that the odour prediction concentration fitted good to the measured

concentration. At last, Austal 2000 Model system was used for the simulation of the odour emission dispersion

into the surrounding area. This study provides an effective way to predict the odour emissions condition in

municipal sewage treatment plant.

2 A (4): Do chemical and sensorial odor nuisance results agree?

(Olfactometry, Odor Profile Method and Chemical Analysis)

Tadeo Vitko1, Yubin Zhou

2 I. H. (Mel) Suffet

2

1Orange County Sanitation District, 10844 Ellis Avenue, Fountain Valley, CA. 92708

2UCLA, Dept. of Env.

Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Los Angeles CA. 90095

ABSTRACT

Reducing odor nuisances has been an on-going challenge to the management of wastewater treatment plants.

One component of this challenge is to identify and quantify each odorant. Odors can be determined by analytical

and sensory analysis. Both methods have been found to complement each other. Analytical methods are limited

by method reporting limits (MRL) inherent to each standard procedure. Sensory methods, such as the dilution to

threshold (D/T) and the odor profile method (OPM), are needed to determine the extent of the odor nuisance

especially when the analytical results are below the MRLs. Another component of the challenge in odor control

is determining what odorants must be targeted for treatment. The ratio of the concentration (C) of each odorant

by its odor threshold concentration (OTC) is a simple but effective method to prioritize odorants.

4

Session 2 B – Biofiltration & chemical scrubbers – part 1

2 B (1): Biotrickling filtration of acetone air emissions: looking for

laboratory solutions for industrial applications

P. San-Valero1, C. Gabaldón

1, F.J. Álvarez-Hornos

1, M. Izquierdo

1 and V.

Martínez-Soria1

1 Research Group GI2AM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat de València, Av. de la Universitat

s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain. Tel. +34 96 354 31 69, Fax: +34 3544898.

(E-mail: pau.valero@uv.es; carmen.gabaldon@uv.es; marta.izquierdo-sanchis@uv.es;

franciso.j.alvarez@uv.es; vmsoria@uv.es)

ABSTRACT

A full-scale biotrickling filter (BTF) treating gas emissions of wood-coating activities showed some difficulties

to remove acetone, especially for high punctual inlet concentrations and short working periods. To solve this

problem the investigation at laboratory of the removal of acetone simulating typically industrial conditions was

carried out. The results were evaluated in terms of removal efficiency (RE) and outlet gas emission pattern.

Industrial emissions and operational protocols were simulated: IL of 70 g C m-3

h-1

during 2 cycles of 4 h per

day. Intermittent trickling of 15 min per hour was applied. The outlet gas stream of the pollutant was affected by

intermittent spraying, causing a fugitive emission of pollutant during these periods. In addition, the outlet gas

stream showed a clearly dependence on the alkalinity of the system, causing a leak during non-spraying at pH 5.

Thus, proper control of pH is required to successful operation. Laboratory findings were fruitfully transferred to

the industry and removal of acetone by full-scale BTF was enhanced.

2 B (2): Isolation and Characterization of Mixotrophic Sulfur Oxidizing

Bacteria Tolerating to Low DO Concentration

B. Pang1, J. Xi

1

1 School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

(E-mail: xijinying@tsinghua.edu.cn)

ABSTRACT

Oxidation of hydrogen sulfide is usually considered to be catalyzed by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) which are

often autotrophs. The wastewater emitting hydrogen sulfide contains high concentration organics and low

dissolved oxygen (DO). In this study, some mixotrophic SOB for in-situ deodorization of wastewater are

isolated, identified and characterized. 15 strains of mixotrophic SOB were isolated from activated sludge and

river sediment. The effects of organic carbon and DO concentration on sulfide removal and bacterial growth

were evaluated. Most of the isolated SOB had their growth greatly enhanced when organic carbons were

provided. Some SOB also could have their sulfide removal capacities enhanced with organics existing. When

DO concentration is lowered, most of the SOB strains showed a decreased sulfide removal capacity, while the

SOB noted as N1 and N2 have relatively higher sulfide removal capacities compared with others. N1 is

identified to belong to the genus of Paracoccus and N2 belongs to the genus of Pseudomonas. To conclude, the

mixotrophic SOB isolated in this study are capable of remove sulfides in low DO concentration and they are

more suitable for deodorization of wastewater than the obligate autotrophic SOB.

5

2 B (3): Treatment of discontinuous emission of sewage sludge odours by a

full scale biotrickling filter with an activated carbon polishing unit

F. Sempere1*

, P. Winter2, A. Waalkens

1, N. Hühnert

2, I. Cranshaw

3, B. Beigi

4

and R. B. Thorpe4

1 Pure Air Solutions, P.O. Box 135, 8440 AC Heerenveen, The Netherlands (

*Corresponding author’s e-mail:

f.sempere@pureairsolutions.nl;a.waalkens@pureairsolutions.nl). 2 Thames Water, Innovation Centre, Reading STW, Island Rd, Reading, RG6 0RP, UK (E-mail:

peter.winter@thameswater.co.uk; Nicole.Huehnert@gmail.com). 3 MWH UK Ltd (Part of Stantec), Buckingham Court, Kingsmead Business Park, London Road, High Wycombe,

HP11 1JU (E-mail: Ian.Cranshaw@mwhglobal.com). 4

University of Surrey Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK (E-mail:

b.hajimirzabeigi@surrey.ac.uk; rex.thorpe@surrey.ac.uk).

ABSTRACT

A biotrickling filter (SULPHUSTM

) and a polishing activated carbon filter unit (ACTUSTM

) were used at a

Wastewater Treatment Plant to treat 2,432 m3·h

–1 of air extracted from sewage sludge processes. The project is

part of Thames Water’s strategy to reduce customer odour impact and, in this case, is designed to achieve a

maximum discharge concentration of 1,000 ouE·m–3

. The odour and hydrogen sulphide concentration in the input

air was more influenced by the operation of the sludge holding tank mixers than by ambient temperature.

Phosphorous was found to be limiting the performance of the biotrickling filter during peak conditions, hence

requiring additional nutrient supply. Olfactometry and pollutant measurements demonstrated that during the high

rate change of intermittent odour concentrations the ACTUSTM

was required to reach compliant stack values.

The two stage unit outperformed design criteria, with 139 ouE·m–3

measured after 11 months of operation. At

peak conditions and even at very low temperatures, the nutrient addition increased considerably the performance

of the SULPHUSTM

expanding the need for activated carbon replacement over the one year design time. During

baseline operation the SULPHUSTM

reached values between 266-1,647 ouE·m–3

even during a 6 days irrigation

failure of the biofilm.

2 B (4): Biogas and volatile fatty acids-driven polyhydroxyalkanoates

production by Methylocystis hirsuta

J. C. López1, L. Merchán

1, E. Arnáiz

1, R. Lebrero

1 and R. Muñoz

1

1 Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, C/Dr.

Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.

(E-mail: jclneila@iq.uva.es; laura.merchan@alumnos.uva.es; esther.arnaiz@iq.uva.es;

raquel.lebrero@iq.uva.es, mutora@iq.uva.es)

ABSTRACT

In the present study, biogas (with/without H2S) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were evaluated as potential

sources for the growth of type II methanotrophs and the accumulation of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).

Methylocystis hirsuta was able to grow on biogas, which also enhanced PHA content up to 44.75 ± 1.28 %. The

addition of VFAs at initial concentrations of 100-200 mg L-1

did not hamper the growth of this strain, indeed

they were employed to increase the final PHA content up to 48-54 % under N-limited conditions. Valeric

supplementation led to the highest 3-hydroxyvalerate content (13.5 %) within the biocomposite, and its

formation by this methanotrophic strain proved not to be connected to the presence of CH4-containing biogas.

6

Session 3 A – Field measurements

3 A (2): Improving environmental odour measurements: comparison of lab-

based standard method and portable odour measurement technology

D. L. Maurer1, A. Bragdon

2, B. Short

2, H.K. Ahn

3, J. A. Koziel

1*

1 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, 1201 Elings Hall, Ames, Iowa

50011, United States of America 2 Freshmen Honors Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America

3 Department of Animal Biosystems Science, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea

* presenting and corresponding author

(E-mail: dmaurer@iastate.edu, koziel@iastate.edu, abragdon@iastate.edu, bcshort@iastate.edu,

hkahn@cnu.ac.kr)

ABSTRACT

This project focuses on air quality associated with livestock and poultry production, specifically on odor

measurements which are needed for compliance reporting and development of odor mitigation technologies.

Current odor measurement methods are lab-based and require substantial investment in hardware, sample

collection, training, and maintenance. Odor samples must be collected in the field using bags and brought to the

lab to test. This can be a time-consuming process, with the possibility of the sample air undergoing chemical

reactions and physical losses, resulting in possible changes to odor strength and character. The actual odor

measurements are based on dilution olfactometry, embodied in the AC’SCENT® International Olfactometer,

following the ASTM E679-04 standard. Large amounts of filtered air are mixed with a small amount of the

odorous air sample to create a diluted mix that is presented to a trained panelists. The ratio of odorous air to fresh

air is increased until the panelist can detect the odor, giving a quantifiable measurement for the odor

concentration. In recent years a portable olfactometer, the Scentroid SM100i, has been developed for odor

measurements which use compressed air tanks for the odorless air. The portable olfactometer has many

advantages over lab-based standard method, especially the lower cost-per-sample. However, very little is known

about the performance and reliability of portable olfactometer. It is important to evaluate the Scentroid SM100i

accuracy to determine the usefulness of using it as a comparable technology for odor measurements. The main

objective of this research is to compare the performance of the lab-based ASTM E679-04 method with portable

odor measurement technology. Specific objectives include:

1. Determining the accuracy of the dilution ratios specified by the manufacturer of both the AC’SCENT

International Olfactometer and the Scentroid SM100i.

2. Comparing results between olfactometers using n-butanol, a commonly used standard gas in the olfactometry

field.

3. Determining the accuracy of odor measurement using real odor samples collected from livestock farms in Iowa.

To date, the preliminary results show that the Scentroid SM100i deviates from the manufacturer specifications

for flowrates and dilution ratios, but these flowrates were generally consistent with each dilution setting. The use

of the Scentroid and AC’SCENT resulted in similar measured odor levels of the same samples, but only after the

values were adjusted to match the actual flow rates and dilution ratios. Furthermore, the Scentroid SM100i had a

tendency to slightly overestimate odor concentrations compared with AC’SCENT.

7

3 A (3): Influence of Local Terrain on Odour Attenuation over Distance in

a Dairy Farm with Biogas Plant

M. Keck1, M. Frei

1, B. Steiner

1 and S. Schrade

1

1 Agroscope, Tänikon 1, CH-8356 Ettenhausen, Switzerland

(E-mail: margret.keck@agroscope.admin.ch; matthias_frei@gmx.ch; beat.steiner@agroscope.admin.ch;

sabine.schrade@agroscope.admin.ch)

ABSTRACT

Complex terrain can have a great impact on odour attenuation. Therefore, a study was conducted to compare

odour-attenuation behaviour over distance on a dairy farm with biogas plant. Odour plume investigations were

performed with six assessors on two survey days in different directions with varying topography. The largest part

of the emitting surface area of 985 m² was the animal enclosure, followed by the solid-manure store and the

substrate store, with a total area of up to 186 m². A distinct gradient of odour frequency and intensity was

detected within the positions of the plume axis on flat terrain. Attenuation behaviour was not present to the same

degree in directions with hilly terrain. In the direction with a hollow and subsequent crest, odour dispersion was

shaped by the local terrain, and hence by flow. Flow around or above the hill led to differing odour dispersion. In

the area where the terrain sloped upwards, higher odour frequencies and intensities were still recorded at greater

distances. Accordingly, when modelling dispersion processes, location-related weather data and high-spatial-

resolution topography must be borne in mind. This influence of the local topography must be considered very

carefully for authorisation processes, in order to avoid odour lawsuits.

