the basic structure and analysis of medical terms

The Basic Structure and Analysis of Medical Terms

By E. SuryadiMadarina Julia

Medical Terminology

ONCOLOGY: Cervix Sarcoma

Sarcoma of the cervix therapy Sarcomas of the cervix show a variable and generally poor response to radiotherapy. If possible therefore, surgical removal is indicated if the disease is localized to the pelvis. This may vary from simple hysterectomy to total pelvic exenteration. Chemotherapy has not proved effective in these tumor

The signs and symptoms of recurrent malignant disease are:

1. Positive cytologic examination2. Palpable tumor in pelvis or abdomen3. Ulceration of cervix or vagina4. Unilateral lower extremity edema5. Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy

Historya vocabulary from ancient Greek and LatinAncient doctors, e.g. Hippocrates:epilepsy, dysentery, asthma, diarrhea

New advances in medical science – new terms derived from everyday vocabulary,

e.g. cyt – kytos (hollow container)-cell

Why do we need to learn medical terminology ?To speak and to write exactly

Health professional around the world use medical vocabulary to speak and to write exactlyInternational language, Efficiency and effective learning“Perkembangan IPTEKDOK seiring dengan perkembangan medical terminology, New sciences/technology = New terminology”

How do we learn medical

terminology?like learning other languages: memorize the vocabulary!!logical language:

® most terms can be broken down into its basic component parts and understood

® “basic word structure”

Basic Word Structure

PANCYTOPENIA

PREFIX WORDROOT

COMBINING VOWEL

SUFFIX

COMBINING FORM

Commonly Used: Roots, Prefix

and Suffix

Medical Terminology

WORD ROOTFOUNDATION OF THE WORD

GASTER =GASTROS

ROOT (stomach

)

PREFIXWORD BEGINNING

EPIGASTRIC

PREFIX (above)

SUFFIXWORD ENDING

GASTRITIS

SUFFIX (inflammation)

COMPOUND WORD

TWO OR MORE WORD ROOTS

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

GASTROENTERITIS

WORD ROOTS

LEUKOCYTE

SUFFIX or COMPOUND SUFFIX

FORM

LEUKOCYTOSIS

LEUKOCYTOPENIA

Correlate an understanding of a word

with basic anatomy, physiology, and disease process of the human

bodyPANCYTOPENIAPAN : allCYT : cellPENIA : deficiency

DEFICIENCY OF ALL CELLS(deficiency of all types of blood cells)

LEUKEMIA

LEUK (root): whiteEM (root): bloodIA (suffix): state (noun)EMIA (compound-suffix form): state of blood“white blood”malignancy of white blood cells

The origin of a medical term

Greek noun or adjectiveGreek verbLatin noun or adjectiveLatin verb

Influence how it was used in modern medical term

TissueTissues may have different terms in normal and diseased states

NORMAL: LATIN WORD

DISEASED/ ABNORMAL: GREEK WORD

normal and abnormalTESTIS

UTERUSVAGINA

OVARIUMTUBA

NASUSORIS

HEPAR

orch/ometr/ocolp/o

oophor/osalphynx

rhin/ostomat/

onephepat/o

orchitisendometriti

scolpitis

vaginitisOophoritissalphyngiti

srhinitis

Stomatitishepatitis

normal and abnormal

RENCOR

PULMO

CORNEAAURIS

CEREBRUM

nephr/ocardi/o

pneum/o

kerat/oot/o

encephal/o

nephritiscarditis

pneumonitis

pneumoniakeratitis

otitisencephaliti

s

Tissue latin and Greek

ADIPOSE TISSUE - Fascia adiposa

LIP/O : FAT– Lipolysis– Lipogenesis– Lipodystrophy– lipoma


OSSEUS/OS -Os femur, os radius,

os pallatum, -medulla osseum

OSTE/O - : BONE–Osteogenesis

imperfecta–Osteoblast–Osteomyelitis


NERVUS -Nernus ischiadicus, - n. axillaris

NEUR/O : NERVE–neuralgia–neuropathy–neuritis


MUSCULUS -Musculus pectoralis major, - m. rectus abdominis

MY/OMYS/O: MUSCLE– myopathy– myositis– Myoglobin– Myofibra– Myocardium– Myometrium


