The Bioclimatologic

Features of Turkish

Spa Resorts

Prof Dr Hatice GÜRDALIstanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty Medical Ecology and Hydroclimatology Department

• Spa treatment is performed as a complex cure system under the influence of local climato therapeutic factors, together with other comprehensive therapy methods

• At first , each guest who came to health resort, exposes to the climatic conditions

• The climatic features of the health – spa resort have a great influence on human health and recreation.

• Meteorological analysis and interpretation of thermo physiologically effectiveness of health spa resort climate is important

• Thus medical doctors are able to obtain better information about the special bioclimatic features of the resorts, to agree them with the individual physiological parameters of the guest and develop a cure therapy programs

• Turkey lies between the northern 36-42 latitudes and the eastern 26-45 longitude

• Turkey has Subtropical Climate in Mediterranean Region

• There are mainly 7 geographical regions

The Climate Varies From Region to Region

• Marmara, Aegean and the Mediterranean:Typical Mediterranean climate with hot summers and mild winters

• Black Sea Coast:Temperate climate with warm summers, mild winters and relatively high rainfall

• Central Anatolia:Hot, dry summers and cold winters

• Eastern Anatolia:Long snowy, cold winters and mild summers

• South-East Anatolia:Hot summers with mild, rainy winters

Number ofThermomineral

SpringMarmara Region 76

Aegean Region 124

Middle Anatolia 104

Mediterranean Region 17

Black Sea Region 13

East andSouth- East Anatolia 37

Total number of spring 371

• Middle Anatolia and the Aegean region have got the most of the spas in Turkey. Marmara region follows these regions as the number of health spa centers

(82% of Turkey).

• The description of the climatic conditions of Middle Anatolia and inland Aegean are continental, coastal Aegean and Marmara regions are maritime.

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The Altitudes of Turkish Spa Centers

• The Most of the Health Spa’s are at 600 - 1300 m. Altitude (50% of Turkey)

• Few of them covered by forests, most of them are not .

• Dominating bioclimatic features are moderately stimulating factors

Health Spa Cure Centers in Middle Anatolia

• Mild Stimulant• Ankara-Beypazarı• Niğde- Çiftehan• Konya -Ilgın• Kırşehir-Terme

• Strong Stimulant• Sivas- Kangal• Yozgat -Boğazlayan• Eskişehir• Ankara- Kızılcahamam

Ankara- Haymana

Health Spa Cure Centers in Aegean Region

• Coastal Region• İzmir-Balçova• İzmir- Çeşme• Muğla-Köyceğiz • Aydın -Kuşadası

• Inland Region• Afyon- Oruçoğlu,

İkbal, Sandıklı

• Kütahya- Harlek, Yoncalı

• Denizli-Pamukkale, Karahayıt

Health Spa Cure Centers in Marmara Region

• Coastal Region • Armutlu• Çanakkale-Ezine• Istanbul-Tuzla

• Inland Region• Yalova -Termal• Bursa- Askeri Hasth.,

Kükürtlü, Oylat• Bolu• Gönen• Adapazarı-Kuzuluk

ANNUAL AVERAGE PRECIPITATION OF TURKEY

LONG TERM MEAN TEMPERATURE OF TURKEY

Altitude-Annual Mean Temperature

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Stimulative Bioclimatological Effects Inland Regions at Moderate Altitude in

Turkey

• Decreased atmospheric temperature

• Decreased atmospheric humidity• Increased wind activity • Decreased sultry days • Increased night chilling • Decreased antropogenic pollution • Increased global / UV-radiation

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Yükseklik (m.) Seriler 1 Temmuz-Gece Gündüz Sıcaklık Farkı

Altitude and The Differences of Daily Temperature in July

Unfavorable Bioclimatologic Factors At the Middle High Mountain Region

• Especially at night cold stress can be expected in summer period

• There is a few sultry days in the summer period

• There hasn’t been any measures about air pollutant at Spa centers

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Yükseklik (m.) 15 ºC'nin altındaki gece sayısı

Altitude - The Number of the Cold Night (Under 15°C )

Number of foggy days per year

• Balçova 1• Ezine 4• Kızılcaham. 5• Yalova 7

• Gönen 46• Bolu 32• Oylat 22• Ayaş 20

Annual Duration of Sunshine must be higher than 1500 hours

(The climatic Limits for spa center by Deutscher Heilbäderverband )

All of Turkish Spa centers receive more than 1500 hrs/year

• Balçova 3000• Ezine 2800• Yalova 2400• Gönen 2600

• Bolu 2200• Oylat 2400• Kızılcahamam 2400• Ayaş 2600

The Number of Sultry Days Per Year

• Beypazarı 628 m. 10-15 days/year• Ayaş 720 m. 1-2 days/year• Eskişehir 801 m. none• Kırşehir 985 m. 1-2 days/year• Kızılcaha. 1002 m. none• Ilgın 1030 m. none• Haymana 1225 m. none• Nevşehir 1260 m. none• Sivas 1285 m. none• Kangal 1545 m. none

Sultry Days at Continental Climate

( inland )of Turkey

• 0 – 500 m• 500 – 1000 m• 1000 – 1500 m• > 1500 m

10-15 sultry days5-10 sultry daysa few sultry daysnone sultry days

Sultry Days in Summer Period are Mostly in South West Regions ( Teq>56.0ºC )

• Fethiye - Gebeler• İzmir - Balçova • İzmir - Çeşme• Çanakkale - Ezine• Yalova - Armutlu• İstanbul - Tuzla

Altitude-The Number of Hot Days (Upper 20,25,30 C )

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Yükseklik (m.) Seriler 1Seriler 6 20 ºC'nin üzerindeki günler25 ºC'nin üzerindeki günler 30 ºC'nin üzerindeki günler

• İzmir - Çeşme 1• Tuzla - İstanbul 5-15• İzmir - Balçova 60• Gönen37• Ezine 90• Bursa - Çekirge 220• Yalova Termal 105• Denizli - Sarayköy 169

Coastal / Marine climate Coastal / Marine climateSeashore urban climatePlate with low altitudeCoastal / Marine climateUrban climateValley / Forest climateValley

Turkish Spa Center at Low Altitude (m)

Turkish Spa Centers at Middle High Altitude (m)

• Bolu 750• Oylat - İnegöl 840• Kızılcahamam 975• Ankara-Ayaş 720• Niğde - Çiftehan 1200• Konya - Ilgın 1027

Forest climateForest climateForest climateForest climatePlateau climatePlate at high altitude

Turkish Spa Center at High Altitude (m)

• Erzurum 1690• Sivas - Kangal 1600• Ağrı - Diyadin 1500• Yozgat 1350• Haymana 1300• Niğde - Çiftehan 1200• Kütahya - Harlek 1050

Mountain climateMountain climateMountain climateMountain climatePlateau climatePlateau climatePlateau climate

Thank you for your attention !