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The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe and the Americas

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Conquest in the Americas

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Columbus experience spawned many followers -arrived in Caribbean (West Indies) in 1492 -met Taino peoples who were friendly at first but relations worsened when they didnt adopt Christianity

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What advantages did the Spanish have over Native Americans??? What might have Tainos and other Native Americans have done differently to defend themselves against the conquistadors??

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Spanish conquistadors emerged in the Americas -small in numbers -advantages were guns, armor, and horses With the arrival of conquistadors came diseases which wiped out nearly 90% of the Native American population

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Spanish explorers told stories of great riches and fierce fighting in the Americas Hernan Cortes, landowner in Cuba, came to Mexico in 1519 and headed toward Tenochtitlan -had help from Malinche (translator)

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Aztec emperor Moctezuma caught word of the Spanish -wondered if they were the lost Aztec god king Cortes arrived in Tenochtitlan -tried to convert -imprisoned Moctezuma Fighting ensued between Spanish, Native Americans, and Aztecs -1521 Cortes captured and demolished Tenochtitlan (renamed Mexico City)

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TENOCHTITLAN MEXICO CITY

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Francisco Pizarro was Spanish and was interested in the Incan empire in Peru -arrived in 1532 right after ruler Atahualpa won the throne from his brother in a bloody civil war Atahualpa was captured and held for ransom

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Pizarro continued into the heart of the Incan civilization -had better weapons and the Incans were weakened by disease Eventually Pizarro was killed by a rival Spanish group shortly after he established Lima

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Spanish seized a lot of land and valuable goods within a few decades -used Native American labor to establish silver mines in Peru and Mexico With wealth Spanish became Europes greatest power Natives thought the world was ending -stopped resisting World now connected by sea routes

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Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas

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Spanish empire was huge (CA to SA) -Council of the Indies set laws for colonies -main goal was spread Christianity -controlled trade (gold, silver, sugar cane) Bartolome de Las Casas hated the encomienda system (forced labor) -slaves now introduced

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At the top were peninsulares born in Spain. Creoles Spaniards born in Latin America. Mestizos mixed European and Indian Mulattos mixed European and African Indios indigenous people of America Zambos mixed Indian and African.

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Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 granted Brazil to Portugal -no instant wealth -main goods were wood, plantation agriculture, and cattle Spain and Portugal soon faced serious competition as other countries looked for a wealth of their own

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Struggle for North America

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France mostly settled in Canada -fished for cod and skinned animals for fur -Jacques Cartier discovered the St Lawrence River King Louis XIV sent men and women to Canada to earn France more money

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First permanent English settlement was in Jamestown, VA in 1607 -colony made money by cultivating tobacco Pilgrims landed in Plymouth, MA in 1620 -escaped persecution of church -signed Mayflower Compact which is the first example of a direct democracy

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VA and NY-organized for profit MA, PA, MD-havens for persecuted religious groups GA and SC-gifts from king to loyal supporters All colonies struggled at first -learned to create wealth by using the resources native to the surroundings

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By the 1600s Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands all had colonies in North America -fighting erupted French and Indian War -ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 -Britain dominated North America -France regained islands in the Caribbean

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The Atlantic Slave Trade

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First leg: merchant ships brought European goods to Africa -these items were traded for slaves Middle Passage: slaves were transported to the Americas Final Leg: Merchants sent goods to Europe to be manufactured Triangular trade was very profitable!!! -port cities became wealthy due to trade

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Africans were kidnapped from their villages -tied together and forced to walk to port cities Once on the ships you were restrained below deck -disease, starvation, and suicide -called floating coffins

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LLook at this picture and tell me how it makes you feel.

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Slave trade brought wealth and labor to the Americas African states were torn apart and lives were cut short or forever brutalized At the peak of the slave trade (1780s) 80,000 slaves were traded a year!

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Effects of Global Contact

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When Columbus returned to Spain he brought with him plants and animals he found -started a global exchange and migration In America: tomatoes, pumpkins, corn, potatoes, and peppers More food= EXPLOSION of population

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1500s inflation took place -price revolution -caused by large amounts of silver and gold coming into Europe Increased trade and wealth caused capitalism (private business ownership) -successful due to entrepreneurs Putting out system -separated capital and labor

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1) Merchants gave raw materials to someone to make the product 2) The person makes the product in a raw state 3) Merchants buy the material and send it to be totally finished 4) The merchant sells the finished product for a profit

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Mercantilism: strengthen national economies -wealth measured in gold and silver -export more than you import -overseas colonies existed for the benefit of the parent country -tariffs, taxes on foreign (imported) goods Merchants gained wealth and the middle class prospered Nobles did poorly as the land they owned had few benefits Peasants either felt little change or went even more into debt