The Civil War The Civil War and and

ReconstructionReconstruction

America’s darkest hourAmerica’s darkest hour

Causes of the Civil Causes of the Civil WarWar

I. Long-term CausesI. Long-term CausesA. North and South were economically, A. North and South were economically,

socially, and politically differentsocially, and politically different

NorthNorth SouthSouth

IndustrialIndustrial Large plantations, Large plantations, cotton as a cash cropcotton as a cash crop

UrbanUrban RuralRural

favored high tariffsfavored high tariffs Low tariffsLow tariffs

favored strong favored strong favored favored states' rights central governmentstates' rights central government

I. Long-term CausesI. Long-term Causes

B. The extension of slaveryB. The extension of slavery

New territories threatened to upset New territories threatened to upset the delicate balance of power in the delicate balance of power in CongressCongress

C. The Failure of CompromisesC. The Failure of Compromises

1. 3/5 Compromise-1789 Simply 1. 3/5 Compromise-1789 Simply postponed postponed the discussion on slaverythe discussion on slavery

I. Long-term CausesI. Long-term Causes2. Missouri Compromise, 1820-2. Missouri Compromise, 1820-

Missouri applied for statehood as a Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state, upsetting the balance of slave state, upsetting the balance of 11 free states and 11 slave states. 11 free states and 11 slave states. Henry Clay proposed a compromise.Henry Clay proposed a compromise.

Provisions:Provisions:1. Missouri entered Union as a slave state1. Missouri entered Union as a slave state2. Maine entered Union as a free state2. Maine entered Union as a free state3. Slavery prohibited in territories north of 3. Slavery prohibited in territories north of

36 30' N latitude.36 30' N latitude.

I. Long-term CausesI. Long-term Causes3. Compromise of 1850-New lands after the 3. Compromise of 1850-New lands after the

Mexican War threatened the new balance Mexican War threatened the new balance of 15 free states and 15 slave states. of 15 free states and 15 slave states. California applied as a free state in 1849.California applied as a free state in 1849.

Provisions:Provisions:1. California admitted as a free state1. California admitted as a free state2. New Mexico and Utah territories had no 2. New Mexico and Utah territories had no

restrictions on slaveryrestrictions on slavery3. NM-Texas border dispute settled3. NM-Texas border dispute settled4. Slave trade outlawed in Washington, D.C.4. Slave trade outlawed in Washington, D.C.5. Stronger fugitive slave laws5. Stronger fugitive slave laws

I. Long-term CausesI. Long-term Causes4. Kansas-Nebraska Act-1854-Senator 4. Kansas-Nebraska Act-1854-Senator

Stephen A. Douglas (Ill) pushed for the Stephen A. Douglas (Ill) pushed for the organization of Kansas and Nebraska organization of Kansas and Nebraska territories. territories.

Both were above 36 30' N Both were above 36 30' N

and destined to become free and destined to become free

states. He proposed the idea of states. He proposed the idea of

popular sovereignty,popular sovereignty, allowing allowing

settlers to vote on the status of settlers to vote on the status of

the territories.the territories.

I. Long-term CausesI. Long-term Causes-"Bleeding Kansas"-violence after the -"Bleeding Kansas"-violence after the

K-N Act. Proslavery and antislavery K-N Act. Proslavery and antislavery supporters flooded into Kansas to supporters flooded into Kansas to vote. 2 separate governments vote. 2 separate governments developed. developed.

I. Long-term CausesI. Long-term Causes-May 1856-800 proslavery supporters -May 1856-800 proslavery supporters

attacked Lawrence, the antislavery attacked Lawrence, the antislavery capital. capital. John Brown led counter John Brown led counter attacks. Over 200 people died attacks. Over 200 people died during the violence.during the violence.

II. Political ChallengesII. Political ChallengesA. Parties ChangeA. Parties Change

Free Soil Party came out of division in the Free Soil Party came out of division in the Whig Whig and Democratic Parties, died by and Democratic Parties, died by 1852.1852.Whig Party fell apart after 1852, when Whig Party fell apart after 1852, when leaders Clay leaders Clay and Webster died.and Webster died.Democratic Party split over the slavery issue. Democratic Party split over the slavery issue. Copperheads were Northern Democrats who Copperheads were Northern Democrats who

wanted peace and were sympathetic to wanted peace and were sympathetic to the the South. South. Know-Nothing Party formed to restrict Know-Nothing Party formed to restrict immigration.immigration.1854-the Republican Party formed to oppose 1854-the Republican Party formed to oppose

slavery.slavery.Elections of 1854 & 1856-Democrats secured Elections of 1854 & 1856-Democrats secured South, South, Republicans secured the North.Republicans secured the North.