3 A (4): Analysis of odour episodes through dispersion modelling, field

inspection and citizen’s complaints: a case study of a paper-mill in a

complex topography area

V. Valdenebro1, E. Sáez de Cámara

1, G. Gangoiti

1, L. Alonso

1, J. A. García

1,

M. Navazo2, M. de Blas

1, J. Lavín

3, N. García-Borreguero

4

1 University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Faculty of Engineering, Alameda de Urquijo s/n, 48 013 Bilbao,

Spain (E-mail: veronica.valdenebro@ehu.eus, estibaliz.saezdecamara@ehu.eus. g.gangoiti@ehu.eus,

lucio.alonso@ehu.eus, joseantonio.garcia@ehu.eus, maite.deblas@ehu.eus) 2 University of the Basque Country

UPV/EHU, University College of Engineering, C/ Nieves Cano 12, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (E-mail:

m.navazo@ehu.eus) 3 Sociedad Española de Abastecimientos, S.A., Gran Vía Marqués del Turia,¸19, 46005,

Valencia, Spain (E-mail: jlavinte@aguasdevalencia.es) 4 Basque Government, Environment Administration

Directorate, Donostia-San Sebastián 1, 01010, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (E-mail: nicolas-garcia@euskadi.eus)

ABSTRACT

Malodours are the main cause of citizen’s complaints to authorities with respect to air quality. Numerical

modelling of odour episodes and a subsequent validation and analysis of the resulting time series of meteorology

and odour concentrations can help to understand the processes that are behind the potential odour impacts from a

source and to calibrate the model for subsequent short or long-term studies. The RAMS-CALMET-CALPUFF

modelling system has been used to simulate the odorous impacts from a paper-mill in an urban area located

several kilometres away in a coastal mountainous area. A selection of episodes under anticyclonic conditions,

with poor ventilation in general and continuous changes of stability and wind during the day, have been

simulated. It is intended to confirm or not the possibility that the odorous impact of the paper-mill is behind the

citizens’ complaints and the odour concentrations registered during a series of field olfactometry campaigns. The

hourly outputs of the meteorological simulations have been validated against data from surface stations and a

wind profiler radar. The simulations results show that the model is able to simulate in a quasi-synchronous

manner the odour impacts with the complaints and the experimental odour measurements in the urban area.

Session 3 B – Biofiltration & chemical scrubbers – part 2

8

3 B (1): Characterization of a Peroxone Wet scrubber (O3 + H2O2) for

removal of volatile sulfur compounds

Hongqing Yao1, Anders Feilberg

1

1Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej 2, Aarhus N, 8200-DK, Denmark

(E-mail: Hongqing.yao@eng.au.dk; af@eng.au.dk)

ABSTRACT

Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and methanethiol

(MT), are a class of offensive odorants with low odor thresholds. This study assessed a packed bed wet scrubber

run with the peroxone process (O3 + H2O2) with respect to removal of the VSCs. H2S was mainly investigated,

but tests with DMS and MT were also carried out. For H2S, increased pH and increased O3 injection rates led to

increased H2S removal, and the highest removal efficiency was 91%. H2O2 did not affect removal. The main

product was sulfate and other oxidation products were formed in the process. For DMS, the highest O3 injection

resulted in a maximum removal efficiency of 95% with little influence of pH and no effect of adding H2O2.

Adding t-butanol as an OH radical scavenger resulted only in a small decrease in DMS removal. For MT, low

removal (less than 20%) was observed under all conditions. The results imply that reaction with O3 was the

dominating pathway, whereas OH· radicals played a minor role. DMS and H2S appeared to react rapidly with O3

in the aqueous phase. It is suggested that O3 reacts very slowly with MT.

3 B (2): Performance of two anaerobic reactors treating VOCs from

printing facilities

P. Ferrero1, J. M. Penya-Roja

1, C. Gabaldón

1, K. Torres

1 and V. Martinez-

Soria1*

1 Research Group GI

2AM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat de València, Av. de la Universitat

s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain. Tel. +34 96 354 31 69, Fax: +34 963544898.

(E-mail: pablo.ferrero@uv.es; josep.penarrocha@uv.es; carmen.gabaldon@uv.es; keisy.torres@uv.es) * Corresponding author: vicente.mtnez-soria@uv.es

ABSTRACT

Printing facilities generate air emissions with high flow rates and low volatile organic compound (VOC)

concentrations. A new alternative to overcome the problems associated with these emissions is the anaerobic

bioscrubber, where VOCs are first transferred from the air to the water, and then are biotransformed into biogas

in anaerobic reactors. The aim of this work was to study the performance of two different bioreactors treating a

mixture ot typical VOCs from printing facilities: an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor and an

anaerobic hybrid reactor (AHR), in which a packed bed was used as gas-liquid-solid separator. At studied

conditions, both reactors had a stable behaviour and achieved practically the same global removal efficiency

(95%), as well as for each studied pollutant (100% for ethanol, 85% for 1-ethoxy-2-propanol and 100% for 1-

methoxy-2-propanol). When 1-ethoxy-2-propanol and/or 1-methoxy-2-propanol were introduced in the feed,

some byproducts were identified in the effluent of both reactors, which allowed to elucidate the anaerobic

pathway of degradation of these glycol ethers. The accumulated leakages of total suspended solids during

experimental period in the effluent were 402 g and 194 g for EGSB and AHR respectively, indicating a bigger

biomass retention capacity for the AHR.

9

3 B (3): Effect of inoculation on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from

biological air scrubbers at a pig housing facility

C. Van der Heyden1,2

, E. I. P. Volcke2 and P. Demeyer

1

1 Technology & Food Unit, Insitute for Fisheries and Agricultural Research (ILVO), Burgemeester Van

Gansberghelaan 115, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium

(E-mail: caroline.vanderheyden@ilvo.vlaanderen.be; peter.demeyer@ilvo.vlaanderen.be) 2 Department of Biosystems Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium

(E-mail: eveline.volcke@ugent.be)

ABSTRACT

To follow up the performance of biological air scrubbers, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) are continuously

measured at every scrubber in Flanders and the Netherlands. However, with these two parameters, it is still

difficult to get a thorough insight in the processes, e.g. to identify the causes when biological air scrubbers are

not reaching the required removal efficiency. EC gives an idea about the total nitrogen content in the water but it

does not reflect the ratio of its important components: ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2

-) and nitrate (NO3

-). In

this study, the washing water of two newly built multi-stage biological air scrubbers was analyzed weekly over a

period of almost one year, to identify the concentrations of NH4+, NO2

- and NO3

-, but also pH and EC.

Simultaneously, the concentrations of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) were measured in the gas phase

before and after each scrubber to assess its performance. The two-stage air scrubber was inoculated with

activated sludge to facilitate its biological activity.

3 B (4): Bacterial community diversity in a full scale biofilter treating

wastewater odor

Allievi, M. J.1, Silveira, D.D

1, Cantão, M. E

2, Filho, P.B.

1

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Delfino Conti, Trindade,

Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil

(E-mail: mjallievi@gmail.com; danid_bioeng@yahoo.com.br; paulo.belli@ufsc.br) 2 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR 153, km 110, Vila Tamanduá,

Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil. (E-mail: mauricio.cantao@embrapa.br)

ABSTRACT

Constantly the odors coming from sewage plants are considered a problem by the population. The purpose of

this study was to evaluate the microbial community present in a full scale biofilter used for odor treatment. The

bed media completed with peat. The main gas treated was hydrogen sulphide (H2S). The removal efficiency

reached 99%, with an empty bed residence time of 30 seconds. Molecular analysis can enhance our

understanding of the microbial communities in biofilter treating wastewater odor. The analysis made to

characterize microbial community was High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing analysis MiSeq® Illumina. The

sampling was seasonal (summer and winter) and spatial (depth and position in the biofilter) for 2015 year. In this

study, a total of 206,174 raw sequence reads for 6 samples were analyzed using Mothur software (v 1.33.3)

based on MiSeq SOP protocol. After Mothur analysis, the results of the bacterial community were explored at

the Phylum and Genus levels. In this study, the efficiency removal of hydrogen sulfide reached values greater

than 99% during the monitoring and the main bacterial genera found were Acidotermus, Telmatobacter,

Methylovirgula and Bryobacter representing the bacterial community active in the transformation of H2S into a

system with long operating time.

10

Session 4 A – Odour dispersion modelling and e-noses

4 A (1): Seasonal odor impact range of the selected wastewater treatment

plants - modeling studies using Polish reference model

Izabela Sówka1, Yaroslaw Bezyk

1, Agnieszka Grzelka

1, Urszula Miller

1, Łukasz

Pachurka1

1 Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Unit of Ecologistics

and Environmental Risk Management, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland

(E-mail: izabela.sowka@pwr.edu.pl; jaroslaw.bezyk@pwr.edu.pl; agnieszka.grzelka@pwr.edu.pl;

urszula.miller@pwr.edu.pl; lukasz.pachurka@pwr.edu.pl )

ABSTRACT

Dynamic olfactometry and mathematical modeling are among the tools capable of identifying the odor

concentration at the source and receptor points located in areas adjacent to wastewater treatment plants. Due to

the fact that in the wastewater treatment plant area in Poland in many cases the area surface are not encapsulated,

their contribution to total emissions, especially in the months with higher temperatures of air and waste water,

can be very large and may influence on the deterioration of the odor air quality both in the wastewater treatment

plant area, as well as the surrounding areas.

In the present work, results of the olfactometric measurements carried out in gaseous samples taken in the spring

and summer season from sources within the three different mechanical-biological Group Wastewater Treatment

Plants (WWTP), located in north, west and southwest part of Poland are presented. The odor impact assessment

of analyzed WWTPs was obtained by using a polish reference model. The odors emission scenarios with

consideration the contribution of major odor sources including the seasonal variation of their emission range

from WWTP were determined. Obtained results showed the significant difference between spring and summer

seasons: the highest maximum odor concentrations at receptor points were observed in July (up to 75 ouE/m3) on

the border of the WWTP, while the lowest were defined as 6.4 ouE/m3 in March.

4 A (2): Sensitivity analysis of the water9 model: odorous emissions on

passive liquid surfaces present in wastewater treatment plants

Milena J. Calvo¹, Ademir A. Prata Jr², Leonardo Hoinaski¹, Jane M. Santos³ and

Richard M Stuetz²,*

¹ ENS – Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC,

Campus Reitor João D. F. Lima, Trindade – CEP 88040-970, Florianópolis (SC) – Brasil

² School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales – UNSW, Sydney, NSW

2052, Australia

³ Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514,

29.060-970 Vitória, ES, Brazil

*e-mail for correspondence: r.stuetz@unsw.edu.a

ABSTRACT

Empirical mathematical models have been developed to estimate emissions and to act in the prevention of

possible impacts from odorous compounds. Based on the WATER9 model, the present study evaluated the

deviations originated from the simplification of using the effective diameter as fetch parameter in the calculation

of the global mass transfer coefficient at passive liquid surfaces at WWTPs. The present analysis incorporated

the influence of different values of wind velocity, molecular diffusivity and Henry's Law constant. The analyses

for the calculation of the mass transfer coefficients were developed for 1000 wind speeds, chosen using the

11

Monte Carlo Method, three WWTPs and three compounds of environmental relevance, spaning different

behaviour regarding their volatilisation. The deviations for the calculation of the mass transfer coefficient were

significantly more sensitive for compounds whose volatilisation is limited by conditions in the liquid phase,

comparing to gas-phase dominated compounds. This is due to the use of different formulations for the liquid-

film mass transfer coefficient by the WATER9 model, depending on the fetch-to-depth ratios. The wind speed

had a direct influence on the deviations for all types of compounds analyzed. However, this parameter was more

representative for the compounds that are dominated by the liquid phase.

4 A (3): eNoses as a Tool to Measure Odour Nuisance Caused by Pig-Farms

Bianca Milan1, Simon Bootsma

2, Ilse Bilsen

3

1Comon Invent B.V., The Netherlands, b.milan@comon-invent.com;

2Comon Invent B.V., The Netherlands, s.bootsma@comon-invent.com;

3Vito B.V., Belgium, ilse.bilsen@vito.be

ABSTRACT

Odours originating from livestock are an important cause of odour nuisance in the Netherlands. Currently the

perceived annoyance level caused by such odours seems to be larger than can be forecasted with the tools

prescribed in the Dutch Odour Act for Livestock. This paper demonstrates how an innovative approach using

eNoses can be of assistance here as it maps the actual annoyance situation around a pig farm effectively.