CARTILAGO - Cartilago thyreoidea, - cartilago septi nasi

CHONDR/O : CARTILAGE– chondrodysplasia– Achondroplasia– Osteogenesis enchondralis– Chondrogenesis


CUTISCUTANE/0

- Intracutane, - subcutane

DERMISDERMAT/O : SKIN– dermatitis– leukoderma– epidermis– dermatology


VASAVASCUL/O

- vascularisation, - avascular

ANGI/O : BLOOD VESSEL– angiopathy/ vasculopathy– angiography– Angiogram– angioma– Vasculitis


SANGUIS; SANGUINISHEM/O =HAIMAEMHEMAT/O: BLOOD– hematology– hematopoiesis– anemia– cholesterolemia– hemoglobin

Greek nouns and adjectives (1)

Root of a noun or an adjective is found by dropping the ending (os, on, e, s, ys)nephros – nephritisneuron – neuritisleukos – leukemiatachys – tachypneaglykys -- glycemia


… when a suffix begins with a consonant attached to a root ends with a consonant, a combining vowel is needed

leukocyteneurogenicnephroblast

so…drop the combining vowel before a suffix beginning with a vowel

GASTRIC, and not GASTROICLEUKEMIA, and not LEUKOEMIA

but… retain the combining vowel between two roots in a word

GASTROENTERITISELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM


Some words may come in two combining forms:

derma, dermatos

hypodermic, dermatology

soma, somatos macrosomia, somatotroph

haima, haimatos

hemoglobin, hematology

stoma, stomatos

tracheostomy,stomatitis

Greek Verbs

gignesthai

gen(e)- gen

pathogenesishematogen

lyein ly(s)- hemolysis

tome tom- cholecystotomy

graphein graph- cardiograph

rhein rhe- diarrhea, leukorrhea

Latin NounsCombining form of a noun is found by dropping the ending (a, um)

fistula – fistulectomyvagina – vaginoplastylympha – lymphogenileum – ileostomycerebrum – cerebrovascularpalatum – palatorrhaphy

Latin and Greek ColorLEUK/O : ALBUS :

WHITEALBINO, CORPUS ALBICANLINEA ALBALEUKOCYTE LEUKOCYTURIALEUKOCYTOSISLEUKEMIALEUKODERMALEUKODYSTROPHYLEUKOPLAKIALEUKORRHEAFLUOR ALBUS

Latin and Greek Color

MELAN/O : FUSCUS : BLACK MELANOCYTEMELANOBLASTMELANOMAMELANURIAMELANINMELENA


ERYTHR/O : RUBRO : RED

CORPUS RUBRUM NUCLEUS RUBER

ERYTHROBLASTERYTHROCYTE ERYTHROCLASTERYTHEMAERYTHREMIAERYTHRODERMA


CYAN/O: BLUE

CYANOTICCYANOSISCYANOPHILCYANOPSIACYANOLABE

glaucos : bluish green Griseus : bluish grey


CHLOR/O:CHLOASMA : GREEN

CHLOROMACHLOROPHYLCHLOROPSIACHLOROLABE


GRISEUS = POLIOS = PHAIOS =GREY

Substantia grisea Poliomyelitis


XANTH/O: FLAVUS: LUTEUS: YELLOW

CORPUS LUTEUMXANTHOCHROMICXANTHOCHROMIAXANTHOMAXANTHOPSIA

Body activities

Audio = acouo = to hear Opsia /opia = blepo =to seePhagien = to eatDipsa = to drinkPhrasis = to speechLaleo = to talkGradior = to walkHalo = pneu = to breatheOureo = to urinateErgo = to workSedeo =sella = to sit

Osme = bromo = to smellMnena = to memoryPalpo = to touchKineo= moveo = to moveGustatus = geuma = to tasteHypnos /somnus/sopor=

to sleepGlutio = to swallow Defaecatio/chezo =

to defaecate

Qualitative Measurement

Major= magnus = mega = greatMinor/parvus=smallBreve = shortLongus = longDurum = hardLepto/pia = thin

