the civil war chapter 15. first shots of the war: 1861 lincoln maintained control of federal land...
TRANSCRIPT
The Civil War
Chapter 15
First Shots of the War: 1861
Lincoln maintained control of Federal land in the South, despite secession
Sent troops to Fort Sumter in Charleston to resupply it
President Davis faced a dilemma: no sovereign nation would allow another country into a vital harbor
April 12 --Confederates take Fort Sumter; first shots of war fired
First Modern War? Use of rifles, more accurate
and deadly
Use of trenches
Cavalry played a secondary role
High casualties = replacement of soldiers
But, most battle still involved mass charges and hand-to-hand combat
Battle Bull Run/Manassas: 1861
First battle with casualties
Just outside of D.C.
Thomas J. Jackson brought reinforcements and refused to retreat
This earned him the name Stonewall Jackson
Confederate army wins
Lincoln/North realize this won’t be a short war, needed a large, well-trained army
1862 - The Peninsula Campaign: McClellan hesitates and loses the opportunity for success. Lincoln replaces him with Burnside
1862- The War in the West:
The Battle of Shiloh: enabled the Union to take control of most of the Mississippi River
Battle of Antietam: Sept. 17, 1862
Gen. Robert E. Lee and others believe invasion would convince North to accept South’s independence
Victory on northern soil might win recognition from Britain, send money, supplies
Bloodiest One-Day BattleBattle of Antietam- bloodiest one-day battle in
war and American history
6,000 men killed, 16,000 wounded
Lee’s lines never break but he retreats
Union victory
Ready to step in and mediate, Britain decided to wait, see what happens
Confederacy loses chance to gain international recognition and support
Lincoln realizes slavery must end in South
Emancipation ProclamationDrafted because of Antietam
Ends slavery with a decree, Emancipation Proclamation
Freed all slaves in states in rebellion
Not in Union states, did not want any more states to secede, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland
Transformed war from just being a war to preserve the Union to a war of liberation
Battle of Gettysburg: 1863 Lee launched an invasion in
the North
June 1863, Lee marches north into Pennsylvania
Union general fails to stop Lee, is replaced by General George Meade
Some of Lee’s troops head to Gettysburg searching for shoes
Encounter Union cavalry, eventually both armies meet to push one another out of town
The Turning Point After long bloody battle, Union wins, great cost of life on both
sides
Turning point of war, Confederates go on the defensive and slowly lose ground to Union Army
Battle of Vicksburg: 1863
Fighting in the West-Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant divided the Confederacy with the Battle of Vicksburg, 1863 (Mississippi)
Union army now controls Mississippi River
Grant earned a reputation of not quitting, aggressive
Gettysburg Address: Nov. 1863
Dedicates portion of battlefield as a national military cemetery
Lincoln’s speech was given in honor of the more than 7,000 Union and Confederate soldiers who died at Gettysburg
Inroads to SouthAfter Gettysburg, Grant gained control of Tennessee
Now has access to major railroad lines into Atlanta
Prior to battle, Lincoln reorganizes military leadership , places Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in overall command of Union forces
Grant clears way for invasion of Georgia
Spring 1864, Grant, with Gen. William T. Sherman’s help, march southward, attacking Lee’s forces relentlessly until South surrenders
Fall of Atlanta: 1864
After Union’s capture of Chattanooga, Sherman’s army pushes toward Atlanta
Union Army destroys rail lines (Sherman Neckties)
Sherman marched across Georgia, captured Savannah Dec. 21, 1864: March to the Sea
Sherman's March to the Sea Union troops ransacked
houses, killed cattle, burned fields and pillaged, or looted nearly everything in their path
After reaching sea, Sherman’s army turned north, headed to South Carolina, which many northerners blamed for starting the war
Many towns were burned, including Columbia, S.C.
The March's Effect wreaked vengeance
demoralized South
destroyed its economy
broke morale of civilians and soldiers
War coming to an end
Now the final battles are between the most successful Union General, Grant and the most renowned Confederate commander, Lee
The Final Battle: 1865
Lee and Grant fight each other in Virginia
Lee tried to retreat, growing desperate
Grant’s cavalry blocks Lee’s escape at Appomattox Courthouse, Va
Lee surrenders to Grant on April 9, 1865
Grants conditions of surrender very generous
“There is nothing left for me to do but go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths”
-General Robert E. Lee