4 A (4): Using e-nose technology for advanced on-line odour monitoring at

wastewater treatment plants

Janelcy Alferes1*, Gilles Adam

2, Julien Delva

2, Naike Noyon

1, Francoise

Rousseille3, Ruben Cerda

4 Charlene Noble

5 and Samuel Martin

1

1CIRSEE, Suez, 87 chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France

2Odometric, Route de Longwy 577, 6700

Arlon, Belgique 3Eau France, Suez, 38, rue du Président Wilson, 78230 Le Pecq – France

4Labaqua, Pg

Industrial las Atalayas, 03114 Alicante, Spain 5Eau France, Suez, 06250 Mougins, France

*Corresponding author: janelcy.alferes@suez.com

ABSTRACT

The complex nature and high variability of odours emissions from WWTPs, main source of annoyance

complaints for local authorities, have made difficult to continuously characterize and quantify such emissions,

evaluate nuisance odours and take remedial actions. In this paper a novel on-line monitoring e-nose system for

online monitoring of environmental odours at wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is presented. The complete

in-site implementation includes a multi-chemical sensors array combined with a signal processing tool, based on

regression and statistical techniques, to provide an estimation of the odour concentration and potential of odour

nuisance. A very satisfactory performance of the model was obtained being able to explain more than 90% of the

variance of the data with a good fitting in relation to the validation samples. The results showed the potential of

this novel measurement system for the on-line monitoring of odour emissions with different further applications

including the identification of different gaseous atmospheres, odour events and finally for decision making

purposes within WWTPs facilities.

12

Session 4 B – Odour mitigation strategies and odour management

– part 1

4 B (1): A Comparison of Removal Performance of Volatile Organic and

Sulfurous Compounds between Odour Abatement Systems

A. Shammay 1,2

, I. Evanson2 and R.M. Stuetz

1

1 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia

2 Stantec Australia, North Sydney, NSW, Australia

(E-mail: ari.shammay@stantec.com)

ABSTRACT

Three types of odour abatement systems in sewer networks in Australia were studied for 18 months to determine

the removals of different compounds. Six volatile sulfurous compounds and seven volatile organic compounds

were further investigated. All types of odour abatement systems exhibited good removal of hydrogen sulfide

with the biotrickling filters showing the highest consistent removal. Biofilters outperformed biotrickling filters

and activated carbon filters in the removal of dimethyl mono, di and tri-sulfide species at the low inlet

concentrations typically found. Activated carbon filters exhibited little volatile organic compound removal with

no compound consistently identified as having a removal greater than 0%. Biofilters outperformed biotrickling

filters in volatile organic compound removal, yet both had high removal variability.

4 B (2): Overview of different solutions to mitigate odour and H2S from

municipal emission sources

W. Franke1, M. Ettl

2, G. Doppelbauer

2, J. Hilmers

2 and M. Allerborg

3

1 Yara International ASA, Hydrovegen 67, 3936 Porsgrunn, Norway

(E-mail: wolfram.franke@yara.com) 2 Yara Industrial GmbH, Sprudelstraße 3, 53557 Bad Hönningen, Germany

3 Yara Sweden AB, Varuvägen 9, 125 30 Älvsjö, Sweden

ABSTRACT

Sewage systems often demand a treatment against odour emissions. There are several options available how to

perform the approach. However there is no “one size solution” that fits all, instead a choice is required based on

the individual case. Typically a process of chemical treatment of the water/sludge or a vapour phase treatment is

in favour. In order to prevent emissions and to minimize the necessary costs is appears useful to combine

different methods. Within this paper three measures will be discussed especially with focus on the individual

efficiency range: 1) The optimization of nitrate dosage for bio-chemical prevention of odour emission. 2) A

novel oxidizer solution based on chlorite for sludge treatment for selective oxidation of sulphide. 3) A photo-

ionization technology in combination with activated carbon filter as enhanced air treatment process to handle the

remaining emissions.

13

4 B (3): Integrating Odour Nuisance Impacts and Combined Control

Strategies from City of San Mateo’s Wastewater Conveyance System

through Wastewater Treatment Plant Processes

J. R. Witherspoon1, W. Desing

1, J. Siczka

1, S. Heinemann

1, C. Zammit

2, and B.

Underwood2

1 CH2M, 150 Spear Street, Suite 750, San Francisco, CA, 94105 USA

(E-mail: jay.witherspoon@ch2m.com; bill.desing@ch2m.com; john.siczka@ch2m.com) 2 City of San Mateo, 330 W. 20

th Avenue, San Mateo, CA, 94403, USA

(E-mail: bunderwood@cityofsanmateo.org;czammit@cityofsanmateo.org)

ABSTRACT

City of San Mateo (City) recently completed a detailed odour measurement, dispersion and odour emissions

estimation modelling, and control assessment for their wastewater conveyance and treatment systems. City

looked to balanced odour impacts and control strategies by looking system wide to meet acceptable odour

control criteria at the WWTP fence line or in the conveyance system emission points. This paper discusses

innovations used in measuring nuisance odours using odour profile methodology; combining two odour

emissions estimating conveyance models with a wastewater treatment plant odour emission model to look

system wide at odour generation points, benefits of odour control throughout the system, and combined odour

abatement needed to meet acceptable odour emission levels.

This paper also discusses a full suite of proven and new odour control technologies – both for vapour and liquid

phase odour control treatment strategies for both hydrogen sulphide and non-hydrogen sulphide nuisance

odorants found through the odour profile methodology and present in the wastewater conveyance and treatment

systems.

4 B (4): Odour Control: A successful experience in Sorocaba city - Brazil

M. Cipriani1, R. Schiavi

2 and F. Santos

3

1 Application Manager, Bauminas Ambiental, Av. Cambacica, 520 – Parque dos Resedás – 13.097-160 -

Campinas-SP-Brazil (E-mail: marcio.cipriani@bauminas.com.br) 2 Director of Operation Water and Wastewater, SAAE Sorocaba, Av. Pereira da Silva, 1285 – Jardim Santa

Rosália – 18.095-340 - Sorocaba-SP-Brazil (E-mail: reginaldo@saaesorocaba.sp.gov.br) 3 Chief of Wastewater Department, SAAE Sorocaba, Av. Pereira da Silva, 1285 – Jardim Santa Rosália –

18.095-340 - Sorocaba-SP-Brazil (E-mail: fernandosantos@saaesorocaba.sp.gov.br)

ABSTRACT

Public concern over odours from sewage treatment facilities have been increasing significantly in Brazil during

last years due to development around existing plants or construction of new ones. The city of Sorocaba is an

example where the expansion of the sewage collection and treatment system has increased and consequently

more people have been exposed to bad odours. Due to this scenario, it was necessary to find a solution for this

new challenge, but this is no easy task as response to odours is subjective.

In this case, odours must be measured first in order to be controlled. An electronic sensor of H2S (nose) was

installed at one selected pump station and after one month monitoring H2S levels, some chemical products were

evaluated in order to minimize bad odours.

Best results were achieved using an iron salt blend (FeII and FeIII) direct to the sewage flow at 30 mg/L (as Fe)

and reducing the H2S levels in the air in 83%, which was adequate for reducing complaints around this pump

station.

14

Session 5 A – Odorants &odour measurement/ monitoring – part

2

5 A (1): Identification of Odorant Characters using GC-MS/O in Biosolids

Emissions from Two WWTPs Using Aerobic and Anaerobic Stabilisation

Ruth M Fisher1, Radoslaw J Barczak

2, Richard M Stuetz

1

1 UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Australia

(E-mail: ruth.fisher@unsw.edu.au) 2

Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology,

Poland

ABSTRACT

Malodorous emissions from biosolids limit potential re-use opportunities. Emissions from anaerobically

stabilised biosolids is widely studied, in contrast to emissions from aerobic stabilisation aren’t well documented.

Individual odorants in complex emissions can be detected using sensorial analysis methods, such as gas

chromatography mass spectroscopy coupled with an odour detection port (GC-MS/O) where assessors sniff the

GC effluent to identify odorants present. In this study GC-MS/O was used to study and compare emissions from

biosolids produced from aerobic and anaerobic stabilisation at different plants. The wastewater treatment plants

varied in size, catchments and dewatering technology. Three GC-MS/O assessors were used for the sensorial

analysis. The identified odorants varied significantly between the two sites using aerobic stabilisation, in number

of odour characters detected, as well as their intensity. Different types of odour characters were noted between

the aerobic sites and the anaerobically digested biosolids with the former having medicinal, acrid or putrid type

odours not at the latter. However, all biosolids sample emissions were dominated by descriptors of rotten

vegetables, seaweed, garbage, garlic, or bad-breath typified by sulfur type compounds. The importance of

assessor variation is also highlighted as certain characters were not detected or were described differently by

assessors.

5 A (2): New approach to resolve the humidity problem in VOC

determination in outdoor air samples using solid adsorbent tubes followed

by TD-GC-MS

Laura Vallecillos1,2*

, Alba Maceira1, Rosa Maria Marcé

1, Francesc Borrull

1,2

1Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí

Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain 2Chemical Technology Centre of Catalonia, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain

*laura.vallecillos@urv.cat

ABSTRACT

This study describes the effect of humidity in the sampling process by solid adsorbent tubes followed by thermal

desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) for the determination of volatile organic

compounds (VOCs) in air samples and evaluates possible solutions to resolve this problem. Two multi-adsorbent

beds, Tenax TA/Carbograph 1TD (TC tubes) and Carbotrap B/Carbopack X/Carboxen 569 (CCC tubes), were

tested in order to evaluate their behaviour against the environmental humidity. Different humidity problems

related to the sampling process or the chromatographic analysis have been demonstrated with carbon-based tubes

while tenax-based tubes have not presented any influence. Three different desiccant materials such as silica gel,

molecular sieve and CaCl2 were tested to fill the drying pre-tubes and remove the humidity from the air, being

placed prior to the sampling tube to prevent the entrance of water. The drying pre-tubes filled with 0.5 g of

CaCl2 showed the best results concerning to their blanks, the analytes recoveries and their ability to remove

15

ambient humidity. To prevent the agglomeration of CaCl2 during the sampling process in a high relative

humidity atmospheres, 0.1 g of Diatomaceous earth were mixed with the CaCl2 desiccant agent. The

applicability of the CaCl2 pre-tube prior to CCC tubes was tested in urban and industrial sites with samplings of

air at high relative humidity. Moreover, the results obtained with CCC tubes were compared with those obtained

using TC tubes.

5 A (3): Odorants and Their Contributions to Overall Odour Emission

from a Landfill Leachate

Xinguang Wang1, Gavin Parcsi

1, Eric Sivret

1, Minh Le

1, Donelda Campbell

2,

Richard Stuetz1

1 Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia

2 Blue Mountains City Council, Katoomba, NSW 2780, Australia

ABSTRACT

As one of the important odour sources, landfill sites have drawn more and more public attentions. Odour

emissions from landfill sites depend on the waste buried, operation activities, running conditions, etc. A study

that tried to find out all possible odorous compounds was conducted by analysing of on-site gas phase samples

and emission samples from a landfill leachate in Sydney, Australia using thermal desorber – gas chromatography

– mass spectrometer (TD-GC-MS) and air server – thermal desorber – gas chromatography – sulfur

chemiluminoscence detector (AS-TD-GC-SCD). 49 odorants were identified from emission gas samples

collected from landfill leachate collection pipe and only 8 odorants were detected from flux hood emission

samples of the collected leachate sample. This indicates that more sampling and measurement techniques are

always better to acquire all possible pollutants from an unknown odour source. The contributions of these

odorants to over odour emissions were also calculated based on their concentrations and odour thresholds. The

top 10 odorants from leachate transportation pipe include methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan, m-xylene, H2S,

CS2, 1,2,3,4-tetra-methylbenzene, p-xylene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, ethylbenzene and α-pinene. They

contributed more than 95% to the odour in the gas accumulated in the leachate collection pipe.