Mollis = softBradys = tardus=slowTachys = celer =fastPoly = multi = manyOligos = few = rareAsthenia = weakSthenia = strong

prefix – Location

end/o – ento - enesointra

ect/o

exo

ec

retr/o

par/a

peri

supra/super /ultra

epiextra

infra/ sub

prefix – Location

mes/o

Circum/peri

Position

Ante = before; Post = afterMeta = behindTrans = beyond, to the other sideInter = between, amongDia = complete = through Per = through, overAna = upon, upwardsCata = downwardAb = away from; ad = to ward

prefix – Locationexamples:

ectopic pregnancyectoderm, mesoderm, endodermencephalitisendometrium vs. parametriumendotoxin vs. exotoxinPeriosteum, pericardiumCircumoral, circumductioretroperitonealsuprarenal, etc.

A/AN

NULLI

prefix - number

ANEMIAAPLASTIC ANEMIAANALGESIANULLIPARA

WITHOUT

LACKING

DEFICIENT

HEMIPARESISHEMIPLEGIAHEMIHYPERTROPHYSEMICOMATOSE

prefix - number

½ hemi

semi

HALF

PARTIAL

prefix - number

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODYMONOPARESISMONONUCLEAR CELLSUNICELLULARUNILATERAL

uni - mono

prefix - number

PRIMIPARA, PRIMIPAROUSPRIMIGRAVIDAPRIMITIVE PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS

1st

primi

BI - DI(PLO)

prefix - number

BICUSPID VALVEBICEPSBIFURCATIODIPLOCOCCUSDIPLOID

prefix - number

• MULTI – MANY : ® MULTIPARA, MULTINUCLEAR

GIANT CELLS, MULTIGRAVIDA

• 3 - TRI : ® TRICUSPIDALIS, TRI IN DIE

• 4 - TETRA : ® TETRAPARESES,

TETRAPLEGIA• 5 - PENTA : PENTAMER

negative sense

ANTI (ANT): CONTRA =AGAINST, OPPOSED

• ANTIBIOTIC

• ANTIHISTAMINE

• ANTITOXIN

MAL = BAD Malnutrition, malaria, Malformation

A, AN = ABSENCE OF SOMETHING, DEFICIENT Anaerobe, anemia,

anhidrosis

negative sense

dys : difficult, painful, abnormalDYSMENORRHEA

DYSPEPSIA

DYSTROPHY

(DUCHENNE MUSCULODYSTROPHY)

DYSURIA

hyper and hypo

hyper : beyond normal, excessive, over hypo: under, deficient, below normalHYPOGLYCEMIA

HYPOTHYROIDISMHYPOTENSI

HYPODERMIC

HYPERGLYCEMIAHYPERTHYROIDIS

MHYPERTENSI

tachy and brady

tachy: rapid, fast brady: slow

tachycardiatachypnea

bradycardiabradypnea

suffix – noun

dyspnea, rhinorrheaanemia, osteomalaciahypertrophyectasiaarteriosclerosis

a, ia, y, sia, sis, asia, asis, esis, ema, ism, us:

state, condition

• nephrolithiasis• erythema• hyperchromasi

a• diuresis• synergism• hydrocephalus

suffix – noun

itis inflammation

oma,ma

tumor, disease

oophoritis fibroadenomaendometritis adenocarcinomacolitis ulcerosa gliomahepatitis edemacarditis lymphoma

SuffixNOUN - ADJECTIVE

NOUN ADJECTIVEcyanosisanemianervus

sclerosisstenosisparalysis

cyanoticanemicnervousscleroticstenoticparalytic

SUFFIXES

-ALGIA = PAIN-CELE = HERNIA-CENTESIS = SURGICAL PUNCTURE TO REMOTE

A FLUID-PENIA = DECREASE-DYNIA = PAIN-LYSIS = DESTRUCTION = BREAKDOWN-MALACIA = SOFTENING-OPSY = TO VIEW-POIESIS = FORMATION-PLASIA = DEVELOPMENT