II. Political ChallengesII. Political Challenges

B. Uncle Tom’s Cabin-B. Uncle Tom’s Cabin-written by Harriet written by Harriet Beecher Stowe and Beecher Stowe and published in 1852. Sold published in 1852. Sold 2 million copies in 2 2 million copies in 2 years. Depicted the lives years. Depicted the lives of slaves in the South, of slaves in the South, which included stories of which included stories of being sold, beaten, being sold, beaten, running to freedom, etc. running to freedom, etc.

II. Political ChallengesII. Political ChallengesCreated a great amount Created a great amount

of hatred in the North of hatred in the North because most because most Northerners did not Northerners did not really understand really understand slavery or the lives of slavery or the lives of slaves. Abraham slaves. Abraham Lincoln met her in Lincoln met her in 1862 and said, “So 1862 and said, “So you’re the little you’re the little woman who wrote the woman who wrote the book that started this book that started this great war!”great war!”

II. Political ChallengesII. Political ChallengesC. Sumner-Brooks Incident-May 1856C. Sumner-Brooks Incident-May 1856

Abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner gave a Abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner gave a speech in Congress about the evils of speech in Congress about the evils of slavery and said that all pro-slavery slavery and said that all pro-slavery sympathizers were from the “vomit of sympathizers were from the “vomit of civilization.”civilization.”

II. Political ChallengesII. Political ChallengesC. Sumner-Brooks Incident-May 1856C. Sumner-Brooks Incident-May 1856

Preston Brooks, a S.C. Congressman beat Sumner Preston Brooks, a S.C. Congressman beat Sumner nearly to death with a cane on the Senate floor nearly to death with a cane on the Senate floor the following day. Southerners responded by the following day. Southerners responded by mailing hundreds of new canes to Brooks whiles mailing hundreds of new canes to Brooks whiles Sumner was absent from the Senate for 3 ½ yearsSumner was absent from the Senate for 3 ½ years

II. Political ChallengesII. Political ChallengesD. Dred Scott Decision-1857D. Dred Scott Decision-1857

Story: Dred Scott was a slave Story: Dred Scott was a slave who was bought in Missouri. who was bought in Missouri. His master moved to Illinois His master moved to Illinois (free state) and Wisconsin (free state) and Wisconsin (free territory). He then (free territory). He then returned to Missouri. After returned to Missouri. After his master's death, Scott sued for his his master's death, Scott sued for his freedom, saying that he should be free freedom, saying that he should be free since he once lived on free soil.since he once lived on free soil.

II. Political ChallengesII. Political ChallengesD. Dred Scott Decision-1857D. Dred Scott Decision-1857

Supreme Court ruled:Supreme Court ruled:1. Scott was a slave and not a 1. Scott was a slave and not a

citizen so he had no right citizen so he had no right to sueto sue

2. Slaves were property and 2. Slaves were property and Congress cannot take Congress cannot take away propertyaway property

3. Congress had no power to prohibit 3. Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in slavery in territories. This meant that territories. This meant that the Missouri the Missouri Compromise was Compromise was unconstitutional.unconstitutional.Reaction: Southerners and Northern Reaction: Southerners and Northern Democrats Democrats were happy; Republicans and were happy; Republicans and abolitionists were abolitionists were outraged.outraged.

III. Lincoln vs. DouglasIII. Lincoln vs. DouglasA. 1858 Illinois Senate A. 1858 Illinois Senate

Race-Race-

Stephen Stephen Douglas(Democrat)Douglas(Democrat)

was challenged by was challenged by

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln (Republican) (Republican)

to a series of 7 public to a series of 7 public debates.debates.

III. Lincoln vs. DouglasIII. Lincoln vs. DouglasB. Issues: B. Issues:

Both men wanted to Both men wanted to keep slavery out of keep slavery out of new territories, but new territories, but disagreed on how to disagreed on how to do it.do it.

III. Lincoln vs. DouglasIII. Lincoln vs. Douglas

Douglas-popular sovereignty Douglas-popular sovereignty

"let the people decide.“"let the people decide.“

Freeport Doctrine-Douglas said that slavery Freeport Doctrine-Douglas said that slavery would not exist in a territory if the would not exist in a territory if the territory refused to pass laws that territory refused to pass laws that supported it, but the decision should be supported it, but the decision should be theirs.theirs.

III. Lincoln vs. DouglasIII. Lincoln vs. Douglas

Lincoln-no extension of slaveryLincoln-no extension of slavery

Lincoln is not an absolute abolitionist. He Lincoln is not an absolute abolitionist. He believed in the containment of slavery. believed in the containment of slavery. He loses the Illinois Senate race in 1858 He loses the Illinois Senate race in 1858 to Stephen Douglas.to Stephen Douglas.

IV. Immediate CausesIV. Immediate CausesA. Harper's Ferry, Virginia-Oct. 16, 1859A. Harper's Ferry, Virginia-Oct. 16, 1859

John Brown captured the federal arsenal John Brown captured the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, calling on all slaves in at Harper's Ferry, calling on all slaves in the area to revolt. He had planned to arm the area to revolt. He had planned to arm

them with the weapons. them with the weapons.