5 A (4): Occurrence of 2-Isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine (IPMP) in

anaerobically stabilised dewatered biosolids emission

Radosław J. Barczak1,2,*

, Ruth M. Fisher2, Richard M. Stuetz

2

1 Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology,

Poland 2 UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South

Wales, Australia

* Corresponding author: Radoslaw.Barczak@pw.edu.pl

ABSTRACT

Emissions from biosolids are a complicated matrix due to the range of compounds present. Sulphur compounds

and ammonia are well-known odorants, however the participation of other volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

in overall odour should not be ignored. The presence of compounds with low odour detection thresholds may

exist at low concentrations, presenting a challenge for their analytical identification. In this work, the occurrence

of 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy pyrazine (IPMP) in biosolids emissions were measured using a Gas Chromatography

couple with Mass Spectrometry and Olfactory (GC-MS/O) system. GC-MS/O allows identification of some

compounds with very low odour thresholds which might be present in such low concentrations that MS cannot

detect but the assessors can. Thirty six anaerobically stabilised dewatered biosolids samples from a wastewater

treatment plant were stored and analysed over a 35 day period under ambient conditions. Three ODP operators

16

analysed the emissions recorded the character and odour intensity, which was rated on a scale of 1 to 4. IPMP

was identified, based on ODP operator analysis, in all biosolids cake emissions. Intensities of IPMP were noted

to increase up until day 21 of storage before decreases.

5 A (5): Determination of volatile organic sulfur compounds in raw natural

rubber by gas chromatography

N.H. Kamarulzaman1,2

, N. Le-Minh1, S.J. Moore

1 and R.M. Stuetz

1*

1 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia

2 Technology and Engineering Division, Malaysia Rubber Board, Malaysia

* corresponding author: r.stuetz@unsw.edu.au

ABSTRACT

Volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) associated with raw rubber material is not well characterised

compared to other volatile organic compounds. The presence of VOSCs despite in low concentrations is known

to contribute a great deal of malodour due to their very low odour threshold levels and extremely negative

hedonic values. The emission of these compounds if not well managed may result in odour nuisance complaints.

This study focused on identifying VOSCs in emission from different types of raw rubber material by Gas

Chromatograph (GC) coupled with a Sulfur Chemifluorescence Detector (SCD). Dimethyl disulphide and

dimethyl trisulphide are the most consistent and abundant compounds in all samples, with the highest

concentrations of 194.4 ng/g and 22.5 ng/g respectively, obtained throughout the monitoring period. The

monitored VOSCs concentrations are significantly increased during the first 10 hours and then gradually

decreased. This may due to sulfur properties, which are known to be highly labile and subject to transformation

and/or degradation during storage and analysis. Odour activity values (OAVs) used to compare odorants showed

the dimethyl trisulphide is the only compound that has the highest OAVs values among all detected compounds.

Dissimilar types of raw rubber used in this study show a broad range of sulfur concentrations observed during

the sampling campaign. The distinguished sulfur content released from each sample may be correlated with their

protein levels in the bulk of each rubber. The obtained finding explicitly demonstrates that sulfur compounds

could contribute to the overall odour profile from raw natural rubber material.

17

Session 5 B – Odour mitigation strategies and odour management

– part 2

5 B (1): Dealing with hydrogen sulfide induced problems downstream of

sewer rising mains

E. Vinck1, B. M. R. Donckels

1, J. Severyns

1 and M. Weemaes

1

1 Aquafin NV, Dijkstraat 8. 2630 Aartselaar. Belgium

(E-mail: evi.vinck@aquafin.be; Brecht.donckels@aquafin.be; Jo.Severyns@aquafin.be;

Marjoleine.Weemaes@aquafin.be)

ABSTRACT

The problems that arise from hydrogen sulfide formation in sewer rising mains are often dealt with by the

addition of chemicals to the sewage. The most commonly used chemicals are sodium hydroxide and magnesium

hydroxide, ferric (or ferrous) chloride, calcium nitrate and oxygen. As there is a lack of tools to evaluate and

compare the dosing strategies, it is not straightforward to identify the most appropriate dosing chemical in terms

of investment and operational cost. As a consequence, the selection of the chemical is often done in an ad-hoc

manner. In this work, the average dosing cost (operational and capital) of these chemicals is assessed by

simulations with a dynamic mathematical model, describing the transformations of sulfide, carbon and nitrogen

in a sewer rising main. Based on the results of the simulations, and other parameters, a systematic approach to

select dosing products for sewer rising mains is outlined.

5 B (2): New ventilation strategy to control the odours and the air quality: Seine

Aval waste water treatment plant case study

V. Nastasi1

1SUEZ INTERNATIONAL 183, av. du 18 juin 1940, 92508 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex France

(e-mail valerie.nastasi@degremont.com)

ABSTRACT

The olfactive nuisance generated by the wastewater treatment is becoming increasingly worrying for megacities

where the plants are situated close to residential areas. Thus the process equipments and structures have to be

covered and contained in buildings to control the odour. In these cases, the setting up of efficient ventilation is

required to extract and to control the pollutant emission inside.

In this context, the huge plants like those operated by the SIAAP (Syndicat Interdépartemental pour

l’Assainissement de l’Agglomération Parisienne) involve high flowrate air and big odour control units. In order

to ensure a H2S limit concentration inferior to TVL-TWA (Threshold value limit) and to optimize the air

flowrate to limit the size of odour control equipment, a strategy of ventilation design has been developed. The

exhaust flowrate to capture the pollutants is calculated by method linked to the surface emission of pollutant.

Secondly, the supply flowrate has been defined to ensure a balance pressure and the supply and exhaust

ductworks have been designed together. The level of H2S concentration in the volume of process building has

been validated by numerical simulation. The use of FloVent software dedicated to ventilation simulation,

allowed to check more than 30 configurations to obtain a minimum homogenous concentration.

Moreover, the use of fabric duct for fresh makeup air, alternative system to traditional plastic duct, provides an

excellent distribution of air in the workspace. This technology brings a real benefit in terms of comfort. It is also

easy in implementation and in operation of cleaning and maintenance.

Finally this study shows the need to take into account the process, the operating and the premises configuration

to develop the strategy of ventilation in order to obtain benefits in comfort, safety and energy efficiency.

18

5 B (3): An Odour Management Assessment Undertaken At A Large Waste

Management Facility in Australia, With Multiple Waste Processing

Operations – A Case Study

Michael Assal1, Terry Schulz

1

1 The Odour Unit Pty Ltd, Bay 4 Suite 3011 Australian Technology Park 2 Locomotive Street, Eveleigh, New

South Wales 2015, AUSTRALIA (Email: massal@odourunit.com.au)

PREAMBLE

This paper details a case study based on an odour management assessment undertaken at an undisclosed waste

management facility in Australia (hereon referred to as the WM Facility). The requirement for the odour

management assessment stemmed from ongoing community complaints and concerns regarding the level of

odour suspected to be originating from the activities carried out at the WM Facility, and the desire by the WM

Facility to identify potential areas for improvement in relation to odour emission release from its waste

operations, alleviate community concerns, and improve the overall odour amenity of the site.

The following paper seeks to detail the odour management assessment approach adopted to identify all

significant odour emission sources at the WM Facility, evaluate and prioritise the odour risk potential from each

of those identified sources at causing off-site odour impact, and the odour mitigation measures implemented over

a few years and their efficacy. The case study reveals that the management of odour, particularly involving

multiple and complex sources, do not always a ‘silver bullet’ solution and often require a collective solution that

needs to be implemented in a systematic manner with appropriate and reliable forms of monitoring and

performance feedback as to evaluate the efficacy of each implemented stage.

5 B (4): Mitigation of livestock odours using a black light and a new

titanium dioxide-based catalyst: proof-of-concept

Wenda Zhu1, J. A. Koziel

1*, D. L. Maurer

1

1 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, 1201 Elings Hall, Ames, Iowa

50011, United States of America

* presenting and corresponding author

(E-mail: dmaurer@iastate.edu, koziel@iastate.edu)

ABSTRACT

Iowa is the number one state in the United States in pork and egg production, seventh in cattle production and

eighth in turkey production. Management of environmental impact such as odour emissions associated with

intensive livestock production is a growing concern for farmers, public and environmental protection agencies.

Sustainable, technically feasible and economically viable solutions are needed to mitigate odour emissions

generated during livestock production. Several emerging odour mitigation technologies have shown promise,

one technology being a UV treatment system incorporated into livestock housing. One possible solution is based

on advanced oxidation concept where barn walls and ceiling are covered with catalyst which is activated using

UV light, a technology that might also added bactericidal benefits. In this research, two catalysts, (1) a new

titanium catalyst, PureTi Clean and (2) a conventional Evonik (Degussa) P25 catalyst, were studied for their

performance on reducing simulated odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions in a laboratory scale.

Black light with major output at 365 nm was used as the soft ultraviolet (UV) source, a major advantage when

concerns over exposure to harsh, shorter wavelength UV remain. Dimethyl disulfide, diethyl disulfide, dimethyl

trisulfide, butyric acid, p-cresol, and guaiacol were selected as substrate odour compounds. Reductions of

concentrations were determined using solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-

mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Effects of environmental parameters (moisture and temperature), presence of

swine dust cover on catalyst, and catalyst type, layer density (0.01 µg/cm2, 0.1 µg/cm

2, 1.0 µg/cm

2, and 10

µg/cm2) and treatment time (40 s and 200 s) were tested. Results show that the performance of new PureTi

19

Clean catalyst at 10 µg/cm2

was comparable to 250 µg/cm2 Evonik catalyst. The highest reductions of odorous

compounds were achieved with the highest titanium density, 10 µg/cm2. Reductions of butyric acid and p-cresol

with 10 µg/cm2

PureTi coating were 86.9±14.2% and 93.8±1.8%, at 200 s treatment time (consistent with a

typical barn ventilation air treatment time in cool seasons), while reduction of DMDS was 40.4±24.8%; DEDS,

81.0±16.7%; DMTS, 76.3±22.1%; and guaiacol, 100.0±0.0%. For shorter treatment time of 40 s (consistent

with warm season barn ventilation), lower reductions were measured for butyric acid (62.2±7.5%) and p-cresol

(27.4±8.3%), respectively. Reduction of DMDS at 40 s treatment time was 35.0±6.0%; DEDS, 27.7±9.4%;

DMTS, 37.1±11.7%; and guaiacol, 37.4±11.3%. The accumulated (for 1-4 weeks) dust layer on catalyst surface

was found to block 15.06±5.30% of UV365. However, the dust layer did not have significant impact on catalyst

performance, p>0.23 (of 6 selected odour compounds). Significant influences were observed on relative

humidity and temperature, while the optimum conditions were different for selected odour compounds.

5 B (5): Development of a tool for improving the management of gaseous

emissions in UASB-based sewage treatment plants

C.A.L. Chernicharo1, E.M.F Brandt

2, T. Bressani-Ribeiro

1, V.R. Melo

1, F.J.

Bianchetti1, C.R.MotaFilho

1 and E. McAdam

3

1 Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Av. Antônio

Carlos 6.627, Campus Pampulha, 31.270-901 - Belo Horizonte - MG - Brazil.

(E-mail: calemos@desa.ufmg.br) 2 Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Engineering

College, Campus UFJF, 36036-330 - Juiz de For a - MG - Brazil. 3 Cranfield University, Cranfield Water Science Institute, Bedfordshire - United Kingdom

ABSTRACT

This study aimed at developing a simple tool for improving the management of gaseous emissions in UASB-

based STPs, considering different scenarios for the management of sludge, biogas and gaseous emissions

(especially sulfide and methane). For small STPs (<10,000 inhab.), simple alternatives for the use of biogas were

considered (e.g. for excess sludge hygienization and household usages). For medium- (>10,000; <100,000) and

large-scale (>100,000 inhab.) STPs, other biogas uses were considered, such as in sludge dryers, boilers or CHP

engines for electricity generation and heat recovery. All these possibilities were grouped in an interactive

spreadsheet containing an extensive database of factors that affect gaseous emissions and energy balance in

STPs. The tool can be an important tool for decision makers choosing the best gaseous emissions management

practices in UASB-based STPs. Carbon footprint should be the main decision factor when evaluating alternatives

for the management of gaseous emissions.

20

Session 6 A – Source characterisation and odour mapping

6 A (1): Evaluation of odour emission rates from different types of sources

in wastewater treatment facilities

M. Invernizzi1, L. Capelli

1 and S. Sironi

1

1 Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, IT

(E-mail: marzio.invernizzi@polimi.it, laura.capelli@polimi.it, selena.sironi@polimi.it)

ABSTRACT

Wastewater treatment operations often lead to odour emissions, which can affect the amenity of the surrounding

areas. Because of the absence of a well-defined and measurable air flow from passive area sources, odour

sampling and odour emission assessment is a quite complex task, resulting in the fact that, up to now, there is not

a codified odour emission assessment procedure. This paper aims to give an updated overview of the most recent

investigations concerning the volatilization mechanisms that cause the emissions of volatile and odorous

compounds from liquid area sources. It is also discussed how the understanding and the description of such

volatilization are fundamental for the evaluation of representative Odour Emission Rate values to be used for

odour dispersion modelling purposes.