SUFFIXES

-OSIS = ABNORMAL CONDITION-PATHY = DISEASE-PEXY = FIXATION-STASIS = STOPPING. CONTROLING-SCOPE = INSTRUMENT FOR EXAMINATION -PTOSIS = DROPPING

Rules for commonly forming plurals

ending change to

isumusa

ex/ix

esai

aeices

Examples of pluralsis to es

SINGULAR PLURAL

anastomosismetastasisepiphysisprosthesis

anastomosesmetastasesepiphysesprostheses

Examples of pluralsum to a

SINGULAR PLURAL

bacteriumdiverticulum

ovum

bacteriadiverticula

ova

Examples of pluralsus to i

SINGULAR PLURALcalculusbronchus

bronchiolusnucleus

calculibronchi

bronchiolinuclei

Examples of plurals

a to ae

SINGULAR PLURALvertebra

bursabulla

vertebraebursaebullae

Examples of pluralsix or ex to ices

SINGULAR PLURAL

apexvarix

apicesvarices

diminutive suffix (1)

culus–venter – ventriculus, ventricle

–vasa – vasculus–vesica – vesiculus, vesicleolus–arteria – arteriole–alveus -- alveolus

diminutive suffix (2)

ulus–calcis – calculus–globus – globulus, globule

illa–fibril -fibrillaellum–cerebrum - cerebellum

What are we going to discuss in this session?

ABREVIATIONS IN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYCLINICAL TERMS/ PHRASESetc.

Abbreviations

1. Measurements2. Chemical3. Diagnoses4. Procedures5. Health Professions6. Charting

Abbreviations

Measurements

g or gmmcgtspkcalmMol/Lg/dLmg%BMI

grammicrogramteaspooncaloriemMol per litergram per decilitermiligram percentbody mass index

Abbreviations

Chemical

O2 (oxygen)CO2 (carbon dioxide)NaCl (sodium chloride)RL (Ringer Lactate)K (potassium, kalium)

Abbreviations

Diagnoses

CP (cerebral palsy)AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia)CVA (cerebrovascular accident)CVD (cardiovascular disease)DHF (Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever)

Abbreviations

Procedures (1)radiology

IVP: intravenous pyelographyECG: electrocardiographyUSG: ultrasonographyMRI: magnetic resonance imagingCT-SCAN (CAT-SCAN): computerized axial tomography scanning

Abbreviations

Procedures (2)laboratory

2 hr pp (2 hour post prandial blood glucose)LDH (lactic dehydrogenase)CK (creatine kinase)LFT (liver function test)RFT (renal function test)

Abbreviations Health professions

MD (medical doctor)ENT (ear, nose,

throat)OB (obstetry)GYN (gynecology)

Medicine as an information- intensive

domainOne million articles are published every year in scientific journals Medical terminologies (UMLS = unified medical language system) consist of more than 250.000 concepts and more than 540.000 different terms

Abbreviations

Chartingex/ exam (examination)Dx (diagnosis)Tx (treatment)Rx (prescribe)BP (blood pressure) iv (intravenous)OS (oculus sinister, left eye) tid (tri in die, thrice a day)

Clinical Terms/ Phrases

anamnesis: history of symptomsexamination: physical examination of signsdiagnosistherapy/ treatmentprognosis

diagnosis/diseases (1)related to organ system/

tissueinflammation: rhinopharyngitis, cystitistumor/ cancer: hepatocellular carcinoma, osteosarcoma, melanoma maligna, neurofibromatosiscondition: mitral stenosis, arteriosclerosis, nephrolithiasis, dysenteri, hemothoraxsyndrome: nephrotic syndrome, hepatorenal syndrome, AIDS

diagnosis/diseases (2)related to the causing

factorsorganism: – Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF)– Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)– Chikungunya Fever– Diphteria (C. diphteriae)– Tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)toxin: – tetanus (tetanin – C. tetani)– botulism (botulinum – C. botulinum)

diagnosis/diseases (3)named after the person

who found itsigns: – Turner syndrome– Biot respiration– Spleen Schuffner 1-8disease:– Duchenne muscular dystrophy– Becker muscular dystrophy– Hashimoto disease– Grave’s disease– Neurofibromatosis von