His rebellion was crushed His rebellion was crushed

by the U.S. Army under by the U.S. Army under

Robert E. Lee. Robert E. Lee.

IV. Immediate CausesIV. Immediate CausesA. Harper's Ferry, Virginia-Oct. 16, 1859A. Harper's Ferry, Virginia-Oct. 16, 1859

Later, Brown was hanged Later, Brown was hanged

for treason and murder. for treason and murder.

He became a martyr for He became a martyr for

the cause of freedom.the cause of freedom.

IV. Immediate CausesIV. Immediate CausesB. Election of 1860B. Election of 1860

Candidates:Candidates:Stephen Douglas-Northern Democrat-Stephen Douglas-Northern Democrat-

Believed in popular sovereigntyBelieved in popular sovereignty

John C. Breckenridge-Southern Democrat-John C. Breckenridge-Southern Democrat-Wanted to protect slavery Wanted to protect slavery

Abraham Lincoln-Republican-Abraham Lincoln-Republican-opposed the extension of slaveryopposed the extension of slavery

John Bell-Constitutional Union-John Bell-Constitutional Union-supported Union, no stand on slaverysupported Union, no stand on slavery

IV. Immediate CausesIV. Immediate CausesB. Election of 1860B. Election of 1860

Results: Lincoln won 40 % of the popular Results: Lincoln won 40 % of the popular vote, but won 180 of 303 electoral votes.vote, but won 180 of 303 electoral votes.

Lincoln won all the North, Breckenridge Lincoln won all the North, Breckenridge won the South, Bell won the border states.won the South, Bell won the border states.(Border state is a slave state that did not (Border state is a slave state that did not secede: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, secede: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware)Delaware)

IV. Immediate CausesIV. Immediate CausesC. SecessionC. Secession

-South saw the election of Lincoln, the "Black -South saw the election of Lincoln, the "Black Republican," as the end of their way of life.Republican," as the end of their way of life.

-South Carolina seceded December 20, 1860; -South Carolina seceded December 20, 1860; followed followed quickly by Georgia, Florida, quickly by Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. Texas.

-February 1861-Confederate States of -February 1861-Confederate States of

America formed and elected Jefferson America formed and elected Jefferson

Davis, a former senator from Davis, a former senator from

Mississippi, as their president.Mississippi, as their president.

-Southern states seceded from the Union -Southern states seceded from the Union

by repealing the Constitution.by repealing the Constitution.

V. Secession of the V. Secession of the SouthSouthA. Fort Sumter-April 12, 1861-Union Fort A. Fort Sumter-April 12, 1861-Union Fort

outside outside Charleston, SC. Confederate Charleston, SC. Confederate general P.G.T. general P.G.T. Beauregard captured Beauregard captured the fort.the fort.

V. Secession of the V. Secession of the SouthSouth

President Lincoln called for volunteers to President Lincoln called for volunteers to fight against the rebels. fight against the rebels.

Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina seceded as a result.Carolina seceded as a result.

Border States: Missouri, Kentucky, Border States: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware stayed within the Maryland, and Delaware stayed within the Union.Union.

Lincoln's Goal: Preserve the Union at all Lincoln's Goal: Preserve the Union at all costs.costs.

V. Secession of the V. Secession of the SouthSouth

Free StatesFree States

Border StatesBorder States

TerritoriesTerritories

11stst secession-after Election secession-after Election

22ndnd secession-after Fort Sumter secession-after Fort Sumter

V. Secession of the V. Secession of the SouthSouthB. First Battle of Bull Run-July 21, 1861B. First Battle of Bull Run-July 21, 1861

-30,000 Confederate troops shocked -30,000 Confederate troops shocked 30,000 Union 30,000 Union troops but were too troops but were too disorganized to take disorganized to take Washington Washington D.C.D.C.

-Stonewall Jackson earned -Stonewall Jackson earned

his nickname for his his nickname for his

stand at this battle.stand at this battle.

VI. Advantages and VI. Advantages and DisadvantagesDisadvantagesA. NorthA. North

AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages

-22 states to 11 states-22 states to 11 states -Must invade -Must invade the the South South

-Population of 22 million-Population of 22 million -Public -Public opinion was opinion was shaky shaky

-More financial resources-More financial resources

-Larger navy-Larger navy

-Abraham Lincoln-Abraham Lincoln

-80% of country's industry & -80% of country's industry &

2/3 of country's railroads2/3 of country's railroads

VI. Advantages and VI. Advantages and DisadvantagesDisadvantagesB. SouthB. South

AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages

-Defending their own soil-Defending their own soil -Belief in -Belief in states' states'

rights made rights made

government weakgovernment weak

-Great military leaders-Great military leaders

-Jefferson Davis was -Jefferson Davis was

-Support at home and -Support at home and a weak president a weak president

in Europe in Europe

-"King Cotton" was a -"King Cotton" was a

trade resourcetrade resource