6 A (2): Characterization of odorants emitted during sludge drying using

olfactory- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

N. Noyon1, T. Ribeyere-Stecki

1, J. Alferes

1, S. Martin-Ruel

1, R. Cerda Ortiz

2,

M. Esperanza1

1CIRSEE SUEZ GROUPE, 38, Rue du Président WILSON 78230 Le PECQ France

2LABAQUA SA C/ Dracma 16-18 03114 Alicante Spain

Contact: naike.noyon@suez.com

INTRODUCTION

Odors emitted by wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are considered as the main source of complaints for

local authorities due to the annoyance generated in the neighborhoods. A better knowledge of the generation of

volatile compounds responsible for odor complaints is required to minimize odor emissions and optimize their

subsequent treatment.

The aims of the project are to determine a list of odorous molecules and to evaluate the effects of the heating

rate, the drying and sludge temperature and the storage time on their concentration.

A stove has been used to simulate the sludge dryers and to control the temperature of the oven and the sludge. 7

types of sludge have been studied with different conditions.

Analytical methods by olfactory- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry have been developed to identify,

assign them a descriptor and quantify the odor compounds.

21

6 A (3): Sewer Catchment Effects on Wastewater and Biosolids Odour

Management

Ruth Fisher 1, Ari Shammay

1,2, Juan Pablo Alvarez Gaitan

1, Richard M. Stuetz

1

1 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia (E-mail:

Ruth.Fisher@unsw.edu.au ) 2 Stantec Australia, North Sydney, NSW, Australia (E-mail:

Ari.Shammay@stantec.com)

ABSTRACT

The composition of wastewater in sewer catchments is known to affect the performance of wastewater treatment

plants (WWTPs). However, there is limited knowledge as to how catchment characteristics, in terms of how the

types of catchment industries, impact odour emissions from downstream sludge processing and biosolid

management. Odorous emissions from biosolids processing at WWTPs represent a significant community impact

in terms of annoyance to a local population. The main odorants emitted from biosolids are volatile sulfur

compounds (VSCs), however volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in emissions may also be perceptable after the

removal of VSCs in odour abatement systems. Emissions throughout biosolids processing at five WWTPs of

varying sizes and levels of treatment (primary only and primary and secondary) were analysed. The ratio of

VSCs to VOCs in emissions, and the sensorial importance of each class varied between the sites. As a number of

the VOCs in emissions were of industrial origin, this variation is likely to be dependent on industrial emissions.

The impact of different emission compositions on both activated carbon and biologically based odour abatement

systems was evaluated.

6 A (4): Extended CSO control storage: What could possibly go wrong?

Sofia Georgaki1*, Dejan Vernon

2, Rodrigo Baur

1, Donal Black

1, David

Crawford1

1CH2M/TIDEWAY, The point, 37 North Wharf Road, Paddington, London, W2 1AF

2Thames Water, Clearwater Court, Vastern Rd., Reading, West Berkshire, RG1 8DB

*Corresponding author, e-mail: sofia.georgaki@tideway.london

ABSTRACT

The Thames Tideway Tunnel (TTT), is one of the main components of the London Tideway Improvements

Programme, designed to capture combined sewer overflows (CSOs) which currently discharge untreated

combined sewage into the tidal river Thames. CSO discharges would be stored in the tunnel until there is

capacity at Beckton sewage treatment works (STW), to accept, for treatment, pumped sewage from the tunnel

system. There is at present limited literature information on odour generation from stored combined sewage in

CSO control systems; on sampling methods of actual combined sewage and continuous monitoring and sampling

of gas and liquid phases of stored combined sewage. To better understand the relationship between odour and

stored combined sewage, the TTT project team have designed and operated a septicity rig to evaluate the aspects

of odour generation from the tunnel system during storage conditions. The key areas of research include: 1.

Odour monitoring to measure the emission rates of H2S during tunnel storage conditions, 2. Assessment of the

potential for the development of septic conditions and the generation of sulphide compounds that could cause

odour problems, 3. Extensive investigation of the impact of biofilm formation and slime growth on the tunnel

lining. The findings of the study have determined the levels of sulphide that could potentially be generated from

the CSO tunnel system, during storage operations, to ensure adequate consideration in the design of the air

management system and tunnel lining and potential for adverse impact on STW operations.

22

Session 6 B – Sampling, applications of odour measurement and

odour treatment

6 B (1): Is Drone Sampling an Acceptable Method for Assessing Odours

from Point, Area and Complex Sources?

A.H.Bokowa1, M.Bokowa

2

1 EOC Environmental Odour Consulting Corporation, 1492 Wallace Rd, Unit 9, Oakville L2YY 2K2, Ontario,

CANADA,

(E-mail: Bokowa.anna@environmentalodourconsulting.com) 2 SOURCE Magazine, USA

(E-mail: m.bokowa@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT

This paper is based on research involving a new sampling method: the drone. This method was recently

introduced as a potential option for odour sampling at sources that are difficult to reach or are complex in nature.

This includes cases where emissions can only be estimated. This paper will attempt to answer two questions.

First, is drone sampling a method capable of measuring emissions from these sources and at what effort and

cost? Secondly, how is the drone method comparable to other commonly used methods for assessing odours

from these sources? Our analysis is based on two case studies involving the estimation of odour emissions from

two different sources – area sources and high-rise stacks. The first study used a collection of samples from stack

plumes to determine odour emissions, which were compared with the standard method for assessing odour

emissions from point sources (stacks). This was executed by collecting samples inside the stack through an

accessible sampling port. The second study was based on using drone methodology for collection of the samples

around a large area source. The obtained data was then used to determine odour emissions from these areas. This

data was compared with results obtained by wind tunnel method as well as another recently developed method

for assessing odours from area sources, which is based on the principle of mass transfer from a liquid to gas

phase. This paper will give conclusions on the drone sampling method, and if it is effective.

6 B (2): Evaluation of sampling bags for the storage of odorants from

intensive pig production by PTR-MS

M. Zun1, X. Dai

2, S. Ying

1, D. Liu1

1*

1 College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866,

Nongshenghuan D725, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310058, China

(* Corresponding author, E-mail: dezhaoliu@zju.edu.cn) 2 Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences,

Ningbo 315830, China

ABSTRACT

Odour emissions from intensive pig production are causing nuisance to local society and became a bottleneck for

further development of the pig industry. Odour analysed by standard methods such as dynamic olfactometry in

Europe or Triangle odour bag method in China required trust-worthy sampling bags. In order to optimize the

selection of sampling bags and thereby the optimal detection of odour concentration, this study tested selected

sampling bags under various conditions. The selected sampling bags included Tedlar which is widely used and

recommended by US EPA methods, Teflon which is advertised as chemically inert with low amounts of

23

chemical emitted from the material, Fluode (Fluoropolymer film) which is a new type material and claimed as

the most cost-effective sampling bag by the manufacture, and the PET sampling bag which is typically used for

odour sampling in China. The results indicated that FEP showed best storage performance on 4-methylphenol

with ~55% after 48 h, while FEP having comparable recovery for other tested odorants to other bag types. Tedlar

showed better storage performance than Fluode and BOPET, which are not suggested to be used for odour

sampling from pig houses. The higher concentration of 2,3-butandione showed higher recovery in Tedlar bags,

while the double bags test indicated a better recovery for 2,3-butandione in Tedlar bags (91% compared to 82%

after 64 hours). When the same volume of air containing same amount 2,3-butandione was input into Teflon

bags with different sizes, smaller bags showed comparably higher recovery. The light also showed significant

impact on the recovery of 2,3-butandione, which showed much higher recovery under dark storage conditions. In

overall, FEP sampling bag showed a relatively better potential for recovery of sampled odorants, with a

comparable price to Tedlar.

6 B (3): Odor reconstitution evaluation for musty and septic odor problem

in Huangpu River source water: is there synergistic effect existing?

Qingyuan Guo 1,2

, Chunmiao Wang 1,3

, Xiaofang Yang 1,3

, Min Yang 1,3

, Jianwei

Yu1,3

*

1

Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.

2 Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224051, China.

3 University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100019, China.

* Corresponding author, E-mail: jwyu@rcees.ac.cn

INTRODUCTION

Taste and odor (T&O) problem can directly impair the aesthetic aspects of water quality, always being one major

concern for drinking water treatment. Besides musty/earthy odor most frequently encountered in drinking water

worldwide, septic/swampy odor problems have caused much concerns after Wuxi water crisis in 2007 in China.

Moreover, various odors causing by different odorants can coexist in drinking water (ref.), which have been

report in several odor issues in previous studies. To solve or mitigate the odor problem, it should be necessary to

reveal the contribution of various odorants to the overall odor profile, which is also the premise to further

identify the key odor causing compounds.

Some methods like odor activity value (OAV), reconstitution experiment, etc. were adopted. By calculating

OAV, 2-MIB and geosmin (OAV > 1) were evaluated to be major odorants responsible for musty odor, while

dimethyl disulfide, diethyl disulfide and bis (2-chloroisppropyl) ether (OAV > 1) were major septic odorants in

our previous studies. However, compared to musty odor caused by 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) or geosmin, the

septic odor was more complicated because that diverse potential odorants including thioethers, thiols, pyrazines,

pyridines, phenols and indoles, etc., have been reported to cause septic-like odors even at a level of ng/L to μg/L.

Notably, odor characteristics, including odor threshold concentration (OTC), odor intensity, etc., could be

changed to some extent when various odorants were co-existed, specially synergistic and/or masking effects are

existed among odorants. Odor characteristics of odorants could be also influenced by water matrix such as

natural organic material (NOM). In consideration of complex septic odor, whether dimethyl disulfide, diethyl

disulfide and bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether were the key septic odorants in realistic water quality situations is a

question.

In this study, correlation analysis between OAV and odor intensity, reconstitution experiment was adopted to

clarify and confirm the odorants’ contribution to the whole odor of source water. This is the first study to employ

reconstitution experiment for evaluating contribution of odorant to odor profile in complex source water

samples. The result of this study will be helpful for figuring out the key odorants responsible for odors and better

water quality management in source waters suffering from complicated odor problems.

24

6 B (4): The use of impregnated activated carbon for enhanced chemical

adsorption of sulphur-and amine-containing volatile organic compounds

(VOCs) as back-up for incinerator maintenance and unexpected failure

ir. M. Meersseman1, Dr. ir. A. Beuckels

2, F. Van Dorpe

1 and Ing. J. Callewaert

2

1 Sales Department, Desotec Activated Carbon, Regenbeekstraat 44, 8800 Roeselare, Belgium

(E-mail: mathias.meersseman@desotec.com) 2 R&D Department, Desotec Activated Carbon, Regenbeekstraat 44, 8800 Roeselare, Belgium

(E-mail: annelies.beuckels@desotec.com)

ABSTRACT

The use and performance of activated carbon is known for a wide range of industrial applications, where

amongst others contaminants from gaseous media are removed. In particular for Volatile Organic Components

(VOCs), the physical adsorption process onto the surface area of the internal pore structure is responsible for

retaining the unwanted pollution. The removal efficiency of VOCs will depend on their physical properties,

where it is known that more volatile molecules tend to have inferior removal efficiencies. This paper studies the

enhancement of the activated carbon loading capacities and removal efficiencies by impregnating the internal

pore structure surface with liquid chemicals. In this paper, sulphur- and amine-containing VOCs (eg. carbon

disulfide and dimethylamine) are to be removed from various emission sources during the maintenance of an

existing two-stage incinerator. A pilot plant with two mobile activated carbon filters in series, combining

different impregnations, was installed on-site. A measurement campaign was performed to determine the

removal efficiencies and lifetime of the pilot plant. It was found that alkaline impregnated activated carbon had

the best removal efficiency and loading capacity for the sulphur-containing compound, whereas the

contaminants with amine functional groups were best removed on acidic impregnated carbons.