Recklinghausen

therapy/ treatment

Causative/ Curative: address the cause of the disease – aimed at curing the disease

Symptomatic/Palliative: address the symptoms of the disease – aimed at making the patients feel better

Ex juvantivus: a try out

surgical procedures

tomy (to cut): pyloromyotomi, osteotomistomy (to make an opening): tracheostomy, nephrostomy, ileostomyectomy (resection= to cut out): nephrectomy, splenectomy, gastrectomyrraphy (to sew): herniorrhaphy, palatorraphyincision vs. excision

prognosisdubia ad malamdubia ad bonamfive years survival rate of 80%fatality rateremission ratecure rate

other terms

acute vs. chronicdegree of consciousness: compos mentis, lethargy, stupor, sopor, soporocomatous, comashockheadache/ cephalgia: tension headache, cluster headache, migraine, vertigo

Aware of spelling and pronunciation problem

4 pronounced alike – different spelling

4 may give wrong diagnosis

ILEUM vs. ILIUMHEPATOMA vs. HEMATOMA

CYSTITIS vs. CYTOSISEndometritis vs.Endometriosis

Aware of spelling and pronunciation problem

similar pronunciation

URETER vs. URETHRAureteritisurethritis

How do we analyze a medical terms?

break it down into its component part

find the meaning of every part

Read the meaning from the suffix back to the first part of the word

PANCYTOPENIAPAN (prefix): allCYT (root): cellPENIA (suffix-form): deficiency

DEFICIENCY OF ALL CELLS(deficiency of all types of blood cells)

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

ELECTR (root): electricityCARDI (root): heartGRAM (suffix): record

The record of the electricity of the heart

GASTROENTERITIS

GASTR (root): stomachENTER (root): intestinesITIS (suffix): inflammation

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines

Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the first part of the word

PANCYTOPENIAELECTROCARDIOGRAMGASTROENTERITIS

ASYNERGY

A (prefix): withoutSYN (prefix): togetherERG (root): workingY (suffix): noun-suffix

without synergywithout working together

OSTEOSARCOMAOSTEO (combining form): boneSARCOMA (suffix-form): tumor of the tissue–SARC (root): tissue–OMA (suffix): tumortumor of bone tissuelymphosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, etc.

RETROPERITONEALRETRO (prefix): behindPERITONEUM (root–peritonaion): to stretch overAL (suffix): adjectival suffix

behind the peritoneumPeritoneum is a serous sac that lines

the abdominal cavity

Further ReadingsChabner DE. The Language of Medicine. W.B. Saunders Company, 1981Dunmore CW, Fleischer RM. Medical Terminology. Exercises in Etymology, 2nd ed. F.A Davis Company, 1985Dennerll JT. Medical Terminology. A Programmed Text, 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1988Suryadi. E. Buku saku Terminologi Kedokteran. BPK FKUGM., 2011

(Adopted from: Gordon Reeves & Ian Todel. 1996:

Lecture Notes on Immunology.pp: 258)

1. Abnormal proliferation of the cells of the immune system takes many forms, e.g. leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma, macroglobulinemia and heavy chain diseases.

Cryoglobuminemia and amyloidosis are also associated with the abnormal production of proteins involved in the immune respons.

2. The monoclonal gammopathies are caused by the uncontrolled proliferation of a single clone of plasma cells (in myelomatosis) or B Lymphoblasts (in macroglobulinemia). In macroglobulinemia the excess production of pentameric IgM is associated with hyperviscosity and cryoglobulinemia. In myeloma the monoclonal immunoglobuline can be of class IgG, IgA, IgD, IgM, or monomeric IgM. Decalcification, hypercalcemia and bone pain is mediated by cytokine release initiated by the abnormal plasma cells and agents that inhibit IL-6 are under investigation for treatment of myelomatosis.

the basic structure and analysis of medical terms

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