25

Session 7 – Poster session

7 (1): Evaluation of sampling strategies for the determination of 1,3-

butadiene in industrial and urban atmospheres

Alba Maceira1*

, Laura Vallecillos1,2

, Rosa Maria Marcé1, Francesc Borrull

1,2

1Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí

Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain 2Chemical Technology Centre of Catalonia, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain

*alba.maceira@urv.cat

ABSTRACT

In this research two analytical methods broadly used for determining the concentration of volatile organic

compounds in the atmosphere were evaluated to determine 1,3-butadiene in urban and industrial atmospheres

were evaluated. Both methods involve collecting samples by active adsorptive enrichment on solid sorbents. The

first method uses activated charcoal as the sorbent and involves liquid desorption with carbon disulfide. The

second involves the use of a multi-sorbent bed with two graphitized carbons and a carbon molecular sieve as the

sorbent, with thermal desorption. The sampling procedure was studied in depth in order to obtain the optimal

sample volume, the stability of 1,3-butadiene once inside the sampling tube and the humidity effect as well. The

results showed thermal desorption as the most suitable for the determination of 1,3-butadiene in air samples from

both industrial and urban atmospheres, with better repeatability and limits of detection and quantification than

those obtained with the liquid desorption method. Nevertheless, to prevent from the loss of the adsorption

capacity of the solid adsorbent caused by water vapour, sampling must be performed with a pre-tube filled with a

drying agent. The thermal desorption method has successfully been applied to determine of 1,3-butadiene inside

a 1,3-butadiene production plant and at three locations in the proximity of the same plant.

7 (2): VOC and odorous emissions from cannabic clubs in Barcelona city

E. Gallego1, P. Teixidor

2, J.F. Perales

1, F.J. Roca

1 and E. Gadea

3

1 Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient (LCMA), ETSEIB, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Avd.

Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

(E-mail: eva.gallego@upc.edu; fco.javier.roca@upc.edu; jose.francisco.perales@upc.edu) 2 Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Lluís Soler Sabaris 1-3, 08028 Barcelona

(E-mail: teixidor@ccit.ub.edu) 3 Centro Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo, INSHT, C/Dulcet 2-10, 08034 Barcelona

(E-mail: enriqueg@insht.meyss.es)

ABSTRACT

The number of cannabic clubs has increased in an important way in Barcelona city in the last few years, causing

coexistence problems with neighbours in some cases. Volatile organic compounds (VOC), and accordingly

odours, from cannabic clubs can be emitted to the atmosphere in several ways. Hence, its impact in the

neighbourhood air will be different depending on the emission source (e.g. chimney, façade or patio) or air

treatment applied to the emission (e.g. filtration, ozonisation or photocatalytic systems). VOC concentrations

from cannabic smoke have been evaluated in several cannabic clubs, determining the most important VOC

released. Benzene, toluene, xylenes, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetonitrile and 1,3-butadiene were found in

relevant emission concentrations, up to 18 mg m-3

for acetonitrile. Other compounds such as 2-butenal, acrolein

and acrylonitrile were also emitted at much lower concentrations. In the cases where ozonisation or

photocatalysis was applied to the exhaust fumes, several compounds (i.e. acetic acid, butanal, butoxyethanol,

cyclohexanone, styrene, ethanol, methylethylketone and propanal) increased their concentrations, probably due

to reactions that occurred during the process. Cannabic clubs with activated carbon filtration systems and

26

emission through chimneys presented the lowest impact on their surroundings. On the other hand, clubs with

ozonisation or photocatalytic systems and emission through patios or façades had more negative effects on the

neighbouring inhabitants. In order to assure that no negative health effects can be derived from the exposure to

cannabis fumes and that the nuisance odours are kept to a minimum, maximum emission concentrations for

several VOC are proposed.

7 (3): The Characteristic Curves of Hedonic Tone for Typical Odour

Emission Sources in China

Yan Feng-yue1,Li Wei-fang

2

1State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Odor Pollution Control, Tianjin Academy of Environmental

Sciences; Tianjin Sinodour Environmental ProtectionScience and Technology Development Co., Ltd, Tianjin,

China. No.17, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin

(E-mail:yfy19880530@163.com) 2State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Odor Pollution Control, Tianjin Academy of Environmental

Sciences，Tianjin, China; No.17, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin

(E-mail:lwf1919@163.com)

ABSTRACT

The hedonic tone of an environmental odour is a powerful predictor of annoyance. Pertinent field surveys

combined with laboratory analysis have been conducted, with the purpose to obtain the behaviour curve of the

hedonic tone for specific odour emissions and compare the annoyance potential of the sources under

investigation. The 9-point scale was used to determine the hedonic tone. Odour concentration was determined by

the Triangle Odour Bag Method. For each kind of source sample, the concentrations to be presented to the panel

members comprise a range of 5 or 6 dilution steps which differ by a factor of approximately 3. Using a suitable

curve fitting procedure a line can be fitted through the points obtained in the experiment. Characteristic H values

at any concentration level can be derived from the hedonic behaviour curve. The annoyance potential is

calculated by multiplying odour concentration and the mean hedonic value. The fitting results showed a

quadratic polynomial relationship between the hedonic tone and odour concentration for both landfill and

pharmaceutical factory, while a sigmoidal relationship for coating factory. From the characteristic curve of

hedonic tone, we can define H of -0.5 as acceptable, and the odour concentration at this point could be proposed

as impact criteria for each kind of sources. The annoyance potential of above odour sources is sorted as follows:

pharmaceutical factory > landfill > coating factory.

7 (4): Identification of volatile organic compounds in area of municipal

solid waste treatment plant – assessment of impact on human health

Karolina Kulińska1, Ewa Olkowska

2*, Lidia Wolska

2

1 Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza

Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland 2 Department of Environmental Toxicology, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębowa 23 Str., 80-204 Gdansk,

Poland

* Corresponding author: ewa.olkowska@gumed.edu.pl, tel. +48 58 349 19 35

ABSTRACT

Industrial development, rapid growth of population and increasing demand for consumer goods leading to

increase production of municipal waste. Removal of them is one of the biggest ecological problems of modern

civilization. The most popular method of disposal is still landfilling (~50% of municipal waste in Poland).

27

Landfills are a source of emissions of noise, dust, chemical compounds etc. Diversity of landfilled waste makes

it extremely difficult to predict what chemical substances are emitted into atmosphere/water/soil and finally how

they can affect on human health. Insufficient knowledge and lack of information inevitably lead to distrust of

managing waste and consequently to social protests.

The study attempts to identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air samples collected in area of municipal

solid waste treatment plant (MSWTP) in Gdańsk and to assess their impact on health of people living close to the

plant. To received information about the impact of landfill on the air quality, during research were selected six

measuring points (three in area of MSWTP, three 1-4 km outside of plant).

Samples were analysed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 71 compounds were

identified from nine groups: aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, terpenes, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols,

carboxylic acids, ester and ethers. Based on obtained results it can be concluded that investigated MSTWTP

affects on air quality on areas located nearby but does not adversely affect on the human health. Oppositely,

identified VOCs contribute to odor and they can affect on the quality of life of people live in area of plant.

7 (5): Chemical quality and microbiology of air in the sorting hall of solid

waste.

Identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Ewa Olkowska1, Joanna Ratajczyk

1, Małgorzata Michalska

2, Wojciech

Ratajczyk1, Lidia Wolska

1*

1 Zakład Toksykologii Środowiska, Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny

2 Zakład Immunobiologii i Mikrobiologii Środowiska, Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny

* Corresponding author: lidiawolska@gumed.edu.pl, tel. +48 58 349 19 39

ABSTRACT

The first process which is applied in waste treatment plant is the sorting. Municipal waste, directed to the sorting

contain mainly food scraps and various types of packaging. These materials are on various stages of

decomposition. During waste transformation processes Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are generated and

they are emitted into indoor air in the sorting hall.

In this work we present chemical and microbiological quality of the indoor air in the sorting hall equipped with

mechanical waste segregation line. At the first stage identification of volatile and semi-volatile organic

compounds was done using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique (TD-GC-MS).

In analysed samples following compounds have been identified: acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl

acetate, benzene, toluene, xylenes, aliphatic cyclohexans, terpene, aliphatic hydrocarbons (C10-C26), siloxanes,

phthalates, aliphatic alcohols (C16-C18), fatty acids (C10-C26) and fatty acid esters, squalene.

In air in area of sorting hall numerous fungi and bacteria were found. In collected samples exceeding of the

normative value for mesophilic bacteria was observed (1000 jtk/m3), while the number of mold does not exceed

the accepted norm (3000 jtk/m3).

28

7 (6): Odour impact situation by area sources with low odour

concentrations

Bettina Mannebeck1, Dr. Heike Hauschildt

2, Dr. Susanne Schmid

3

1Bettina Mannebeck, Olfasense GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 13, 24118 Kiel, Germany; bmannebeck@olfasense.com

2Dr. Heike Hauschildt, Olfasense GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 13, 24118 Kiel, Germany, hhauschildt@olfasense.com

3Dr. Susanne Schmid, Stadtentwässerung Frankfurt am Main, Goldsteinstraße 160, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany,

susanne.schmid@stadt-frankfurt.de

INTRODUCTION

With defined sampling strategies and different measurement methodologies we are able to analyse and describe

odour from different source types very detailed. We also measure the odour impact on basis of field analyses by

grid or plume measurements. In another step we predict the odour impact with the help of dispersion calculation

for short- or longterm periods. But what about transferability? Can the odour concentrations of olfactometric

measurements be used directly as input value for dispersion modeling?

In official approval procedures for new plants or changes in existing plants we often have to make a prediction

about occurring odours in the neighborhood. Taking into account that we have a lot of measurement data for

different sources it should be easy to predict the future odour situation with one of the standardised odour

dispersion models. But as all experts working in the field of odour modelling know the results of the modelling

depend a lot on the design of the sources and the transfer of source and emission data into the model. Especially

for waste water treatment plants with huge area sources as clarifiers the question for an appropriate consideration

for area sources with low odour concentrations is often essential in dispersion modeling. The simple usage of the

measured odour concentrations for big area sources usually leads to an overestimation of the plume extent and

the odour impact. A result could be the refusal of a permit for a facility expansion though the actual impact

situation does not show such an extent of the odour plume.

Our presentation will show the results of dispersion modeling in comparison with plume measurements in the

surrounding of the clarifiers (secondary sedimentation tanks) of the waste water treatment plant (WWTP)

Niederrad in Frankfurt. The approach how to deal with the differences between measurement and modeling will

be shown. One possibility to adjust the model to the real impact situation the experts can be to perform field

inspections as plume measurement with a panel of tested assessors.

7 (7): Comprehensive assessment of perceived air quality in sewage

treatment plant, considering selected characteristics of odorants

Mirosław Szyłak-Szydłowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering

Nowowiejska 20, 00-653 Warsaw, Poland

ABSTRACT

Present paper proposed and pre-implemented the procedure for characterization of basic

characteristic of odorants as well as accomplishment of a comprehensive assessment of

wastewater treatment plants air quality. This procedure takes into consideration weighted

parameters such as continuity, hedonical tone, intensity, frequency and acceptability.

In addition, the Weber-Fechner coefficient was calculated for the whole object as well as for

the individual odor sources. Also, the odor wheel was developed for each of sources, and the

modification of odor hour was applied, extending it to additional parameters. Proposing and

preliminary implementation of the procedure has confirmed the thesis that comprehensive

29

evaluation of fragrance impact, apart from its individual characteristics, is incomplete. In

terms of the rationalization of administrative decisions, a wider range of parameters should be

taken into account than, for example, only the intensity of the odor. The paper was aimed at

an attempt to explain the relationship between the subjectively perceived nuisance from the

above characteristics of the odour impression. As a result, a modification of the procedure

proposed by Horno for additional dimensions of sensory perception of odorants ha been

proposed.

7 (8): Application process corrosive in absorption method for cleaning

malodorous gases coming from poultry farm

Izabela Wysocka1, Dominika Wysocka

2, Łukasz Kwiatkowski

3

1 Department of Environment Engineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of

Environmental Sciences, 117 Warszawska St., 10-701 Olsztyn, Poland (E-mail: iwysocka@uwm.edu.pl) -

Corresponding author 2 Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk, Poland

(E-mail: dominikawys@wp.pl) 3 Department of Environment Engineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of

Environmental Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland (E-mail: kubak2004@interia.pl)

ABSTRACT

Deodorizations’ processes of gases coming from the poultry farm by means of absorption in water were carried

out. Two types of sorbents were applied: tap water and tap water with corroding steel fillings. Preliminary study

points to the positive impact of corrosion and the efficiency of deodorization of gases coming from poultry farm.

Applying water’s absorption decreased the concentration of odour only by 43% - 87%, while applying sorbent as

corrosive steel fillings immersed in tap water around 92% - 100%. The following results might be regarded as

preliminary study.

7 (9): Performance of UASB Reactors Treating Volatile Organic

Compounds under intermittent loading: effect of chitosan addition

K. Torres1, P. Marzal

1, C. Gabaldón

1, P. Ferrero1 and F.J. Álvarez-Hornos

1*

1 Research Group GI

2AM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat de València, Av. de la Universitat

s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain. Tel. +34 96 3544325, Fax: +34 963544898.

(E-mail: keisy.torres@uv.es; paula.marzal@uv.es; carmen.gabaldon@uv.es; pablo.ferrero@uv.es)

*corresponding author: francisco.j.alvarez@uv.es

ABSTRACT

The effect of the polymer chitosan on the performance and on the maintenance of granular integrity of upflow

anaerobic sludge blanket reactors treating a synthetic industrial wastewater polluted with VOCs under

intermittent loading was evaluated. Three reactors treating ethanol, ethyl acetate and 1-ethoxy-2-propanol were

operated at an OLR of 20 kg COD m-3

d-1

and a hydraulic retention time of 10 hours at intermittent feeding

pattern of 16 hour day-1

and 5 day week-1

. A control reactor (R1) worked without chitosan addition. The other

two reactors (R2 and R3) were seeded with granular sludge cultivated with chitosan, but the second reactor (R2)

was additionally operated with a frequently chitosan dosage every 21 days. R2 showed the best transient

response to the feeding resumption with the faster recovery of the methane production and the lowest VFA

concentration in the effluent. The disintegration of the biomass was observed after one month of operation.

However, the reactor R2 presented a lower loss of granules, around 14%, compared with the loss of 25%

30

obtained in R1 and R3. These results demonstrate that the addition of chitosan can reinforce the strength of

granular sludge in UASB reactors intermittently fed with VOCs, although the increase on the frequency dosage

should be evaluated to avoid the loss of the granular sludge.

7 (10): Visualization of odorant spread on selected sewage treatment plant

using advanced GIS solutions

Anna Wrzosińska1, Mirosław Szyłak-Szydłowski

1

1Warsaw University of Technology

Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering

Nowowiejska 20, 00-653 Warsaw, Poland

ABSTRACT

The reference model used in Poland for calculating concentrations of gaseous pollutants emitted from point

sources enables, inter alia, study of atmospheric pollutant diffusion based on input of meteorological data

averaged over many years. The use of this type of tool can be fraught with a large error in case of the rapidly

changing of odorant concentrations in the atmospheric air. A description of the variability and extent of odor

spread can be found in field studies and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), including one of the advanced

GIS analyzes - spatial interpolation. Goals of the research were: Analysis of odorants spread on the area of the

municipal sewage treatment using ArcGIS; showing the problems that you may encounter when creating

sporadic spreads analysis in ArcGIS; an analysis of the possibilities of using advanced tools to visualize the

spread of odorants. Scope of the research was to performance of different types of interpersonal spread and the

most likely selection as well as analysis of the spread of odorants on the municipal sewage treatment plant. The

most likely results of the analysis of odorant spread in ArcGIS provide interpolation performed by one of the

geostatistic methods - Kernel Diffusion. This method takes into account all encountered barriers and gently

flows them. However, due to the unpredictable intermingling of odors, it is very difficult to determine the correct

bandwitch for each measurement point.

7 (11): The Usage Of Physicochemical Methods And Microalgae In

Purification Of Biogas Produced During The Anaerobic Digestion Of Meat

Industry Wastewater

Anna Karciak-Kozłowska1, Lucyna Sławik-Dembiczak

1, Monika Gałwa-

Widera1, January Bień

1

1Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Institute of Environmental

Engineering, ul. Brzeźnicka 60a, 42-200 Częstochowa, akwarciak@is.pcz.czest.pl,

(34) 3250917,

ABSTRACT

The aim of the research was to compare three methods of purifying biogas: chemisorption (3% KOH, 3% NaOH,

10% monoethanolamine), adsorption (activated carbon, molecular sieves) and using microalgae Chlorella

vulgaris. Anaerobic digestion of meat industry wastewater was conducted in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket

bioreactor (UASB) under hydraulic retention time (HRT) of three days. Granular sludge concentration in reactor

was 20g/dm3, chamber pollutant load of 0,55kg COD/m

3d and sludge organic pollutant load of 0,0275

kgCOD/kgs.m.od. The biogas obtained in the above-mentioned conditions contained 76.5% CH4, 21% CO2 and

2.5% of that ballast.

Among investigated activated carbons the best results were obtained using carbon NG-1. After adsorption

process the methane content in the purified biogas has increased by 7.5%, while the content of carbon dioxide

decreased by 10.4%. Substitution of granulated activated carbon by molecular sieve of type 13xHPx8x12

31

contributed to an increase in the methane content of 16.1% and 15.3% removal of CO2.

Chemisorption processes have shown similar results in the removal of CO2

from biogas to that obtained over a molecular sieve. Removal of CO2 from biogas using microalgae was carried

out in two ways. The first consisted of stopping the biogas in scrubber fulfilled with biomass over a period of

360 s. The best effects of carbon dioxide removal (14.1%) was obtained by the culture of microalgae enriched

with Na2CO3. The second method using the microalgae for biogas enrichment consisted in passing a continuous

stream of biogas to completely removal of carbon dioxide or to determine its lowest level a plateau for one

minute.

7 (12): Biofiltration represents highly as an effective method of gas

treatment of odours

Monika Gałwa – Widera1*, Anna Kwarciak –Kozłowska

1, January Bień

1

1Instytut Inżynierii Środowiska, Wydział Infrastruktury i Środowiska, Politechnika Częstochowska, 42-200

Częstochowa, Dąbrowskiego 69

*(mwidera@is.pcz.czest.pl),

ABSTRACT

Operation of wastewater, sludge and waste management facilities is associated with emissions of harmful

chemicals and nuisance odors. This is mainly the case for waste water treatment plants, landfills and composting

plants.

At present, there are don’t legal regulations in Poland regarding air quality and odor nuisance. This is due to the

low effectiveness of administrative decisions that limit their emissions. However, the Law on Environmental

Protection (Journal of Laws No. 62, item 627 of 27 April 2001) provides for the introduction of air quality

standards. The consequence will be the need for the modernization of existing sanitary installations and changes

in the issuance of decisions regarding new building permits. It is therefore worthwhile to look at existing

facilities and at the design stage to introduce odor removal systems.

The sources of increased odor emissions in municipal facilities are places where there is movement (eg mixing)

or flow of sewage, sediment transport or biomass. Also biomass tanks (eg composting sites) where anaerobic and

aerobic decomposition of organic compounds occurs.

Odors of organic origin include gases such as: hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, and

organic vapors that are the result of microbial processes: aldehydes, organic acids, ketones, etc. The most

harmful odor is hydrogen sulfide.

An effective method of eliminating the nuisance of fragrances is to reduce emissions by encapsulating the

objects and then deodorizing or biofiltrating the stream of contaminated air or waste gases before they are

discharged into the atmosphere.

Dehumidification of contaminated air can be carried out in absorption processes involving the leaching of

harmful substances in tower scrubbers or sprinklers, or using adsorption systems using solid layer, for example

in the form of activated carbon or biofilter.

32

7 (13): Can we combine field olfactometry and plume method

measurements?

M. M. Vieira1, 2

*, J.-M. Guillot1, P. Belli Filho

2, A.-C Romain

3, G. Adam

3, J.

Delva4, M. Baron

5, T. Van Elst

5

1 Laboratory of Industrial Environmental Engineering, École des Mines d’Alès, Alès, France

2 Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil

3 Department of Environmental Sciences and Management, University of Liège, Arlon, Belgium

4 Odometric SA, 577 Route de Longwy, 6700 Arlon, Belgium

5 Olfascan NV, Industrieweg 114H, 9032 Ghent, Belgium

*Corresponding author, e-mail magnun.vieira@ufsc.br

ABSTRACT

Sniffing team campaigns were conducted in Flanders (northern Belgium) to evaluate the applicability of field

olfactometry to improve the plume method. Field measurements were conducted around five different industrial

sites, under neutral or slightly unstable weather conditions. Preliminary results show some limitations and

possible applications of in-field odour-measuring devices to enhance the method by supplementing bare nose

sniff testing observations.

7 (14): Usage of IT tools in elaboration of results of sensoric analysis on the

example of waste water treatment plant

Dominik Rogalski, Warsaw University of Technology

Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering

Nowowiejska 20, 00-653 Warsaw, Poland

dominik.rogalski.dokt@pw.edu.pl

ABSTRACT

Measurements connected with sensoric analysis are combined with raising of large amount of

data which should be sufficiently interpreted and presented. The goal of the work was

summary of sensoric analysis interpretation of scent emitors in the area of waste water

treatment plant with the help of scent scale together with statistical analysis of recived results.

In this work as a tool for interpretation of the results was used Statistica program. On the base

of conducted analysis was stated that the program is perfect tool for the presentation and

interpretation final data results of sensoric analysis. It was stated that for the intensity of

scales and annoyance of the scent is present less number of results for the higher measure of

scale marked as scents of high intensity and large annoyance of scent for the examiner. It may

be that on the waste treatment plant annoyance scents and scents of large intensity are being

limited but not eliminated

33

Session 8 A – Community engagement, social media and citizen

action

8 A (1): Communicative structures for online odour management

Hayes James1, Stevenson Richard

2, Aurisch Robert

3, Stuetz Richard

1

1 UNSW Odour Laboratory, UNSW, Sydney, Australia

2 Department of Psychology, Macquarie University,

Sydney, Australia 3 Sydney Water, Sydney, Australia

ABSTRACT

Complaint minimisation is now a fundamental requirement of the water industry. An emerging tool for the

investigation of environmental malodours is online observation. These tools offer a way for communicative

structures to form between community, industry, and government and offer multiple advantages over current

tools. Online structures are capable of a standardisation of odour observations as well as response; this offers

both time saving and enhanced research opportunities. The ODEC (Online Dynamic Engagement for

Communities) system was trialled at a WWTP that had recently had a large residential housing project built in

close proximity. It was found that using the online application appeared to cause a reduction in odour

complaints. Additionally, this system was used by site operators to formalise their own olfactory detection of the

WWTP to determine the status of unit processes and fugitive emissions. Investigations into plant operation

revealed little communication between WWTPs. As a result, WWTP managers are independently investigating

community engagement practices. The use of ODEC as a communication platform between WWTPs can

summarily reduce the costs of community engagement as well as establish best practice. Online tools provide

communication structures that are instantaneous, standardised, and offer transparency that can in itself alleviate

WWTP complaints.

8 A (2): Complaint management: towards odour report optimisation

Hayes, James1, Stevenson, Richard

2, Aurisch, Robert

3, Stuetz, Richard

1

1UNSW Odour Laboratory, UNSW, Sydney, Australia

2Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

3Sydney Water, Sydney, Australia

ABSTRACT

Complaint management within several Australian water companies are designed within the requirements of

legislation. However, this pre-existing infrastructure is often not effective with regards to managing

environmental malodour reports and effects. A lack of standardisation and effective odour reporting are cited as

diminishing the ability of odour complaint management as a research resource. Nevertheless, complaint

databases have the potential to form an important tool for malodour research and community engagement when

effectively administered. We investigated the complaint management procedures from three Australian Water

Utilities as to their effectiveness in addressing malodour concerns. Six Sydney based Wastewater Treatment

Plants (WWTPs) were assessed as examples of what current complaint data can achieve in terms of community

complaint mapping. Additionally, comparisons were made with legislation from other regions as to examine

Australian water companies’ complaint handling efficacy. Finally, this research produced a series of suggestions

as to improve current complaint management methodologies with minimal disruption or cost to current practices.

It was found that standardisation of complaint entries, integration of complaint management and WWTP

policies, as well as modifications to community engagement practices should be prioritised in order to improve

customer and community experiences with Australian water companies.

34

8 A (3): Analysis of the citizens complaints in Poland on odour nuisance

A. Kulig1 and M. Szyłak-Szydłowski

2

1 Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw, University of Technology,

Nowowiejska 20, Warsaw, Poland

(E-mail: Andrzej.Kulig@is.pw.edu.pl) 2 Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw, University of Technology,

Nowowiejska 20, Warsaw, Poland

(E-mail: miroslaw.szydlowski@pw.edu.pl)

ABSTRACT

Citizens' complaints about odour nuisance, mainly in the place of residence, are an important source of

information on the phenomenon or problem of odours on local, regional and national scale. The article presents

data on the number of complaints about odour nuisance in Poland in the years 2006 - 2016, addressed to the

regional - voivodeship environmental inspections and General Inspectorate for Environmental Protection.

Analysis of the spatial distribution of complaints, whose number in individual voivodeships varies from a few to

more than 200 per year, with regard to the type of odour emission sources allows to formulate some important

conclusions. This is not the basis for a full assessment of the issue of odorant emissions.

8 A (4): Odour complaints in urban environment

Bettina Mannebeck1, Dr. Susanne Schmid

2

1Olfasense GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 13, 24118 Kiel, bmannebeck@olfasense.com,

2 Stadtentwässerung Frankfurt am Main, Goldsteinstraße 160, 60528 Frankfurt, susanne.schmid@stadt-

frankfurt.de

ABSTRACT

The city of Kelsterbach in the periphery of Frankfurt (a.M.) is surrounded by different odour emittants. The

biggest emittants are the industrial park Höchst, the airport Fraport and the municipal waste water treatment

plant Sindlingen. As the industrial park Höchst is located in the north of Kelsterbach, the waste water treatment

plant in the west and the airport in the south of Kelsterbach the citizens feel surrounded by the odour sources.

This has always led to frequent by the citizens.

The management of the waste water treatment plant, the responsible persons of the city of Kelsterbach and the

environmental department of the industrial park Höchst have initiated several projects to analyse and present the

odour impact in Kelsterbach and Sindlingen – some as joint projects and some separately for only one entity.

We want to give an overview on different projects and show the results of different methods to determine the

odour impact. From October 2012 until October 2013 a grid measurement was performed where we have

determined not only the odour frequency over the period of one year but also allocated the perceived odours to

different sources. These were as well sources in the waste water treatment plant as in the residential area. During

a special impact situation in early 2014 the complaints increased to a longtime maximum. A project with citizen

involvement was set up and the impact was gathered from June 2014 with a web based odour management

system. Both, the citizens and the tested and trained odour panelists, entered their perceptions into the web tool.

35

Session 8 B – Biofiltration, chemical scrubbers and masking

agents

8 B (1): Technological research on integrated biofilter for purifying and

deodorization of process gases from selected industries

Manczarski Piotr1*, Lelicińska-Serafin Krystyna

1, Rolewicz-Kalińska Anna

1

*corresponding author: Piotr.Manczarski@is.pw.edu.pl 1Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, ul.

Nowowiejska 20, 00-653 Warsaw

ABSTRACT

The paper will present first results of technological research conducted within BIOZIN project. The goal of the

project is to develop an integrated biofilter, using waste materials, for purifying and deodorization of process

gases from selected industries , coming from the mechanical- biological treatment (MBT)of municipal solid

waste, wastewater treatment and food processing industry. The concept of integrated biofilter, using waste

materials, is an innovative solution not being used on the industrial scale, enabling the optimization of operating

parameters and a significant reduction of air emissions and furthermore contributes to a better use of waste

materials in accordance with the model of circular economy.

Integrated biofilter, using waste materials, is intended to enable:

conduct a two-stage gas purification process (cleaning on the classic biofilter - stage I and purification on a

semi-permeable membrane - stage II)

modification of the technical and operational conditions of biofiltration on a bed filled with waste materials,

designed to ensure the optimal parameters of the process and its effects.

significant reduction in emissions at relatively low investment costs,

implementation of the concept of industrial symbiosis based on the information of the European Commission

of 2 December 2015 to introduce the circular economy concept.

The project will consist of 6 stages. Because of time frame within paper research results of first phase – research

on existing biofilter on MBT plant in Radom, will be presented.

8 B (2): Estimation Of The Operating Critical Time Of A Biofilter To

Mitigate Atmospheric Pollution By Styrene Emission And Other VOCs In

The Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Industry

C. A. Severi1, J. Galvez

2 and S. Vardaro

2

1Student of Master on Environmental Engineering. Industrial Engineering. Department of Engineering. National

University of Cuyo. E-mail: cralse17@yahoo.com.ar 2Bioprocess Department. Department of Engineering. National University of Cuyo. jgalvez@uncu.edu.ar;

svardaro@uncu.edu.ar

ABSTRACT

The Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Industry in Argentina has a significant development, but few of them work

with appropriate technology in order to reduce emissions, because of lack of regulation and non-governmental

control. This work is a case of design applied in a factory which produces fiberglass reinforced polyester pipes

and its aim is to reduce styrene emissions from a Filament Winding and Chop Hoop mixed process. Relying on

data of consumption of resin in a period of maximum production and concentration of styrene, a calculation

method of modified emission factors was applied, to estimate the amount of no-polymerized styrene, and some

36

good manufacture practices and a fixed-bed biofilter design. Aiming to optimize the use and maintenance of a

designed biofilter, an operating critical time, using Ergun equation and a critical biomass model was estimated.

As a result, a change of initial replacement of fixed-bed in 16 months was estimated and alternative economic

preventive biofilter maintenance was proposed.

8 B (3): Odor abatement with zero-valent iron nanoparticles

B. Calderón1, J.A. García

1, A. Fullana

1

1University of Alicante, Institute of Water and Environmental Sciences, Alicante, Spain

blanca.calderon@ua.es; joseantonio.garcia@ua.es; andres.fullana@ua.es

ABSTRACT

H2S and organosulfur compounds are among the main causants of malodor in wastewater treatment plants. In

this work, elimination of H2S using zero valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) have been studied. The wet chemical

reduction method was used to synthesize the nZVI usin sodium borohydride as the reductive agent. Resulting

nanoparticles conform a chain-like structure formed of 50 nm spherical nanoparticles with a high available

surface area. Experiments of absorption were performed with aqueous suspended nanoparticles simulating a wet

scrubbing gas process. Removal capacity was higher than 160 mg of S/ g of nanoparticles for concentrations of

H2S of 10 mg/m3 in the treated gas. XPS analysis revealed the presence of sulfur in nanoparticles surface after

the reaction, which was in form of sulfate.

8 B (4): Masking agent efficiency on odor removal from WWTP sludge

drying process

F.Rousseille1 and A.Ventura

2

1SUEZ Advanced Solutions, 38, rue du Président WILSON 78230 Le Pecq, France

(E-mail :francoise.rousseille@suez.com) 2SUEZ Eau France, 43, rue Pierre Noailles 33400 Talence, France

(E-mail : alexandre.ventura@suez.com)

ABSTRACT

A study was executed in 2016 to determine the efficiency of two different neutralizers on odor perception from a

sludge drying process. One of the products was injected by fogging system at the inlet of the odor control unit

while the other was added directly to the washing solution of the last stage of the odor control unit, according to

supplier recommendations.

Performance evaluations encompassed complementary approaches including both sensorial analyses and

analytical measures. Odor analyses were performed via dynamic olfactometry according to European Standard

EN 13725 coupled with hedonic tone approach according to VDI 3882. Additional analyses on VOC emissions

were conducted using gas chromatography screening. In parallel, several odor panels composed of site operators

and plant neighbors carried out observations on the WWTP and its perimeter. The main conclusions of this

study illustrates:

Only one test leads to a reduction of the odor concentration at the stack,

Overall, neither of the two masking agents significantly reduce the odor concentration at the stack,

The addition of masking agent seems to increase foul odor persistency,

The local odor panel observed no significant improvement in odor reduction within the environment around the

WWTP.

37

Session 9 – Air quality policy and associated regulations

9 (1): Improvement of Interlaboratory Evaluation Method of Olfactometry

in Japan

T. Higuchi1 and K. Shigeoka

2

1 Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University,

2-16-1, Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan

(E-mail: takaya@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp) 2 Japan Association on Odor Environment,

Shinyou Building 1106, 2-14-2, Takadanobaba, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0075, Japan

(E-mail: shigeoka@orea.or.jp)

Abstract

Odour measurement is a crucial element of odour management and regulation. In Japan, nationwide

interlaboratory evaluation of olfactometry using a variety of test odorants started in 2002. In the interlaboratory

tests, odour index, a sensory index of odour determined by the triangular odour bag method, is measured. In

2016, interlaboratory evaluation method of olfactometry was improved. Isoamyl acetate with a concentration of

50 ppm was used as a test odour, and a total of 128 olfactometry laboratories participated in the test. In this

method, test results of 11 ‘excellent qualified laboratories’ designated by the Japan Association on Odor

Environment (JAOE) were used to determine reference value and repeatability and reproducibility standard

deviations of odour index. On the bases of these statistical values, measurement results of each laboratory were

evaluated, including trueness and precision. Among 127 evaluated laboratories, 87 laboratories (68%) conformed

to both trueness and precision criteria. In case of ‘qualified odour measurement laboratories’ designated by the

JAOE, 53 out of 68 laboratories (78%) conformed to both criteria, which implies that the qualified odour

measurement laboratories registration system of the JAOE contributes to the improvement of the quality of

olfactometry laboratories and the reliability of odour measurement in Japan.

9 (2): Odour Threshold Determination: Understanding the Assessor

Response

M. A. McGinley1, C.M. McGinley

1

1 St. Croix Sensory, Inc., 1150 Stillwater Blvd. N., Stillwater, MN 55082, USA

(E-mail: mike@fivesenses.com; cmcginley@fivesenses.com)

ABSTRACT

Over 10 years ago the European standard test method for determination of odour concentrations made significant

advancements in the field of olfactometry. Steps were taken to standardize the olfactometer and, equally

important, the assessors. Testing with standard odorant n-butanol allowed laboratories to select assessors and

continually monitor their performance with a universally agreed upon metric. This move to standard assessors

allowed for running environmental odour threshold tests with a small sample of assessors (n=4, two rounds

minimum).

Since its adoption, two key questions are continually raised within the odour testing community: 1) Is only one

standard odorant sufficient for assessor selection and performance monitoring? and 2) Is a four assessors

sufficient for determination of an odour threshold for environmental odour samples?

A 2009 study conducted by St. Croix Sensory showed assessor responses to a second odorant, hydrogen

sulphide, were within similarly acceptable range of sensitivity. A follow-up study has been conducted to

compare third and fourth environmental odorants. This study has shown an EN13725 certified panel will detect

other odorants similarly. While there was no correlation between individual assessors’ or a panel of assessors’ n-

butanol threshold concentration and the threshold concentration of the other odorants, responses were all within

38

a narrow range of variability. While testing assessors to multiple odorants is good practice and could help in

screening and training, this study suggests it may not be imperative. Additionally, a review of detection

threshold calculations utilizing n=4 to n=9 assessors did not show a significant difference in testing results.

9 (3): Lessons Learnt from Supporting a Community in the Environment

Court. A Case Study

Jennifer Barclay 678 Remuera Road, Remuera, Auckland, New Zealand, 1050

telephone: +64 27 688 2741

email: jenniferbarclay@xtra.co.nz

ABSTRACT

The management and control of Odours from wastewater treatment plants, bio solids management facilities and

Landfills is one of the largest and most important environmental issues facing regulatory agencies around the

world today. Odours are also the leading cause for environmental complaints in Australia and New Zealand. It is

unfortunate that a proportionately sizeable percentage of odour cases end up in the Environment Court where the

best outcome is often not obtained.

Real life lessons have been learnt from supporting a community in the Environment Court over Odours produced

by a large Landfill. In this case the Landfill believed they were doing all that they possibly could to engage the

community and manage their odours using state of art techniques. The community on the other hand felt

disengaged, left in the dark and they felt as if none of their complaints were taken seriously.

On investigation of the issues at hand many important points were raised, some of which are listed here;

- The need for an independent third party to assess the validity of odour complaints

- A variety of both qualitative and quantitative odour measures are necessary.

- All complaints must be taken seriously

- First attempt at FIDOL factors must be made by the complainant.

This paper attempts to give an unbiased account of what caused the conflict between the Landfill and the nearby

community, highlighting those areas on both sides where much of the conflict could have been resolved.